Do-it-yourself tenoning machine. Tenoning machine. Savelovsky "szdo", Russia

Spikes and eyelets of various configurations are the most important connecting elements in the furniture and joinery industry. To automate the production process of these elements, special machines have been designed. Each wood tenoner can be configured to automatically produce eyelets and dowels of any configuration.

Design features and principle of operation

Tenoning machines belong to the category of woodworking machines and are designed for the automatic production of connecting elements of carpentry and furniture structures - spikes and eyes. Depending on the method of processing wood, on the type of spike being made, they are divided into two classes - for the production of frame spikes and for the production of box spikes.

In turn, depending on the technology of manufacturing parts, these woodworking machines are divided into single-sided and double-sided. With their help, the production of spikes of all types is automated:

• direct;
• round;
• oval;
• "dovetail".

All the mechanisms with which the tenoning machine for wood is equipped are arranged in a certain order corresponding to the sequence of technological operations. The first technological operation performed on wood is facing. The operation is performed using a special saw mechanism. Further, if the production technology requires it, the lug is cut in the tree with a special lug head.

After the eyelet is made, two tenoning heads are put into operation, adjusted to produce a tenon of a certain shape and size. Each saw head is equipped with its own electric motor.

Almost all major furniture manufacturers install the latest equipment for processing wood of various species, automated CNC machines in woodworking shops. Changing the cutting tool, setting up the technological chain are carried out by the operator and takes minimal time.

Some design features

One-way aggregates are classified as positional. The workpiece to be processed is fixed on the desktop of these machines. The desktop in the course of work moves under the saw heads making the set manipulations. After the workpiece has completely passed under the cutting tool, the carriage returns the work table to its original position, the workpiece is turned over, and the previous cycle is repeated, but on the other side.

Double-sided units are classified as position-through. In these machines, the workpieces are fed continuously by a chain conveyor with a mechanism that fixes the workpiece in the desired position, the cut is made simultaneously on both sides. Their design includes two columns, one of which is fixed and the other is movable. Its movement is carried out along the guides and is adjusted to the workpiece of a certain length.

Horizontal milling cutters are used as tenoning equipment, and end mills of a conical shape are used in the manufacture of a dovetail.

The technological process of production is divided into a number of sequentially performed operations. First, a wooden blank is placed on the work table, where it is cut to a predetermined size. On the working head, located on the bed, tenoning devices or special saws are mounted, which are necessary to perform the specified operations.

Scheme of work of spikes on a tenoning machine

At the same time, a layer of glue is automatically applied to the surface of the wood to prevent splitting and chipping. This is a necessary procedure that minimizes the occurrence of defects during processing and, as a result, the output of defective products.

The next stage of processing is trimming. For its implementation, a tenoning machine for wood is equipped with appropriate mechanisms. This is necessary to align the ends. Further, the workpiece is fed under the working heads, where the specified operations are performed using sawing tools.

After all technological operations are completed, the output is a part of the required dimensions, with spikes or lugs, made in accordance with the specified settings.

Large tenoning woodworking machines are needed for large-scale production. For the manufacture of small batches or single products, small milling machines equipped with tenoning carriages may well be suitable. This expands the capabilities of the milling machine, since, in addition to its main functions, it also receives the function of a tenon cutter, which is important when manufacturing small batches.

Types of tenoning machines and their application

As already mentioned, all woodworking units are divided into one-sided and two-sided, pass-through and return. This division is based on wood processing technology. For specific purposes, there are many varieties and designs of certain devices. Tenon cutters are most in demand for the manufacture of window frames, door structures. Vertical and horizontal cutters, special saws are used as working bodies.

Simple tenon cutters work out straight spikes and eyes in wood blanks. Complex - "dovetail". Box types are worked out on special large machines designed for the production of large serial batches of parts. Round and oval spikes and lugs are made on machines that have numerical control and work in any given plane.

The tenoning machine for wood is evaluated according to the following characteristics:

• saw blade diameter and cutter dimensions;
• maximum dimensions of workpieces;
• type, maximum width and diameter of the spike;
• type, maximum eye width and depth;
• power;
• number of spindles;
• spindle speed;
• feed rate;
• dimensions and weight.

Applications

In addition to being used in carpentry and furniture production, such a machine can be used for processing wooden and particle boards, for processing floor boards, for finishing doorways and window frames, for making parquet. Aggregates designed for splicing wood parts are allocated in a separate category.

Popular models and manufacturers of tenoning machines for wood

One of the most famous manufacturers of woodworking equipment is the Japanese company Makita Corporation. For small productions, the company supplies a compact tenoner with program control "Makita 5500 S". The unit has two motors running on two pairs of saw blades. The parameters of the device make it possible to obtain a given cut cleanliness and penetration rate. It can work with wood parts of almost any length.

The Chinese company LTT presents the hydropneumatic tenoning machine МХВ3515С on the Russian market. This powerful unit finishes the ends of the bars, cuts the serrated spikes, and automatically applies glue for reliable splicing of knots. The model has a carriage with a hydropneumatic drive and is designed to work at enterprises producing high quality joinery, glued wooden boards for furniture, construction timber.

The price of a tenoning machine for wood depends on a number of factors and can range from 100 thousand rubles or more. But the price is far from the only criterion that should be relied upon when choosing tenoning equipment.

The tenoning machine for wood is an indispensable device in carpentry and furniture industries. Many parts are interconnected with a spike.

There are several main types of spiked connection:

• Box;
• round;
• oval;
• Dovetail.

Spikes help to connect parts together or lengthen workpieces.

A spike is a connecting element that is complex in its configuration, for the manufacture of which you need to use the appropriate equipment with your own hands.

The equipment differs precisely in the type of spikes that they are able to produce.

• Spikes for windows, doors and frame structures. Such tenoning machines can be single-sided, double-sided, through or return. The working tools of these tenoners are special saws, vertical and horizontal cutters. With their help, the milling of a straight spike or eyelet is carried out, which is necessary for a frame and frame wooden structure;
• Box tenons and dovetails require the use of a different type of tenoning machine. They are used for serial production of carpentry items or furniture. Due to this connection, a reliable and durable fixation of the components is ensured;
• Oval and round dowels are the most complex dowels made on specialized automatic machines. Do-it-yourself operator participation is minimized, since such spikes are subject to increased requirements in terms of accuracy. Therefore, oval and round spikes are made using automated CNC tenoning machines.

The most important requirement for a tenoning machine is the accuracy of processing. If this is not done, then the parts simply will not fit together. Therefore, it will be impossible to connect.

Scope of application

Using do-it-yourself tenoning machines, in addition to carpentry and furniture production, they can:

• Process calibrated wooden boards and particle boards;
• Overtake the perimeters of door parts and window frames;
• Process floor boards;
• Making parquet.

A separate category of tenoning machines is equipment designed for splicing wooden parts. Such machines are used at production bases, where it is necessary to connect the boards along the length by splicing them together. To do this, the machine cuts out special toothed spikes on the ends of the workpieces, processed with glue and pressed with a special press. All wood splicing lines operate in automatic mode. The participation of the operator with his own hands consists in controlling the operation of the tenoning and pressing equipment.

Characteristics of tenoners

When choosing tenoning machines for do-it-yourself work on connecting wooden elements, you should pay attention to the most significant parameters of tenoning equipment.

1. The maximum diameter of workpieces that the machine can process.
2. The maximum width of the spike created on the equipment.
3. Largest tenon diameter available on the selected tenoning machine.
4. The type of stud that the machine is designed to manufacture.
5. Spindle speed. The speed and quality of workpiece processing depends on it.
6. The power of the electric motor installed on the tenoning machine and the type of electrical network to power it. Some machines can be powered by a single-phase 220V household mains. But industrial tenoners require a high quality 380V three-phase line.
7. Equipment dimensions and weight. Heavy weight protects against vibrations, which can adversely affect the accuracy of cut spikes. At the same time, large dimensions and weight limit the machine in terms of its movement. Although it is unlikely that you will need to rearrange the tenon cutter from place to place every day. Therefore, the emphasis should be on minimal vibration during the operation of tenoning equipment.

How does he work

To work with do-it-yourself tenon-cutting equipment, you need to find out on what principle such machines operate for the manufacture of connecting tenons.

The whole process can be divided into several steps, each of which directly affects the final quality of the output.

• The workpiece is sent to the working table of the machine, where the wooden part is cut to the required size;
• After that, wood or wood-based material goes to create spikes and eyes;
• The bed is a rigid cast structure, equipped with clamping mechanisms for fixing. The bed is equipped with a column where the working head is located. Eye boards, milling cutters or saws corresponding to the tasks are put on the head;
• To protect the workpiece from splitting during the tenoning process, a special automatic system applies glue to the surface of the workpieces. This prevents the appearance of chips and defects;
• In addition, tenoning machines can be equipped with trimming mechanisms. They are necessary in order to align the ends of the workpieces being processed;
• At the output, we get a part with lugs or spikes of the required configuration made on it.

Pay attention to the purpose for which you are purchasing a tenoning machine. For certain situations, certain solutions are suitable.

1. For small-scale production at home or a small workshop, milling machines equipped with tenoning carriages are the best choice. You get a full-fledged milling machine and a tenon cutter function with it. This eliminates the need to purchase a separate tenoning device. At the same time, the milling cutter with tenoning carriages demonstrates good parameters in small-scale production.
2. Large-scale furniture production, where it is important to obtain a large series of studs, choose automated stud-cutting complexes with a CNC module. The CNC module allows you to create all kinds of variations of tenon joints on a tenoning machine. Such equipment is easy to set up and it does not take much time to learn how to work with it.

Exploitation

There are several features of the operation of tenoners that you will find useful and just interesting to know about.

• Large conveyor productions provide for the installation of tenoning equipment by fixing it to the ceiling. Additionally, the devices are equipped with clamping units, and the workpieces are received with scoring saws. The workpiece is fed to the trimming, and the milling caliper completes the processing. Or rather, a couple of them;
• To control the feed rate of the part, a variator is used. It allows you to smoothly control the parameters;
• To ensure high-quality studding, the speed of rotation of the spindle head should be 7000 rpm;
• There are several options for tenoning devices on the market, which differ in the size of the guides - 2, 2.5 and 3 m;
• The design of the tenon cutter allows the use of several different working tools for woodworking;
• Tenoning units can be additionally equipped with desktop extensions and pneumatic clamping devices.

The range of units for creating spikes allows you to equip your enterprise with the best equipment option. But if this is a small workshop, it makes sense to think about a milling machine with a dowel carriage.

In the process of manufacturing furniture and joinery, the constituent parts are often interconnected “on a spike”. There are several types of spike connections: dovetail, box, round and oval, allowing you to mount parts at the required angle or extend them. A tenon is a rather complex element in execution, for which special equipment has been created - a tenon cutting machine.

Types of tenoning machines

A tenoning machine for wood is used to form spikes and lugs on the details of frames and drawers to connect them at an angle, as well as to form a mini-tenon, which is necessary for the procedure for splicing blanks together. Such machines are quite common in furniture enterprises.

Two types of tenoning machines have been developed:

• frame tenoning machines
• box tenoning machines.

They differ in the type of spike obtained.

According to the method of processing parts, tenoning woodworking machines are divided into:

• unilateral
• bilateral.

They will help form a straight spike, a rounded spike, or a dovetail spike.

One-sided tenoning devices are positional type machines. Their design assumes the presence of a desktop that reciprocates. The workpiece is attached to this table. After the completion of the first complex of operations with the workpiece, it is returned by means of the carriage. And all the work done is repeated again, only now on the other side of the workpiece.

Double-sided tenoning devices are position-through type machines. In such machines, workpieces are fed without interruption using a chain conveyor and clamping mechanism. In this case, processing is carried out on both sides at the same time. The design of these devices has two identical columns, one of which moves along the guides, with its help the machine is adjusted to a certain length of the part.

Milling cutters act as a cutting mechanism on tenoning machines, and in order to create a dovetail tenon, end mills of a conical shape are used. The machine mills spikes and grooves for them (lugs) in the constituent parts of wooden structures.

Dovetail and box straight spikes are formed on special types of machines that are produced for professional use in large enterprises. The received fastenings differ in high reliability and guarantee long operation of products.

Spikes of round and oval shape are formed on devices with CNC and operating in automatic mode. CNC machines are able to work with workpieces in any plane.

The most popular are tenoning machines for frame, door and window structures.

Main parameters

The main characteristics of tenoning machines include:

• maximum workpiece diameter
• largest spike width
• largest thorn diameter
• kind of thorn
• spindle speed
• engine power level
• dimensions and weight.

The main requirement for a tenoning machine is high precision of operations. Otherwise, the parts will not match each other and the connection will not work.

Tenoning machines are used:

• processing of calibrated boards, chipboard
• trimming the perimeter of door panels, window frames
• floorboard processing
• creation of parquet.

Some features of use:

• on large production conveyors, such machines are mounted on the ceiling. As an additional complete set there are clamping devices, scoring saws accept workpieces. The workpiece falls on the miter saws, and therefore the processing takes place with two milling calipers.
• workpiece feed speed can be smoothly adjusted using a variator
• for high-quality processing, the spindle speed should be 7000 rpm
• the length of the guide can be 2, 2.5 or 3 meters
• the design makes it possible to use several different tools for woodworking
• the equipment can be additionally equipped with a clamping pneumatic mechanism and an extension of the working surface.

Box tenoning machines

Straight box tenons are created using both one-sided and tenoning machines.

The spindle in such devices is in a horizontal position, and the box boards are stacked on the desktop and fed in a vertical plane in the direction tangent to the circumference of the cutting system of such machines.

The device incorporates a frame, in the upper part of which there are bearings. A spindle is mounted in them, which is connected through a pulley and a belt drive with an electric motor. One of the three bearings in which the spindle is mounted must be removed during the installation of the cutting tool. On the machine frame there are elements of the table feed hydraulic drive. The table is distinguished by a movable mounting on skids in the guides of the device. The control panel contains the starting equipment of the electric motor (push-button station and magnetic starter). The movement of the table vertically occurs due to the hydraulic feed mechanism.

The task of double-sided box tenoning machines is to create straight box tenons simultaneously at both ends of the part.

The advantages of such devices:

• ease of operation and adjustment, as well as automatic tool feed. All this guarantees the maximum level of machine productivity.
• the device is capable of processing both parts of the dovetail connection separately or simultaneously
• fixation of the workpiece is carried out manually using pneumatic clamps
• all settings are controlled from the control panel
• thanks to the CNC, you can change the stud pitch, the number of grooves, the stud depth, the dimensions of the workpiece, the feed rate.

Also, the equipment can be additionally equipped with a special shelf for laying blanks. This is very helpful in the process of milling dovetail studs on curved and shaped drawers.

In the work on the creation of wooden windows and doors, the milling and tenoning machine is very popular. In this section, we will tell you how to make a tenoning machine yourself.

At the end of self-assembly, you will receive a device that will not need to be reconfigured, because it will be created specifically for working with tenon cutting. Before proceeding with the assembly, you need to buy two spindles. The carriage design scheme can be easily found on the Internet. If it does not suit you, you can always make your own additions.

Often, in the general design of a tenoning machine, craftsmen change the length of the guide rail upwards. And that means the load is growing. For this reason, you can refuse to use a square pipe. It can be replaced with an I-beam, to the shelves of which you need to weld the corners.

Experienced craftsmen do not recommend using a standard carriage. The bottom bracket should have two 6.3 cm steel angles, eight 301 brand bearings, as well as automotive bolts (L50) and washers for them. From an I-beam, it is worth cutting out fasteners in the shape of the letter “T”, and fasten a table with a guide and a clamp to them.

We emphasize that the clamp must be factory-made and you need to buy it in a specialized store. The presence of a table is necessary in order to obtain additional rigidity. The corners must be tied diagonally. At the same time, the carriage, although it turns out to be quite rigid, moves easily and smoothly. It can also be mounted on other types of devices.

Previously acquired spindles are fixed to a beam 1.8 meters long. The height of the cutters is selected using bushings, washers and a slotting machine. Be sure to note that this work must be carried out with the hood turned on if you are working in a closed room. After all, in the process of work, a large amount of dust is generated. In addition, the cutters must be closed with a barrier, which can be created from three boards.

A homemade machine, of course, will turn out to be quite dusty and noisy, but it will save your time and money.

Comparative characteristics of tenoning machines

Name	Parameter value
		ShD10-8	ShD16-8
The greatest length of a spike, mm
The greatest depth of eyes, mm
The smallest thickness, eye width, mm
The smallest distance between shoulders, mm
The largest dimensions of the processed workpiece, mm
Feed rate maximum, m/min smallest, m/min
Saw diameter, mm
Saw rotation frequency, rpm
Electrode power, kW
Cutting speed, m/s when sawing when milling
Joint cutters diameter, mm rpm
Hole cutters diameter, mm electric motor power, kW speed, rpm rotation angle, deg
Feed drive
Rotation frequency, rpm
Drive of movement of a mobile rack
Rotation frequency, rpm
Electric motor power, kW
Total machine power, kW
Height of the working surface of the conveyor, mm
Specific energy intensity
Specific metal content
Name	Parameter value
	Designed machine tool KP13-97	Machine of a similar design
		ShD10-8	ShD16-8
Dimensions of the machine (for the projected tentatively), mm

For a long time, when assembling drawers, doors, windows and other frame structures, a “thorn” connection has been used. In order to accurately and quickly obtain such complex elements in wooden structures, a wood tenoning machine is used.

This equipment is used both in entrepreneurial activity and in large-scale production. It is indispensable in the manufacture of furniture, as well as in house building and woodworking enterprises.

Types of tenoning machines

The tenon cutter is a type of woodworking machine. On the market there are samples of both imported and domestic production. The fixing elements on it can be processed for subsequent connection of products at an angle, as well as for their splicing (dovetail folds are used).

Machines for milling spikes according to their purpose are divided into frame machines and box machines.

In this case, frame units are:

• unilateral . In one pass, spikes are processed on one side of the workpiece;
• double-sided automated. The device of the tenoning machine provides for the placement of calipers on two columns and, accordingly, the processing of the workpiece on both sides.

Naturally, the productivity of double-sided tenoning machines is much higher than their counterparts. There are several types of aggregates that stand out in length, while they are 2, 2.5, and 3 meters.

The cutting tools for them are miter saws and milling cutters (disc and end) for processing straight spikes, eyelets on frames and frames of various wood structures.

The formation of box and dovetail spikes is done on specialized machines, mainly in large-scale and mass production. At the same time, two types of dovetail fixation are distinguished: with rounded and sharp corners.

The first category is made on multi-spindle tenoners. Such curly protrusions are processed simultaneously on mating surfaces with modular cutters. It is this connection that guarantees the durability and reliability of the fixing assembly.

In the manufacture of the most complex oval studs (small studs) and with a round shape, automatic tenoning machines with numerical control are used.

Specifications

The functions of the operator when working on an automatic machine are reduced to loading and turning over workpieces, starting or stopping the cycle. Important indicators of tenoning units are:

• the largest size of the peg;
• smallest thickness;
• groove height;
• width;
• maximum workpiece size;
• spindle speed;
• engine power.

In addition to the characteristics for the classification of the machine, the parameters of the cutting tool are indicated: the diameter of the saw, the type and size of the cutter.

Often on large production lines, such equipment is installed to the ceiling. The machines are additionally fixed by clamping devices, where the workpieces are processed with scoring saws, followed by the formation of spikes on the milling calipers.

The feed is smoothly regulated by the variator. To create a high-quality surface of the mating elements, the spindle speed should be about 700 rpm.

Principle of operation

In the formation of pegs, as a rule, a sawing and milling procedure is applied. An appropriate cutting tool is used to obtain the surfaces of the stud joint.

Attention! Whatever the shape of the spikes, the initial operation is the trimming of the workpiece.

For the most common models that use milling in processing, the machines are equipped with four spindles - three milling and one saw. One or more workpieces can be loaded onto the carriage table, while they are set with the edge along the ruler, and with the end face along the stop bar.

The spike is formed as a result of face milling. During the exit of the cutting tool, chips may appear on the edges, therefore, to prevent them, a retaining bar is mounted on the ruler, and some machines also provide for the application of glue to the surface to be treated.

After turning on the feed mechanism, the product is automatically fixed by the side and top hydraulic clamps. The carriage with the workpiece starts moving at a certain speed along two guides relative to the cutting tools.

In this case, during the movement of the carriage, a spike of the desired configuration is formed on the structure, then the device, having reached the stop (limit switch), returns to its original position. Here the finished product is replaced with a workpiece, and the cycle repeats again.

If the machine is double-sided, the process of forming spikes occurs on both sides of the workpiece.

Homemade tenoning machine

Today there are all opportunities for entrepreneurial activity, while many are engaged in the manufacture of furniture, wooden doors and windows, where connecting spikes are indispensable when assembling a product. And since tenoning machines are not cheap, at first, a home-made unit is quite suitable for obtaining fixing elements.

It is easy to make it on your own, which will save a lot of money during the organization of production. Moreover, there are different options for the manufacture of such machines, where a stationary engine, grinder, electric jigsaw and even an electric drill can serve as the basic element.

Consider the manufacture of a do-it-yourself tenoning machine based on a grinder with a disk cutter in a horizontal position.

As in the factory machine, here, in addition to the engine and cutting tool, there are two component parts:

• bed;
• countertop.

The bed must be strong and stable, since this is the base part of the unit, on which a device for fixing the workpiece and a grinder with a cutter are installed. This component of the tenoning machine may vary in design and be made without drawings. For example, it can be made from metal corners, and a chipboard sheet can be fixed on them.

The size of the countertop must correspond to the intended workpiece. It also contains clamps and a control ruler.

The guide beds must be strictly perpendicular to the movement of the tabletop when milling the connecting elements. The quality of the connection of spikes and eyes depends on this.

Machine assembly

On the surface of the table, the exit point of the shaft is determined and a hole of a slightly larger diameter is made. The grinder is fixed with clamps, while making sure that the bolt heads are flush with the plane of the tabletop.

As a cutting tool, disk cutters are used. In this case, one cutter is used to select the eyelet and two cutting discs, if it is necessary to process the spike. Accordingly, the distance between the cutters is equal to the width of the groove.

Important! In the case of using two disc cutters, the landing on the grinder should be through an adapter with keyways.

With this assembly, the process of milling an eye or a spike occurs due to the movement of the workpiece. To do this, it is fastened with clamps to the tabletop and then manually moves along the guides of the bed to the rotating cutter. In this case, the dimensions of the spike and eye are achieved due to the stops and the thickness of the washer between the disks.

The use of such a home-made tenoning unit makes it possible to obtain proportional spikes and eyes, which significantly increases labor productivity.

MULTICUT is designed to automate many carpentry operations in the serial and small-scale production of furniture, doors, wooden interior parts.

The machine performs the following operations:

• Production of tenon-groove joints in various variations (single, double, multiple, round, dovetail, box tenon, toothed tenon joints;
• Milling seats for tie-in locks and sheds;
• Figured cutting of joinery contours;
• Milling decorative elements on the details of joinery.

Operating principle of tenoning and slotting machine MULTICUT:

The equipment is a CNC horizontal milling machine. The workpiece is placed on the desktop and fixed with clamps.

Processing of the product is carried out with wood cutters of various configurations, installed in a high-speed spindle of the machine. The spindle is placed on the carriage, movable in three planes. The width of the processing area is 800mm, the height relative to the table is 100mm, the processing depth of the product is up to 120mm.

The equipment is driven by stepper drives controlled by the CNC system.

A program for creating a tenon-groove connection or a lock insert is made on a personal computer and takes several minutes. A set of programs for performing standard operations can be stored in the manual control panel of the machine. To start any operation, just select from the list and run the appropriate program.

The machine is equipped with removable stops for locating workpieces, bench clamps, and a set of collets for installing cutters.

Additional information about the production of equipment and components used is in the section "Our production".

Parameter	Meaning, characteristic
Dimensions of the table for basing the product	1050x1180 mm
Working area X,Y,Zmm	800x100x120
Positioning accuracy, mm	0,1
Repeat positioning accuracy	0,1
Bed type	Steel, welded
Desktop	Grooves for installing clamps
Maximum travel speed X,Y, Z m/s	3000 mm/min
Spindle, rpm	See in the selection field "Spindle type"
Collet chuck	ER25
Type of drives	Stepper, flange 86 mm
Transmission type X,Y,Z	Helical rake
Linear guides X, Y, Z	HIWIN HGH15
Working voltage	380V
Remote Control	DSP NK105-G2 universal
Command code	G-code
Operating system	DSP
Interface	USB
Inner memory	256Mb
Supported software	Artcam, Type3, Vectric, Ucancam, etc. with standard G-code support
Operating conditions	Temperature 15-25°C Humidity 30-75%
Overall dimensions (LxWxH), mm	1850x1650x880
Machine weight, kg	260
Overall dimensions of the packed machine, mm	1800x2000x1000
Machine gross weight, kg	300