Who drove the Tatars out of Russia. Tatar-Mongol yoke: campaigns of conquest

There are many rumors around the period of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, and some historians even talk about a conspiracy of silence, which was actively promoted in Soviet time... Approximately in 44 of the last century, for some strange and incomprehensible reasons, the studies of this historical time period were completely closed to specialists, that is, they completely stopped. Many persisted official version history, in which the Horde period was presented as dark and troubled times, when evil invaders brutally exploited the Russian principalities, placing them in vassalage. Meanwhile, the Golden Horde had a huge impact on the economy, as well as the culture of Russia, setting aside its development just for the very three hundred years that it ruled and commanded. When the Mongol-Tatar yoke was finally overthrown, the country healed in a new way, and the cause of that was the Grand Duke of Moscow, which will be discussed.

The annexation of the Novgorod Republic: liberation from the Mongol-Tatar yoke began with a small

It is worth saying that the overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke took place under the Moscow prince, or rather Tsar Ivan III Vasilievich, and this process, which lasted more than half a century, ended in 1480. But it was preceded by quite fascinating and amazing events. It all started with the fact that the once great empire, built by Genghis Khan and presented to his son, the Golden Horde by the middle of the fourteenth - early fifteenth centuries, began to simply fall apart into pieces, dividing into smaller khanates-ulus, after the death of Khan Janibek. His grandson Isatai tried to unite his lands, but was defeated. The great Khan Tokhtamysh, who came to power after that, a real Genghisid by blood, stopped the turmoil and internal strife, briefly restored its former glory, and again began to terrify the controlled lands of Russia.

Interesting

In the middle of the thirteenth century, Muslim merchants, who were called the beautiful word "desermen", levied tribute from Russian merchants. It is interesting that this word has firmly entered the colloquial, vernacular, and a person who had a different faith, as well as exorbitant "appetites", was called a Basurman for a very long time, and even now you can hear a similar word.

The situation, meanwhile, was not at all favorable for the Horde, since the Horde was surrounded and pressed by enemies from all sides, giving no sleep or breath. Already in 1347, by order of the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy), payments to the Horde Khan were completely stopped. Moreover, it was they who planned to unite the Russian lands, but Novgorod stood in the way, together with its free republic. Moreover, the oligarchy, which established its own, powerful enough power there, tried to restrain the onslaught, both from Muscovy and the pressure of the dissatisfied popular masses, the veche device began to gradually lose its relevance. The end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke was already looming on the horizon, but it was still ghostly and vague.

The big march to Novgorod: the overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke is a matter of technology and time

It is because of this that the people began to look more and more at Moscow than at their own rulers, and even more so at the Horde who had become weakened by that time. Moreover, the posadnichy reform of 1410 became a turning point and the boyars came to power, pushing the oligarchy into the background. It is clear that the collapse was simply inevitable, and it came when at the beginning of the seventies part of the Novgorodians, under the leadership of Boretsky, completely passed under the wing of the Lithuanian prince, this was the last point in Moscow's cup of patience. Ivan III there was nothing more to do than to annex Novgorod by force, which he successfully did, gathering under his own banners the army of almost all the lands and lands under his control.

Moscow chroniclers, whose testimonies have survived, considered the campaign of the Moscow tsar to Novgorod a real war for the faith, and, consequently, against the infidels, against the conversion of the Russian lands to Catholicism, and even more so to Islam. The key battle was fought in the lower reaches of the Sheloni River, and most of the Novgorodians, frankly speaking, fought carelessly, since they did not feel much need to defend the oligarchy, and they had no desire.

Not an adherent of the Moscow principality, the archbishop of Novgorod, decided to make a knight's move. He wanted to preserve the independent position of his own lands, but he hoped to come to an agreement with the Prince of Moscow, and not with the locals, and even more so, not with the Horde. Therefore, his entire regiment most of the time simply stood still, and did not enter the battle. These events also played a large role in the overthrow of the Tatar Mongol yoke, significantly bringing the end of the Golden Horde closer.

Contrary to the hopes of the archbishop, Ivan III did not want to make compromises and agreements at all, and after the establishment of Moscow power in Novgorod, he radically solved the problem - he destroyed or exiled to the central part of the country most of the disgraced boyars, and simply seized the lands that belonged to them. Moreover, the people of Novgorod approved such actions of the tsar, because it was precisely those boyars who did not give life to people that were destroyed, establishing their own rules and orders. In the 1470s, the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, due to the turmoil in Novgorod, sparkled with new colors and approached excessively. By 1478 the republic was completely abolished, and even the veche bell was removed from the bell tower and taken to Muscovy. Thus, Novgorod, together with all its lands, became part of Russia, but for some time retained its status and liberties.

Liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke: the date is known even to children

In the meantime, while Russia was forcibly implanting good and light, which in fact was the case, the Golden Horde began to be torn apart by petty khans, wanting to tear off a larger piece. Each of them, in words, wanted the reunification of the state, as well as the revival of its former glory, but in reality it turned out somewhat differently. Akhmed Khan, the undivided ruler of the Great Horde, decided to resume campaigns against Russia, to force her to pay tribute again, receiving labels and letters from the khanate for this. For this purpose, he decided to conclude a deal, in fact, to enter into an alliance with Casimir IV, the king of the Polish-Lithuanian, which he successfully pulled off, without even realizing what it would turn out to be for him.

If we talk about who defeated the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia, then the surely correct answer would be the Grand Duke of Moscow, who ruled at that time, as already mentioned, Ivan III. The Tatar-Mongol yoke was overthrown under him, and the unification of many lands under the wing of Ancient Rus was also his work. However, the brothers of the Prince of Moscow did not at all share his views, and in general, they believed that he did not deserve his place at all, therefore they were just waiting for him to take the wrong step.

Politically, Ivan the Third turned out to be an extremely wise ruler, and at a time when the Horde was experiencing the greatest difficulties, he decided to castling, and made an alliance with the Crimean Khan, named Mengli-Girey, who had his own grudge against Ahmed Khan. The thing is that in 1476, Ivan flatly refused to visit the ruler of the Great Horde, and he, as if in revenge, captured the Crimea, but after only two years, Mengli-Girey managed to regain the Crimean lands and power, not without military support from Turkey. From this moment it just began overthrow of the Mongol yoke, after all, the Crimean Khan concluded an alliance with the Moscow prince, and this was a very wise decision.

The Great Stand at the Ugra: the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and the fall of the Great Horde

As already mentioned, Ivan was a rather advanced politician, he perfectly understood that the fall of the Mongol-Tatar yoke was inextricably linked with the reunification of Russian lands, and for this allies were needed. Mengli-Girey could calmly help Ahmed Khan establish a new Horde, and return the tribute payments. Therefore, it was extremely important to enlist the support of the Crimea, especially in view of the alliance of the Horde with the Lithuanians and Poles. It was Mengli-Girey who struck the troops of Casimir, preventing them from helping the Horde, but it would be better if we keep the chronology of the events that took place then.

On a quiet and hot May day in 1480, Akhmet raised his army and set out on a campaign against Russia, the Russians began to occupy positions at the Oka River. Moreover, the Horde moved up the Don, devastating quite large territories along the road that were located between Serpukhov and Kaluga. The son of Ivan the Third led his army to meet the Horde, and the tsar himself went to Kolomna with a rather large detachment. At the same time, the Livonian Order was besieging Pskov.

Ahmad reached the Lithuanian lands on the southern side of the Ugra River and stopped, expecting that Casimir's allied unit would join his troops. They had to wait a long time, because just then, they had to repel the fierce attacks of Mengli-Giray in Podillya. That is, they were absolutely not up to some kind of Akhmat, who with all the fibers of his soul wanted only one thing - the renewal of the former glory and wealth of his own people, or maybe the state. After some time, the main forces of both armies stood on different banks of the Ugra, waiting for someone to attack first.

It didn't take long for the Horde to starve, and the lack of food supplies played a key role in the battle. So, to the question of who defeated the Mongol-Tatar yoke, there is one more answer - hunger, and it is completely correct, though somewhat indirect, and nevertheless. Then Ivan III decided to make concessions to his own brothers, and those with their squads also pulled themselves up to the Ugra. They stood for quite a long time, so much so that the rivulet was completely covered with ice. Akhmat was unwell, he was in complete confusion, and for the fullness of happiness, not at all good news came at all - a conspiracy was planned in Sarai and a ferment of minds began among the people. In late autumn, in November of the same year, poor fellow Akhmat decided to declare a retreat. Out of impotent anger, he burned and plundered everything that came his way, and shortly after the New Year he was killed by another enemy - Ibak, the Khan of Tyumen.

After Russia freed itself from the Horde yoke, payments of tribute for vassal dependence were nevertheless resumed by Ivan. He was very busy with the war with Lithuania and Poland in order to argue, therefore he easily recognized the right of Ahmed, the son of Akhmat. For two years, 1501 and 1502, the tribute was regularly collected and delivered to the treasury of the Horde, by which it supported its life. The fall of the Golden Horde led to the fact that the Russian possessions began to border on the Crimean Khanate, because of which real disagreements began between the rulers, but this is not a story at all of the fall of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

Already at the age of 12 the future Grand Duke married, at the age of 16 he began to replace his father when he was absent, and at 22 he became the Grand Duke of Moscow.

Ivan III possessed a secretive and at the same time firm character (later these character traits manifested themselves in his grandson).

Under Prince Ivan, the issue of coins began with the image of him and his son Ivan the Young and the signature “Lord All Russia". As a stern and demanding prince, Ivan III received the nickname Ivan the Terrible, but a little later this phrase began to be understood as another ruler Rus .

Ivan continued the policy of his ancestors - the collection of Russian lands and the centralization of power. In the 1460s, Moscow's relations with Veliky Novgorod worsened, the inhabitants and princes of which continued to look westward, towards Poland and Lithuania. After twice failed to establish relations with the Novgorodians in the world, the conflict came to new level... Novgorod enlisted the support of the Polish king and prince of Lithuania Casimir, and Ivan stopped sending embassies. On July 14, 1471, Ivan III, at the head of the 15-20 thousandth army, defeated the almost 40,000th army of Novgorod, Kazimir did not come to the rescue.

Novgorod lost most of its autonomy and submitted to Moscow. A little later, in 1477, the Novgorodians organized a new rebellion, which was also suppressed, and on January 13, 1478, Novgorod completely lost its autonomy and became part of the Moscow state.

Ivan settled all the unfavorable princes and boyars of the Novgorod principality throughout Russia, and settled the city itself with Muscovites. Thus, he secured himself against further possible revolts.

Carrot and stick methods Ivan Vasilievich collected under his rule the Yaroslavl, Tver, Ryazan, Rostov principalities, as well as the Vyatka lands.

End of the Mongol yoke.

While Akhmat was waiting for Kazimir's help, Ivan Vasilyevich sent a sabotage detachment under the command of Prince Vasily Nozdrovaty of Zvenigorod, which went down the Oka River, then along the Volga and began to smash Akhmat's possessions in the rear. Ivan III himself withdrew from the river, trying to lure the enemy into a trap, as in his time Dmitry Donskoy lured the Mongols into the battle on the Vozha River. Akhmat did not fall for the trick (either he remembered the success of Donskoy, or he was distracted by sabotage behind his back, in the unprotected rear) and retreated from the Russian lands. On January 6, 1481, immediately upon returning to the headquarters of the Great Horde, Akhmat was killed by the Tyumen khan. Civil strife began among his sons ( Akhmatov children), the result was the collapse of the Great Horde, as well as the Golden Horde (which formally still existed before that). The rest of the khanates became completely sovereign. Thus, standing on the Ugra became the official end Tatar-Mongolian yoke, and the Golden Horde, unlike Russia, could not survive the stage of fragmentation - from it later several unconnected states arose. Here comes the power Russian state began to grow.

Meanwhile, Poland and Lithuania also threatened Moscow's tranquility. Even before standing on the Ugra, Ivan III made an alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli-Gerey, the enemy of Akhmat. The same alliance helped Ivan to contain pressure from Lithuania and Poland.

In the 80s of the 15th century, the Crimean Khan defeated the Polish-Lithuanian troops and defeated their possessions on the territory of what is now central, southern and western Ukraine. Ivan III, however, entered the battle for the western and northwestern lands controlled by Lithuania.

In 1492 Kazimir died, and Ivan Vasilyevich took the strategically important fortress Vyazma, as well as many settlements on the territory of the present Smolensk, Oryol and Kaluga regions.

In 1501, Ivan Vasilyevich ordered the Livonian Order to pay tribute for Yuryev - from that moment Russian-Livonian War temporarily stopped. The continuation was already at Ivane IV Grozny.

Until the end of his life, Ivan kept friendly relations with the Kazan and Crimean khanates, but later relations began to deteriorate. Historically, this is associated with the disappearance of the main enemy - the Great Horde.

In 1497, the Grand Duke developed his collection of civil laws called Code of Law and also organized Boyar Duma.

The Code of Law almost officially enshrined such a concept as “ serfdom", Although the peasants still retained some rights, for example, the right to transfer from one owner to another in St. George's Day... Nevertheless, the Code of Law became a prerequisite for the transition to an absolute monarchy.

On October 27, 1505, Ivan III Vasilyevich died, judging by the description of the chronicles, from several strokes.

Under the Grand Duke, the Assumption Cathedral was built in Moscow, literature (in the form of chronicles) and architecture flourished. But the most important achievement of that era was liberation of Russia from Mongol yoke.

how long the Tatar-Mongol yoke lasted in Russia !! ! you need it for sure

there was no yoke
thank you very much for the answers
from the Russians for a sweet soul ...
there were no mongol mengu mangu from turkic eternal glorious mangu tatar
from 1243 to 1480
1243-1480 Under Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, it is believed that it began when he received a label from the khans. And it ended in 1480 is considered. The Kulikovo field was in 1380, but then the Horde took Moscow with the support of the Poles and Lithuanians.
238 years old (from 1242 to 1480)
judging by the numerous facts of inconsistencies in history and there were, - it is possible everything. For example, it was possible to hire nomads "Tatars" to any prince and it looks like the "yoke" is nothing more than a hired one. By the Kiev prince an army to change the Orthodox faith to Christian ... it turned out the same.
from 1243 to 1480
There was no yoke, under this they covered up the civil war between Novgorod and Moscow. This has been proven
from 1243 to 1480
from 1243 to 1480
MONGOLO-TATAR IGO in Russia (1243-1480), the traditional name for the system of exploitation of Russian lands by the Mongol-Tatar conquerors. Established as a result of the invasion of Batu. After the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), it was nominal. It was finally overthrown by Ivan III in 1480.
In the spring of 1238, the Tatar-Mongol army of Khan Baty, who had ravaged Russia for many months, ended up on the Kaluga land under the walls of Kozelsk. According to the Nikon Chronicle, the formidable conqueror of Russia demanded the surrender of the city, but the Kozelites refused, deciding "to put their own head for the Christian faith." The siege lasted for seven weeks, and only after the destruction of the wall with battering guns did the enemy manage to climb the rampart, where "the battle was great and evil was slaughtered." Some of the defenders went beyond the walls of the city and died in an unequal battle, destroying up to 4 thousand Tatar-Mongol soldiers. Bursting into Kozelsk, Batu ordered to destroy all the inhabitants, "until they lay off the sucking mammals," and ordered the city to be called "Evil City". The feat of the Kozelsk people, who despised death and did not submit to the strongest enemy, became one of the brightest pages of the heroic past of our Fatherland.

In the 1240s. Russian princes found themselves in political dependence on the Golden Horde. The period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke began. At the same time, in the XIII century. under the rule of the Lithuanian princes, a state began to take shape, which included the Russian lands, including part of the "Kaluga". The border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Principality of Moscow was established along the Oka and Ugra rivers.

In the XIV century. the territory of the Kaluga region has become a place of constant confrontation between Lithuania and Moscow. In 1371, the Lithuanian prince Olgerd, in a complaint to Patriarch Philotheus of Constantinople against the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia Alexei, among the cities taken from him by Moscow "against kissing the cross" for the first time named Kaluga (in domestic sources Kaluga was first mentioned in the will of Dmitry Donskoy, who died in 1389 .). It is traditionally believed that Kaluga emerged as a border fortress to protect the Moscow principality from attack from Lithuania.

The Kaluga cities of Tarusa, Obolensk, Borovsk and others took part in the struggle of Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy) against the Golden Horde. Their squads participated in 1380 in the Battle of Kulikovo. The famous commander Vladimir Andreevich the Brave (appanage prince of Serpukhov and Borovsky) played a significant role in the victory over the enemy. In the Battle of Kulikovo, the Tarusa princes Fyodor and Mstislav were killed.

A hundred years later, the Kaluga land became the place where the events took place that put an end to the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich, who during the years of his reign from the Moscow appanage prince into the sovereign autocrat of all Russia, in 1476 stopped paying the Horde an annual monetary "exit", collected from the Russian lands since the time of Batu. In response, in 1480, Khan Akhmat, in alliance with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV, set out on a campaign against the Russian land. Akhmat's troops moved through Mtsensk, Odoev and Lyubutsk to Vorotynsk. Here the khan expected help from Casimir IV, but never received it. Crimean Tatars, allies of Ivan III, distracted the Lithuanian troops by attacking the Podolsk land.

Not receiving the promised help, Akhmat went to the Ugra and, standing on the bank against the Russian regiments, previously concentrated here by Ivan III, made an attempt to cross the river. Several times Akhmat tried to break through to the other side of the Ugra, but all his attempts were suppressed by Russian troops. Soon the river began to freeze. Ivan III ordered to withdraw all troops to Kremenets, and then to Borovsk. But Akhmat did not dare to pursue the Russian troops and on November 11 retreated from Ugra. The last campaign of the Golden Horde to Russia ended in complete failure. The successors of the formidable Batu turned out to be powerless in front of the state united around Moscow.

The Russian principalities before the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the Moscow state after gaining legal independence are, as they say, two big differences. It will not be an exaggeration that a single Russian state, the direct heir of which is modern Russia, was formed during the period of the yoke and under its influence. The overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke was not only the cherished goal of Russian self-awareness during the second half of the 13th-15th centuries. It also turned out to be a means of creating a state, national mentality and cultural identity.

Approaching the Battle of Kulikovo ...

The idea of most people about the process of overthrowing the Tatar-Mongol yoke comes down to a very simplified scheme, according to which, before the Battle of Kulikovo, Russia was enslaved by the Horde and did not even think about resistance, and after the Kulikovo battle, the yoke lasted another hundred years simply by misunderstanding. In reality, everything was more complicated.

The fact that the Russian principalities, although they generally recognized their vassal position in relation to the Golden Horde, did not stop their attempts to resist, is evidenced by a simple historical fact. Since the establishment of the yoke and throughout its entire length, it is known from the Russian chronicles about 60 large punitive campaigns, invasions and large-scale raids of the Horde troops into Russia. Obviously, in the case of completely conquered lands, such efforts are not required - which means that Russia resisted, actively resisted for centuries.

The first significant military defeat was suffered by the Horde detachments on the territory of controlled Rus about a hundred years before the Battle of Kulikovo. True, this battle took place during the internecine war for the grand princely throne of the Vladimir principality, which broke out between the sons of Alexander Nevsky ... In 1285, Andrei Alexandrovich attracted the Horde prince Eltora to his side and with his army set off against his brother Dmitry Alexandrovich, who reigned in Vladimir. As a result, Dmitry Alexandrovich won a convincing victory over the Tatar-Mongol punitive corps.

Further, individual victories in military clashes with the Horde occurred, although not too often, but with stable constancy. The Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich, the youngest son of Nevsky, distinguished for his peacefulness and inclination to political decisions on all issues, defeated the Mongol detachment near Pereyaslavl-Ryazan in 1301. In 1317, Mikhail Tverskoy defeated the army of Kavgady, who was attracted to his side by Yuri of Moscow.

The closer to the Battle of Kulikovo, the more confident the Russian principalities became, and unrest and turmoil were observed in the Golden Horde, which could not but affect the balance of military forces.

In 1365, the Ryazan forces defeated the Horde detachment near the Shishevsky forest, in 1367 the Suzdal army won a victory on Pyana. Finally, in 1378, Dmitry Moskovsky, the future Donskoy, won his dress rehearsal in a confrontation with the Horde: on the Vozha River, he defeated an army under the command of Murza Begich, a close friend of Mamai.

The overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke: the great battle of Kulikovo

Once again, talking about the significance of the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, as well as retelling the details of its immediate course, is unnecessary. Everyone from childhood knows the dramatic details of how Mamai's army pressed on the center of the Russian army and how at the most decisive moment the Ambush Regiment hit the rear of the Horde and their allies, which changed the fate of the battle. As well as it is well known that for the Russian self-consciousness it became an event of great importance, as for the first time after the establishment of the yoke, the Russian army was able to give a large-scale battle to the invader and win. But it is worth remembering that the victory in the Battle of Kulikovo, with all its enormous moral significance, did not lead to the overthrow of the yoke.

Dmitry Donskoy managed to take advantage of the difficult political situation in the Golden Horde and realize his leadership skills and the fighting spirit of his own army. However, two years later, Moscow was taken by the forces of the lawful Khan of the Horde Tokhtamysh (Temnik Mamai was a temporary usurper) and almost completely destroyed.

The young Moscow principality was not yet ready to fight on equal terms with the weakened, but still powerful Horde. Tokhtamysh imposed an increased tribute on the principality (the previous tribute was kept the same, but the population actually decreased by half; in addition, an emergency tax was introduced). Dmitry Donskoy pledged to send his eldest son Vasily to the Horde as a hostage. But the Horde has already lost its political power over Moscow - Prince Dmitry Ivanovich managed to transfer power by inheritance on his own, without any label from the khan. In addition, a few years later Tokhtamysh was defeated by another eastern conqueror, Timur, and for a certain period Russia stopped paying tribute.

In the 15th century, tribute was generally paid with serious fluctuations, taking advantage of more and more constant periods of internal instability in the Horde. In the 1430s - 1450s, the Horde rulers undertook several ruinous campaigns against Russia - however, in fact, these were precisely predatory raids, and not attempts to restore political supremacy.

In fact, the yoke did not end in 1480 ...

In school examination cards on the history of Russia, the correct answer to the question "When and with what event ended the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia?" will be considered "In 1480, Standing on the Ugra River". In fact, this is the correct answer - but from a formal point of view, it does not correspond to historical reality.

Indeed, in 1476, the great Moscow prince Ivan III refused to pay tribute to the Khan of the Great Horde, Akhmat. Until 1480, Akhmat dealt with his other enemy, the Crimean Khanate, after which he decided to punish the rebellious Russian ruler. The two armies met at the Ugra River in September 1380. An attempt by the Horde to cross the river was stopped by Russian troops. After that, the Stand itself began, which lasted until the beginning of November. As a result, Ivan III was able to force Akhmat to retreat without unnecessary human losses. First, there were strong reinforcements on the way to the Russians. Secondly, Akhmat's cavalry began to experience a deficit in forage, diseases began in the army itself. Thirdly, the Russians sent a sabotage detachment to the rear of Akhmat, which was supposed to plunder the defenseless capital of the Horde.

As a result, the khan ordered to retreat - and on this the Tatar-Mongol yoke, lasting almost 250 years, ended. However, from a formal diplomatic point of view, Ivan III and the Moscow state remained in vassal dependence on the Great Horde for another 38 years. In 1481, Khan Akhmat was killed, and another wave of struggle for power arose in the Horde. V difficult conditions late 15th - early 16th centuries, Ivan III was not sure that the Horde would not be able to mobilize its forces again and organize a new large-scale campaign against Russia. Therefore, being in fact a sovereign ruler and no longer paying tribute to the Horde, for diplomatic reasons in 1502 he officially recognized himself as a vassal of the Great Horde. But soon the Horde was finally defeated by the eastern enemies, so that in 1518 all vassal relations, even at a formal level, between the Moscow state and the Horde were terminated.

Alexander Babitsky

Today we will talk about a very "slippery" from the point of view modern history and science, but also an equally interesting topic.

This is the question that ihoraksjuta raised on the order table in May “Now let's go further, the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, I don't remember where I read it, but there was no yoke, these are all the consequences of the baptism of Rus, the bearer of the faith of Christ fought with those who did not want, well, as usual, with sword and blood, remember the cross hikes, can you tell us more about this period? "

Disputes about the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion and the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably will never disappear. Under the influence of numerous critics, including supporters of Gumilyov, new, interesting facts began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history. Mongol yoke that I would like to develop. As we all remember from the school history course, the point of view still prevails, which is as follows:

In the first half of the XIII century, Russia was exposed to the invasion of the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular, China and Central Asia, which they had already conquered by that time. Our historians of Russia know exactly the dates: 1223 - the Battle of Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the combined forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kiev. Tatar-Mongol troops destroyed individual squads of princes Kievan Rus and subjected her to a monstrous defeat. Military strength The Tatars were so irresistible that their rule continued for two and a half centuries - until the "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were finally completely eliminated, the end came.

For 250 years, that's how many years, Russia paid tribute to the Horde in money and blood. In 1380, Russia for the first time since the invasion of Batu Khan gathered forces and gave battle to the Tatar Horde on the Kulikovo field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated Temnik Mamai, but this defeat did not happen to all the Tatar-Mongols at all, this is, so to speak, a won battle in lost war. Although even the traditional version of Russian history says that there was practically no Tatar-Mongol in the army of Mamai, only local nomads and mercenaries from the Don Genoese. By the way, the participation of the Genoese suggests the participation of the Vatican in this matter. Today, in the well-known version of the history of Russia, they began to fit in, as it were, fresh data, but intended to add credibility and reliability to the already existing version. In particular, there are extensive discussions about the number of nomadic Tatar-Mongols, the specifics of their martial art and weapons.

Let's evaluate the versions that exist at the moment:

I propose to start with a very interesting fact... Such a nationality as the Mongolo-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. The Mongols and Tatars are related only by the fact that they roamed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is large enough to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect on the same territory at all.

The Mongol tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often hunted for raids on China and its provinces, which is often confirmed by the history of China. Whereas other nomadic Türkic tribes, called Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria) from the Pokonese centuries in Russia, settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. In those days in Europe they were called Tatars, or Tat Aryans (the strongest of the nomadic tribes, unbending and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of Lake Buir-Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families, which made up 6 tribes: Tatars-tutukulyut, Tatars-alchi, Tatars-chagan, Tatars-Kuin, Tatars-terat, Tatars-barkui. The second parts of the names, apparently, are the self-names of these tribes. There is not a single word among them that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more consonant with the Mongolian names.

Two kindred peoples - Tatars and Mongols - fought for a long time with varying success for mutual extermination, until Genghis Khan seized power in all of Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was a foregone conclusion. Since the Tatars were the murderers of Genghis Khan's father, they exterminated many tribes and clans close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered to carry out a general beating of the Tatars and not to leave one alive to the limit determined by the law (Yasak); to kill women and small children, and to cut the wombs of pregnant women in order to completely destroy them. … ”.

That is why such a nationality could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, "sinned" to name all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, Tat Aryans, or simply TatArie in Latin.
This can be easily traced from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and TarTaria Ortelius.

One of the fundamental axioms of Russian historiography is the assertion that for almost 250 years the so-called "Monglo-Tatar yoke" existed on the lands inhabited by the ancestors of modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Allegedly, in the 30s - 40s of the XIII century, the ancient Russian principalities were subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion under the leadership of the legendary Khan Batu.

The fact is that there are numerous historical facts that contradict the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke".

First of all, even in the canonical version, the fact of the conquest of the northeastern Old Russian principalities by the Mongol-Tatar invaders is not directly confirmed - allegedly these principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde (a state formation that occupied a large territory in the southeast of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, founded Mongolian prince Batu). They say that the army of Khan Batu made several bloody predatory raids on these very northeastern ancient Russian principalities, as a result of which our distant ancestors decided to go "arm in arm" of Batu and his Golden Horde.

However, historical information is known that the personal guard of Khan Batu consisted exclusively of Russian soldiers. A very strange circumstance for the lackeys-vassals of the great Mongol conquerors, especially for the newly conquered people.

There is indirect evidence of the existence of Batu's letter to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the omnipotent khan of the Golden Horde asks the Russian prince to take up his son and make him a real warrior and commander.

Also, some sources claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their naughty children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

As a result of all these discrepancies, the author of these lines in his book “2013. Memories of the Future "(" Olma-Press ") puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and middle of the XIII century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.

According to this version, when the Mongols at the head of the nomadic tribes (later called the Tatars) came to the northeastern ancient Russian principalities, they really entered into rather bloody military clashes with them. But only Batu Khan did not succeed in a crushing victory, most likely, the case ended in a kind of "combat draw". And then Batu offered the Russian princes an equal military alliance. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guards consisted of Russian knights, and with the name of Alexander Nevsky, Tatar mothers frightened their children.

All these horror stories about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" were written much later, when the Moscow tsars had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).

Even in modern school curriculum, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: “At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a large army of nomadic peoples, and subjecting them to strict discipline, he decided to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, he sent his army to Russia. In the winter of 1237, the Mongol-Tatars army invaded the territory of Russia, and after defeating the Russian army on the Kalka River, went further, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and without completing its task turns back. From this period the So-called " Mongol-Tatar yoke"Over Russia.

But wait, they were going to conquer the whole world ... so why not move on? Historians replied that they were afraid of an attack from the back, broken and plundered, but still strong Russia. But this is just ridiculous. Plundered state, will run to defend other people's cities and villages? Rather, they will rebuild their borders, and wait for the return of the enemy troops in order to repulse them fully armed.
But the oddities don't end there. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the House of Romanov, dozens of chronicles describing the events of the “times of the Horde” disappear. For example, "The Lay of the Death of the Russian Land", historians believe that this is a document from which everything was carefully removed, which would testify to the Yoke. They left only fragments telling about some kind of "misfortune" that befell Russia. But there is not a word about the "Mongol invasion".

There are many more oddities. In the story "about the evil Tatars" the khan from the Golden Horde orders the execution of the Russian Christian prince ... for refusing to worship the "pagan god of the Slavs!" And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, for example, such as: "Well, with God!" - said the khan and, crossing himself, galloped to the enemy.
So what really happened?

At that time, a "new faith" was flourishing in Europe, namely, the Faith in Christ. Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and ruled everything from the way of life and order, to the state system and legislation. At that time, the crusades against the infidels were still relevant, but along with military methods, "tactical tricks" were often used, akin to bribery of powerful persons and persuading them to their faith. And after gaining power through the purchased person, the conversion of all his "subordinates". It's such a secret crusade and was committed then to Russia. By means of bribery and other promises, the ministers of the church were able to seize power over Kiev and the surrounding regions. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Russia took place, but history is silent about the civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:

« And Vorogi came from the Overseas, and they brought faith in alien gods. With fire and sword, they began to plant an alien faith to us, Sprinkle gold and silver on the Russian princes, bribe their will, and lead them astray. They promised them an idle life, full of wealth and happiness, and forgiveness of any sins, for their dashing deeds.

And then Ros broke up, into different states. The Russian clan retreated to the north to Asgard the great, And they named their state after the names of the gods of their patrons, Tarkh Dazhdbog the Great and Tara, his Sister Light-wise. (They named it the Great Tartaria). Leaving foreigners with princes bought in the principality of Kiev and its environs. Volga Bulgaria, too, did not bow before the enemies, and did not begin to accept their faith as her own.
But the principality of Kiev did not live in peace with TarTaria. They began to conquer the Russians with the fire and sword of the earth and impose their alien faith. And then the army of war rose to the fierce battle. In order to keep their faith and win back their lands. Both old and young then went to Ratniki in order to restore order to the Russian Lands. "

So the war began, in which the Russian army, the land of Great Aria (Tat'Aria) defeated the enemy, and drove him from the lands of the primordial Slavic. It drove the alien army, with their fierce faith, from their stately lands.

By the way, the word Horde is translated by drop caps Old Slavic alphabet, means Order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a system. "Political" system of the Golden Order. Under which Princes reigned on the ground, planted with the approval of the commander-in-chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him KHAN (our defender).
This means that there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity for Great Aria or Tartaria. By the way, modern history also confirms this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely reverse, and very intent:

The Mongol-Tatar yoke is a system of political and tributary dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol-Tatar khans (until the early 60s of the 13th century, the Mongol khans, after the khans of the Golden Horde) in the 13th-15th centuries. The establishment of the yoke became possible as a result of the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237-1241 and took place for two decades after it, including in non-ravaged lands. In North-Eastern Russia it lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)

Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240) - a battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of the Novgorodians, Alexander Yaroslavich received the honorary nickname "Nevsky" for his skillful management of the campaign and bravery in battle. (Wikipedia)

Doesn't it seem strange to you that the battle with the Swedes takes place right in the midst of the invasion of the "Mongolo-Tatars" to Russia? Blazing in fires and plundered by the Mongols, Russia is attacked by the Swedish army, which is safely drowning in the waters of the Neva, and the Swedish crusaders never encounter the Mongols. And the Rusichi, who defeated the strong Swedish army, lose to the Mongols? In my opinion, this is just nonsense. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if we turn to the ancient Slavic chronicle, then everything becomes clear.

Since 1237 Rat Great TarTaria began to recapture their ancestral lands back, and when the war came to an end, the representatives of the church who were losing the lay asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were sent into battle. Since it was not possible to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240, the army of the Horde (that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) faced in battle with the army of the Crusaders, which had come to the rescue of its henchmen. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of Nevsky prince and remained to reign Novgorod, and the Horde army went on to expel the foe from the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted "the church and the alien faith" until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And when they reached them, the army turned around and again left the north. By setting 300 years of the world.

Again, this is confirmed by the so-called end of the Iga " Battle of Kulikovo»Before which two knights Peresvet and Chelubey took part in the match. Two Russian knights, Andrey Peresvet (transcending the light) and Chelubey (beating with his forehead, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was Chelubey's loss that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, rebuilt with the money of the same "Churchmen" who nevertheless penetrated from under the counter into Russia, albeit more than 150 years later. This is only later, when all of Russia plunges into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the Romanov family came to power, many documents will acquire the form we know.

By the way, it is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands, and expels the infidels from their territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander's last campaign). And for some reason, no one is surprised by the fact that a large trained army, which passed half the world and redrawn the world map, was so easily broken by the army of simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could have been.This is exactly our territory, which originally belonged to the Slavs, and where to this day, the remains of the EtRuss civilization are found ...

The Macedonian army was supplanted by the army Slavyan-Ariev who defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs "for the first time" went to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, it turns out that we are not the first to conquer "half of the globe".

So how did it happen that even now we do not know our history? Everything is very simple. Trembling with fear and horror, the Europeans never ceased to be afraid of the Rusichi, even when their plans were crowned with success and they enslaved the Slavic peoples, they were still afraid that one day Russia would rise and shine again with its former strength.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded by Peter the Great. For 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academic historians at the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russian (including MV Lomonosov), the rest were Germans. It so happens that the history of Ancient Russia was written by the Germans, and many of them did not know not only ways of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not make any effort to carefully study the history that the Germans wrote and get to the bottom of the truth.
Lomonosov wrote a work on the history of Russia, and in this field he often had disputes with his German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Russia were published, but under the editorship of Miller. At the same time, it was Miller who oppressed Lomonosov in every possible way during his lifetime. Computer analysis confirmed that Lomonosov's works on the history of Russia published by Miller were falsifications. Little remains of Lomonosov's works.

This concept can be found on the website of Omsk State University:

We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.

Let's pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
facts. However, their strangeness is based only on the generally accepted
chronology and instilled in us from childhood version of the ancient Russian
stories. It turns out that changing the chronology removes many oddities and
<>.

One of the highlights in the history of ancient Russia is this
called the Tatar-Mongol conquest by the Horde. Traditionally
it is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Russia, swept to the West and
even reached Egypt.

But if Russia had been conquered in the XIII century with any
there was a side - or from the east, as modern
historians, or from the west, as Morozov believed, should have
remain information about the clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Russia and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, just where they should have passed
conquerors.

Of course, in the school courses of Russian history, we are strenuously
convince that the Cossack troops appeared as if only in the XVII century,
allegedly due to the fact that the slaves fled from the power of the landlords to
Don. However, it is known - although it is usually not mentioned in textbooks,
- that, for example, the Don Cossack state existed STILL
XVI century, had its own laws and history.

Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks belongs
to the XII-XIII centuries. See, for example, the work of Sukhorukov<>in the DON magazine, 1989.

Thus,<>, - wherever it comes from, -
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably have to come into conflict with the Cossack
areas.
This is not noted.

What's the matter?

A natural hypothesis arises:
NO FOREIGN
THE CONQUEST OF RUSSIA WAS NOT. BECAUSE THE HORDE WAS NOT ATTENDING WITH THE COSSACKS, THAT
The Cossacks were part of the horde. This hypothesis was
not formulated by us. It is very convincingly justified,
for example, A.A.Gordeev in his<>.

BUT WE MAKE SOMETHING BIGGER.

One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossack
troops were not only part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the Horde - IT WAS
SIMPLY REGULAR RUSSIAN TROOPS.

According to our hypothesis, the modern terms VOYSKO and WARRIOR,
- Church Slavonic in origin, - were not old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Russia only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan.

Then the terminology changed. By the way, back in the 19th century in
Russian folk proverbs words<>and<>were
are interchangeable. This can be seen from the numerous examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<>etc.

The Don still has famous city Semikarakorum, and on
Kuban - the village of Khanskaya. Recall that the Karakorum is considered
THE CAPITAL OF CHINGIZ KHAN. Moreover, as is well known, in those
places where archaeologists are still persistently searching for the Karakorum, no
For some reason, there is no Karakorum.

Desperate, they hypothesized that<>... This monastery, which existed in the 19th century, was surrounded by
an earthen rampart only about one English mile long. Historians
believe that the famous capital Karakorum was entirely located on
territory later occupied by this monastery.

According to our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign entity,
captured Russia from the outside, but there is simply an Eastern Russian regular
an integral part of part of in Old Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is as follows.

1) <>WAS JUST A PERIOD OF THE WAR
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO FOREIGNERS RUSSIA
CONQUERED.

2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE COMMANDER-KHAN = TSAR, A B
CITIES ARE SITTED BY CIVIL REGENERANTS - PRINCES WHO ARE OBLIGED TO
WE WERE COLLECTING Tribute FOR THE BENEFIT OF THIS RUSSIAN ARMY, ON HIS
CONTENT.

3) IN THIS WAY, THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE IS REPRESENTED
ONE EMPIRE, IN WHICH WAS A PERMANENT ARMY CONSISTING OF
PROFESSIONAL MILITARY (HORDE) AND CIVIL UNIT WITHOUT HAVING
ITS REGULAR TROOPS. BECAUSE SUCH TROOPS ALREADY INCLUDED IN
COMPOSITION OF THE HORDE.

4) THIS RUSSIAN-HORDAN EMPIRE EXISTED FROM THE XIV CENTURY
BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. HER STORY ENDED WITH A FAMOUS GREAT
CONFUSION IN RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDE KINGS, THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, - HAVE BEEN PHYSICALLY EXPIRED. BEFORE RUSSIAN
THE ARMY HORDE ACTUALLY HAS BEEN DEFEATED IN THE FIGHT WITH<>... AS A RESULT, THE POWER IN RUSSIA COME IN PRINCIPAL
NEW PRO-WESTERN DYNASTY OF THE ROMANOVS. SHE TOOK THE POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).

5) NEW DYNASTY REQUIRED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VIEW OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN-ORDYN HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. THEREFORE
ROMANOV WANTED IN ROOT TO CHANGE THE LIGHTING OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. SHOULD GIVE THEM THE DUE - IT WAS DONE
IT IS GOOD. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE FACTS IN ESSENCE, THEY COULD BE BEFORE
UNRECognizability to distort the entire RUSSIAN HISTORY. SO PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF RUSSIA-HORDE WITH ITS CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL AND MILITARY
CONDITION - HORDE, THEY DECLARED THE ERA<>... WITH THIS OWN OWN RUSSIAN ORDA-VOYSKO
TURNED - UNDER THE PEN OF THE ROMANIAN HISTORIANS - IN THE MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A FAR UNKNOWN COUNTRY.

The notorious<>familiar to us from Romanovsky
telling the story was just a STATE TAX inside
Rus for the maintenance of the Cossack army - the Horde. Famous<>, - every tenth person taken to the Horde is just
state MILITARY SET. Like a call to the army, but only
from childhood - and for life.

Further, the so-called<>in our opinion
were just punitive expeditions to those Russian regions,
who for some reason refused to pay tribute =
state filing. Then the regular troops were punished
civil rioters.

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and substantiation, which have already been described quite widely, let us summarize the basic facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. The khan or "military prince" took over the reins of control during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Chinggis Khan is not a name, but the title of "military prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is about him that is usually talked about when they talk about Chinggis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (LN Gumilyov - "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe".).

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic, which would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just as there is nothing about the great conqueror Chinggis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide ").

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and told them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their "compatriot" had created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with ... The word "Mogul" has Greek origin, and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (NV Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army of "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% fell on other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of St. Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed in the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: "The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Lygnitz on April 9, 1241" As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. The next image shows "the khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is supposedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, rifle caps, the same thick beards, the same characteristic saber blades called "Elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, “Russia, which did not exist”).

5. Genetic examination

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic studies, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences in the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost entirely European) and the Mongolian (almost entirely Central Asian) are really great - these are, as it were, two different worlds... "(oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has survived. But on the other hand, there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

On this moment there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many forgeries designed to convince us of the existence of an invention called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke". Here is one of these fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is declared "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

“Oh, the bright light and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are famous for many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, wonderful animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are filled with everything, Russian land, about the Christian Orthodox faith!..»

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But on the other hand, this "ancient" document contains the following line: "You are filled with everything, Russian land, about the Christian Orthodox faith!"

More opinions:

The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999 - 2010), Doctor of Political Sciences Nazif Mirikhanov spoke in the same spirit: “The term“ yoke ”appeared in general only in the 18th century,” he is sure. "Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of certain conquerors."

"Actually, Russian empire and then the Soviet Union, and now Russian Federation- these are the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Chinggis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as has already been done in China, ”continued Mirikhanov. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars once frightened Europe so much that the rulers of Russia, who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from the Horde predecessors. Today is the time to restore historical justice. "

Izmailov summed up the result:

“The historical period, which is commonly called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels from them for reigning, but this is the usual feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white-stone churches were built everywhere. Which was quite natural: scattered principalities could not afford such construction, but only a de facto confederation united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or Ulus Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars ”.