Mongolo Tatar Igo All Dates. Mongolian IHO. Neat and copper eyelids

Mongol-Tatar Igo is a period of capturing Russia Mongol-Tatars in 13-15th centuries. Mongol-Tatar Igo lasted for 243 years.

True on the Mongol-Tatar IGE

The Russian princes at that time were in a state of hostility, so they could not give a worthy repulse to the invaders. Despite the fact that Polovtsy came to the rescue, the Army Tatar-Mongol quickly captured the advantage.

The first direct clash between the troops took place on the river Kalka, on May 31, 1223 and it was quite quickly lost. Already then it became clear that our army will not be able to defeat the Tatar-Mongols, but the Natisk of the opponent has restrained quite a long time.

In the winter of 1237, a targeted invasion of the main troops of the Tatar-Mongols on the territory of Russia began. This time the enemy's army commanded the grandson of Genghis Khan - Bati. The army of nomads managed to quickly move deep into the country, defeating the principalities in turn and killing everyone who tried to resist.

The main dates of capturing Russia Tatar-Mongols

1223 year. Tatar-Mongols approached the Rus border;
May 31, 1223. First battle;
Winter 1237 year. The beginning of a focused invasion of Russia;
1237 year. Captured Ryazan and Kolomna. Palo Ryazan Principality;
March 4, 1238. Great Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich killed. Captured by the city of Vladimir;
Autumn 1239. Captured Chernigov. Palo Chernihiv Principality;
1240 year. Captured Kiev. Palo Kiev Principality;
1241 year. Palo Galico-Volyn Principality;
1480 year. The overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

Causes of Russia's fall under Natius Mongol-Tatars

the lack of a single organization in the ranks of Russian warriors;
numerical advantage of the enemy;
the weakness of the command of the Russian army;
poorly organized mutual assistance from scattered princes;
underestimation of the forces and the number of enemy.

Features of the Mongol-Tatar Goo in Russia

In Russia, the establishment of a Mongol-Tatar yoke with new laws and orders began.

Vladimir became the actual political life center, it was from there that Tatar-Mongolian Khan carried out his office.

The essence of the management of the Tatar-Mongolian IGA was that Khan handed the label to the prince at his own discretion and fully controlled all the territories of the country. It enhanced hostility between princes.

The feudal fragmentation of the territories in every way encouraged, as it reduced the likelihood of centralized rebound.

From the population, tribute was regularly charged, "Ordinsky Exit." Special officials were engaged in the money collection - Baskaki, who showed extreme cruelty and did not have abductions and murders.

The consequences of Mongol-Tatar conquest

The consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia were terrible.

Many cities and villages were destroyed, people were killed;
Agriculture, handicrafts and art have declined;
The feudal fragmentation was significantly increased;
Significantly reduced population;
Rus began to noticeably lag in development from Europe.

End of Mongol-Tatar Igo

Complete release from the Mongol-Tatar yoke occurred only in 1480, when the Grand Duke Ivan III refused to pay the Horde money and declared the independence of Russia.

The Mongol Empire is a medieval state that occupied a huge territory - about 38 million km2. This is the greatest state in world history. The capital of the empire was the city of Karakorum. The story of modern ...

The Mongol Empire is a medieval state that occupied a huge territory - about 38 million km2. This is the greatest state in world history. The capital of the empire was the city of Karakorum.

The history of modern Mongolia begins with Temudzhina, Son Essugay-Bagatu. Temujin, better known as Genghis Khan, was born in the 50s of the XII century. At the beginning of the XIII century, he prepared reforms that were based on the Mongol Empire. He divided the army for tens of thousands (darkness) thousands, hundreds and dozens, thereby eradicating the organization of troops on the generic principle; Created a housing of special warriors, which was divided into two parts: day and night guards; Created an elite division from the best warriors. But with the religion of Mongols, a very interesting situation has emerged. They themselves were pagans, and adhered to shamanism. For a while, Buddhism took the role of the dominant religion, but then the residents of the Mongolian Empire returned to shamanism.

Chingis Khan

At about the same time, in the middle of the XIII century, Temujin became Genghis Khan, which is translated as the "Great Ruler" (Chingiz Han). After that, he created the Great Yasu - a set of laws, which regulated the rules for calling to the army. This led to the creation of a huge horde of 130 divisions called by the same "thousands". Tatars and Uygur created writing for Mongols, and in 1209, Genghis Khan began to prepare for the conquest of the world. This year, Mongols won China, the Jin Empire collapsed in 1211. A series of victory battles of the Mongolian army began. In 1219, Genghis Khan began to conquer territories in Central Asia, and in 1223 he sent his troops to Rus.

At that time, Russia was a large state with serious internecine wars. This did not fail to use Genghis Khan. The troops of Russian princes failed to unite, and therefore the battle on the river Kalka on May 31, 1223 was the first prerequisite for the start of the centuries-old Horde Iga.

Because of the huge sizes, it was practically impossible to manage the country, so the conquered peoples simply paid tribute to Khan, and the laws of the Mongolian empire were not obeyed. Basically, the life of these peoples was not very different from the one to which they were accustomed. The only thing that could overshadow their lucky existence are the sizes of Dani, which sometimes were unbearable.

After the death of Genghis Khan, his son came to power, which divided the country into three parts - by the number of sons, giving the oldest and most unloved little plot of non-good land. However, the son of Juchi and grandson of Genghis Khan - Batu - apparently, was not going to give up. In 1236, he won the Volga Bulgaria, and after, during the three years, Mongols threw Rus. From that moment on, Russia became the Mongolian Empire vassal and paid tribute for 240 years.

Batu Han

Moscow at that time was the most ordinary fortified fortress. It was the Tatar-Mongol invasion that helped her to acquire the status of the "Main City". The fact is that the Mongols on the territory of Russia appeared rarely, and Moscow became a kind of collector of Mongols. Residents of the whole country were collected tribute, and the Moscow Prince passed it to the Mongolian Empire.

After Russia, Batu went further to the west - in Hungary and Poland. The rest of Europe was shaking off fear, expectations from minute to minute the onset of the huge troops, which was quite understandable. Mongols killed residents of conquered countries, not looking at the floor and age. Special pleasure they delivered bullying women. Cities that remained uncomplicated, they burned to the dottle, and the population was destroyed in the most cruel way. Residents of the city of Hamadan, which is located in modern Iran, were killed, and a few days later the warlord sent the army to the ruins to finish those who were absent in the city at the time of the first attack and managed to return to the return of Mongols. Men were often taken to the Mongolian army, providing the right to choose: to die or swear empire.

It is also considered that the epidemic of plague in Europe, which spiked by century later, began precisely because of the Mongols. In the middle of the XIV century, the Genoese Republic was deposited by the Mongolian army. Among the conquerors there was a plague that took many lives. They decided to use infected corpses as biological weapons and began to catap them on the walls of the city.

But back in the XIII century. From the middle and until the end of the thirteenth century were conquered: Iraq, Palestine, India, Cambodia, Burma, Korea, Vietnam, Persia. The conquests of the Mongols each year became less and less, the cross-timer began. From 1388 to 1400, the Mongol Empire was ruled by five khans, none of which did not live up to old years - all five were killed. At the end of the XV century, Khan became a seven-year-old descendant of Genghis Khan - Batu-Munke. In 1488, Batu Munke or, as they began to call him, Dany-Khan sent a letter to the Chinese emperor with a request to take tribute. In fact, this letter was considered a contract for free interstate trade. However, the established world did not interfere with Danan Khan to make raids to China.

Mongolia was greatly combined by the great efforts of Danyan Khan, but after his death, civil conflicts were once again flared. At the beginning of the XVI century, the Mongol Empire again broke into the principality, the main among which the ruler of Chagar Khanate was considered. Since Ligdan-Khan was the oldest among the generation of descendants of Genghis Khan, he became Khan all Mongolia. He unsuccessfully tried to unite the country to avoid threat from Manchurov. However, the Mongolian princes were much more qualitated under the Manchurian beginning, rather than Mongolian.

In the end, in the XVIII century, after the death of the latter of the descendants of Genghis Khan, ruling in one of the principalities of Mongolia, a serious struggle for the throne was broken. The moment of the next split took advantage of the Empire Qing. Chinese military leaders introduced a huge army on the territory of Mongolia, which by the 60s of the 18th century destroyed the former Great State once, as well as almost all of its population.

Mongolian Igo(Mongolo-Tatar, Tatar-Mongolian, Ordinskoe) - the traditional name of the system of exploitation of Russian lands who came from the east conquerors of nomads from 1237 to 1480.

According to Russian chronicles, these nomads were called in Russia "Tatar" by the name of the most active and active tribe of the OUZ-Tatar. It became known since the conquest of 1217 Beijing, and the Chinese began to call this name all the tribes of the occupiers who came from Mongolian steppes. Under the name "Tatars", the invaders were entered into Russian chronicles as a generalizing concept for all eastern nomads, devastating Russian lands.

The beginning of the IGU was put in the years of the conquest of Russian territories (the battle on Kalka 1223, the conquest of Northeast Russia 1237-1238, the invasion of the southern in 1240 and South-Western Rus in 1242). It was accompanied by the destruction of 49 Russian cities out of 74, which was a heavy blow on the basics of urban Russian culture - craft production. The yoke led to the elimination of numerous monuments of material and spiritual culture, the destruction of stone buildings, arson of monastic and church libraries.

The date of the formal establishment of the yoke is considered to be 1243, when the father of Alexander Nevsky is the last son of Vsevolod a big nest, KN. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich received a label from conquerors (certifying document) on a great reign in the Vladimir Earth, in which he was named "Senior to all other princes in Russian land." At the same time, the Russian principalities defeated by Mongol-Tatar troops a few years earlier were not considered directly included in the empire of conquerors who received the name of the Golden Horde in the 1260s. They remained politically autonomous, retained the local princely administration, whose activities were controlled by permanent or coming regularly by representatives of the Ordans (Baskets). The Russian princes were considered the danutrics of the Horde Chanov, but in case of receiving the labels, they remained officially recognized rulers of their lands. Both systems - Danity (collection by the Ordans Dani - "Release" or, later, "Yasaka") and the issuance of shortcuts - secured the political fragmentation of Russian lands, strengthened rivalry between princes, contributed to the weakening of the connections of the North-Eastern and North-Western principalities and the lands with South And the South-West Rus, which became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland.

The Ordans did not hold on the conquered by the Russian territory of permanent troops. The IHO was supported by the direction of punitive detachments and troops, as well as repressions against naughty rulers who resisted the holding of administrative events conceived at the Khan rate. So, a special discontent caused in Russia in the 1250s holding a total census of Russian land census with ladies with "numerals", and later - the establishment of underwater and military mantals. One of the ways of impact on Russian princes was a hosting system, leaving in the Khan beta, in the city of Saraj on the Volga, someone from the relatives of the princes. With this relatives of obedient rulers encouraged and released, the strokes were killed.

The Ordans encouraged the loyalty of those from the princes that came to a compromise with conquerors. So, for the readiness of Alexander Nevsky to pay "exit", (tribute) by Tatars, he not only received the support of the Tatar cavalry in the battle with German knights on the Church of Lake 1242, but also provided his father, Yaroslav, the first label to the Grand Diction. In 1259 during the insurrection against the "numerals" in Novgorod, Alexander Nevsky provided a census and even gave protection ("watchmen") for backers so that they would not be confused with rebeling townspeople. For the support of Khan Berk rendered to him, he refused the violent Islamization of the conquered Russian territories. Moreover, the Russian church was released from the payment of Dani ("exit").

When the first, the most difficult time of the introduction of the Hangehog in Russian life was passed, and the top of the Russian society (princes, boyars, merchants, the church) found a common language with the new power, all the severity of the payment of Dani with the United forces of conquerors and the old Lords fell on the people. The waves of the folk uprisers described by the chronicler were constantly raised for almost half a century, starting from 1257-1259, the first attempt to the community census,. Her holding was instructed by China, a relative of the Great Khan. The uprisings against Baskakov repeatedly arose everywhere: in the 1260s in Rostov, in 1275 - in the South-Russian lands, in the 1280s - in Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Vladimir, Murom, in 1293 and repeated, in 1327, in Tver. Liquidation of the study system after the participation of the Moscow CN troops. Ivan Danilovich Kalita in the suppression of the Tver uprising of 1327 (from that time, the collection of Dani from the population was entrusted, to avoid new conflicts, on Russian princes and subordinates to them otkuchshchikov) did not stop paying Dani as such. Temporary liberation from them was obtained only after the Kulikov battle 1380, but already in 1382, the payment of Dani was restored.

The first prince, who received a great reign without a malfuncting "label", on the rights of his "ending", was the son of the winner of Ordans in the Kulikovsky battle of V.KN. Vasily I Dmitrievich. The "exit" of the Ordanes began to be paid irregularly, and the attempt of Han's one to restore the former order of things by capturing Moscow (1408) failed. Although in the years of the feudal war of the middle of the 15th century. Ordans and committed a number of new devastating invasions on Russia (1439, 1445, 1448, 1450, 1451, 1455, 1459), but they could not restore their dominion. The political association of Russian lands around Moscow at Ivan III Vasilyevich created the conditions for the complete elimination of the IGA, in 1476 he generally refused to pay tribute. In 1480, after an unsuccessful campaign of Hana, the Big Horde of Ahmat ("Standing in Ugra" 1480) IHO was finally overthrown.

Modern researchers in estimates of more than 240 years of dominance of the Horde over Russian lands differ significantly. The very designation of this period as "yoke" in relation to Russian and in general, the Slavic history was introduced by the Polish chronistic decrease in 1479 and since then it has been firmly entrenched in Western European historiography. In Russian Science, this term was first used by N.M. Karamzin (1766-1826), which was considered that it was the IHO that kept the development of Russia compared to Western Europe: "Doma Barbarov, overshadowing the horizon of Russia, hid europe from us at that time, When benefactor information and skills more and more in it multiplied. " The same opinion about the IGH as a restraining factor of the development and development of community statehood, the strengthening of East-despotic trends also adhered to S.M.Solovyev and V.O. Klechevsky, who noted that the investigations of the country were the ruin of the country, a long lag from Western Europe, irreversible changes in cultural and socio-psychological processes. This approach to the assessment of the Ordane IGA also dominated in Soviet historiography (A.N. Nadonov, V.V. Karallov).

Scattered and rare attempts to revise the well-established point of view met resistance. The works of historians who worked in the West were critically met (first of all G.V. Vernadsky, who seen in the relationship between Russian land and the hordes, a complex symbiosis, from which every people won something). The concept of the famous Domestic Türcologist L.N.Gumilyev, who tried to destroy the myth that nomadic people brought Russia alone and were robbers and destroyers of material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bto destroy the myth. He believed that the nomad tribes invisible on Russia could establish a special administrative order, which ensured the political autonomy of Russian principalities, saved their religious identity (Orthodoxy) and thereby laid the foundations of the violepability and the Eurasian essence of Russia. Gumilev argued that the result of the conquest of Russia began 13 in. It was not a yoke, but a kind of union with the Horde, recognition by the Russian princes of the Supreme Power of Khan. At the same time, the rulers of neighboring principalities (Minsk, Polotsk, Kiev, Galich, Volyn) turned out to be conquered by Lithuanians or Poles conquered by Lithuanians, they became the composition of their states and subjected to centuries-old pumping. It was Gumilev for the first time that the ancient Russian name of nomads from the east (among whom Mongols prevailed) - "Tatarov" - cannot insult the national senses of modern Volzhsky (Kazan) Tatars living in Tatarstan. Their ethnos, he considered, does not carry historical responsibility for the actions of the nomadic tribes from the steppes of Southeast Asia, as the ancestors of the Kazan Tatar were Kamsk Bulgars, Kipchak and partly ancient Slavs. The history of the appearance of the MiP about IGE, Gumilev connected with the activities of the creators of the Norman theory - German historians who served in the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences of the 18th century, and distorted real facts.

In the post-Soviet historiography, the issue of the existence of the IHA still remains controversial. The consequence of the growth of the number of supporters of the concept of Gumilov was to appeal to the President of the Russian Federation in 2000 on the abolition of the celebration of the anniversary of the Kulikov battle, since, according to the authors of the appeals, "IHA in Russia was not." According to these researchers, supported by the authorities of Tatarstan and Kazakhstan, combined Russian-Tatar troops with the usurper of power in the Horde, the Dolnik Mama, who proclaimed himself Khan and gathered under his banners of hired Genaves, Alanov (Ossetians), Kasov (Circass) and Polovtsy.

Despite the discussion of all these statements, the fact of the significant mutual influence of the cultures of peoples, almost three centuries who lived in close political, social and demographic contacts.

Lev Pushkarev, Natalia Pushkareva

Today we will talk about the very "slippery" from the point of view of modern history and science, but also no less interesting theme. Here such a question raised ihoraksjuta. "Now we went on, the so-called Tatar-Mongolian igo, I do not remember where I read, but there was no yoke, it was all the consequences of the Baptism of Russia, they fought the carrier of the faith of Christ with those who did not want, well, as usual, a sword and blood, let's remember the Crusades Camping, here can be more detailed about this period? "

Disputes about the history of the invasion tatar-Mongol. And the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, will probably not disappear. Under the influence of numerous critics, including supporters of Gumilyov, in the traditional version of the history of Russia began to be frowning with new, interesting facts. mongolian Igathat I would like to develop. As we all remember from the school year of history, the point of view is still dominant, which is as follows:

In the first half of the XIII century, Russia was subjected to the invasion of the Tatars who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular, China and Central Asia, which they have already captured by this time. Our historians of Russia are just known: 1223 - the battle on Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the united forces of Russian princes on the bank of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kiev. Tatar-Mongolian troopsthey destroyed certain squads of the princes of Kievan Rus and subjected it to the monstrous defeat. The military power of Tatars was so irresistible that their dominance continued for two and a half centuries - until the "standing in the thief" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke, in the end, were completely eliminated, an end began.

250 years, now how old, Russia paid tribute to Horde with money and blood. In 1380, Russia for the first time since the invasion of Batu-Khan gathered the strength and gave the battle of the Tatar Horde on the Kulikov field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated the darkness of Mamaha, but from this defeat of all Tataro - Mongols did not happen at all, this, so to speak the battle won in Plain War. Although even the traditional version of Russian history, says that Tataro - Mongol in Math's troops was practically not there, only local from Don nomads and mercenaries of the Genoese. By the way, the participation of the Genoesers, suggests the idea and participation of the Vatican in this matter. Today, in the well-known version of the history of Russia, they began to adoperate, as if fresh data, but intended to add the authenticity and reliability of the already existing version. In particular, there are broad discussions of the number of nomadic Tatar - Mongols, the specifics of their martial arts and weapons.

Let's estimate the versions that exist at the moment:

Start offering with a very interesting fact. Such a nation as Mongol-Tatara There is no, and did not exist at all. Mongols. and Tatar It is only the fact that they nomaded on the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, are quite large to accommodate any nomadic nation, and at the same time give them the opportunity to not intersect on one territory at all.

The Mongolian tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often produced raids on China and his provinces that the history of China often confirms us. While other nomadic Turkic tribes, referred to as the Poskov of the ages in Russia Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria), settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. They were called Tatars in those days in Europe, or Tatarya (The strongest of nomadic tribes, unreleased and invincible). And the Tatars, the nearest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Buir-Nor and to China's borders. There were 70 thousand families who were 6 tribes: Tatura-Tutukuluty, Tatars-Alcci, Tatars-Chagan, Tatars-Queen, Tatars-Terat, Tatars-Barkui. The second parts of the names, apparently, the self-sizing of these tribes. Among them there is not a single word that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more consistent with Mongolian names.

Two kindred people - Tatars and Mongols - a long war with varying success on mutual extermination, while Chingis Khan did not capture power in all Mongolia. The fate of Tatars was predetermined. Since the Tatars were the killers of Father Genghis Khan, destroyed many tribal and childbirth close to him, constantly maintained tribes opposing him, " Genghis Khan (Tay-Mu-Chin) commanded to produce universal beating of the Tatar and not one not to leave alive to the limit, which is determined by law (yasak); So that women and small children are also killed, and pregnant in the womb to completely destroy them. ... ".

That is why such a nationality and could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European, "sinned" to call all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, Tatarya or simply on Latin Tatarie..
It can be easily traced in ancient cards, for example, Map of Russia 1594 In the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and Tartaria Oretelus.

One of the fundamental axes of domestic historiography is the statement that for almost 250 years on the lands, which inhabited the ancestors of modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians there were the so-called "Monglo-Tatar Igo". Allegedly in the 30s - 40s of the XIII century, the old-Russian principalitys were subjected to Mongol-Tatar invasion under the leadership of the legendary Khan Batya.

The fact is that there are numerous historical facts that contradict the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar IGE".

First of all, even in the canonical version, the fact of the conquest of the northeastern Old Russian Principles is not confirmed by the Mongol-Tatar invaders - allegedly, these principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde (state education, which occupied the large territory in the south-east of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, based Mongolian Prince Batum). Like, the khan of Khan Batiya made several bloody robbing raids on these the most northeastern Old Russian Principles, with the result that our distant ancestors decided to go "at the arm" of Batya and his Golden Horde.

However, historical information is known that the personal guardian of Khan Batyu consisted exclusively from Russian warriors. A very strange circumstance for Holiuyev-vassals of the Great Mongolian conquerors, especially for just a conquered people.

There are indirect evidence of the existence of a letter to Batiya to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the All-powerful Khan Golden Horde asks Russian Prince to take up his son's education and make a real warrior and a commander from him.

Some sources also argue that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde scared the name of Alexander Nevsky of their naughty children.

As a result of all these inconsistencies, the author of these lines in his book "2013. Memories of the future "(" Alma-Press ") puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and the middle of the XIII century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.

According to this version, when Mongols at the head of the nomadic tribes (called later than Tatars) came out to the northeast Old Russian principalities, they really entered them into rather bloody combat clashes. But only the crushing victory at Khan Batya did not come out, most likely, the case ended in a kind of "combat noise". And then Bati offered an equal military union to the Russian princes. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guardians consisted of Russian Vityazes, and the name of Alexander Nevsky Tatar mothers scared their children.

All these terrible stories about the "Tatar-Mongolian IGE" were described much later when the Moscow kings had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).

Even in a modern school program, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: "In early 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a numerous army from nomadic peoples, and subdued by their tough discipline decided to conquer the whole world. After defeating China, he sent his army on Russia. In the winter of 1237, the Mongol-Tatars army invaded the territory of Russia, and defeating the Russian army on the river Kalka, went on, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, reaching the banks of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and turning his task turns back. From this period and begins the so-called " Mongol-Tatar yoke"Over Rus.

But wait, because they were going to conquer the whole world ... So why didn't you go further? Historians responded that they were afraid of the attacks from the back, broken and looted, but still strong Russia. But it's just funny. The progress state will run to defend other people's cities and seams? Rather, they will disrupt their borders, and will wait for the enemy's troops to ensure that there is a disgrace.
But on this oddity do not end. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the house of Romanov, dozens of christmas disappear, describing the events of the "Horde Times". For example, "the word about the death of the Russian Earth", historians, believe that this document, from which carefully removed the BE, which would testify about the IGA. We left only fragments telling about some kind of "trouble", comprehended Russia. But there is not a word about the "invasions of the Mongols."

There are still many oddities. In the story "On the evil tatars" Khan from Golden Horde Meld to execute Russian prince-Christian ... For refusal to bow down the pagan god of Slavs! " And in some chronicles there are amazing phrases, for example, such: " Well, with God! " Said Khan and, crossing, cried to the enemy.
So what was really?

At that time in Europe, the "New Vera" flourished in Europe Belief in Christ. Catholicism was common everywhere, and managed to all, from the lifestyle and system, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades were even relevant, but on a series with military methods, and "tactical tricks" were often used, akin to the bribery of power and declining them to their faith. And after receiving power through a bought person, appeal to the faith of all his "subordinates". It was such a secret crusade and was accustomed to Rus. By bribery and other ambulances, the servants of the Church were able to capture power over Kiev and near the lying regions. Just relatively recently, the baptism of Russia passed by the standards of history, but the story silent about the civil war arising from this soil immediately after conducting violent baptism. And this is the moment the ancient-Slavic elevation describes as:

« And they came from the zamor, and they brought faith in the gods of alien. The fire and sword they began to impose the faith to us alone, to shower the Russians and silver the princes of Russians, to bribe them will, and shoot down from the way true. They promised them the life of idle, wealth and happiness is complete, and the vacation of sins of any, for the acts of their dashing.

And then they broke up, the states are different. They retreated Russians to the north to Asgard a great, and called the power of their own names of their patrons, Tarh Great Bog and Tara, his sister Svetomudroi. (The Great Tartaria they ordered it). Leaving alien to the princes purchased in the principality of the Kiev and its surroundings. Volzhsky Bulgaria also did not bow before the live, and did not be faith alone for her to accept.
But did not become the principality of the Kiev world with tartaria to live. They became fire and the sword of the Earth Russian to disintegrate and faith alone alone. And then the army rolled, on the battle. In order to keep his faith and wield their land. And old and young then went to the warrior, in order to return the order to the Russian land. "

So began a war in which Russian army, land Great Aria (tatharia) I won the enemy, and kicked it out of the land of the original Slavic. It was alien to the army, with their faith, with the lands of their statutes.

By the way the word of the horde translated by the initiative old Slavic ABCmeans order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a building. "Political" system of gold order. At which the princes printed on the ground, planted from the approval of the commander-in-chief of the protection army, or in one word it was called Han (Our defender).
So there was no one, two hundred and more years of the oppression, and there was a peace time and prosperity Great Aria or Tartaria. By the way, in modern history, there is also a confirmation, but for some reason no one pays attention to him. But we will definitely turn, and very close:

Mongol-Tatar Igo - a system of political and informed dependence of the Russian principalities from Mongol-Tatar Khan (before the early 60s of the XIII century Mongolian Khanov, after - Golden Horde) in the XIII-XV centuries. The establishment of an IGA was made possible as a result of the Mongolian invasion on Russia in 1237-1241 and occurred over two decades after it, including in non-rated lands. In Northeast Russia lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)

Nevsky Battle (July 15, 1240) - the battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of Novgorod, Alexander Yaroslavich for the skillful campaign management and courage in battle received the honorable nickname "Nevsky". (Wikipedia)

You do not seem strange that the battle with the Swedes is happening directly among the invasion " Mongol-Tatars"On Russia? Blowing in fires and plundered " Mongola"Rus is attacked by the Swedish troops, which is safely drowning in the waters of the Neva, and at the same time the Swedish crusaders do not face Mongols. And the victorious strong Swedish army Rusichi losing "Mongols"? In my opinion, it's just nonsense. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if you appeal to the Old Slavic chronicles, then everything becomes clear.

From 1237 to rail Great Tartaria He began to disintegrate their original lands back, and when the war approached the end, losing to put representatives of the Church requested help, and the Swedish Crusaders were put into battle. Once it did not work out to take the country bribing, then they will take her strength. Just in 1240m the army Hordes (that is, the Army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic kind) faced in the battle with his minions who came to revenue, the army of the Crusaders. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of Nevsky Prince and remained for the jurisdiction of Novgorod, and the Horde's army went further to expel the sacuostate from the Russian lands finally. So she drove the "church and alien faith" until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring its original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and left no north again. Installing 300 summer period of the world.

Again, the confirmation of this is the so-called end of IGA « Kulikovskaya battle"In front of which 2 Victors participated in Shatka Peresvet. and Checky. Two Russians Vityaz, Andrei Peresvet (superior light) and Helpius (a friend hitting, telling, telling, requesting) information about which was brutally cut from history pages. It was the loss of the Checky and foreseen the victory of the Army of Kievan Rus, restored to the money all the same "clergymen", which from under the floors penetrated on Russia, albeit 150 more than a year later. It is already later when all Russia will plunge into the Bay of Chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the coming to power of the Romanov family, many documents will find the view known to us.

By the way, the Slavic army is not the first time protects its lands, and expels the inners from their territories. Another extremely interesting and tangled moment in history tells us about it.
Army Alexander Macedonsky, consisting of a variety of professional warriors was broken by a small army of some nomads in the mountains, north of India (the last campaign of Alexander). And for some reason, no one surprises the fact that the numerous prepared army, which passed the floor of the world and smashed the world card, was so easily broken by the army, simple and not educated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the cards of that time and just even think of who the nomads who came from the north could be (from India), these are our territories that Christian belonged to the Slavs, and where to this day, are the remains of civilization Etruscskov.

Macedonian army was resigned by the army Slavyan-Ariyevwho defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs "for the first time" passed to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge trail in the territories of Europe. Thus, it turns out to be not in the first to conquer the "floor of the globe".

So how did it happen that now we do not know our story? Everything is very simple. Europeans trembled from fear and horror, and did not cease to be afraid of Rusch, even when their plans were crowned with success and they were involved in Slavic nations, they were still afraid that once Russia would be perceived and again would overweight.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded by Peter. For 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academician-historian at the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russians (including M.V. Lomonosov), the rest are the Germans. So it turns out that the history of the ancient Russia was written by the Germans, and many of them did not know not only the styles of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not apply any effort to carefully examine the story that the Germans wrote, and to get to the truth.
Lomonosov wrote labor on the history of Rus, and on this field he often had disputes with German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Russia were published, but edited by Miller. At the same time, Miller struggled in every way Lomonosov in his life. Computer analysis confirmed that Lomonosov's work on the history of Rus, published by Miller, is falsification. From Lomonosov's Labor, there are little left in them.

This concept can be found on the website of the Omsk State University:

We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
Pre-training reader.

Pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
facts. However, their oddity is based only on generally accepted
chronology and inspired by us from the childhood version of the ancient Russian
stories. It turns out that the change in chronology removes many oddities and
<>.

One of the main points in the history of ancient Russia is so
Called by Tatar-Mongolian won the Horde. Traditionally
It is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Rus, rolled to the West and
Even reached Egypt.

But if Rus was conquered in the XIII century with whatever
there was a parties - or from the east, according to modern
historians, or from the West, as Morozov believed, they would have to
Stay information about collisions between conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the Western borders of Russia and in the lower reaches
Done and Volga. That is, just where they had to go
Conquerors.

Of course, in school courses of Russian history we are hard
convince that Cossack troops arose as if only in the XVII century,
supposedly due to the fact that the slaves fled from the authorities of the landowners on
Don. However, it is known - although in the textbooks it is usually not mentioned,
- What, for example, the Don Cossack state existed in
The XVI century, had its own laws and their history.

Moreover, it turns out, the beginning of the history of the Cossacks
By the XII-XIII centuries. See, for example, the work of Sukhukov<> In the journal Don, 1989.

In this way,<>- where it would be not going, -
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
inevitably it would have to join the conflict with Cossack
regions.
This is not marked.

What's the matter?

Natural hypothesis occurs:
No ingenic
Russia's conquest was not. The horde is because he did not fight with the Cossacks that
Cossacks were an integral part of the horde. This hypothesis was
Formulated not by us. She is very convincingly justifies
For example, A. A. Gordeev in his<>.

But we affirm something more.

One of our basic hypotheses is that Cossack
troops not only made part of the horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the Horde was
Just regular Russian army.

According to our hypothesis, modern term army and warrior,
- Church-Slavic in origin - were not old-Russian
Terms. They entered constant use in Russia only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan.

Then the terminology has changed. By the way, in the XIX century in
Russian folk proverbs words<> and<> were
interchangeable. This is seen from numerous examples.
in the Dalian dictionary. For example:<> etc.

On the bottom there is still a famous city of sevenikarakamum, and on
Kuban - Chang Khan. Recall that the caracorum is considered
The capital of Genghis-Khan. At the same time, - what is well known - in those
places where archaeologists are still stubbornly looking for Karakorum, no
Karakorum for some reason no.

Desperate, put forward a hypothesis that<>. This monastery, existed in the XIX century, was surrounded
Earth shaft is just about one English mile. Historians
believe that the famous capital Karakorum was fully placed on
Territories, subsequently occupied by this monastery.

In our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign education,
capturing Russia from the outside, but there is just an Eastern Russian regular
The army that was part of an integral part in the ancient Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is such.

1) <> It was just a war period
Management in the Russian state. No foreign rus
Won.

2) the supreme ruler was the commander-khan \u003d king, and in
Cities sat civilian governors - princes that are required
Were to collect tribute in favor of this Russian troops on his
CONTENT.

3) Thus, the ancient Russian state seems
A single empire in which there was a permanent army consisting of
Professional military (horde) and civil part that did not have
His regular troops. Since such troops were already included in
The composition of the horde.

4) This Russian-Horde Empire existed from the XIV century
Before the early XVII century. Her story ended with the famous great
Small in Russia began the early XVII century. As a result of civil war
Russian Ordi kings, - the last of which was Boris
<>, - were physically exterminated. And the former russian
The army of the Ord actually suffered a defeat in the fight against<>. As a result, the power in Russia came in principle
New Pro-Western Romanov Dynasty. She seized power and
In the Russian Church (Philaret).

5) the new dynasty was required<>,
Ideologically justifying her power. This new power from the point
There was illegal vision of the former Russian-Ordan history. SO
Romanov took root to change the illumination of the preceding
Russian history. We must give them due - it was done
Competently. Without changing most facts essentially they were able to
Unrecognizable to distort the whole Russian history. So preceding
History of Russia-Horde with its estate of farmers and military
Class - the Horde, was declared them epoch<>. At the same time its own Russian Horde
Turned, - under the pen of Romanov historians, - in the mythical
Aliens from a distant noticed country.

Nervive<>, familiar to us by Romanovsky
The presentation of the story was just a state tax inside
Rus to the maintenance of the Cossack troops - Horde. Famous<>- every tenth man taking into the Horde is just
State military set. As if calling the army, but only
Since childhood - and for life.

Next, the so-called<>In our opinion,
were simply punitive expeditions in those Russian areas,
which for some reasons refused to pay tribute \u003d
State file. Then regular troops punished
Civil rebellion.

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and everyone who wants without any problems can find them on the Internet. Owning scientific research and justification, koi are already described quite widely, summarize the main facts that refute the big lies about the "Tatar-Mongolian IHE".

1. Chingis Khan

Previously, 2 people answered in Russia for the management of the state: Prince and Han. Prince answered the management of the state in peacetime. Khan or "Military Prince" took the Brazda of Department for himself during the war, in peacetime on his shoulders they were responsible for the formation of the Horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of "Military Prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the post of commander-in-chief of the army. And people who wore such title were somewhat. Timur was the most outstanding of them, it is usually about him, when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the preserved historical documents, this person is described as a high height warrior with blue eyes, very white leather, a powerful reddish chapel and a thick beard. What obviously does not correspond to the signs of the representative of the Mongoloid race, but it is fully suitable for the description of Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe.").

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic, in which it would be said that this country conquered almost all Eurasia in antiquity, exactly, like nothing and about the great conqueror of Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "visible and invisible genocide ").

2. Mongolia.

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks arrived in the nomads living in the desert in the desert, and they were the descendants of the Great Mongols, and their compatriot created the Great Empire in his time, which they were very surprised and delighted . The word "Mogul" has a Greek origin, and means "the Great". This word Greeks called our ancestors - Slavs. It does not have any attitude towards the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the Army "Tatar-Mongols" amounted to Russians, the remaining 20-30% accounted for other small peoples of Russia, actually, as well as now. This fact clearly confirms the fragment of the icon of Sergius of the Radonezh "Kulikovskaya Battle". It is clearly clearly seen that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did Tatar-Mongola look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Heinrich II pious, which was killed on the Legnitis field. The inscription is as follows: "Tatar's figure under the legs of Heinrich II, Duke Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, killed in the battle with Tatars at the lignice on April 9, 1241. As we see from this "Tatar" completely Russian appearance, clothing and weapons. In the following image - "The Khan Palace in the capital of the Mongolian Empire Hanbalyke" (It is believed that Hanbalyk is supposedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" here and what is "Chinese"? Again, as in the case of the Tomb of Heinrich II, we are in front of us - people of clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, shooting caps, the same vane beards, the same characteristic saber blades called "Elman". The roof on the left is a practically exact copy of the roofs of older rubers ... (a. Bushkov, "Russia, which was not").

5. Genetic examination

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic studies, it turned out that the Tatars and Russians have very close genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russian and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols - colossal: "The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) from Mongolian (almost entirely centrally Asian) is really great - this is like two different world ..." (OAGB.RU).

6. Documents during the period of Tatar-Mongolian yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, a single document has been preserved in Tatar or Mongolian. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. The lack of objective evidence confirming the hypothesis about the Tatar-Mongolian ig

At the moment there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongolian IHO. But there are many fakes, designed to convince us in the existence of fiction called "Tatar-Mongolian Igo". Here is one of these fakes. This text is called "the word about the death of the Russian Earth" and in each publication is declared "by passage from the poetic work that has not come to us ... About the Tatar-Mongolian invasion":

"Oh, light bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! Many beauties are glorified by many ... Lakes are famous for many, rivers and sources of locally, mountains, steep hills, high dumbers, clean fields, wonderful beasts, various birds, countless cities, villages of the glorious, gardens of monastic, temples of God and Princes of Grozny, boyars honest and Many mokes. All of you are filled, Russian land, about Orthodox Vera Christian!..»

In this text, there is not even a hint of "Tatar-Mongolian Igo". But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: "To all you are filled, the earth is Russian, about the Orthodox Vera Christian!"

More opinions:

In the same way, the Plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999-201 - 2010), the doctor of political sciences Nazif Mirikhanov: "The term" IHO "appeared at all in the XVIII century, - he is sure. - Before that Slavs did not even suspect that they live under the oppression, under the yoke of some conquerors. "

"In fact, the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union, and now the Russian Federation is the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic Empire, created by Genghis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate how they have already done in China," continued Mirihanov. And he concluded his arguments with such a thesis: "Tatars have frightened this time in their time that the rulers of Russia, who chose the European path of development, were disagreeed in every possible way from the Ordane predecessors. Today it is time to restore historical justice. "

The result summed up Izmailov:

"The historical period, which is customary to be called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the rulers from the barn Russian princes paid tribute and received labels from them to the reign, but this is an ordinary feudal rent. At the same time, the church in those century flourished, and beautiful white-named temples were built everywhere. What was quite natural: such construction could not afford the scattered principalities, but only the actual confederation, combined under the authority of Khan Golden Horde or Ulus Juchi, as it would be more correct to call our common with Tatars. "

Historian Lev Gumilev, from the book "From Russia to Russia", 2008:
"Thus, for the tax that Alexander Nevsky pledged to pay in the barn, Rus received a reliable strong army, which was not only the Novgorod with Pskov. Moreover, the Russian principalities who adopted an alliance with the Horde fully retained their ideological independence and political independence. One thing shows that Russia was not
The province of Mongolian ulus, and the country, the Allied Great Hanu, which paid some tax on the maintenance of the troops, which it was necessary for her. " Nevsky. Nevsky battle (part 1), but also familiarize yourself with and is it really The original article is on the site Inforos Link to an article with which this copy is made -

Although I set myself the goal of clarifying the history of the Slavs from the sources to Rurik, but, in general, having received the material going beyond the task. I can not use it to illuminate an event that broke the whole course of the history of Russia. We are talking about Tatar-Mongol invasion. On one of the main topics of Russian history, which still shares Russian society on those who recognize the yoke, and those who denied it.

The dispute about whether the Tatar-Mongolian Igo was divided by Russians, Tatars and historians into two camps. Famous historian Lev Gumilyov (1912-1992) leads their arguments that Tatar-Mongolian Igo is a myth. He believes that at this time the Russian principalities and the Tatar Ord on the Volga with the capital in Saraj, who conquered Russia, coexisted in a single state of federal type under the general central government of the Horde. The cost of preserving some independence within the individual principalities was the tax, which Alexander Nevsky pledged to pay the Khanam Horde.

There are so many scientific treatises on the topic of Mongolian invasion and the Tatar-Mongolian Igo, plus a number of artistic works have been created for this, that anyone, without consistent with these postulates, looks, gently expressing, abnormal. However, over the past decades, several scientific, or rather popular science works were presented to the court of readers. Their authors: A. Fomenko, A. Bushkov, A. Maksimov, Sidorov and some others argue the opposite: no mongols as such did not exist.

Very unreal versions

Justice should be said that in addition to the works of these authors, there are versions of the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, which do not seem to be serious attention, as they logically do not explain some issues and attract additional participants in the events, which is contrary to the famous Razor of OKKAMA: do not complicate the common Picture of extra characters. The authors of one of these versions are S. Valyansky and D. Kalyuzhny, who in the book "Another History of Russia" believe that under the guise of Tatar-Mongols, in the imagination of the chroniclers of antiquity, the Bethlehemsky spiritual and knightly order appears, which arose in Palestine and after capturing 1217 . The Jerusalem Kingdom of the Turks moving in Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Poland and, perhaps, South-Western Rus. According to the Golden Cross, who wore the commanders of this Order, these crusaders received the name of the Golden Order in Russia, which echoes the title of the Golden Horde. This version does not explain the invasion of Tatars on Europe itself.

In the same book, the version of A. M. Zhabinsky, which believes that under the "Tatars" there is a army of the Nicene emperor of Theodore I Laskaris (in the chronicles under the name of Genghis Khan) under the command of his son-in-law of John Duca Vatatsa (under the name of Batya), who attacked Rus in response to the refusal of Kievan Rus to enter into an alliance with Nicea in its hostilities in the Balkans. Chronologically, the formation and disintegration of the Nice Empire (the heiress of the defeated Crusaders in 1204 of Byzantium) and the Mongolian empire coincide. But from traditional historiography, it is known that in 1241. The Nike troops led the fighting in the Balkans (Vatatz's power was recognized by Bulgaria and thesaloniki), and at the same time, the Tumen Bazezny Khan Batya are fighting there. Incorrectly, that two numerous army, acting side by side, wonderfully noticed each other! For this reason, I do not consider in detail these versions.

I want to present in detail the reasonable versions of the three authors who were trying to answer the question every one in their own way. It can be assumed that the Tatars on Russia were still coming, but it could be a Tatars because of the Volga or Caspian, the old neighbors of the Slavs. It could not be only one: the fantastic invasion of the Mongols from Central Asia, who slipped with the battles of Polmir, because there are objective circumstances in the world, which cannot be ignored.

The authors lead a significant amount of evidence to confirm their words. Evidence is very and very convincing. These versions are not free from some of the drawbacks, but they are not argued as an example of more than official history, which is not able to respond to a number of simple questions and often simply reduce the ends with the ends. All three - and Alexander Buschkov, and Albert Maximov, and Georgy Sidorov believed that IHO was not. At the same time, A. Bushkov and A. Maximov differ mainly only in terms of the origin of the "Mongols" and the one of the Russian princes acted as Genghis Katya and Batya. I personally thought that an alternative version of the history of the Tatar-Mongolian invasion of Alberta Maksimov was worked in more detail and is justified and therefore causes greater trust.

At the same time, the attempt of Sidorov to prove that in fact "Mongols" was an ancient Indo-European population of Siberia, the so-called Scythian Siberian Rus, which came to the rescue of Eastern European Russia in difficult times of her fragmentation before the real threat to the conquest of crusaders and violent Germanization Also not devoid of grounds and may be interesting in itself.

Tatar-Mongolian IHO according to school history

From school bench, we know that in 1237. As a result of the init secure invasion, Russia was mired into the darkness of poverty, ignorance and violence, hitting the political and economic dependence on the Mongolian Khans and the rulers of the Golden Horde. The school textbook states that the Mongol-Tatar Hordes are wild nomadic tribes that did not have their written and culture, invisible on horseback on the territory of medieval Russia from the distant borders of China, who conquered it and focusing in slavery the Russian people. It is believed that the Mongol-Tatar invasion brought with them the innumerable misfortunes, led to tremendous human victims, to comprehend and destroy material values, throwing Russia in cultural and economic development for 3 centuries ago compared to Europe.

But now, many know that this myth about the Great Mongolian Empire of Genghizhana was invented by the German School of Historians of the XVS century, in order to somehow explain the backwardness of Russia and submit a reigning house in the advantageous light that took place from the evil Tatar Murz. And the historiography of Russia accepted for the dogma, but she is taught in schools so far. Let's start with the fact that the Mongols are not mentioned in the chronicles. Contemporaries call unknown aliens as you like - Tatars, Pechenegs, Ordans, Taurmen, but not by the Mongols.

As it was in fact, we help to understand people who independently examined this topic and offering their versions of the history of this time.

Initially, let's remember what children are taught according to school history.

Army of Genghis Khan

From the history of the Mongolian Empire (the history of the Cenghis Khan of his Empire and his young years under the real name of Temukhin, see the film "Genghishan") It is known that from cash to the time of the death of Genghis Khan of the army composition of 129 thousand, according to his will, 101 thousand soldiers passed to the Son's disposal Tulua, including the Guards Thousand Goyratov, the son of Juchi (father of Batiya) received 4 thousand people, the sons of a word of money and egging - 12 thousand.

Hike to the West headed the eldest son of Juchi Batu Khan. The army made a trip in a spring of 1236 with the Verkhovyev Irtysh from Western Altai. In fact, Mongols were only a small part of the huge troops of Batu. These are those 4 thousand, visiting his father Juci. Mostly, the army consisted of the peoples of the Turkic group who joined the conquerors of the people of the Turkic Group.

As indicated in official history, in June 1236, the army was already on the Volga, where the Tatars won Volzh Bulgaria. Batu Khan with the main forces won the land of Polovtsy, Burtasov, Mordvoy and Circassians, captured by 1237 by all the steppe space from the Caspian to the Black Sea and to the southern borders of the then Rus. In these steppes, the Army Batu-Khan spent almost all of 1237 years. By the beginning of winter, the Tatars invaded the limits of the Ryazan principality, Ryazan squads crushed and took Prison and Ryazan. After that, Batu went to Kolomna, and then after 4 days the siege took a well fortified Vladimir. On the City River, the remnants of the troops of the Northeastern Principality of Russia, led by Vladimir Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, on March 4, 1238, were defeated and almost massally destroyed by the Burundai Corps. Then Pali Torch and Tver. Batu sought Great Novgorod, but the coming thaw and the swampy terrain forced him to retreat to the south. After the conquest of Northeast Russia, he took up issues of state construction and building relationships with Russian princes.

Hike to Europe continued

In 1240, the army of Batu after a short siege took Kiev, took possession of the Galitsky principalities and went out in the foothills of the Carpathians. The Mongolian Military Council was held there, where the question was resolved on the direction of further conquests in Europe. The Baidar detachment on the right flank of the troops went to Poland, Silesia and Moravia, broke the Poles, captured Krakow and crossed through Oder. After the battle on April 9, 1241, under the league (Silesia), where the color of the German and Polish knighthood, Poland and its ally, the Teutonic Order could no longer resist Tatar-Mongolam.

The left flank moved to transylvania. In Hungary, the Hungarian-Croatian troops were broken and the capital of Pest was taken. Pursuing King Bella IV, the squad of Kadogan reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, seized the Serbian seaside cities, devastated the part of Bosnia and through Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria went on a connection with the main forces of Tatar-Mongols. One of the detachments of the main forces invaded Austria to the city of Neostadt and just did not reach the vein, which was avoided by invasion. After that, the entire army by the end of the winter of 1242 crossed the Danube and went south to Bulgaria. In the Balkans, Batu Khan received news of the death of the emperor of Megging. Batu was to participate in Kurultai on the choice of the new emperor and the whole army went back to the steppe of the Diak-I-Kipchak, leaving the detachment of the squad to the control of Moldova and Bulgaria in the Balkans. In 1248, the power of Nagae recognized Serbia.

Was the Mongol-Tatar Igo? (Version A. Bushkova)

From the book "Russia, which was not

We are told that the Horde of rather wild nomads came out of the desert steppes of Central Asia, the Russian principality won, invaded Western Europe and left behind the progress of cities and states.

But after 300-year domination in Russia, the Mongolian Empire did not leave almost no written monuments in Mongolian. However, the diplomas and agreements of the Grand Princes, spiritual letters, church documents of that pore, but only in Russian. This means that the Russian language remained the state language in Russia during the Tatar-Mongolian IGA. Not only Mongolian written, but also material monuments of the times of the Gold and Ordan Khanate are not preserved.

Academician Nikolay Gromov says that if the Mongols were really conquered and robbed Russia and Europe, we would have the material values, customs, culture, writing. But these conquests and the identity of Genghis Khan himself, modern Mongols become known from Russian and Western sources. In the history of Mongolia, there is nothing of it. And in our school textbooks still contain information about the Tatar-Mongolian IHO, based only on medieval chronicles. But a lot of other documents have been preserved, which are contrary to what children are taught today at school. They testify that the Tatars were not conquerors of Russia, but warriors in the service of the Russian king.

From chronic

Here is a quote from the book of the Ambassador of Habsburg to Russia, Baron Sigismund Herberstein "Notes on Muscovite Affairs", written by him in the XV1: "In 1527, they (Muscovites) again made Tatars, as a result of which the famous battle was occurred at Chanik."

And in the German chronicle, 1533 speaks of Ivan Grozny that "He with his Tatars took the Kazan and Astrakhan under his kingdom," in the presentation of the Europeans, Tatars are not conquerors, but the warriors of the Russian king.

In 1252, from Constantinople in Khan Batiya's bet with the retinue of King Louis Louis IX William Rubrukkus (Court Monk Guillaume de Rubruk), who wrote in his way memories: "There is a settlement of the rules everywhere among the Tatars, who mixed with the Tatars, learned them Clothes and lifestyle. All the paths of movement in a huge country are serviced by Rusichi, on the crossing of rivers everywhere Rus. "

But Rubruk was driving in Russia only 15 years after the start of the "Tatar-Mongolian Igo". Something too quickly happened to mix the lifestyle of Russians with wild mongols. Next, he writes: "The wives of the Rusa like ours are on the head of the decoration and finish the hem of the dress with strips of the mountainous and other fur. Men wear short clothes - Kaftans, Chekmeni and barbell hats. Women decorate heads heads, similar to the headwear of a Frenchwoman. Men wear upper clothes like German. " Mongolian clothing in Russia, in those days, did not differ from Western European. This radically changes our idea of \u200b\u200bwild barbaric nomads from distant Mongolian steppes.