Newton's life and work briefly. The great mathematician Isaac Newton: a biography of the inventor of the principles of natural philosophy

Sir Isaac Newton - English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, creator of classical mechanics, who made the greatest scientific discoveries in the history of mankind.

Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643 Gregorian calendar) in the village of Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire. He received his name in honor of his father, who died 3 months before the birth of his son. Three years later, Isaac's mother, Anna Ayskow, remarried. IN new family three more children were born. And Isaac Newton was taken in by his uncle, William Ayscough.

Childhood

The house where Newton was born

Ros Isaac closed and silent. He preferred reading to socializing with his peers. He liked to make technical toys: kites, windmills, water clock.

At the age of 12, Newton began to attend school in Grantham. He lived at that time in the house of the pharmacist Clark. Perseverance and diligence soon made Newton the best student in the class. But when Newton was 16 years old, his stepfather died. Isaac's mother brought him back to the estate and assigned him household duties. But this did not please Newton at all. He did little housekeeping, preferring reading to this boring occupation. One day, Newton's uncle, finding him with a book in his hands, was amazed to see that Newton was solving math problem. Both uncle and school teacher, convinced Newton's mother that such a capable young man should continue his studies.

Trinity College

Trinity College

In 1661, 18-year-old Newton was enrolled at Trinity College, Cambridge University as a student sizer (sizar). Such students were not charged tuition fees. They had to pay for their education by doing various works at the University or serving wealthy students.

In 1664, Newton passed his exams, became a student-scholar (scholars) and began to receive a scholarship.

Newton studied, forgetting about sleep and rest. Studied mathematics, astronomy, optics, phonetics, music theory.

In March 1663, the department of mathematics was opened at the college. It was headed by Isaac Barrow, a mathematician, future teacher and friend of Newton. In 1664 Newton discovered binomial expansion for an arbitrary rational exponent. This was Newton's first mathematical discovery. Newton would later discover mathematical method expansion of a function into an infinite series. At the end of 1664 he received a bachelor's degree.

Newton studied the works of physicists: Galileo, Descartes, Kepler. Based on their theories, they created universal system of the world.

Newton's program phrase: "In philosophy there can be no sovereign, except for truth ...". Isn't that where the famous expression came from: "Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer"?

Years of the Great Plague

The years from 1665 to 1667 were the period of the Great Plague. Classes at Trinity College ended and Newton left for Woolsthorpe. He took all his notebooks and books with him. In these difficult "plague years" Newton did not stop doing science. Through various optical experiments, Newton proved that White color is a mixture of all colors of the spectrum. Law gravity - it greatest discovery Newton, made by him in the "plague years". Newton finally formulated this law only after the discovery of the laws of mechanics. And these discoveries were published only decades later.

Scientific discoveries

Newton telescope

At the beginning of 1672, the Royal Society demonstrated reflecting telescope that made Newton famous. Newton became a Fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1686 Newton formulated three laws of mechanics, described the orbits of celestial bodies: hyperbolic and parabolic, proved that the Sun also obeys the general laws of motion. All this was set forth in the first volume of Principia Mathematica.

In 1669 Newton's world system began to be taught at Cambridge and Oxford. Newton also becomes a foreign member of the Paris Academy of Sciences. In the same year, Newton was appointed manager of the Mint. He leaves Cambridge for London.

In 1669 Newton was elected to Parliament. He stayed there for only a year. But in 1701 he was re-elected there. In the same year, Newton retired from his post as professor at Trinity College.

In 1703, Newton became president of the Royal Society and remained in this post until the end of his life.

In 1704, the monograph "Optics" was published. And in 1705 Isaac Newton was awarded the title of knight for his scientific merits. This happened for the first time in the history of England.

The famous collection of lectures on algebra, published in 1707 and called "Universal Arithmetic", marked the beginning of the birth numerical analysis.

IN last years of his life, he wrote the "Chronology of the Ancient Kingdoms", prepared a guide to comets. Newton calculated the orbit of Halley's comet very accurately.

Isaac Newton died in 1727 in Kensington near London. Buried in Westminster Abbey.

Newton's discoveries allowed mankind to make a giant breakthrough in the development of mathematics, astronomy, and physics.

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Biography of Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Short biography:

Education: Cambridge university

Place of Birth: Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England

A place of death: Kensington, Middlesex, England, Kingdom of Great Britain

- English astronomer, physicist, mathematician: biography with photo, ideas and classical physics of Newton, the law of universal gravitation, three laws of motion.

Sir was an English physicist and mathematician from a poor farming family. His short biography began December 25, 1642 at Woolsthorpe near Grantham in Lincolnshire. Newton was a poor farmer and was eventually sent to Trinity College at the University of Cambridge for training as a preacher. While studying at Cambridge, Newton pursued his personal interests and studied philosophy and mathematics. He received his bachelor's degree in 1665 and was later forced to leave Cambridge as it was closed due to the plague. He returned in 1667 and was admitted to the fraternity. Isaac Newton received his master's degree in 1668.

Newton is considered one of the greatest scientists in history. In the course of his brief biography, he made significant investments in many industries modern sciences. Unfortunately, the famous story of Newton and the apple is largely based on fiction rather than real events. His discoveries and theories laid the foundation for further progress in science since that time. Newton was one of the founders of the mathematical branch, which was referred to as calculus. He also unraveled the riddle of light and optics, formulated the three laws of motion, and with their help created the law of universal gravitation. Newton's laws of motion are among the most fundamental natural laws in classical mechanics. In 1686, Newton described his own discoveries in his Principia Mathematica. Newton's three laws of motion, when unified, underlie all interactions of force, matter, and motion, beyond those involving relativity and quantum effects.

Newton's first law of motion is the Law of Inertia. In short, it lies in the fact that an object at rest tends to remain in that state until it is affected by external force.

Newton's second law of motion states that there is a relationship between unbalanced forces acting on a particular object. As a result, the object accelerates. (In other words, force equals mass times acceleration, or F = ma).

Newton's third law of motion, also referred to as the principle of action and reaction, describes that absolutely for every action there is an equivalent response. After a heavy nervous breakdown in 1693, Newton withdrew from his own studies to seek a governorship in London. In 1696 he became rector of the Royal Mint. In 1708 Newton was elected Queen Anne. He is the first scientist to be so honored for his work. From that moment on, he was known as Sir Isaac Newton. The scientist devoted much of his time to theology. He wrote a large number of prophecies and predictions about subjects that were of interest to him. In 1703 he was chosen to be President of the Royal Society and was re-elected every year until his death on March 20, 1727.

Isaac Newton - a talented English physicist, a famous mathematician, a famous astronomer and a genius in mechanics, one of the legendary creators of basic, classical physics, an honorary member, and then president of the Royal Society of London.

Biography

Childhood

Father - Isaac Newton, a wealthy farmer who died before the birth of his son. Mother - Anna Ayskou, after the death of her husband remarried and abandoned her son's upbringing. The future scientist was born so painful that his relatives believed that he would not survive, but Isaac lived to a ripe old age. Anna had three more children, but from her second marriage. Isaac was handled exclusively by her brother, William Ayscough.

Education

While studying at a school in Grantham, Newton discovered extraordinary abilities that were noticed by teachers. His mother took him out of school, trying to make him a farmer, but her attempts were in vain. Under pressure from her brother and teachers, Anna allowed Isaac to finish school. After that, he successfully entered Trinity College at the University of Cambridge.

life path

While studying in college, Newton tries to solve from a scientific point of view those phenomena in the world around him that have not been explained. He is seriously interested in mathematics and already at the age of 21 he derives the binomial expansion of an arbitrary rational indicator and receives a bachelor's degree.

In 1665, plague is declared in England. The quarantine lasted two years, and Newton, after leaving college, devoted himself entirely to science. During these years, the famous law of universal gravitation was discovered, with which the legend of an apple that fell on the head of a physicist is associated. When the plague subsided, Isaac returned to Cambridge, where he received his master's degree. Continuing his mathematical research, he becomes a professor of mathematics at the college. During these years, he studied optics and created a reflecting telescope, which gained wide popularity, as it made it possible to calculate more exact time on celestial bodies and helped sailors in navigation. It was this invention that became for Newton a pass to the Royal Society, of which he was elected an honorary member.

Newton corresponded with Leibniz, arguing with the great minds of that time about the nature of light. In 1677, a fire broke out in Newton's house, destroying part of the physicist's scientific works. In 1679, the scientist's mother died after an illness.

Newton was able to summarize his scientific research in the book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", in which he explained the basic concepts of mechanics, introduced new physical quantities(mass, momentum, external force), formulated the laws of mechanics, deduced from the law of gravity for Kepler's laws, described the parabolic and hyperbolic orbits of celestial bodies, and expressed his views on the Copernican heliocentric system.

Isaac Newton took part in public life England: in 1689 he was elected to Parliament. The beginning of the 90s was marked by a serious illness, general overwork and a break in scientific activity.

In 1696 he became the caretaker of the Mint in London, and from 1699 his manager. In this position, Newton did a lot of useful things for the state: he initiated the monetary reform and actively fought against counterfeiters.

In 1703, Newton became president of the Royal Society, by that time already a recognized and respected scientist. He publishes "Optics", becomes a knight, continues his scientific research. Shortly before his death, he becomes a participant in a money scam and loses most of his fortune.

Personal life

Newton left no descendants, since he was never married: he devoted all his free time to science, and his ordinary, gray appearance made him inconspicuous for women. Biographers mention only one sympathy that flashed in Newton's youth: while studying at Grantham, he was in love with Miss Storey, his peer, with whom he maintained warm, friendly relations till the end of one's days.

Death

Newton spent his last years in Kensington, where he died in his sleep on March 31, 1727. The scientist was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Newton's main achievements

Newton is the founder of mechanics, an important branch of physics.
He owns three laws, named after him.
Discovered the law of gravity.
spread out sunlight to the spectrum and back.
Became the author of the popular corpuscular theory of light.
Discovered "Newton's rings" by studying the interference of light.
In mathematics, Newton became the founder of integral calculus.
The author of the binomial, which also bears his name.
Built a mirror telescope.
Explained from a scientific point of view the movement of the Moon around the Earth and the planets around the Sun.

Important dates in Newton's biography

1643 - birth
1655–1661 - teaching at Grantham School
1661 - studying at Trinity College at the University of Cambridge
1664 - discovery of the binomial, bachelor's degree
1665–1667 - "plague years", discovery of the law of universal gravitation
1668 - master's degree
1669 College professor of mathematics
1672 Member of the Royal Society of London
1677 fire at Newton's house
1679 - mother's death
1687 - "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"
1689 - Election to Parliament
1691–1693 - sickness
1696 - caretaker of the Mint
1699 - Manager of the Mint
1703 President of the Royal Society of London
1704 - "Optics"
1705 knighthood
1727 - death

It was Newton who decomposed the rainbow into seven colors. Moreover, initially he lost sight of orange and blue, but then equalized the number of shades with the number of basic tones in the musical scale.
The great scientist was not afraid to experiment on himself. Proving what a man sees the world as a result of light pressure on the retina, Newton pressed his eyeball with a thin probe, almost losing his eye. Fortunately, the eye remained unharmed, and the multi-colored circles that the physicist saw at the same time proved his hypothesis.
Newton was respected and was an honorary member of the English House of Lords for many years. He never missed meetings, but he never spoke at them either. As the third year of this social ministry began, Isaac Newton suddenly stood up and asked to speak. Everyone was amazed - dead silence reigned in the ward. And the physicist in a tired voice asked only to close the window.
Newton's absent-mindedness can only equal Albert Einstein. One day he decided to boil an egg for himself, but instead he dipped his pocket watch into boiling water. Moreover, the physicist noticed the error only after 2 minutes, when it was necessary to pull out the “egg”.
Newton owns one of the prophecies about the second coming of Christ: he called the year 2060.

Isaac Newton's brief biography is outlined in this article.

Isaac Newton short biography

Isaac Newton- English mathematician, astronomer, physicist, mechanic, who laid the foundations of classical mechanics. He explained the movement of celestial bodies - the planets around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth. His most famous discovery was the law of gravity.

Was born December 25, 1642 years in a farming family in the town of Woolsthorpe near Grantham. The father died before he was born. From the age of 12 he studied at Grantham School. He lived at that time in the house of the pharmacist Clark, which, perhaps, aroused in him a craving for chemical sciences.

1661 entered Trinity College, Cambridge University as a subsizer. After graduating from college in 1665, Newton received degree bachelor. 1665–67, during the plague, was in his native village of Woolsthorpe; these years were the most productive in Newton's scientific work.

In 1665-1667, Newton developed ideas that led him to the creation of differential and integral calculus, the invention of a mirror telescope (made by him in 1668 with his own hands), and the discovery of the law of universal gravitation. Here he conducted experiments on the decomposition (dispersion) of light. It was then that Newton outlined a program for further scientific growth

In 1668 he successfully defended his master's degree and became a senior member of Trinity College.

In 1889 receives one of the chairs of the University of Cambridge: the Lucas Chair of Mathematics.

In 1671, Newton built his second mirror telescope - bigger size and best quality than the first one. The demonstration of the telescope made a strong impression on his contemporaries, and shortly thereafter (in January 1672) Newton was elected a member of the Royal Society of London - the English Academy of Sciences.

In the same 1672, Newton submitted to the Royal Society of London his research on a new theory of light and colors, which caused a sharp controversy with Robert Hooke. Newton owns the concepts of monochromatic light rays and the periodicity of their properties, substantiated by the most subtle experiments.

Since 1696, Newton has been appointed Warden of the Mint by Royal Decree. His vigorous reform efforts are rapidly restoring confidence in the UK monetary system. 1703 - Election of Newton as president of the Royal Society, which he ruled for 20 years. 1703 - Queen Anne knights Newton for scientific merit. In the last years of his life, he devoted a lot of time to theology and ancient and biblical history.

Sir Isaac Newton (December 25, 1642 – March 20, 1727) was the world's most famous English mathematician, physicist and astronomer. He is considered the founder and ancestor of classical physics, because in one of his works - "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" - Newton outlined the three laws of mechanics and proved the law of universal gravitation, which helped classical mechanics to move far ahead.

Childhood

Isaac Newton was born on December 25 in the small town of Woolsthorpe, located in the county of Lincolnshire. His father was an average but very successful farmer who did not live to see the birth of his own son and died a couple of months before this event from a severe form of consumption.

It was in honor of his father that the child was named Isaac Newton. So decided the mother, who for a long time mourned the deceased husband and hoped that her son would not repeat him. tragic fate.

Despite the fact that Isaac was born at his due date, the boy was very sickly and weak. According to some records, it was because of this that they did not dare to baptize him, but when the child grew a little and got stronger, the baptism nevertheless took place.

There were two versions about the origin of Newton. Previously, bibliographers were sure that his ancestors were the nobles who lived in England in those distant times.

However, the theory was refuted later, when manuscripts were found in one of the local settlements, from which the following conclusion was made: Newton did not have absolutely any aristocratic roots, rather, on the contrary, he came from the poorest part of the peasants.

The manuscripts said that his ancestors worked for wealthy landowners and later, having accumulated enough funds, bought a small plot of land, becoming yeomen (full landowners). Therefore, by the time Newton's father was born, the position of his ancestors was slightly better than before.

In the winter of 1646, Newton's mother, Anna Ayskow, remarries a widower, and three more children are born. Since the stepfather communicates little with Isaac and practically does not notice him, after a month a similar attitude towards the child can already be discerned in his mother.

She also becomes cold to her own son, which is why the already gloomy and closed boy becomes even more alienated, not only in the family, but also with classmates and friends around him.

In 1653, Isaac's stepfather dies, leaving his entire fortune to his newfound family and children. It would seem that now the mother should begin to devote much more time to the child, but this does not happen. Rather, on the contrary, now in her hands is the entire household of her husband, as well as children who need care. And despite the fact that part of the state still passes to Newton, he, as before, does not receive attention.

Youth

In 1655, Isaac Newton went to the Grantham School, located near his home. Since he has practically no relationship with his mother during this period, he becomes close to the local pharmacist Clark and moves in with him. But he is not allowed to calmly study and make various mechanisms in his free time (by the way, this was Isaac's only passion). Six months later, his mother forcibly takes him out of school, returns him to the estate and tries to transfer some of her own responsibilities for managing the household to him.

She believed that in this way she could not only provide her son with a decent future, but also greatly facilitate her own life. But the attempt turned out to be a failure - the management was not interesting to the young man. On the estate, he only read, invented new mechanisms and tried to compose poems, showing with his whole appearance that he was not going to interfere in the economy. Realizing that there is no need to wait for help from her son, the mother allows him to continue his studies.

In 1661, after graduating from Grantham School, Newton entered Cambridge and successfully passed the entrance exams, after which he was enrolled in Trinity College as a "sizer" (a student who does not pay for his education, but works it out by providing services the institution itself or its more affluent students).

Little is known about Isaac's university education, so it was extremely difficult for scientists to restore this period of his life. It is only known that the unstable political situation had a negative impact on the university: teachers were fired, student payments were delayed, and the educational process was partially absent.

Start of scientific activity

Until 1664, Newton, according to his own notes in his workbooks and personal diary, does not see any benefit and prospects in his university education. However, it was 1664 that became a turning point for him. First, Isaac draws up a list of the problems of the world around him, consisting of 45 items (by the way, such lists will appear more than once on the pages of his manuscripts in the future).

Then he meets a new mathematics teacher (and subsequently best friend) Isaac Barrow, thanks to whom he is imbued with a special love for mathematical science. At the same time, he makes his first discovery - he creates a binomial expansion for an arbitrary rational exponent, with the help of which he proves the existence of an expansion of a function into an infinite series.

In 1686, Newton created the theory of universal gravitation, which later, thanks to Voltaire, acquired a certain mysterious and slightly humorous character. Isaac was on friendly terms with Voltaire and shared with him almost all theories. One day they were sitting under a tree in the park after dinner, talking about the essence of the universe. And at this very moment, Newton suddenly admits to a friend that the theory of universal gravitation came to him just at the same moment - during the rest.

“The afternoon weather was so warm and good that I certainly wanted to go out on Fresh air, under apple trees. And at that moment, when I was sitting, completely immersed in my thoughts, a large apple fell from one of the branches. And I thought about why all the objects fall vertically down?.

Further scientific activity Isaac Newton was more than just fruitful. He was in constant correspondence with many famous scientists, mathematicians, astronomers, biologists and physicists. He wrote such works as A New Theory of Light and Colors (1672), Orbital Motion of Bodies (1684), Optics or a Treatise on the Reflections, Refractions, Bendings, and Colors of Light (1704), Enumeration of the Lines of the Third order" (1707), "Analysis by means of equations with an infinite number of terms" (1711), "Method of differences" (1711) and many others.