Moscow State University of Press. Syntax as a section of science on language

The term "syntax" is used primarily to indicate the syntactic structure of the language, which, together with the morphological system, is a grammar of the language. At the same time, the "syntax" as a term is applicable and to the teaching on the syntactic structure, in this case, the syntax is the section of the linguistics, which is the subject of the syntactic system of the language, i.e.

Its syntactic units and connections and relations between them.

The division of grammar on morphology and syntax is determined by the very essence of the objects under study.

Morphology studies the values \u200b\u200band shapes of words as elements of intrabathic opposition; The values \u200b\u200bof verbal forms arising in combination with other verbal forms, the values \u200b\u200bdetermined by the laws of the combination of words and the construction of proposals are the subject of syntax. Therefore, in the broad sense of the word syntax (gr. Syntaxis - compilation) is a section of grammar, which studies the system of connected speech.

If morphology studies words in the aggregate of all possible forms, the syntax studies the functioning of a separate form of the word in various syntactic associations. The minimum unit of communication is the proposal. However, the syntactic properties of words are manifested not only in the proposal, the structure of which is entirely subject to the tasks of communication. The syntax properties of words are detected and at a lower level of the language system - in phrases, which are a semantic and grammatical association of words. Consequently, the syntax examines the proposal - its structure, grammatical properties and types, as well as phrase - the minimum grammatically associated combination of words. In this sense, you can talk about the syntax of the proposal and the syntax of the phrase.

The syntax of the phrase shows the syntactic properties of individual words and establishes the rules of their compatibility with in other words, and these rules are determined grammatical signs Words as a certain part of speech. Thus, the possibility of phrases like a red banner is determined by the grammatical properties of combined names: the noun as part of the speech has the property to grammatically subjugate the adjective, and the adjective, as the most consistent part of speech, is able to take the form due to the form of the noun that externally detected in its flexia; Writing a letter phrases are also based on the grammatical properties of combined words: Interestingly, in this case, even the grammatical property of the verb (adequacy) is associated with the need to combine with a certain form of name, transient verbs are not only able to subjugate names, but also need it for Expressions of their own semantics. Syntax of phrases in general language System It is a transitional step from the lexico-morphological level to the actual syntactic. This transition is due to the duality of the nature of the phrase, which is as follows. The phrase is constructed from individual lexical units, i.e., as well as the proposal, is structurally issued. The functional significance of these units is different - it does not rise above the significance of the units of lexical.

Syntax offer is a qualitatively new stage in the general language system, which defines the language entity, the communicative and functional significance of the language. The syntax of the proposal is based on the study of units of the communicative plan. Communication and relations of the forms of words and phrases in the proposal are subject to communication goals, so they are different from relationships and relationships between phrase components. However, in this language level, the overall language systemics manifests itself quite clearly. For example, many even complex syntactic units are based in constructively on morphor-syntactic relations, in particular complex proposals with a subordinate dependence: with an extremely supplementary part transitive verb, with a determined stable part and others, since such appendages do not distribute the entire submission of the proposal, but separate word In it (or phrase) as a lexico-morphological unit. The presence of definition appropriate is dictated by the grammatical properties of the name, and the same properties that determine the possibility of consistent with the adjective or communion, as well as an inconsistent form of designation in the composition of the phrase or the presence of a coherent separate definition in a simple complicated sentence; Also in suggestions with a priestly dependence: the propagating verb of the apparent part is due to the lexico-grammatical properties of the verb. Wed, for example: Dagni felt a gust of the air, which came from music, and forced himself to calm down. - Dagney felt a gust of air, which emanated from music, and made him calm down (paust.); Around the clearing, on which the guys were sitting, Birch, aspen and alder grew lifestyle! (Pan.). - Around the clearing, with the guys sitting on it, birch, aspen and alder grew lush; Passing through the courtyard, Seryozha saw that shutters on his windows were also closed (pan.). - Seryozha saw closed shutters ...

The total language systemicity is emphasized by the presence of interconnectedness and interpenetration of the phenomena of different language levels. This is a foundation on which the building of the general linguistic system is firmly resting and which does not allow to crumble at its individual links.

So, the phrase and proposal are allocated as syntactic units of different levels: the phrase is the level of proximunament, the proposal is the level of communicative, and the phrase in the system of communicative means is included only through the proposal. However, the selection of these syntactic units is insufficient to judge the limit unit of syntactic membership. So, it is impossible, for example, to recognize the phrase with a minimum syntactic unit. The very concept of phrases contradicts this, since it assumes a certain combination of components. As a minimum syntactic unit, the word is not recognized as such as an element of the lexical composition of the language, since when combined in syntax units, they are not combined in words generally, together their morphological forms, and certain, necessary for the expression of this form of words (naturally, Forming features). For example, in combination of autumn foliage, two forms of the word are combined - the form female single number The nouns of the noun and the same form of adjective. Consequently, the primary syntactic unit can be recognized as the word form or the syntactic form of the word. This also applies to those combined components when words are deprived of a sign of formation, for example: very fruitful, very pleasant.

The word shape is primarily an element of phrases. However, the role and appointment is not limited to it. The syntax shape of the word can act as a "building element" not only in the composition of the phrase, but also in the proposal when it distributes the proposal itself or participates in the construction of its foundation, for example: in the forest raw; Behind the windows snow falls; Moscow in the festive decoration. It follows from this that the syntactic form of the word is involved in the construction of a proposal either directly or through the phrase. The existence of a form of a word as a unit of syntax is confirmed by an extreme case of its operation when the syntax form of the word is converted into a sentence, i.e. A single syntactic level. For example: on a steamer, on the way from Palestine to Odessa. Among the deck passengers are many Russian men and women (bun). The syntax shape of the word and phrase, on the one hand, and the proposal, on the other, is the syntactic units of different functional significance and different syntactic levels, but units are interconnected and interdependent, units of the general syntactic language system. However, even the offer, being a unit of communication, is significantly in the language only as a small private link, which is structurally, and semantically, and accentologically subordinate common tasks Communication, i.e. Acquires its specifics only in connection with other links (sentences). This is how the syntax of a complex whole, syntax of a coherent speech, text syntax, which studies units, large than a separate offer, units that have their own rules and laws of construction.

The definition of a set of syntax units is not enough to describe the syntactic system of the language, since the system is not only a set of elements, but also their connection and relationship. So, the syntactic relationship serves to express the dependence and interdependence of the elements of the phrase and supply and forms syntactic relations, i.e. Those types of syntactic conformities that are regularly detected in syntactic units regardless of their level. For example: as a result of the supervisory connection of the coordination, in a combination of a stone house, an attribute relationship between the forms of words in this syntactic unit is born; The control has become the basis for object relations in combination to buy a book.

Predicative relationships arise as a result of the syntactic relationship of the main members of the sentence. At the level of a challenge different types The syntactic bond (supervisory, writing, non-union) also form syntactic relations - causal, temporary, target, comparable-constituent, translucent, etc. So, the syntax studies syntactic units of the language in their relations and relationships. The content of the syntactic relations of the bubbanovo: on the one hand, it reflects the phenomena real Mira, in which draws its informativeness (the relationship between the subject and its sign, action and object, etc.); On the other hand, it relies on the interaction of the components of the syntactic units (dependence, for example, a controlled form of the word from the managing, coordinated from the determining coordination, etc.), i.e. Rely on the syntax. This bisclastivity of the content of syntactic relations is the essence of syntactic semantics in general and semantics of syntactic units in particular. The syntax semantics (or syntactic value) is inherent in any syntactic unit and represents its meaningful side; The semantic structure, naturally, can only have units that decompose on components (phrases, suggestions). If you contact the main syntactic unit - the proposal, then, on the basis of what has been said, it can be found in it a meaningful side (a reflection of real objects, actions and signs) and a formal organization (grammatical structure). However, none nor another detects another side of the proposal - its communicative significance, its appointment. So, the content (which is transmitted), the form (as transmitted) and the purpose (for which it is transmitted) - here are three conditionally replenished (they exist in unity) of the part of the sentence, which and served as the basis of different approach To the study of the proposal - semantic, structural and communicative. All three sides of one phenomenon have "deep analogy and parallelism". For example, in the simplest proposal, the bird flies completely coincide the structure of the semantic (real sign and sign), syntax, or formally grammatical (subject to both), and the communicative (given, i.e. the initial point of statement, and new, i.e. . What is reported on this, or, in another terminology, the topic and rema). However, this ratio may be violated, and it is this possible that the discretion of the syntactic, semantic and communicative structure of the proposal justifies the thesis on the existence and independence of all three levels of membership of the sentence. For example, in a suggestion, it is fun to detect him only about the functions of the component fun: it is a syntax led, and semantic predicate, and the message Rem.

The syntactic science is known all three aspects of the study of the sentence, as a result of which the opinion was formed about the need to distinguish between this proposal in the language (when he was taking into account the syntactic semantics and the formal organization) and the proposal in speech, i.e. The proposal implemented in the context in a specific speech situation (when taking into account its communicative orientation). The latter is made to call the statement, although often use the same term - the proposal, bearing in mind its speech content.

A set of syntactic units delayed in the language forms its syntax. Like any other, the syntaxes have their own specific purpose, i.e. There are not by themselves, but for certain functions. Private functions of syntactic units are determined by the overall communication function of the syntax. If the communicative function performs a proposal (statement) as a syntactic unit, then the function of any syntactic unit of the pre-magnitude (syntactic form of the word, phrase) can be recognized as this unit in the construction of a proposal (as a component of the phrase or a member of the sentence). The concept of function is often identified with the concept syntactic value And, therefore, directly associated with the syntactic semantics. With differentiated use of these terms, under the meaning is understood as an expression of non-voice relations, i.e. The relations of real reality, in which case the content of the term "function" remains actually syntactic parameters - the functions of "construction", combinations.

To refer to the syntactic units that are members of the components, there is also a term "syntax design", which is also used in relation to the abstract language model, and in relation to a specific linguistic unit built on this model.

In the general language system, the syntactic side occupies a special place - this is the phenomenon of the highest order, because it is not enough for the expression of thought only to the selection of lexic material, it is necessary to properly and clearly establish communication between words, groups of words. No matter how rich vocabulary Language, ultimately, it always gives in inventory. But "language is inexhaustible in the connection of words." It is in a strict language, i.e. In his grammar (and primarily in the syntax), the basis of its national specificity is laid. It is known that many words of Russian languages \u200b\u200bhave initial originHowever, they calmly get along with the original Russian words. Time made quite Russians such, for example, words, like beets, bed, money, etc., and precisely because they obeyed the rules of the combination of the words of the Russian language. In the grammatical design of the word, the syntactic side is always in the first place: so, many morphological properties of the word appear as a result of the specificity of its functioning in the proposal, bright example So - the history of the formation and development of the dialect.

The syntactic structure of the Russian language is enriched and improved. As a result of constant interaction individual elements In the general syntactic system of the tongue, parallel syntactic structures appear to express one and the same content. Structural variability leads, in turn, to stylistic differentiation.

Syntax as science 1. Syntax object. 2. Syntax units. 3. Syntactic relationships. 4. Syntax connections.

Literature 1. Vintagina N. S. Syntax of the modern Russian language. - M., 2003. 2. Modern Russian. Ed. V. A. Beloshapkova - M., 1989. 3. Rosental D. E. Goli I. B. Modern Russian. - M., 2003. 4. Modern Russian language: Exercise Collection. - M., 1990. 5. Sirotinina O. B. Lectures on the syntax of the Russian language. - M., 2006. 6. Sannikov V.Z. Russian Syntax in semantic-pragmatic space. - M., 2008. 7. Zolotov G. A., Onipenko N. K., Sidorova M. Yu. Communicative grammar of the Russian language. - M., 1998. 8. Shmeleva T. V. Semantic syntax. - Krasnoyarsk, 1993. 9. Prydykina A. F. Russian. Syntax complicated offer. - M., 1990. 10. Kustov G. I. Syntax of the modern Russian language. - M., 2007. 11. Vsevolodova M.V. The theory of functional and communicative syntax. - M., 2000. 12. Vintagina N. S.. Text theory: tutorial. - M., 2003. 13. Philippov K. A. Linguistics of the text. - St. Petersburg, 2003.

1. The subject of syntax syntax (from Greek. Drawing up, building, building) is a section of the science of language - which studies, on the one hand, the rules for the linking of words and forms of words, and on the other - those unity, as part of which these rules are implemented, t . e. Syntax units. Syntax is the highest level of language that demonstrates the language in action; - The only section of the language science that studies communication, the laws of communication of people among themselves.

1. The subject of syntax V. V. Vinogradov: Proposal is grammatically decorated according to the laws of this language, a complete unit of speech, which is the main means of formation, expressions and reports of thought. The following aspects of the syntax study are distinguished: - formal (constructive); - semantic (meaning); - Communicative (functional); - Pragmatic (applied).

2. The syntactic units in Russian science traditionally allocated two main syntactic units - phrase and a simple sentence. Predicativeness is the grammatical essence of the sentence, which consists in a complex of grammatical values \u200b\u200bcorrelated with the act of speech and always having a formal expression. Students listen to a lecture (offer). Hearing lectures by students (phrase).

2. Syntactic units of phrase - an indispotable syntactic unit whose components are the word and form of the word or several forms of words interconnected by the syntactic bond. The phrase performs nominative function. A simple sentence is a predicative syntactic unit consisting of several interconnected syntactic links of words or from one form of the word. A complex proposal is a syntactic unit whose components are predicative units, interconnected by the syntactic bond.

2. Syntactic units of syntaxes - this is the minimum indivisible further semantic syntactic unit of the Russian language, protruding simultaneously as a carrier of elementary meaning and the constructive component of more complex constructions. Syntaxisy possesses three main signs: - semantic (meaning of the word); - morphological (grammatical form); - syntax (ability to occupy a syntax position). I drink tea with my wife (addition) with jam (definition) with pleasure (circumstance)

2. Syntax units Text - a complex complex syntactic unit, which is a sequence of language units combined with a general meaning. The main properties of the text are connectedness and integrity. The syntax of the language is engaged in the study of models of proposals and phrases available in this language. Syntax of speech determines which of the possible language models are implemented in a particular context. Student reads a book. The journalist wrote an article. N 1+ VF + N 4 is a structural scheme.

3. Syntactic relations The syntactic units components are located with each other in certain semantic links - syntactic relations that are formally identified, are objectified by the syntactic bond (writing or subordination). All syntactic relationships are divided into predicative and non-nominal. Predicative relationships occur only between the subject and faithful. Winter came. Snow. Non-compliant relationships can be implemented at the level of phrases and suggestions.

3. The syntactic relationship of the variety of non-nominal relations: 1) the semi-limit relationships are established between separate members (for example, involved or camera accompany) and the word to which they belong: My heart, full love, I was ready to jump out of the chest. Looking at the article, I immediately guessed who the author. 2) Actually, relnotivative relationships are established - between words related to writing communication in the proposal: And you, and I (connecting relationships), and not me (interpreting relationship); - At the level of phrases: writing a handle, run fast, white snow.

3. Syntactic relationships Determined (attribute) relationships - dependent word determines the main thing from the quality of the subject of the famous journalist, in Turkish coffee, the desire to learn. Constentive relationships - the dependent word indicates a sign of action (main word) to run quickly, meet in the evening, to forget about the absentness, go to be treated. Object relations - dependent word denotes an application subject or a sign indicated by the main word, an action instrument to draw a picture, read for students, serve dining. Subjective relations - dependent word denotes a manufacturer of action or a state carrier, expressed by the main word Father's arrival drawn by the artist, Sunset, the life of the language. Complimental (replenishing) relationships - dependent word fills the informative failure of the main word at home, becoming sad, to be inconspicuous, admire the evening.

Predicative predicative syntax ratios (subject to both led) (proposal and phrase) Semi-immorative (separate members and the main word) are actually non-level at the sentence level ( writing communication) At the level of phrases, the definition objects are configured

4. Syntactic bonds - formal-system relations between the components of the syntactic unit, detecting semantic links (syntax relationships), and expressed by means of the language. Types of syntactic relations: - writing; - Communicating.

4. Syntactic bonds 1 When writing components are unifunctional, i.e. they play the same role in creating a syntax design, with a subordination - multifunctional (main and dependent) room under the stairs, room and staircase. 2 writing and supervisory bonds are distinguished by means of expression: - in writing, they are the same at the level of phrases and suggestions, with subordination - different; - writing communication is not expressed by the word forms (only by unions or order of words) rain and snow, rain with snow. 3. Winning communication can be closed (only two components are connected to one-time application, not sister, and brother); - open (connected a large number of The components are either dream, or it is impaired, whether they are on the eyelashes ...). Communication can only be closed.

4. Syntaxles Communication Communication is implemented in phrase and proposal. In phrase, there is always grammatically independent and grammatically dependent components. The grammatical dependence of one word format from the other is the ability of the word to formally obey the requirements emanating from the categorical properties of the main word. Such connection is also called subdative. At the level of phrases, three types of verification are distinguished: coordination, control, adjoining.

4. Syntax connections Agreement is such communicationIn which the dependent word is likened to the main thing in all common grammatical forms with it (kind, numbers, case). Main signs of communication Agreement: - weak, since the dependent component may be omitted without prejudice to the meaning; - predictive, since. The main word determines the form of the dependent; - optional, since. The definable word is self-sufficient and can do without definition. The coordination can be complete and incomplete: winter day (coordination in kind, number and case) old trees (coordination among and case) nine students (coordination in case)

4. Syntax connections Management is such a verification connection in which the main thing requires a dependent certain form of a case with an excuse or without an excuse. 1. According to the morphological characteristics of the main word: - verbal respect for the enemy; - Subtational sport, attention to others; - Adjective ready for work; - Numbering two comrades; - Adverbial affinity art, sneaking from neighbors. 2. According to the presence / absence of the pretext: - the proposed to see a friend; - It is impossible to talk to the other. 3. If possible, manage various grammatical forms: - The variable management spoke about the university (about the university, about the university); - An unimagative control to move away from the window, go to the shore.

4. Syntax connections Management - multidimensional phenomenon. This is the most controversial connection. 1. Strong and weak management. With a strong control, the presence of dependent word form is predetermined by the lexicogrammic properties of the control word to write a letter, depart from the window, five students. With weak control, the dependent word is used in a particular form, regardless of the lexic and grammatical properties of the main thing to talk in the room (behind the wall, near the cabinet). 2. V. A. Beloshapkova proposed to submit the Office as a set of differential signs: 1) Predictability / unpredictability; 2) commitment / optional; 3) the nature of the syntax relationship between components. Predictable is such a connection in which the main component of its lexicogrammic properties predicts the form of the dependent majority, feel pain. Unpredictable - to go with a friend. Mandatory is such a connection that is manifested regularly, that is, the main word necessarily requires the dependent live in Tomsk, become an engineer. Optional house at the road.

4. Syntactic links The adjoining is such a verification bond that exists between the main and dependent word if the dependent word morphologically does not change and the connection between the words is expressed to lexically turn to the right, go wrapped, the habit of smoking. Communication adjoining is weak, unpredictive, optional. Cases of mandatory adjustment: - Infinitive adjoins the verbs of the will of the will, desire, opportunities, phase verbs wanted to learn, dares, I can help, began to suffer; - Adcharations are adjacent to a number of informative words look decent, behave well, treat friendly; - Adjusts the places are adjacent to the verbs of the location to be far away, to be near. Personal adjoining (N. S. Vintagina): - Current approaching tie with a butterfly; - the parent dates come the fifth of August; - rebuild quantities to go twice; - the accusative time is absent year; - the cleaner number of reading hours; - Sustainable expressions be on a bad account.

Syntactic relations Writing communication Communication at the level of the proposal level Coordination Management Adjustment

1. Syntax as a section of language science.

Syntax- This is a section of grammar, which studies the laws and rules for the construction of meaningful statements, the laws of building a connected speech.

Scientists: Lomonosov, East, Ovsyanniko-Kulikovsky, Fortuna, Fortunate, Buslaev, Peshkovsky, Chess. Modern: Salenik, Vintagina, Rosenthal, Leklant, Sirotinin, Golden, Ilyonko

Syntax tasks:

1) study of the relationships and relationships of words in various combinations that form meaningful statements;

2) study of proposals in their structural integrity and qualitative originality.

Syntax sections:

1) phrase syntax; 2) simple sentence syntax; 3) the syntax of the complicated supply; 4) Complex Syntax; 5) Text Syntax.

The offer is studied by syntax in 4 main aspects:

1) From the point of view of its essence as a special unit of language other than sound, words, morphemes, phrases, i.e. The proposal is studied in its structural all-forming and semantic

peculiarities; 2) from the point of view of its internal device, i.e. The syntactic links and relationships implemented in the proposal are revealed, as well as the minimum pair joints of words, called phrase; 3) from the point of view of systematization, i.e. It turns out what classification discharges include a proposal; 4) From the point of view of those transformations, which are subject to a proposal in changing conditions of communication, for example, transformation on topical membership.

The basic concepts of syntax

Syntactic units are phrase, simple sentence, difficult sentence, complex syntactic integer, text.

As part of the syntax units, the variable words are used in one of their forms ( sladform), which together form a morphological paradigm of the word.

For example, in offering to the House of Ivanov, drove up on a new car7 words for 5 words, because The pretext is an element of form words and is part of the sentence members.

As part of the phrase or sentence, the wordform acts in the syntax function and is a structural-semantic component.

syntax units - syntaxes.

Syntaxis- (The morphological form of a word is sometimes with a service word) - a unit with certain syntactic semantics.

For example, in the garden, near the river- semantics of location; be unrecognizable to exhaustion- The value of the degree and effect.

Syntax relationships and relationships

The syntactic bonds and relationships between the elements of the syntactic units are the main sign of syntactic constructions.

Syntax communicationthere is an expression of the interconnection of elements in syntactic units. The main types of syntitax is an essay and submission.

For essaycombined syntactically equal components, when submission- syntactically unequal: one acts as the main one, as the dependent.

Uniform members and parts of complex proposals are combined with writing communication, verbose - wordformes in the composition of phrases and suggestions, as well as parts of complex

proposals.

Writing communicationit happens open. Unites various numbers components, for example, Sergey, Vanya and if there was no school today (you can still add Viti), I. closed. Minds only two components that are among themselves from the relationship of opposition or compound, but not simple listing, for example I was bored, and I went to walk.

Syntactic relationsthey are divided into predicative and indispose. Predicativerelationships are characteristic of the grammatical foundation of the proposal - to be both faithful.

Non-nativerelationships in turn are divided into writing and supervisory (attribute, object and circumstances). They may arise between components of phrases and offers, both simple and complex.

5. The concept of free and related phrases. Stylistically labeled phrases.

Among the syntax phrases are distinguished by phrases freeand non-free. Free Consist of 2 words that are different members of the sentence and perform different syntactic functions, decompose into part of them. The desired book, lecture on literature, run to quickly;

Related Consist of 2 words that are either phraseologically or syntactically indecomposable, the components perform the function of one sentence. two students, a few books, beat Baklushi, an exam of increased complexity

Stylistically labeled phrases -

Wallpaper glue, Herring Atlantic, credit book.

7. Types of simple supply (proposal of real and irreal modality; affirmative and negative; according to the type of statement; common and unprosted; simple and complex proposals).

Depending on the basis for the basis of the classification, the signs are distinguished by the proposals:

Depending on the number of predicative units

Simple - consisting of one predicative unit (cladmable, having minor members, non-clad, not having secondary members)

Complex - consisting of two or more predicative units (two-component and multicomponent)

On the correlation of the subject of thought and its sign

Affirmative - the presence of communication between objects and their signs in real reality

Negative - denying the availability of communication between objects and their signs in real reality. In general-negative sentences, the leaning is denied (with the help of particles is not and or with the help of intonation - Where you bargain! Neither the word I will not tell you. But are not denial! Offers with a repeated particle not in a composite verbal faith: The latitude of his views could not not surprise. - Enhanced approval. Question or exclamation deals with the meaning of generalized approval: Who did not curse station caiders?).In particular negative proposals, any secondary sentence is denied: I don't write laws. Contextual cases - structural proposals are negative, but semantically affirmative: Alas, he does not look for happiness and is not running away from happiness!

3.By type of relationship with objective reality

Proposals with the allocation of real modality - approval of the existence of a fact in the present, past, future ( I am directly moving to the fact that I still have to take).

Suggestions of irreal modality - express the shades of subjective values \u200b\u200b- the assumption, doubt, confidence, the possibility, inability, order. Expressed subjunctive I. imperative challenge (Come to me, Pavel Romanovich, - I told my most crystal tone).

4. For the purpose of the statement:

Narrative - proposals contain a message or description, express a relatively complete thought, which is based on a judgment: The owner came out.

- Questionaging - enter into themselves the question of anyone unknown speaker: Far and you live?There are placed (contain pronoun or hull) and non-nominal (do not contain). Allocate: self-question, questioning and affirmative, questioning and negative, questioningly incentive, questioning and rhetorical.

- Intelligence proposals express the desire to force other people: Think, turn it!

5. Exclamation and non-promotional

Exclamation - proposals in which the content is accompanied by an expression of the senses of the speaker. An exclamation of any offer on the purpose of the statement.

Unknown - do not contain.

6. Common and unpropered

Common - contain secondary members

Unprosted - do not contain

7. Full and incomplete

Full - contain all the necessary members of this sentence structure

Incomplete - do not contain

8. Two supplied and single-part

Twisted - subject + leaving

Single-one-one major member

§one. Syntax object

Syntax - Linguistic discipline that examines the syntactic ties of words in phrases and suggestions, as well as communications simple offers As part of complex. Accordingly, three units of syntax are allocated. Each has its own nature and characteristic signs.

Syntax - This is the level of the structure of the language.

§2. Units of syntax

Units of syntax:

• phrase
• simple sentence
• difficult sentence

It is important to understand that suggestions and phrases are units of different levels. Why is they doing one linguistic discipline - syntax? Because for the syntax, it is important how different syntax structures are created from words based on syntactic bonds.
Words are connected in phrases, and the phrases add up to suggestions. Offer is a syntactic design of more high levelthan phrase. It is differently organized: in each sentence, a grammatical basis stands out. In simple sentences, the grammatical basis is alone. If in the proposal of more than one grammatical basis, then this proposal is complex.

lie on the furnace

phrase

Emely lay on the furnace.

simple sentence, grammatical basis: Emel lay

While Emel lay on the furnace, the shoulder themselves went on the water river.

a complex proposal consisting of two simple having grammatical foundations: Emel lay and veser went

Sample forces

Find out how you understood the content of this chapter.

Total test

1. What does the syntax study?

   • phonetic structure words
   • morphem structure words
   • parts of Speech
   • syntactic ties of words in phrases and suggestions, as well as connections of simple proposals in complex

2. Is it true that syntactic structures are created on the basis of syntactic ties?

3. What few languages \u200b\u200bstudy syntax?

   • word and phrase
   • phrase, simple sentence and complex offer
   • morphemes

4. Is there a phrase in the sentence: Holidays passed.?

5. How many grammatical foundations in the sentence: Smile, even if you do not smile in response.?

6. Simple or difficult to offer: What do you need for happiness?

   • simple sentence
   • difficult sentence

The term "syntax" (goes back to the Greek Word of Syntaxis - 'Building, Composition, Stroy') is defined as a science of language that explores and formulates the rules for rebuilding; Thus, on the syntactic level, the relationship of the language (system) and speech (implementation of the language system) is brighter.

The history of the syntax as science dates back to the teachings of the ancient Greek philosophers (the term "syntax" was first used by Stoics in the III century. BC. When describing the logical content of statements), the focus of which was the study of the hard processes, therefore, the concepts used by them reflected different Sides of one phenomenon: logical, morphological and syntactic.

Composition of the Apollonia (II century), in which there was a description of the relationships of words and forms of words in the sentence, put the beginning of the interpretation of the same language phenomena, although its syntax had a morphological basis and Apollonium discolon did not offer a special system syntactic concepts. In the XIII - XVI centuries. In universal (philosophical) grammar and in the "pore-piano grammar" (XVII century), the syntax categories were called universal (A.Ano and K.Leslo), since the syntax itself was determined as a substantive grammar area, while phonetics and Morphology were attributed to the expression plan, not a content. The syntax was considered as a doctrine on the ways of expressing thought and contained a description of proposals and their parts (members of the sentence).

This direction was reflected in the Russian grammatical science, the beginning of which V.V. Vinogradov exits the grammarities of the Zisaniya Laurentia (1596) and the Rotsen Melochy (1619) and the development of which we find in the works of M.V. Lomonosov, then I.I. Dodvydova , K.S. Asksakova, F.I. Buslaeva. The proposal was considered by them as a linguistic expression of judgment, subject to - as a linguistic expression of the subject, a fault - predicate, a complex proposal - conclusion. M.V. Lomonosov in "Russian grammar" (1755) so determined the proposal: "The addition of significant parts of the word, or rivers ... produces speeches, the complete intelligence in themselves through the demolition of different concepts." An indication of the syntax connection with thinking was to the definition of syntax until the beginning of the 20th century.

In the 2nd half of the XIX century. Formed psychological direction In linguistics, presented in Russia A.A.Potabinas. A.A.Shakhmatov in the "Russian Syntax" wrote: "The syntax is the part of the grammar, which considers ways to detect thinking in the Word." He noted that "the proposals received first in the language; Later by dismembering proposals based on the mutual comparison and influence, the phrases and words for independent ... being and use ... "were distinguished from them. This interpretation led to an understanding of the syntax as a partition of grammar in which the phenomena of the language is analyzed in the direction of the value (function) to form.

However B. late XIX. in. With the awakening of linguists of interest in the national specifics of morphology, the syntax began to be defined as the doctrine of the functions of the word classes in the sentence. This point of view was adhered to F.F. Fortunate, which the main task of the syntax considered the study of the ability of words to spread, determined the phrase as the main unit of syntax, and the proposal - as a kind of phrase. Such an understanding of the subject and tasks of the syntax has determined the development of this section of grammar in the 20s. XX century

The result of a rapid period of syntax development in the middle of the XX century. It is a classic grammatical description - "Russian grammar" (AG-54), in the introduction of the 2nd one of which Acad. V.V. Vinogradov formulated a problem in the syntaxists: to include in a syntactic description of the phrase, whether the repertoire of units to superflace unity (sphere), paragraph, text, while in the grammar itself, the traditional description of the syntax units has been preserved. Truda V.V. Vinogradova determined the development of the main aspects of describing the syntax in the 2nd half of the twentieth century: along with the traditional structural, semantic, functional and communicative syntax was formed.

"Grammar of the modern Russian literary language"(AG- 70) and" Russian grammar "(RG-80), in which an attempt was made to consistently describe the structural and formal aspect of syntactic units, fundamentally different from AG-54, but these descriptions cannot be considered indisputable and comprehensive. In many respects, other understanding of the syntactic structure of the language, including Russian, is represented in the 6-volume "theory of functional grammar" and in the "Communicative grammar of the Russian language" G.A. Zolotovova, N.K.Inipenko, M.Yu. Sidorova.

Different description of syntax, the study of the dynamics of the development of syntactic phenomena allows to highlight controversial and new phenomena in modern syntax and interpret the syntax structures in the context of ethnic culture and philosophy.

Currently coexist various interpretations The same syntactic units and phenomena, and the purpose of the university course of syntax - to introduce students to them.

The syntax of the modern Russian language / ed. S. Vyatkina - M., 2009