The main provisions of the Speransky. Brief biography M. M. Speransky. The main provisions of the "Plan"

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Introduction

speransky state reform

In the first half of the XIX in the state and social order Russian Empire was on the former foundations. The nobility that constitutes a small part of the population remained a dominant, privileged class. Released from the obligatory service to the state of the landowner from the serviceual estates turned into a celebrating, purely consumer class.

State policy expressed the interests of the majority of the nobility. The growing contradiction of the feudal structure in Russia was reflected in the confrontation and collision of liberal and protective ideologues.

Alexander I, at the beginning of his reign, promised to manage the people "according to the laws and to the heart of his grandmother's grandmother." The main care of the government was proclaimed preparation of indigenous (basic) laws for the destruction of "arbitrariness of the Board". In the discussion of reform projects, court venoms were involved. Related relatively minor questions and disparate reforms of some government agencies were discussed while the talented thinker and statesman M.M. did not get into the environment of the emperor Speransky (1772-1839).

Purpose test work It is consideration of the main projects of reforms developed by M.M. Speransky.

The tasks of this abstract are:

1. Lighting biographies M.M. Speransky

2. Disclosure of the Entity of Projects of Reforms

3. Consideration of the circumstances of the Ostransky Outstation from public affairs.

Chapter 1. Biography M.M. Speransky

Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky was born in January 1772 in the family of a rural priest village Cherkutin Vladimir province. Father identified him in a Suzdal spiritual seminary. In January 1790, he was sent to Petersburg in the newly founded first spiritual seminary. After graduation in 1792, the Speransky seminary was left as a teacher of mathematics, physics and eloquence, French. All Items Speransky taught with great success. From 1795, he also began to lecture on philosophy and received the position of "Prefect of the Seminary". Thirst for knowledge made him go to the civil service. He thought to go abroad and trust his education in German universities.

Petersburg Metropolitan Gabriel recommended him as a personal secretary to Kurakin. In 1796, Kurakin assigned to the position of Prosecutor General took Speransky on public service And he instructed him to manage his office. Speransky brought to the Russian untidy stationery of the XVIII century. An unusually refined mind capable of working infinitely and excellent skill to speak and write. All of this, of course, he was a real find for the office world. This prepared his extraordinarily fast service career. Already in Pavel, he gained fame in the St. Petersburg official world. In January 1797, Speransky received the Chin of the Titular Advisor, in April of the same year - the College Assestor (this chin gave a personal nobility), in January 1798 - a survival adviser, and in September 1799 - the college adviser.

In November 1798, he married the Englishman Elizabeth Stevens. His happy life was short - in September 1799, shortly after the birth of her daughter, his wife died.

Speransky was distinguished by the breadth of the horizon and the strict system of thinking. By the nature of his education, he was an ideologist, as they said, or theoretics, as they would call it now. His mind grew up in persistent work on distracted concepts and is accustomed to neglect to relate to simple everyday phenomena. Speransky had an unusually strong mind, what always happens not enough, and in that philosophical age there was less than ever. Persistent work on distraction gave extraordinary energy and flexibility of the Speransky's thinking. It was easily given the most difficult and bizarre combinations of ideas. Thanks to this thinking, the Speransky became an embodied system, but it was this strengthened development of distracted thinking amounted to an important lack of its practical activity. Prolonged and hard work in Speransky prepared a vast stock of various knowledge and ideas. In this stock there were a lot of luxury that satisfy the exquisite requirements of mental comfort was, maybe even a lot of superfluous and too much of what was needed for the low-alone human needs, to understand reality. He looked at Alexander, and on this they agreed with each other. But Speransky was distinguished from the sovereign in that the first all mental luxury was caught and slightly placed in places. The most tangled question in his statement acquired ordered harness.

Chapter 2.Projects of state transformations M.M. Speransky

Alexander I, who joined the throne as a result of the murder of Paul I, at the beginning of his reign promised to manage the people "according to the laws and to the heart of his woven grandmother." The main care of the government was proclaimed preparation of indigenous (basic) laws for the destruction of "arbitrariness of the Board". Discussion of reform projects were involved courtery venoms. Related relatively minor questions and disparate reforms of some government agencies were discussed, while the talented thinker and the State Affilitary Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky (1772-1839) did not enter the environment of the emperor.

On the instructions of Alexander I, Speransky prepared a number of projects for improving the state system of the empire, essentially projects of the Russian Constitution. Part of the projects were written in 1802-1804; In 1809, extensive "Introduction to the Claiming of State Laws", "Project of Molding State Laws of the Russian Empire" and related notes and projects were prepared.

2.1 Reform government controlled

A supporter of the constitutional system, Speransky was convinced that new rights to society is obliged to bestow power. Society, divided by the estate, the rights and obligations of which are established by law, are needed civil and criminal law, public jurisdiction, freedom of printing. Of great importance attached to the Speransky education of public opinion.

At the same time, he believed that Russia is not ready for the constitutional system that it is necessary to begin transformation from the reorganization of the state apparatus.

The period of 1808--1811 was the epoch of the highest meaning and influence of the Speransky, which is precisely at this time Joseph de Mestra wrote that he was "the first and even minister" of the Empire: the reform of the State Council (1810), the reform of ministers (1810--1811) , Senate reform (1811-1812). The young reformer with his peculiar to him began to make a complete plan of the new government of government in all its parts: from the Cabinet of the Survae to the volost government. Already on December 11, 1808, he read Alexandru I a note "On the improvement of the total folk upbringing". Not Next, October 1809, the whole plan was already lying on the emperor's table. October and November passed in almost daily consideration of different parts, in which Alexander I did his amendments and additions.

The most complete views of the new reformer M. M. Speransky are reflected in the note of 1809 - "Introduction to the deposition of state laws". "Clause" Speransky opens serious theoretical studies "Properties and objects of state, indigenous and organic laws." He additionally explained, and substantiated his thoughts on the basis of the theory of law or, even rather the philosophy of law. The reformer attached great importance to the regulatory role of the state in the development of the domestic industry and its political transformations fully strengthened autocracy. Speransky writes: "If the rights of state power were unlimited, if the power of the government was connected in the holding power and no rights would leave them subjects, then the state would be in slavery and the Board would be despotic."

According to Speransky, such slavery can take two forms. The first form not only eliminates subjects from all involvement in the use of state power, but also takes freedom from them to dispose of their own personality and their property. The second, softer, also eliminates the subjects from participation in the management of the state, but leaves them freedom in relation to their own personality and to property. Therefore, subjects do not have political rights, but the rights of civilians remain behind them. And their presence means that in the state to some extent there is freedom. But it is not guaranteed enough, so - explains Speransky - it is necessary to protect it - through the creation and strengthening of the principal law, that is, the political constitution.

Civil rights should be listed in it "in the form of the initial civil consequences arising from the rights of political", and the citizens should be given political rights, with which they will be able to protect their rights and their civil liberty. So, by the conviction of Speransky, civil rights and freedoms are not sufficiently provided with laws and law. Without constitutional guarantees, they themselves are powerless, so it was precisely the requirement of strengthening civil insurance formed the basis of the entire plan of state reforms in Speransky and determined their main idea - "Board, accommodation autocratic, to put and establish on the law." The idea is that state power must be built on a permanent basis, and the government should stand in a solid constitutional and legal framework. This idea follows from the tendency to find a solid foundation for civil rights and freedoms in the basic laws of the state. It bears the desire to ensure the connection of civil insurance with the basic laws and firmly put it, it is relying on these laws. The conversion plan assumed a change in the social device and the change of state order. Speransky dismembering society on the basis of the difference in rights. "From the Ferris of Civil and Political Rights, it opens that all of them in belonging to three classes can be divided: the rights are civil common, the nobility of all citizens; Mid-state people; People workers. " The entire population seemed to be a civilian free, and the serfdom was abolished, although, establishing "civil liberty for the peasants of the landlord", the Speransky continues to be called "serfdom" at the same time. Behind the nobles retained the right of ownership of land and freedom from the mandatory service. The people workers consisted of peasants, master people and servants. Grand Plans for Speransky began to be implemented. In the spring of 1809, the emperor approved the "Provision on the composition and management of the Commission, developed by the Speransky" Regulations on the composition and management of the Commission, "where for many years (up to the new reign) were identified the main directions of its activity:" Proceedings of the Commission have the following main items:

1. Civil code. 2. Code criminal. 3. Clause commercial. 4. Different parts of the state savings and to the public law belonging. 5. Code of laws of provincial for the provinces of the Ostsee. 6. Code of laws such for the provinces of the Malorossiysk and Polish attached.

Speransky speaks of the need to create a legal state, which ultimately must be a state constitutional. He explains that the safety of man and property is the first inalienable heritage of any society, since inviolability is the essence of civil rights and freedoms that have two types: freedoms of personal and freedoms. The content of personal freedoms:

1. No one can be punished without a court; 2. No one is obliged to send personal service, otherwise as in law. The content of physical findings: 1. Everyone can have its own property according to arbitrariness, according to the general law; 2. No one is obliged to pay filters and duties otherwise, as in law, and not by arbitrariness. Thus, we see that Speransky is perceived by law as a method of protecting safety and freedom. However, he sees that guarantees are needed and from the arbitrariness of the legislator. The reformer is suitable for the requirement of constitutional and legal restriction of power so that it takes into account the existing right. It would give her greater stability.

Speransky considers it necessary for the presence of a system of separation of power. Here he fully accepts ideas that dominated then in Western EuropeAnd he writes in his work that: "It is impossible to establish the Board on the law, if one showing power will be the law and execute it." Therefore, Speransky sees a reasonable state of state power in its division into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial in the preservation of autocratic form. Since the discussion of bills implies the participation of a large number of people, it is necessary to create special bodies representing the legislative power - the Duma.

Speransky proposes to attract population (personally free, including state peasants, in the presence of property cencing) to direct participation in legislative, executive and judicial power on the basis of a system of four-stage elections (the volost-district - the provincial - State Duma). If this idea got real embodimentThe fate of Russia would have formed otherwise, alas, the story does not know the subjunctive inclination. The right to elect them cannot belong equally to all. Speransky stipulates that the more the person has the property, the more he is interested in protecting property rights. And those who do not have any real estate, no capital, are excluded from the election process. Thus, we see that the democratic principle of universal and secret elections is alien to Speransky, and in contrast it will push it and gives more important Liberal principle of separation of power. At the same time, Speransky recommends wide decentralization, that is, along with the Central State Duma, local Duma should also be created: the volost, county and provinces. The Duma is designed to solve local issues. Without the consent of the State Duma, the autocratic did not have the right to publish laws, except in cases where it was about the salvation of the Fatherland. However, the emperor could always dissolve deputies and appoint new elections. Consequently, the State Duma by its existence, as it were, is designed to give only the idea of \u200b\u200bthe needs of the people and carry out control over the executive. The executive power is represented by the Boards, and summit - ministries that the emperor formed. Moreover, the ministers should have been responsible to the State Duma, which was entitled to ask for the abolition of illegal acts. This is a fundamentally new approach of Speransky, expressed in the aspirations to put officials, both in the center and in the field under the control of public opinion. The judicial branch of power was represented by the regional, county and provincial courts consisting of elected judges and acting with the participation of jury. The highest court was the Senate, whose members were elected to the State Duma for life and were approved by the emperor personally.

The unity of state power, according to the Speransky project, would be embodied only in the person of the monarch. This decentralization of legislation, the court and administration had to give the central authority the opportunity to solve with due attention to the most important state affairs, which would focus in its bodies and who would not be obscured by the mass of current minor interests. This idea of \u200b\u200bdecentralization was the most wonderful that it did not stand at all in line with the Western European political thinkers who were more developed by the development of issues on the central administration.

Monarch, remained the only representative of all branches of government, heading them. Therefore, Speransky believed that it was necessary to create an institution, which will take care of planned cooperation between individual authorities and will be as if a specific expression of the principal embodiment of state unity in the personality of the monarch. According to him, this institution had to become a public council. At the same time, this body was supposed to play the guardian of the legislation.

On January 1, 1810, a manifesto on the creation of the State Council, who replaced the indispensable council. M. M. Speransky received the position of the Secretary of State in this authority. In his jurisdiction, the documentation passed through the State Council. Speransky initially envisaged in its plan of reforms to the State Council as an institution, which should not be particularly involved in the preparation and development of bills. But since the creation of the State Council was considered as the first stage of transformations and it was he who had to establish plans for further reforms, then at the beginning of this body were granted broad powers. From now on, all bills were supposed to pass through the State Council. The general meeting was compiled from members of four departments: 1) Legislative, 2) military affairs (until 1854), 3) cases of civil and spiritual, 4) of the state economy; and from ministers. He presided over his sovereign himself. At the same time, it is stipulated that the king could only argue the opinion of the majority of the General Assembly. Chancellor Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (1751_1826) became the first chairman of the State Council (until August 14, 1814). The head of state office was the Secretary of State (new position).

Speransky not only developed, but also laid a certain system of checks and counterweights in the activities of the highest state bodies in the rule of the power of the emperor. He argued that on the basis of this, the direction of reforms is given. So, Speransky considered Russia Mature to begin reforms and obtain a constitution, which ensures not only civil, but also political freedom. In a memorandum of note, Alexander I, he imposes hope that "if God bless all the undertakings, then by 1811 ... Russia will be perceived by the new being and completely in all parts will be transformed." Speransky claims that there are no examples in history that the enlightened commercial people remain in a state of slavery and that it is impossible to avoid shocks if the government does not correspond to the spirit of the times. Therefore, the heads of state should carefully observe the development of the public spirit and adapt to it. political systems. From this, the Speransky did conclusions that it would be a big advantage of the emergence of the Constitution in Russia thanks to the "beneficial inspiration of the Supreme Power". But the supreme power in the face of the emperor did not share all points of the Speransky program. Alexander I was quite satisfied with only partial transformations of serfdom of Russia, coated with liberal promises and distracted arguments about law and freedom. Alexander I was ready to accept all this. But meanwhile, he felt on itself and the strongest pressure of the court environment, including members of his family, who were striving to prevent radical transformations in Russia.

Also, one of the ideas was the improvement of the "Principal Army" for future reforms. On April 3, 1809, a decree was issued on court titles. He changed the order of obtaining titles and certain privileges. From now on, these titles should be considered as simple signs Differences. Privileges also received only those who carried public service. A decree, reformed the order of receiving court ranks, was signed by the emperor, but no one was secret who was his valid author. During the long decades, siblings of the most significant surnames (literally from the cradle) were received by the courtes of chamber-yinkers (accordingly - 5 classes), after a while - the chamber (grade 4). Upon joining the achievement of a certain age in civil or military service, they never served anywhere, automatically occupied the "higher places". By decree of the Speransky chamber-junkers and chamber meters, not consistent with the actual service, was prescribed for two months to generate an activity (otherwise - a resignation).

The second measure was published on August 6, 1809. Decree on new rules for production in the ranks of civil service, in secretly prepared by Speransky. In the note to the sovereign, a revolutionary plan for a fundamental change in the order of production into the ranks was rooted under a very unpretentious name, the establishment of a direct connection of obtaining rank with educational values. It was a bold attempt on the game-producing system acting from the era of Peter I. One can only imagine how many ill-wishers and enemies appeared from Mikhail Mikhailovich thanks to one decree. Speransky protests against monstrous injustice, when a graduate of the Law Faculty receives the ranks later, a colleague, and never really learned. From now on, the rank of College Assistor, who had previously been able to receive at the expense of the years, was given only to those officials who had a testimony on the successful end of the course of study in one of the Russian universities or withstood the exams on a special program. At the end of the note, Speransky directly talks about the harmfulness of the existing system of ranks on the Petrovsk "table of ranks", offering or canceling them, or regulate the receipt of the ranks, starting with the 6th grade, the presence of a university diploma. This program provided for the verification of the knowledge of the Russian language, one of foreign languages, natural, roman, state and criminal law, universal and Russian history, state economy, physics, geography and statistics of Russia. The rank of college assessor corresponded to the 8th grade "table of ranks". Starting from this class and above, officials had great privileges and high salaries. It is easy to guess what you wanted to get it a lot, and to pass the exams to most of the applicants, as a rule, there were just no power. Hate to the new reformer began to increase. The emperor, defending the faithful companion with his aegid, raised him on the service staircase.

Elements of market relations in the Russian economy were also covered in the projects of M. M. Speransky. He shared the ideas of economist Adam Smith. Speransky tied the future of economic development with the development of commerce, the transformation of the financial system and money circulation. In the first months of 1810 there was a discussion of the problem of regulating public finances. Speransky amounted to the "Finance Plan", which lay down the basis of the royal manifesto from February 2. The main purpose of this document was to eliminate the budget deficit. According to its content, the release of paper money was discontinued, reduced the amount of funds, the financial activities of ministers were under control. In order to replenish the state treasury, the pillow with 1 ruble was increased to 3, a new, unprecedented tax - "income progressive" was also introduced. These measures gave a positive result and, as Speransky himself noted, "changeing the finance system ... We saved the state from bankruptcy." The budget deficit declined, and the treasury revenues increased in two years by 175 million rubles.

In the summer of 1810, on the initiative of the Speransky, the reorganization of ministries, ended in June 1811, during this time, the Ministry of Commerce was eliminated, the internal security cases were allocated for which the Special Ministry of Police was formed. The ministries themselves were divided into departments (with the director headed), departments on the department. Of the senior officials of the ministry, the Council of Minister was compiled, and from all ministers, the Committee of Ministers to discuss the affairs of an administrative and executive nature.

Over the head of the reformer begin to thicken clouds. Speransky, contrary to the instinct of self-preservation, continues to work selflessly. The report submitted to the emperor February 11, 1811, Speransky reports: "/ ... / The following main items are executed: I. The State Council was established. II. Found two parts of civilian deposition. III. A new separation of ministries has been made, compiled by the charter and the projects of private charters are drawn up. IV. Compiled and adopted a permanent system to the payment of state debts: 1) the termination of the output of the assemilments; 2) Sale of property; 3) establishing the repayment commission. V. Compiled a coin system. Vi. Compiled a commercial application for 1811.

Never, maybe in Russia for one year there are no so many general state regulations as last. / ... / From this it follows that for a successful sustavation of the plan, which your Majesty makes it necessary to make it necessary, it is necessary to strengthen the ways of its execution. / ... / The following objects in terms of this are presented absolutely necessary: \u200b\u200bI. End Civil Code. II. Make two deposits very necessary: \u200b\u200b1) judicial, 2) criminal. III. Finish the device of the judicial senate. IV. Create a device of the senate of the Governing. V. The Office of the provinces in the order of the ship and the executive. Vi. Consider and strengthen ways to repay debts. VII. To establish state annual revenues: 1) introducing a new census of people. 2) the formation of a land collection. 3) a new wine income device. four) Best device income from state-owned property. / ... / It is possible with reliability to say that / ... / committing them / ... / Empire is delivered to the position so solid and reliable that the age of your majesty will always be referred to as a blessed century. " Alas, ambitious plans for the future, outlined in the second part of the report remained unfulfilled (primarily the Senate Reform).

By the beginning of 1811, Speransky offered a new project to transform the Senate. The essence of the project was largely different. It was assumed to divide the Senate on the Government and Judicial. The composition of the latter provided for the appointment of its members as follows: one part is from the crown, the other was chosen by the nobility. By virtue of various internal and external reasons The Senate remained in the same condition, and the Speransky himself eventually came to the conclusion that the project should be delayed. We also note that in 1810 according to the plan of the Speransky, the Tsarskoyel Lyceum was established.

This was generally political reform. A fortieth state, court, administration, legislation - everything found a place and permission in this grand work, which remained a monument of political tissues, far overlooking the level of even highly precious people. Some reproach Speranssky in the fact that he paid little attention to the peasant reform. We read in the Speransky: "Relationships in which both of these classes are put (peasants and landlords) finally destroy all energy in the Russian people. The interest of the nobility requires that the peasants be completely subordinated to him; The interest of the peasantry is that the noblemen also subordinate to the crown ... The throne is always serfdom as the only opposition of their gentlemen ", that is, the serf state was incompatible with political freedom. "Thus, Russia is divided into different classes, depletes its forces in the struggle, which these classes are among themselves, and leaves the government to the entire volume of boundless power. The state arranged in this way - that is, on the division of hostile classes - if it will have something or another external device, - those and other diplomas of the nobility, certificates of cities, two senate and the same parliament - there is a despotic state, And while it will consist of the same elements (warring classes), it will not be possible to be a state of monarchical. " Consciousness of necessity, in the interests of the political reform, To abolish the serfdom, as well as the consciousness of the need that the redistribution of the authorities correspond to the redistribution of political force, states out of reasoning.

2.2 Judicial reform

In court reform were interested in all sections of society, and most importantly - ruling class. The judicial reform was a consequence of the so-called role crisis, awareness of the ruling need for the need to create an effective mechanism for the protection of personality and property. And, of course, a supporter judicial reform The emperor Alexander II, and his brother Konstantin Nikolayevich, who adhered to even more radical views was performed.

Preparation and principles of reform. The history of the preparation of judicial reform goes its roots in the first half of the XIX century. In 1803 M.M. Speransky offered a wide program for improving the judicial system, which was developed in the "introduction of state laws" of 1809. In 1821 and 1826. He returned to draft judicial transformations. However, the governments of Alexander I and Nicholas rejected them, since these projects, even if we were very timidly proposed to implement some bourgeois principles. In addition, judicial transformations could not be carried out isolated, without solving indigenous issues of public life, primarily the peasant. As is known, Alexander I and Nikolai I were opponents of the cancellation of serfdom. Therefore, the bourgeois principles of equality of all owners before the law underlying the improvement of the judicial system M.M. Speransky, it turned out to be unacceptable and premature for serfs of Russia, where more than 50% of the population were in terms of slavery and depended not from the law, but from the will and arbitrarians.

In the summer of 1857, Alexander II commanded to submit to the State Council a draft charter of civil proceedings, born in the departments II. An explanatory note by the chief of the II branch of the Count D.N. was attached to the project. Bludov. The project proceeded from the introduction of the principle of competition of the process, was proposed to reduce the number of court instances and pay attention to a significant improvement in the quality of training and selection of the judicial system. The draft charter caused an ambiguous reaction, the splits of the highest officials into two main groups - liberals and conservatives. The first wished to essential restructuring of the judication and proceedings, the last - only cosmetic changes. Conservatives and first of all Count D.N. Bludov did not want to follow Western European samples and introduce the principles of perception, publicity, equality of the parties in the process, establish the advocacy. For 1857-1861 The II branch prepared and submitted 14 bills to the State Council, offering various changes in the structure of the judicial system and judiciality. The materials of the judicial reform amounted to 74 team volumes.

The work was particularly activated after the cancellation of serfdom. In October 1861, preparation of documents on judicial and proceedings from the II branch was transferred to the state office. A special commission was created, which included the most prominent lawyers of Russia: A.N. Plavsky, N.I. Stoyanovsky, S.I. Zyrude, k.p. Victoriousness and others. Actually headed her State Council of the State Council S.I. Zerry It is fundamentally that the Commission held mainly from like-minded people went along the way opposite to Bludovsky. As a basis, the general theory of bourgeois judicial and proceedings and the practice of Western European legislation was taken. Of course, the Fathers of the reform were to be considered with the Russian reality and traditions and contributed to their projects, certain adjustments, but at the same time they tried to prove that bourgeois institutions, for example, the jury and the attorney, do not undermine the foundations of autocracy.

The result of the work of the commission was "the main provisions of the conversion of the judicial part in Russia". In April 1862, this document was transferred to the emperor for consideration in the State Council, and on September 29, 1862, it was approved by him and published in the press. Simultaneously with the publication of "basic provisions", the post of Minister of Justice Count V.N. Panin, who was on February 18, 1860, was temporarily released from the management of the Ministry on the occasion of appointment by his chairman of the editorial commission. The highest decree of October 21, 1862. Comrade (Deputy) Minister, Senator, Secret Counselor - Dmitry Nikolaevich Zamyatin appointed by the Minister of Justice.

D.N. Zamyatin was born in 1805 in the Nizhny Novgorod province. After graduating from the Silver Medal of the Course of Sciences in the Tsarskoselsky Lyceum, he entered the service in the Commission on the compilation of laws, and then II branch of his own office of his imperial majesty. To make a reputation as a capable, hardworking and immaculately honest official, quickly moved on the service staircase. In 1848, he was appointed a member of consultation under the Ministry of Justice, in 1852 - the Ober Prosecutor of the Second Department of the Governing Senate and Senator. In 1858, he was appointed to the post of Comrade Minister of Justice. Finally, the post of Minister of Justice approved January 1, 1864

The legislative framework. On the basis of the "main provisions", four laws were prepared, which were approved by the emperor on November 20, 1864: "Establishment of judicial institutions", "Charter of civil proceedings", "Charter of criminal proceedings", "Charter on the punishments imposed by the magistrates".

The judicial reform in the root changed the judiciality, procedural and partly the material law of the Russian Empire. Judicial statutes were built in accordance with the procedural and organizational forms of bourgeois states. They were proclaimed bourgeois principles in their nature: the judiciary was separated from the legislative, executive, administrative; The principle of independence and displaceability of judges was fixed; The equality of all before the law was proclaimed, a fierse court was introduced; The lawyer established; To consider criminal cases in district courts introduced the Institute of Jury Hospital; A selected world court was created to consider insignificant cases; institution of judicial investigators independent of the police was established; The prosecutor's office, freed from the functions of general oversight and focused on work in court; The principles of perception, publicity, competition of legal proceedings are introduced; The presumption of innocence was proclaimed.

Changes in shipping. Cardinal changes in the system of judice of Russia were set forth in the "institution of judicial establishments". Instead of a complex and cumbersome structure of class vessels, two judicial systems were created: local and common courts.

Local related to the local judges and the congresses of the world judges as the second (appellate) instance. Local belongs to the billions. Created in 1861; They disassembled the affairs of the peasants on unavailable misconduct if the faces of other classes were not interested in them and if these acts were not subject to the consideration of common courts. General courts include district courts and court chambers as an appealing instance. He headed this system of the Senate, who was the only cassation authority for all ships of the Russian Empire.

2.3 Peasant Reform

The peasant question was the most important issue of the internal policy of autocracy. Alexander 1 took measures to facilitate the position of the peasants, but the steps in his decision of this problem were extremely careful. The emperor and members of the Neglass Committee saw the source of social tensions in the serfdom, were convinced of the benefits of free labor before the serfdom and perceived the power of the landowner over the peasants as a moral shame for Russia. Nevertheless, they considered it impossible to adopt radical measures and adhered to the principle of graduality. On December 12, 1801, a decree was issued, to grant the right to own land merchants, breastners and government peasants, which from the beginning of the uninterested land could buy. Already at the beginning of the reign, Alexander 1 stopped the distribution of state peasants in private hands. The Law on December 12 destroyed the century-old landowner monopoly of the nobility, which, before that, one has enjoyed the right to acquire land in personal property. Engraved with this first undertaking, some of the free-sisted landowners had a desire, entered into an agreement with their fortress peasants, free them to the will of whole villages. It must be said that up to this point did not exist on such a mass liberation of peasants. Thus, the Voronezh landowner Petrovo-Solovovo concluded a deal with 5001 souls of his peasants, giving them to the property of the Earth, which they were treated, with the condition to pay it at 19 years 1/12 million rubles. The son of Ekaterininsky Field Marshal, Count Sergey Rumyantsev, decided to let go of his peasants from the Earth in the will 199, but he presented the draft general law on landowners transactions with fortress peasants to the government. The government adopted this project, and on February 20, 1803 there was a decree on free blades: the landowners could enter into an agreement with their peasants, freeing them by the land with whole villages or individual families. These liberated peasants, not recording other states, formed a special class of "free blades". The law on February 20 was the first decisive expression of the government intention to cancel the serfdom.

But, nevertheless, this decree had to a greater degree ideological than practical value: For the entire period of the reign of Alexander, less than 1.5% of serfs passed in the category of "free blades". That is, only 47 thousand male souls were liberated. But ideas laid down in the decree of 1803, subsequently legally in the foundation of the reform of 1861.

In the unclean committee, a proposal to sell serfs without land was expressed. Trafficking in people at the time was carried out in Russia in unacted, cynical forms. Ads for the sale of fortress printed in newspapers. In the Makarev Fair they were sold along with other goods, separating families. Sometimes the Russian peasant bought at the fair went to the distant eastern countries, where he lived on the rest of his days on the position of the slave-stranger. Alexander 1 wanted to stop such shameful phenomena, but the proposal to prohibit the peasants without land came across the stubborn resistance of the highest dignitaries. They believed that it undermines the serfdom. Without showing persistence, the young emperor retreated. It was forbidden only to publish ads for the sale of people in government editions.

2.4 Reorganization of the financial policy of the state

In 1809, at Speransky, the improvement of the financial system was entrusted, which after wars 1805-1807. It was in the state of the deepest disorder. Russia stood on the verge of state bankruptcy. With preview financial situation In 1810, a deficit of 105 million rubles was opened, and the Speransky was instructed to compile a determinant and solid finance plan. Professor Balfiansky wrote an extensive note on frenchwhich Speransky redoned and supplemented. She was undergoing joint discussion with the participation of N.S. Mordvinova, Kochubey, Campengausen and Balfiansky, and then in the Special Committee, who was collected from the Minister of Finance Gurya. The finance plan made in this way was awarded the sovereign to the Chairman of the State Council on the very day of its discovery, January 1, 1810. Here is its basic provisions: "Costs must comply with income. Therefore, no new consumption can be appointed before, the source source commensurate . Costs must be divided:

by departments;

according to the degree of need in them - the necessary, useful, excessive, unnecessary and useless, and the latter should not be allowed at all;

by space - general government, provincial, district and volost. No collection should exist without the knowledge of the government, because the government should know everything that is going from the people and appeals to expenses;

on the subject of the appointment - ordinary and extraordinary expenses. For emergency expenses in the reserve should not be money, but methods for their preparation;

according to the degree of consistency - stable and changing costs. "

According to this plan, government spending has been reduced by 20 million rubles, and taxes and taxes are increased, all in circulation applications are recognized as a public debt provided to all state propertyAnd the new output of the assignment was supposed to stop. Capital to repay the appliances was supposed to be made by selling untenal state lands and an internal loan. This financial plan was approved, and the commission of repayment of public debts was formed.

The laws of February 2, 1810 and February 11, 1812, all taxes were elevated - other doubts, others more than doubled. So, the price of Pone Salt with 40 kopecks was raised to the ruble; Pillow from 1 rub. It was up to 3 rubles. It should be noted that this plan included a new, unprecedented tax - "income progressive". These tax was covered by the income of the landowners with their lands. The lower tax was charged with 500 rubles of income and amounted to 1% of the latter, the highest tax fell on the estates that gave more than 18 thousand rubles of income, and amounted to 10% of the latter. But the cost of 1810 significantly exceeded the assumption, and therefore the taxes established only for one year were facing permanent. The exaltation of taxes and was the main reason for the national ropot against the Speransky, which his enemies from the Supreme Society could take advantage.

At 1812, a large deficit threatened again. Manifesto on February 11, 1812, temporary additions were established in filing and new duties. Responsible for all these financial difficulties and increasing taxes caused by the difficult political circumstances of that time, public opinion made Speransky. Promises to stop the issue of assignments The government could not hold back. The new tariff, 1810, in the compilation of which Speransky participated, was met in Russia sympathetically, but angry Napoleon, as an explicit evasion from the continental system. The Finnish affairs were charged with Speransky, which only with his amazing hardworking and talentedness could cope with all the responsibilities assigned to him.

1812 was fatal in the life of Speransky. The main guns in the intrigue that destroyed the Speransky was the Baron Armfelt, who used the large location of Emperor Alexander, and the Minister of Police Balashov. Armfelt was dissatisfied with the attitude of the Speransky to Finland: According to him, he "sometimes wants to raise us (Finlands), but in other cases, on the contrary, it wishes to let us know about our dependence. On the other hand, he always looked at the affairs of Finland, as on Small, secondary business. " Armfelte made a proposal to Speransky, making a triumvirate with Balashov, to seize the government to his hands, and when the Speransky refused and, on disgusting to the denunciation, did not bring this sentence to the information of the sovereign, he decided to destroy him. Obviously, Armfelt wished, removing Speransky, to become the head of the non-one Finnish affairs in Russia. Speransky sometimes, perhaps, it was not sufficiently reduced in his reviews about the sovereign, but some of these reviews in a private conversation brought to the information of the sovereign were obviously the fiction of slanderians and diamons. In acceptance letters of the Speransky began to accuse already in the obvious treason, in intercourse with Napoleon agents, on sale public secrets.

The imperurator at the beginning of 1812, aptive and very sensitive to the insults in early 1812, noticeably cool to the Speransky directed against the liberal transformations of Karamzin's note (1811) and various philantalists of the enemies of the Speranski made an impression on Alexander I. Magnificently cooling to the Speransky, the sovereign became his influence and began to avoid his. Getting Started with Napoleon, Alexander decided to part with him. Speransky was suddenly sent to the link.

Chapter 3. Outstanding M.M. Speransky from public affairs

March 17, 1812 after a crowded and highly emotional audience, accompanied by tears and dramatic effects, Alexander I settled from numerous posts and exiled the Secretary of State MM. Speransky. Nearest employee and " right hand"The emperor, for several years, essentially, the second face in the state was sent with the police to Nizhny Novgorod that evening.

In a letter from there, he expressed his deep conviction that the plan of state transformation was compiled by him - "the first and only source of everything that happened" with him, and at the same time expressed the hope that sooner or later the sovereign returns "to the same basic ideas" . The huge majority of society met the fall of Speransky with the Great Lybliga, and only N.S. Mordvinov openly protested against his reference to resignation from the post of Chairman of the Department of Savings of the State Council and went to the village.

Upon removal of the Speransky, began to circulate a note in French, the author of which claimed that Speransky meant his innovations to bring the state to decomposition and complete coup, depicted it with a villain and a traitor of the Fatherland and compared with Cromwell. This note was compiled by Rosencupf, who served in the Commission of the laws and hated Speranssky for eclipsed by his talents, and was corrected by Armfelt.

In September of the same year, due to the Donos that, in a conversation with the archite, the Speransky mentioned the renowned by Napoleon with the clergy in Germany, Speransky was sent to Perm, from where he wrote his famous acquittal writing. In this letter, seeking to justify, Speransky with the maximum fullness lists all possible accusations - both those who heard from the emperor, and those that he believed could remain unspoken. "I don't know exactly what the secret denunciations were consistent with me. From words, koi, when weaning me, Your Majesty was said to tell me, I can only conclude that there were three main points of the charges: 1) that I tried to upset the state with financial affairs. 2) lead taxes in hatred government; 3) Government reviews ... Brutal prejudice on my connections with Francia, the most important thing is supported by the era of my removal, is now the most important and, I can say, the only stain of my prosecution. You are the only one, the aggressive sovereign, Your justice belongs to be howled. I dare to say: in eternal truth before God, you owe, sovereign, it is to do ... Finance, taxes, new establishments, all publications, in which I had the happiness to be your performer, everything is justified by time, but here What I justify when everything is covered and should be covered by secret. "

Decree on August 30, in which it was said that "on attentive and strict consideration of the actions of the" Speransky Sovereign "did not have convincing reasons for suspicions", Speransky was appointed to the position of Penza Civil Governor to give him a way to clear himself fully ". Here he does not even leave thoughts about government transformations and suggests, clearing the administrative part, proceed to freedom of political. To work out the necessary reforms, Speransky advises to establish a committee from the Minister of Finance Gurieva, several governors (including himself) and 2 - 3 provincial leaders of the nobility.

In March 1819, Speransky was appointed Siberian Governor General, and the sovereign in his own letter wrote that this appointment was clearly designed to prove how unfairly the enemies slandered Speransky. Service in Siberia even more cooled the political dreams of Speransky.

Siberian governors were sadly famous for their cruelty and despotism. Knowing this, the emperor instructed Speransky carefully examine all lawlessness and endowed it with the most broad powers. The new Governor-General had to simultaneously and conduct the audit of the edge entrusted to him, and manage it, and develop the foundations of paramount reforms. He was a personal office of the people devoted to him. He then began inspection trips - traveled to the Irkutsk province, visited Yakutia and Transbaikalia.

Speransky understood that evil was rooted not so much in humans as in the Siberian control system itself. He established the General Directorate of Siberia Trade, the State Chamber for Solving Land and Financial Affairs, took whole line measures for encouragement agriculture, trade and edge industry. A number of essential legal acts were developed and adopted. The result of the activities of the Speransky as the Siberian Governor General, the new chapter in the history of Siberia, became the fundamental "Code for Siberia Management", a detailed device, management, legal proceedings and the economy of this part of the Russian Empire.

In March 1821, Alexander allowed Speransky to return to Petersburg. He returned to a completely different person. This was not a defender of the complete transformation of the state system, the conscious of its strength and sharply expressing his opinions, it was an evasive dignity, not bent of flattened diet, even before Arakchev and did not depart before the commendable printed word of military settlements (1825). After the projects of transformations developed by him or under his observation, the transformation projects in Siberia received the strength of the law, Speransky had to be more frequently to see the sovereign, and his hopes for the return of former importance were not justified, although in 1821 he was appointed a member of the State Council.

The death of Alexander and the Decembrist's uprising led to the next change in the fate of the Speransky. He was introduced to the Supreme Criminal Court, established over the Decembrists, and played a far from a recent role.

Another important thing is to prepare a "full meeting" and "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire" - Speransky performed already in the reign of Nicholas I.

Conclusion

Thus, the place and role of Speransky in the history of the transformation of the domestic statehood and the formation of government legislative policies are generally accepted and have an incredit value.

It was Speransky who stood at the origins of the creation of ministries in Russia, still being the core executive. He also created the State Council and the draft State Duma. At the same time, his plan for the fundamental transformation of Russian statehood was only implemented to a small extent, nevertheless, he prepared the soil for the subsequent streamlining of the judicial and legislative system.

Speransky managed to codify Russian legislation for the first time in Russian history - under his leadership, a "complete collection of laws" (56 volumes) and the "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire" (15 volumes) were created. At the heart of the worldview of Speransky lay the desire to approve the rule of law in Russia as opposed to the usual rule of the powerful arbitrariness, albeit even taught formally in the form of "law".

...

A brief biography of Speransky

Speransky was born in the Vladimir province in the family of church studio. FROM early age He studied reading and, along with grandfather Vasily, constantly visited the church and read the sacred books.

In 1780, he comes to the Vladimir seminary, where very soon becomes one of the best students thanks to his mind and abilities to analytical thinking. At the end of the seminary, Speransky continues his education and becomes a student in the same seminary, and then in the Alexander Nevsky Seminary in St. Petersburg. After graduation, the last Speransky remains to teach.

In 1795, the public and political career of Speransky begins. He enters the post of secretary of Prince Kurakina. Speransky quickly moved through the service and by 1801 reaches the rank of a valid Stat adviser. In 1806, he meets Alexander 1 and very quickly enters the location of the emperor. Thanks to his mind and excellent service in 1810, Speransky becomes the Secretary of State - the second person after the sovereign. Speransky starts active political and reform activity.

In 1812-1816, Speransky is located in Opal because of the reforms conducted by him, which affected the interests of too much people. However, already in 1819, he becomes the Governor-General of Siberia, and in 1821 it returns to St. Petersburg.

After the death of Alexander 1 and the promotion on the throne of Nikolai 1 Speransky returns the confidence of power and receives the position of the teacher of the future king Alexander 2. Also at this time establishes " high school legal admission, "in which Speransky actively worked.

In 1839, Speransky dies from a cold.

Political reforms Speransky

Speransky is known, first of all, thanks to its extensive reforms. He was a supporter of the constitutional system, however, he believed that Russia was not ready to say goodbye to the monarchy, so it is necessary to gradually transform the state system, to change the management system and introduce new rules and legislative acts. By order Alexander 1, Speransky developed an extensive reform program that had to withdraw the country from the crisis and transform the state.

The program assumed:

Equalization of all classes before the law;
Reduction of expenses of all government departments;
Establishing hard control over consumption of public funds;
Separation of power on legislative, executive and judicial, change in the functions of ministries;
The creation of new, more advanced judiciary, as well as the creation of new legislation;
Introduction of a new tax system and transformation in the internal economy and trade.

In general, Speransky wanted to create a more democratic system with a monarch headed, where every person, regardless of his origin, had equal rights and could count on protecting his rights in court. Speransky wanted to create a full-fledged state in Russia.

Unfortunately, not all the reforms that Speransky offered were embodied. In many ways, his program was influenced by Alexander 1 fear of such large transformations and displeasure of the nobility that had an impact on the king.

Results of the activities of Speransky

Despite the fact that not all conceived was carried out, some of the projects compiled by Speransky were still embodied.

Thanks to Speransky, managed to achieve:

The growth of the country's economy, as well as the growth of the economic attractiveness of the Russian Empire in the eyes of foreign investors, which made it possible to create a more powerful external trade;
Modernization of the government system. The army of officials began to function more efficiently for a smaller amount of public funds;
Create a powerful infrastructure in the internal economy, which allowed it to develop faster and more efficiently regulate
Create a more powerful legal system. Under the leadership of Speransky, the "Complete Assembly of the Laws of the Russian Empire" was issued in 45 volumes - a document containing all laws and acts issued from the moment of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich.

In addition, Speransky was a brilliant lawyer and lawmaking and the theoretical principles of the Office described by him for the period of their activities, the basis of modern law.

1. But Alexander I saw that the actions of the "Neglass Committee" do not lead to serious changes. A new person was required, who would strongly and consistently conducted reforms. Stats Secretary, Deputy Minister of Justice Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky - a widespread horizon and outstanding abilities.

2. In 1809, on behalf of Alexander I, Speranssky amounted to a draft state reform called "Introduction to the deposition of state laws". It contained the following provisions:

\u003e The principle of separation of the authorities;

\u003e Legislative power must be in the New Parliament - the State Duma;

\u003e executive authorities are carried out by ministries;

\u003e Judicial functions - in the Senate;

\u003e The State Council considers draft laws to their arrival in the Duma (the deliberative body under the emperor);

\u003e Three estates of the Russian society were established: the 1st - the nobility, the 2nd - "middle state" (merchants, state peasants), 3rd - "People workers" (fortress peasants, home servants, workers);

\u003e Political rights belong to the 1st and 2nd yards, but the 3rd can go to 2nd (as property accumulates);

\u003e The electoral law has the 1st and 2nd estimation;

\u003e At the head of the Duma - Chancellor, appointed by the king.

3. The ultimate goal of Speransky saw in the restriction of the autocracy and elimination of serfdom. The legislative power remained in the hands of the king and the highest bureaucracy, but the judgments of the Duma should express the "opinion of the people." Civil rights were introduced: "No one could be punished without a court sentence."

4. Alexander I generally approved the political reform of the Speransky, but decided to conduct it gradually, starting from the simplest. In 1810, the State Council was established, which considered draft laws, clarified their meaning, controlled the ministry; He headed him in Speransky. In 1811, orders on the functions of ministries, about the Senate, were published. But the higher nobility expressed its extreme discontent with the reforms. Alexander I, remembering the fate of his father, suspended reforms.

5. In 1807, Russia was forced to join the continental blockade, which is extremely negatively affected its economy. Under these conditions, Alexander I instructed Speransky to develop a project of economic recovery.

6. In 1810, Speransky prepared a draft economic reform. He included:

\u003e termination of the issue not provided by the values \u200b\u200bof bonds;

\u003e the need to redeem paper money from the population;

\u003e a sharp reduction in government spending;

\u003e Introduction of a special landlocker tax and specific estates;

\u003e Conducting an internal loan;

\u003e Introduction of an extraordinary additional tax for 1 year, which was paid to the fortress peasants and amounted to 50 kopecks per year;

\u003e Introduction of the new customs tariff;

\u003e Prohibition of imports of luxury goods.

7. The criticism of the Speransky reforms intensified, the historian N. M. Karamzin joined it - an ideologist of enlightened absolutism. Speransky was even accused of betrayal because of the sympathies to Napoleon. Alexander I accepted the decision on the resignation of Speransky, who in March 1812. He was exiled to Nizhny Novgorod, then translated into Perm.

8. The reforms of Mikhail Speransky practically in the century overtook the time of their creation. But the projects of "shining the Russian bureaucracy" were the basis on which in the 50s and 1960s of the 19th century, liberal reforms were developed in Russia.

Exercise 1

Using the textbook material and additional sources, list the main milestones of the political biography of M. M. Speransky in 1801-1812. What can you explain the success of his political career?

Secretary of Prince A. B. Kurakina. Officer in the Senate at Curakin. He was brought to the discussion of the materials of the Neglass Committee, was the projects on the topic given. Director of one of their departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Stas Secretary of the emperor. Deputy Minister of Justice.

Task 2.

Prepare a message on the topic "Reforms M. M. Speransky". Make up and write down his exploration plan.

1. The first plan of reforms "Notes on the Device of Judicial and Government agencies in Russia."

2. The second draft reform "Introduction to the deposits of state laws".

3. The main provisions of the project

4. "Project to master the Governing Senate".

5. The value of the proposed reforms for Russia.

The first project of political transformations Speransky proposed the king back in 1803 in the "note on the device of judicial and government agencies in Russia." He set the question of the need for careful introduction in the country of the constitutional monarchy and preventing this way for Russia "French revolutionary nightmare".

Only after the Tilzite world, the king instructed him to draw up a draft comprehensive reform of public administration. In 1809, Speransky prepared in 1809 one of the most important documents in his political career - "Introduction to the deposition of state laws."

Historians celebrate the following key provisions of this document, as a system that is quite clearly characterized by the Speransky reform:

1. At the heart of the political power of the state. Separation of branches on legislative, executive and judicial. Speransky has learned this idea from the ideas of French Enlightenment, in particular Montesquiece. The legislative authority was to be carried out by the State Duma, the executive - already created by the ministries, and the court - the Senate.

2. Creation of a deliberative body under the Emperor, the State Council. This body was to prepare draft laws, which would then be submitted to the Duma, where after the vote could become laws.

3. Social transformation. The reform assumed to carry out the section of Russia's society into three classes: the first - the nobility, the second ("secondary class") - merchants, gentlemen and state peasants, the third - "People workers".

4. Implementation of the idea of \u200b\u200b"natural law". Civil rights (the right to life, arrest only by court decision, etc.) for all three classes, and political rights should belong only to "free people", that is, the first two estates.

5. Social mobility was allowed. When capital accumulation, serfs could redeem themselves, which means to become the second estate, therefore, to get political rights.

6. State Duma is a selection body. Elections were supposed to be held in the 4th stage, thereby creating regional authorities. First of all, two estates were chosen by the Voloste Duma, the members of which chose the county Duma, the deputies of which, in turn, were formed by the provincial Duma. Deputies of the provincial level chose the State Duma.

7. The leadership of the Duma moved to the Chancellor appointed emperor.

Despite the incomplete implementation of the first stage, the Speransky reforms in 1811 published "Casting the Governing Senate". This document suggested:

1. Suggested to divide the Senate on the Governmental (local government issues) and the judicial (chief body of the judicial branch of the Russian Empire).

2. Create a vertical of the judiciary. The provincial, district and volost courts should be created.

3. Expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bproviding fortress civil rights.

This project, as well as the first document of 1809, remained only a project. At the time of 1812, only one idea of \u200b\u200bSperansky was implemented - the creation of the State Council.

Despite the fact that the Speransky reforms were never implemented, they continued to be discussed in Russian society even after the death of the reformer. In 1864, when conducting judicial reform, we took into account the ideas of Speransky regarding the vertical of the judicial system. In 1906, the State Duma in the history of Russia has earned. Therefore, despite the incompleteness, the Speransky project had a huge impact on political life Russian society.

Task 3.

Specify the main idea Project of the political reform of the Speransky. What, in your opinion, was its particular importance for Russia?

Restriction of autocracy and cancellation of serfdom. Providing serfdom civil rights. This would avoid the fate of the French Revolution in Russia, to ensure its economic and political development.

Task 4.

Read the document and answer the questions in writing.

From the letter F. Lagarpa Emperor Alexander I (October 1801)

Let those whom you put at the head of different branches of the Office get used to the idea that they are just your delegates that you have the right to be aware of all the cases, to be about everything you are awareness and what you want to make it a rule. Keep the power inseparable ... In the name of your people, the sovereign, keep an inviolable power entrusted to you ... Do not let disgust that inspires you autocracy, go away from this path. Keep the courage to keep power in your hands all the entire entirely, it is undivided, since the establishment of your country provides you for this legal grounds.

Why is Lagarp, orienting Alexander I for reforms, calls him not to give up autocracy? Is he right in your opinion? Why?

Lagarp rights. The proposed reforms were new for Russia. They had to happen gradually. However, with existing orders and weakening the power of the emperor, the collapse of the empire could happen at that moment. At first it was necessary to form in the minds of officials that all this is done for the country, and not for the personal benefit of everyone.

Task 5.

Write what functions, according to the project M. M. Speransky, should have had:

Senate - judicial authority.

State Duma - Legislative Power.

The State Council is a deliberative body under the emperor, considers all projects to their arrival in the Duma.

Ministries - executive.

Task 6.

Using a textbook material, make up a scheme of higher state authorities in Russia and their interaction on the project M.M. Speransky.

Task 7.

Choose the correct answer.

According to the plan of M. M. Speransky Russia was supposed to be:

a) autocratic monarchy

b) constitutional monarchy

c) parliamentary monarchy

d) Republic

Why M. M. Speransky chose this option? What did he guide?

Speransky chose this option due to the repetition of the events of the French revolution in Russia.

Task 8.

Using the textbook material, fill in the table.

Task 9.

Fill in the table using the textbook material.

Task 10.

Explain the meaning of the concepts:

The ideologist is an expressive and defender of ideology - the aggregate of views, ideas that reflect the attitude of people to existing reality.

Conservatism is a course of whose supporters defend the ideas of conservation of traditions, continuity in political and cultural life.

The instance is a step in the structure of the wards of each other organs.

I decided with the help of a new turn of reform activity. With the cooling of the king, the need for new persons who, however, had to continue the previous direction of reforms. The emperor quickly found a person who answered these requirements. M. M. Speransky became them.

Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky (1772-1839)it took place from the family of a poor rural priest. After graduating from the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, he worked as a teacher for some time, and then by the secretary of Prince A. B. Kurakin - Four of Paul I. When the prince was appointed Senate Prosecutor General, Speransky began to work as an official in the Senate at Curakin. In a short time, he has proven himself truly an indispensable and very capable person. At the beginning of the board of Alexander I, he was among the main acting persons Governments, although not occupied initially large state posts.

Members of the Neglace Committee attracted the Speransky to generalize the materials of their discussions, and then began to entrust it to the preparation of projects according to the topics. In 1803-1807 Speransky had already a post of director of one of the departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was closest to V. P. Kochubayu - All-Fivy Minister of Internal Affairs. During the disease, the Minister of Minister Speransky was instructed instead of him to personally report to the emperor about the state of affairs. These reports showed Alexander that Speransky is the person he needs. In addition, in contrast to the nearest circle of the king, Speransky did not speak against the Tilzite world, sympathizing in the shower of the laws established in France by Napoleon.

The ascent of Speransky began to the heights of state power. Since 1807, he is the State Secretary of the Emperor, and from 1808 - Deputy Minister of Justice, who was simultaneously prosecutor General of the Senate.

Project of political reform: ideas and results.

The first project of political transformations Speransky proposed the king back in 1803 in the "note on the device of judicial and government agencies in Russia." He put the question of the need for cautiously introducing a constitutional monarchy in the country and to prevent Russia for Russia "French revolutionary nightmare." However, only after the Tilzite world, the king instructed him to draw up a draft comprehensive reform of public administration. Such a project was ready for October 1809.

It was the "introduction of state laws", which contained the following provisions:

The state management should be carried out on the basis of the separation of the authorities: legislature belongs to a new electoral institution;

State Duma; The executive power is carried out by ministries; The judiciary belongs to Senate;

Another new body - the State Council - was to become a deliberative body under the Emperor and consider all draft laws to their arrival in the Duma;

- the three main estimates of Russian society were established:

1) nobility

2) "middle condition" (merchants, gentlemen, state peasants),

3) "People workers" (fortress peasants, home servants, workers);

Political rights were supposed to belong to representatives of the "free" (first two) classes; However, the third estate received general civil rights (the main among them was the provision that "no one can be punished without a court sentence") and could, as property and capital accumulates, go to the second estate; The first estate maintained special rights (buying estates with fasteners, etc.);

Only persons who have moved by driven and real estate (i.e., representatives of the first two classes) were obtained (i.e. representatives of the first two classes);

Elections to the State Duma were assumed to be quadrupless (first the elections were held in the volost duma, then deputies of these bodies elected members of the district dum, those, in turn - deputies of the provincial Dumum. And only the provincial Duma chose deputies of the State Duma);

Chancellor prescribed by the king of the Duma was to lead the work of the Duma.

The implementation of the Speransky project should have become an important step On the path of reforms. This plan would eventually be developed in other transformations. The final goal of the reformer saw in the restriction of the autocratic power of the king and the elimination of serfdom.

Alexander I generally approved the Speransky project. However, he should be implemented gradually, without causing shocks in society. With this in mind, the king decided at the beginning to give the progress of the most "harmless" part of the reform.

On January 1, 1810, the Manifesto on the creation of the State Council was published. Its main task was to guide the procedure in the preparation and adoption of laws. All their projects should now be considered only through the State Council. The Council appreciated not only the content of the laws, but also the need for their adoption. Its task also included the "clarification" of the meaning of laws, taking measures to their execution. In addition, Council members were to consider reports of ministries and make proposals for the distribution of government revenues and expenses.

The State Council was intended to become not a legislative, but an internative body under the emperor, the instrument of its legislative power.

In 1811, Speransky prepared the project "Casting the Governing Senate", which should have become the next step towards political reform. Based on the idea of \u200b\u200bseparation of the authorities, he suggested dividing the Senate to the Governmental (asked local government issues) and judicial (being the highest judicial authority and controlling all judicial institutions). This project, however, was not implemented.

Conducted in 1810 - 1811. Transformations, as well as the desire to provide serfdom civil rights caused such a storm of indignation among the highest officials and most nobles that Alexander was forced to stop the implementation of reforms: the fate of the father was too fresh in mind.

Resignation M. M. Speransky: Causes and consequences.

Speransky on behalf of the Emperor developed and projects of economic reforms. They envisaged the restriction of state costs and a certain increase in taxes that affected the nobility. Countering reforms under these conditions began to wear outdoor. The criticism of the government joined such authoritative people, such as, for example, N. M. Karamzin - one of the ideologues of conservatism.

Alexander understood perfectly well that the sharp criticism of the Speransky, essentially aimed at his own address. Speranssky was further accused of betraying for his sympathy for orders in France, which he allegedly wanted to introduce Napoleon in Russia. The king could no longer restrain the wave of criticism and decided on the resignation of Speransky. Not the last role here was played by the emperor's intention to unite society on the eve of the approaching war with Napoleon. In March 1812, Speransky was sent to Nizhny Novgorod, and then to Perm.

Despite the fact that the Speransky reforms did not hurt the foundations of the feudal-autocratic system, they were almost never implemented. At the same time, the reformists of the Speransky made up the basis on which new projects of transformations were later generated.