Gender linguistics. Differences for male and female speech. Study of the features of male and female speech on the phonetic and lexical levels of language

Doctor of Philological Sciences V. Alpatov.

So far, all nations of the world have preserved traces of archaic separation of the language on male and female. Of course, the differences between them exist purely biological, at least because the female voice is above male. However, the linguists are more interesting to those differences that are due (directly or indirectly) social reasons. Despite the fact that living conditions and lifestyle have changed over the last century, the language changes much slower. And these residual phenomena are more significant or barely noticeable - they are found even in modern societies. In the article by Professor V. M. Alpath, special attention was paid to Japan, where traditional way was preserved in many areas of life. The article is illustrated by photographs of our editor O. S. Belokoneva, which in 2001-2002 worked at the University of Osaka.

Even quite modern students of Japan adhere to traditions not only in festive clothing, but also in speech: it, as in ancient times, is quite different from how men say.

If a man and woman in Japan have to come up with the public, the way, as in everyday life, the partner is given a certain role.

After the Japanese woman marries, the scope of her interests, as a rule, narrows sharply - it is immersed in home affairs and care, which is reflected on her speech.

These little girls since childhood learn to wear kimono - traditional Japanese outfit.

Already in kindergartens and school institutions, girls are vaccinated certain rules behavior.

In some societies, various features of the construction of speech in women and men were complied with so strictly that even special language variants appeared. Sometimes it came to the fact that men and women generally spoke in different languages, as was observed in some Indian tribes of South America.

In Chukchi language, for example, differences on the floor are reflected in phonetics: men utter some sounds, and women use others in their respective words. But, as a rule, such differences are most brightly manifested in vocabulary: some words are forbidden to pronounce women - most often the names of her husband and his relatives, as well as words, similar to their names. In such cases, women use descriptive expressions or invent new words.

So it was before the beginning of the twentieth century and in a number of Turkic languages: Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Altai. (Such phenomena are observed and now in some Arab dialects of Maghreb, in the language of Zulu in South Africa.) For example, the Kazakhs should have had instead of the name of the husband to say the "Host of Fire" or "Father" plus the name of their son. At the Altaians, if the name of the husband meant "Six", the wife did not have the right to use this numerical and had to say "one more than five."

But it is not necessary to think that significant differences between the male and female speech are only peculiar to the peoples, where the archaic traditions are completely dominated. These differences are also found in modern developed countries that have retained the traditional way of life. It is of particular interest to Japan, on which we will focus more.

Even in the Middle Ages (IX-XII) in the Japanese court environment, there was a "men's" and "female" literature based on different letters and in many respects in different languages. Men wrote scientific and religious treatises and business papers, used the hieroglyphs who came from China, the language of their writings was full of borrowing from Chinese. Court ladies composed "female" novels and essays, wrote on a purely Japanese language without looking at high chinese style, used Japanese Azbuka Haragan (knowledge of women of hieroglyphs was considered indecent). It was the women who was composed then the great works of Japanese literature "Tale about Genji" and "Notes from the head of" (in the "male" literature of the corresponding time, there was nothing so significant). Women demonstrated talent and education, but literary activities did not mean equal to the men. Just artistic prose was considered a frivolous occupation, unworthy of a man.

In modern Japan, men and women write more or less equally, but the distinctive features in colloquial speech continue to be very noticeable. It is impossible to avoid them. How admitted Linguist Suguimo Maico, she for a long time I believed that, being educated and independent, does not say "female", but, starting to observe himself, was convinced that the archaic features appear in her speech constantly.

For example, at the end of the proposals, the Japanese constantly use of different kind Particles expressing emotions of the speaker. A set of these particles in men and women is different. Different men and women use everyday words, such as personal pronouns. The most standard pronoun 1 of the 1st person for men - boku.; In situations that do not require politeness, they can also call themselves oRE. Women can not use these pronouns. In communicating with close people, Japanese will call themselves atashi.Men will not say that. Standard Female Pronouncement of the 1st Person watashi.men are used, but less often, only in a conversation with officials. The pronouns of the 2nd person differ.

The presence of male and female options in Japanese is closely related to the speech etiquette. Its feature is a large number of so-called polite (and actually etiquette) words and grammatical forms. And it turns out that many of the most "polite" words and forms are used only by women, and the least "polite" - only by men. For example, many women to increase the overall politeness of their speech almost every noucent attachment attachment about-. Its use it only in strictly defined cases, first of all, with the official appeal to the upstream person. Since in our days, teachers of kindergartens and primary school teachers are usually women, some boys adopt their habit of using this "polite" prefix everywhere, and then they have to gain.

Here is an example from the novel writer Matsumoto Satyo, where the action takes place in not so long time. The husband leaves for a business trip, and the wife, asking when he returns, uses the verb kaeru.`Return" in the form o-Kaeri-Ni Narimasu. Here, respect to the chapter of the family is expressed twice: as to the interlocutor (suffix -Imas-) and as a subject of action (polite prefix about-and auxiliary verb naru.). The husband answers using the same verb in simple form. kaeru.. In the dialog, this form is used in relation to the lower. Now such turns almost come out of use.

Differences between male and female speech are found even on the letter. Japanese researcher S. Makino asked the subjects to write an essay - retelling a famous tale about Cinderella. It turned out that men considered the most important statement of the fairy tale without emotions and evaluations. Women have definitely expressed sympathy with heroin, but very often retelling the text quite bitchily.

Differences can be manifested in speech behavior. Japanese psychologists K. Yamadzaki and H. Yurysia held such experience in 1984: the group of students broke into randomly selected couples from boys and girls. They were offered to talk about free topics, and the conversation was confirmed secretly from them. It turned out that in each pair, the domination of the tree is a man: he chose the topic, passed from one topic to another, interrupted the interlocutor, while his partner accepted the rules established by him and could not interrupt him. She basically answered questions and complemented the words of the interlocutor. In a Talk show on Japanese television, men usually lead the whole conversation, and women will give themselves and create an emotional background. True, recently the behavior of the leading changes. They adopt Western Manner.

In general, according to the Japanese linguist C. Ogino, the differences in male and women's speech increase with age, reaching a maximum in the age group of 50-60 years. Then they decrease slightly. What once again proves that existing speech differences are related to the social status of Japanese men and women. All other things being equal, the man turns out to be dominant.

Features of women's speeches are associated with the limited spheres of life with whom they dealt with. The relationship between the status of a woman and its speech features in different age groups is obvious. There is no special difference in the social roles of boys and girls or even students and students, but when, in accordance with the traditions of the Japanese society, a man begins to rise through the social staircase, and the woman goes into households, their roles are increasingly disagree. Men achieve the peak of their career in 50-60 years, but in old age when they leave work, the roles again come closer. All this is still reflected in the language.

Of course, the domination of men in the Japanese society is even more pronounced much more than in modern Russia or in the West. But times are changing. Many Japanese women in recent years continue to work after marriage; Women appear - managers, heads of companies and even ministers. Accordingly, speech differences begin to smooth and speech differences. Not all spouses are talking to each other as a writer Maumo Sat in the example above. The language itself changes. For example, in Japanese, there are more than a dozen words corresponding to the Russian wife, one of them may indicate only their wife, others - the wife of another person. And these words are closely connected with the traditional position of a married woman. For example, our wife is often called kanai.that literally means inside the house. But one Japanese in a conversation with me, learning from what country I am, said that his wife was there as a tourist. And he had nothing left how to call her waifu.from English wife.. If a woman travels without a husband, then she does not kanai..

Traditions include in the social hierarchy. The sign of sex in Japan is still strong, including among the women themselves. Very often, for the reason that many language and speech features are complied with automatically and unconsciously, persists simply by tradition, even among independent women. For example, students who are less than other women tend to say "in female", sometimes, using even male pronouns, they continue to use archaic expressions. Japanese experts agree that the stability of many expressions with residual phenomena will remain quite long.

In Russian, English and other languages, the differences between how men say and women say, of course, not so noticeable. For example, in Russian there are no special male or female pronouns and particles, and in the dialogue, the woman often interrupts a man and asks him the topic of conversation. But this does not mean that there are no differences at all, just some words and expressions are more likely to use men, and others are women. Absolutes and only the differences dictated by the system and the norm of the language are absolute. So, a Russian man will say: I came, and woman: I myself came. But it is often quite obvious that only a man or only a woman can be expressed in this way (although it may be, not everyone or not every one), although the language of the language does not require this.

For example, in one article described the case of a strong speech disorder, in which only about two dozens of simple words and sustainable combinations could have a patient. The patient's floor was not indicated, but a dictionary of his speech was brought, in which there was such a class among the preserved units: Oh, girls!Obviously, it could only be a woman. This expression (consisting of two words, but the playing role of whole interjections) is peculiar only by the emotional female speech when contacting inside the women's team. Man if it turns out, then only a joke; In his main dictionary, this expression will never enter. However, not every woman will eat it daily. And there are many such cases in Russian, we just do not notice them often.

These distinguishing features of the construction of male and female speech are manifested at different levels. For example, in a large number of languages, they are very noticeable in intonation, they are naturally in vocabulary, whereas in the pronunciation of sounds or in grammar is usually not so great (the Chukchi example is rare). Language units denoting feelings, desires, internal state of talking, men and women use unequal. Examples with Japanese emotional particles and with Russian expression Oh, girls Believe just to this row. Some linguists consider the tendency to emotional painting with a common feature of women's speech. But in the sphere of language associated with the designation of the phenomena of the outside world, such differences are expressed significantly less. Therefore, in household speech, they are much more noticeable than in scientific or business texts: the author of the author of the scientific report or business letter is usually difficult to determine. But in fiction literature, more connected with the sphere of emotions, it is manifested brighter. Even the cases of coincidence of sexual differences with genre, as in medieval Japan. No wonder and now there is a concept of "female novel". Although there are examples when the male authors are printed under the women's pseudonyms, foliating under the female style, and their books are successful at the "weak half" of humanity.

It should be borne in mind that most of the grammar and textbooks of specific languages \u200b\u200btraditionally have "male orientation". For a long time, the peculiarities of the female speech were not engaged and did not notice them. But recently, in Western Science, this topic has become very fashionable, the so-called gender linguistics has actively started to develop. She revealed that the differences between male and female speech existed always and everywhere. But a truly deep study of all processes in this area is still ahead.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

State educational institution

Higher professional education

Irkutsk State Linguistic University

abstract

on the topic:

Women's and men's speech:

similarities and differences

Department of Russian Language and Literature

Performed: Hogueva Eugene,

Student c. St1-10-01

Checked: Art. prep. Maclakova T.B.

Irkutsk

2010

Introduction………………………………………………………… ……...3

Women's and men's speech ............................................. 4 - 5

Differences .................................................................. ... 6 - 11
Similarities .................................................................. ... 11

Gender linguistics ..............................................12 - 15

Conclusion…………………………………………………… …………....16

Bibliography…………………………………………………… …..17

Introduction

In different ways, not only residents of different locations say in the same language, not only representatives of different professions, not only people of different ages. It turns out that there are still men and women in different ways. However, in European languages \u200b\u200bthis distinction is usually not so noticeable, although linguists have recently and here it was possible to detect small, but curious differences. They manifest itself mainly in choosing individual words. For example, women speaking in Russian, more often use decreasing suffixes ( pretty, Pretty, Slavnya Handbag); the words a great or hefty Rather, they will meet in the speech of a man, and some charming or madly charming We almost certainly heard only from a woman.

The object of study in this work is feminine and men's speech; The subject of research is features of feminine and male speech.

The scientific novelty of the study is that the influence of sex on the speech behavior of a person has not yet been determined and even scientists cannot come to mutual opinions in this matter.

The material of the study was a vocabulary, which is used by people of different sexes, i.e. it is used with the official and unofficial communication of people of conscious age. At about the age of 15 - 50, and maybe more younger and older ages. Sources of material are thematically multidirectional books, sites, forums, articles and own observations.

The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of sex on the speech behavior of a person.

"Do not joke with a woman.
These jokes are stupid and inappropriate. "
K. Prtukhkov

Women's and men's speech

The most important division of the human race into two parts (men - women) until recently did not attract the special attention of linguists. Sociolinguistics 1, psycholinguistics 2, Ethnolinguistics 3 studied differences in the language and its use associated with differences between different groups of people, not paying attention to the differences in the floor. The groupings of another kind reflecting the differentiation of social, age-related, professional, local (place of birth and residence), ethnic, etc. and only relatively recently, scientists began to pay special attention to the features of male and female speech.

In the period of activefeminist criticism of language 4 (70s - the beginning of the 80s. The twentieth century) Linguists insisted on existence intentivism, i.e., conscious maintenance of men of his superiority through speech behavior - the length of speech segments, frequency of interruptions, speaking simultaneously with the interlocutor, control over the subject of communication and the other. It did not take into account the high importance of social structures (schools, churches, army, etc.), making themselves to maintain male superiority and liberating individuals from the need to constantly reproduce it in all situations. Along with the intensalism, at this stage of research, excessive significance attached to the factory. However, further studies have shown that such situations and contexts are very common, in which the floor plays such an important role than the age factor, social and ethnicity, the level of education and the profession. However, as practice shows, the floor still affects the behavior of people, and therefore on speech.

Women's and men's speech is conditional name of lexical preferences and some other features of language use depending on the floor of the speaker. The sexual differentiation of speech became known from the 17th century, when new native tribes were opened, which had rather significant differences in speech depending on the floor of the speaker. First of all, it concerned women, since their speech behavior was regulated more than male, so the so-called "female languages" was discussed in the scientific description. Most often, the differences are manifested in vocabulary, but can also be distributed to other phenomena, such as, for example, in Japanese, sets of modally expressive particles, politeness form and other differences are distinguished. In European languages, some differences in language use are also noted, but they are not universal, but manifest as trends. Initially, speech differences were explained by the nature of women and men, i.e. were considered constant factors. In the 60s of the twentieth century, the probabilistic nature of differences was established with the development of sociolinguistics.

Differences:

Male speech is informative, straightforward, is saturated with facts, numbers and logical conclusions, words are dominated with a clearly defined value. The female speech is emotionally, not much more important than the words themselves, and the intonation with which they are pronounced, and among the women themselves, communication is generally at the non-verbal level. For example, a typical bachelorette party - all women speak at the same time, no one listens to anyone, the conversation is not going into the essence, but it receives true pleasure from the process. And the female speech is replete with interjections: "Oh!", "Ah!", "Well, in general!" and by different stylistic delights - epithets, metaphors, allegory and, of course, exaggeration.

Woman linguistically "faster" men, she masters faster foreign languagesBy introducing them to society: in Petrovsky times - French, in the XIX. - English (who has long been considered the tongue of the young lady, the boys taught German). The linguistic question in women is always more answers, and the answers are given in almost one expressions, since the set of common words in women is always surprisingly coincided. Men show more individuality in choosing vocabulary. In general, men create stamps, and their women diligently retain.
In fluent speech, women more often use pronouns, particles, denials and other service words in which emotion can be invest. The speech of men is focused on nouns, which directly embody the concepts. The "male" terminuses of an abstract meaning prefers domestic words, but it is already having a special vocabulary, it begins to even abuse it. However, it is possible to argue on this topic.
As the famous linguist V.V. Kollesov wrote, "Even in complex cases It is more convenient to ponder women out out loud, and then the monologue turns into a dialogue, often getting strongered gradually into the choir. " Thanks to the aspiration to the dialogue, women's speech is approaching the colloquial style, often violating strict laws of the literary norm. In a constant conflict between a sustainable literary norm and bizarre-changing Russian speech, a woman holds the side of the latter and introduces spoken expressions.
As for morphological preferences, the woman loves the adjectives, forms of Super Salary 5, expressive expressions ( Horror how much!), Disthemisms 6 ( crash, from mind can come together, idi here, I you now kill; In general, there are very many coarse dysfamisms, Masculinization 7 is reflected primarily on speech). Men prefer the language means of expressing an objective modality, and women - language means of subjective modality (particles, expression, interjections, dysphmisms, eufemism 8).
In the wordwork of women prefer Diminative 9 suffixes. While the man worked on the typewriter, she was a car, Since the beginning of the 20th century. He was changed by the "Pisch Bar" - and the car turned around machine. Linguists believe that vintage Russian words bowl, Misa, logian, ironing It was the woman who turned into cup, bowl, spoon, ironing. Typically female word Cosmeticichka.
According to American researchers, D.Gajaj and N. Benford, women begin their story not from the main thing, but with small inconcent details, which often causes irritation from the source or interlocutor. And there are no men, they are the opposite begin their story from the most important and very important to the interlocutor without emotions and "paints", exaggerations and distortions of information.
Scientists V.I.Zhelvis and A.P. Martynyuk celebrate such qualities of women as: a lot of politeness in contacting the interlocutor and a large restraint in the use of rude and faded vocabulary. For example, V.I. Zhelvis expresses the idea that women consider aggressiveness with an undesirable phenomenon and seek to avoid reasons to her occurrence. Therefore, they have less opportunities to show aggressiveness externally.

It should also be noted that the written speech of men and women also has a number of differences.

Men's written speech:

- the use of army and prison jargon;
- Frequent use of introductory words, especially having a statement: Obviously, undoubtedly, of course;
- Used large number abstract nouns;
- use when transferring an emotional state or estimating the subject or phenomenon of words with the smallest emotional indexation; monotony of lexical techniques when transferring emotions;
- combinations of officially and emotionally marked vocabulary when contacting relatives and relatives;
- the use of newspaper and journalistic clichés;
- the use of obscene words as the introductory (love, bl ... dy, found) and the monotony of used obscene words, as well as the predominance of obscene incidence and designs, denoting actions and processes, as well as the predominance of verbs of the active collateral and transition;
- inconsistency of punctuation signs with emotional speech.

Women's written speech:

The presence of many input words, definitions, circumstances, locomotive subjects and additions, as well as modal structures expressing different degrees of uncertainty, estimated, uncertainty (may be, apparently, in my opinion);
- a tendency to use "prestigious", stylisticly elevated forms, cliche, bookmarks (experienced a sense of junk and squeamishness; a sharp conversation; silhouettes of adolescents);
- the use of connotatively neutral words and expressions, euphemisms (obsteaded instead of mutilated; in drunk instead of drunk);
- the use of appraisal statements (words and phrases) with deactive lexemes instead of the name of the face by name (this bastard; these scums);
- Big pattern of speech when describing feelings, manifold Invective and their accentuation with the help of amplifying particles, adverbs and adjectives (and what kind of you are ...; there is ... whether it should be; hot e ... la). These features of the use of the surrounding vocabulary speak, according to the author, that each of them is given literal meaning, there is no different value of the value inherent in male speech. Inspections, as a rule, hide the biophysiological characteristics of a woman: appearance, age, sexuality;
- In the Incorts, zonimes are found high frequency (the sandy deaf, ram Malahol); Music-noun and verbs in a passive pledge prevail (it will come in a moonshine; take it from work every day on a wheelbarrow);
- High-frequency is also the use of the designs of "adverb + adverb" (too ruthlessly; very good), simple and complex offers, syntactic revolutions with double denial; Frequent use of punctuation marks, high emotional coloring of speech as a whole. Analysis of Russian phraseology gives opposite results. As V. N. Telia notes, "For Russian ordinary self-consciousness, the perception of a woman as weak gender is uncharacteristic and opposing its" strong semi ": these combinations, which came out of the book-romantic discourse 10, did not become the affiliation of everyday use of the language." The study of the German and Russian phraseological foundation has revealed that in Russian material the image of a woman is wider than in German, not only in quantitative, but also in qualitative relation, it reflects a variety of social roles, degrees of kinship, stages of women's life, its various tasks and skills . These findings are confirmed not only in studies on phraseological material, but also in the work on the study of the mythological consciousness of Russian, reflected, in particular, in Russian folk magical fairy tales.

It can be concluded that the differences in writing speech and orally intertwined with each other, creating us the overall picture of female and male speech, but these differences are due not only to the differentiation of sex, but also social status and education and a number of other reasons.

Similarities:

Despite all the above differences in the speech of different floors, we can say that there are no sharp "impassable" borders between male and women's speech in Russian. The marked features of the male and female speech are defined as tendency of consumption. There are often cases when certain phenomena detected in the speech of men and women are associated with the peculiarities of their mental warehouse, character, profession, roles in society, but not with the difference in the floor. But on this occasion you can breed a variety of discussions and never come to a common opinion, because it is a very controversial question, in which you can quickly come to delusion or get even more confused.

Gender linguistics

Scientists have established that each person has two types of gender: biological floor and sociocultural.

Biological floor is a combination of anatomical and physiological signs, thanks to which we can define a man or a woman in front of us.

Gender or human socio-cultural floor is a combination of social expectations and norms, values \u200b\u200band reactions that form individual features. In patriarchal heterosexual culture, gender is closely tied to the biological and anatomical characteristics of a person and acquires the nature of regulations.

And the study of the gender is engagedgender linguistics.

Gender linguistics (Linguistic Gender) - the scientific direction in the interdisciplinary gender studiesWith the help of a linguistic conceptual apparatus, studying gender 11 (sociocultural floor, understood as a conventional construct, relatively autonomous on biological gender).

The formation and intensive development of gender linguistics falls in the last decades of the twentieth century, which is associated with the development of postmodern philosophy and a change in the scientific paradigm in humanitarian sciences.

Work description

Faculty of linguistics and journalism

Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication

COURSE WORK

Male and female language in colloquial speech

031202 - Translation and translationography

scientific adviser -

candidate of Philology,

Is done by a student:

group 741.

Rostov-on-Don

Introduction

This work is a study of one of the most interesting problems of the differences between the male and female speech, as two subsystems of the language having their own characteristics and distinctive features. This problem attracts the attention of researchers over the past 20 years, but many issues still remain controversial and require additional research. In particular, along with the study of general problems of male and female speech, much attention should be paid to the development of the main theoretical provisions of the influence of sex factor in the language.

This work is an attempt to a systematic study of the subsystems of male and female speech. Such analysis is of interest from the point of view of the description of the Russian language, since the male and female varieties of the language make a special and special element of its structure. At the same time, they reflect some features of relations in Russian society and contribute to the best understanding of this society.

We define as main goals Our work is as follows: first, it is an attempt to analyze men and women's speech and find out how justified the hypothesis about the existence of two separate subsystems, and, if it is confirmed, to allocate the main characteristics of these subsystems. What affects the choice of one or another form of statement, in what situation the speaker trying to give his speech a special shade of "femininity" or "masculinity

At the same time, we put the task not only to classify and give a description of those or other features of male and female speech, but also to compare them, show how these subsystems interact are interacting which mechanisms are in place when choosing one form or another. The question of the further development of these subsystems and the prospects for their existence in the future is also important, which requires careful analysis of the data obtained and conclusions.

Let's point main goalsthat are put in our study:

1) determine the main parameters and research methods; identify the main theories and concepts that make it possible to effectively analyze;

2) to monitor the speech activities of men and women;

3) to analyze and summarize the results obtained and draw conclusions;

4) Explain the importance of the obtained conclusions.

As basic research methods Described and comparative, also uses the method of survey informants.

The main material for the coursework was the statistical data and polls, obtained by research conducted over the past fifteen years of linguists.

In our work, we will check the justification of the main stereotypes associated with the concepts of male and female speech, and try to find out to what extent they are reliable and effective in different contexts and situations.

Work has structureShe consists of two chapters. The first of them is devoted to the study of the general theory of the issue, i.e. The validity of the allocation of male and female speech as special subsystems of the language. This chapter also considers the history of the issue. The second chapter is devoted to the study of specific features of male and female speech in Russian at different levels. In addition, the stylistic features of the male and female speech are analyzed. Features of the male and female speech are not manifested in equitable extent at all levels, and in accordance with this, special attention will be paid to the most important points.

Chapter 1. Theoretical Basics of Gender Research

1.1 Gender Linguistics

Gender linguistics (linguistic gender) is a scientific direction as part of interdisciplinary gender studies, with the help of a linguistic conceptual apparatus, which is studied by Gender (sociocultural floor, understood as a conventional construct, relatively autonomous on biological gender).

In general terms, gender linguistics studies two groups of issues:

The reflection of the gender in the language: nominative system, lexicon, syntax, category of kind and a number of similar objects. The purpose of this approach is to describe and explain how manifests in the language. The presence of people of different sexes are attributed to what the assessments are attributed to men and women and in which semantic areas they are most common, which linguistic mechanisms are based on this process.

Speech and generally communicative behavior of men and women: is investigated, with what means and in which contexts gender is designed, as social factors and communicative environments affect this process (for example, Internet). In this area, the theory of sociocultural determinism and the theory of biodeterminism is competing to date.

From the mid-nineties of the twentieth century in Russian humanitarian science begins the rapid development of gender linguistics associated with the development of new theoretical installations. On the initial stage studies have not developed differentiated; The focus of scientists were in general methodological questions.

In recent years, there has been a variety of methodological approaches to the study of gender, ascending to various understanding of its essence and discussions of supporters of bio and sociodeterminism. Features of the gender concept in different languages \u200b\u200band cultures, their mismatch, as well as the consequences of this discrepancy in intercultural communication are also of interest to scientists. The data obtained in a number of studies allow us to conclude about the unequal degree of androcentrism different languages and cultures and varying degrees of explicit of the gender expression.

1.2 History of linguistic research on the influence of sex factor in language

In the middle of the XX century Attention was drawn to the influence of extrallinguistic factors in the language of some nations. In the 40s and 50s. XX century In the works of anthropologists-linguists, it was noted that the floor of the speaker plays an important role in different language situations. Especially the work of E. Sepir "Language, Culture and Personality" ("Language, Culture and Personality") published in 1949, in which he, conducting an analysis of the Yana tribe of the tribe, was investigated by the use of the male and women's subsystem of the language and their connection With the concept of "floor" in Yana. He found out that men of this tribe use male speech for mutual communication, while women's speech was used by women to communicate with representatives of both sexes, and men to communicate with women. Consequently, the question arises how justified to talk about the existence of two parallel and equally significant subsystems in the language of Yana. It seems that in this case there are a standard language, widely used by all native speakers, and a special "male" jargon. Another type of separation of the language on the basis of Paul was found by M. Haas, exploring the Louisiana Muskodin tribe Indians in the south-west of the American state of Louisiana in 1978. She found that both men, and women owned both subsystems, and used them if necessary Depending on the situation. In the modern era, the women's language subsystem in this tribe is preserved only in the speech of women of the older generation. Young people fully absorbed men's speech as they began to engage in the same types of activities as men. This phenomenon seems particularly interesting in the light of the changes in women's speech in Russia.

However, the first fundamental linguistic studies of this phenomenon were undertaken only in the 60s. XX century With the development of sociolinguistics. Attention was drawn to sociocultural factors affecting the formation of speech and language. As already mentioned, among them particularly began to allocate such characteristics of the speaker and interlocutor as age, gender, social status. A detailed study was conducted by V. Labov (1966), which analyzed the distribution of five phonetic options for the combination of "Ing" among men and women in New York. He studied the influence of public status factors, nationality, gender, age and environment. This study is extremely important, since the respondents were middle-class representatives, conventional urban residents, carefully selected by sex, age, social status. Everyone responded was analyzed in various situations, from formal to informal, while simultaneously from the point of view of several factors - linguistic, sociological and situational. This study gave scientific recognition to the assumption that the floor is one of the factors affecting speech.

In the 70s G.G. All over the world, a new wave of interest in women's speech, associated with feminist movement begins. A number of scientists argued that the use of certain stereotypical "female" forms adversely affects women's attempts to conquer an equal position in society. This point of view is often found and later - for example, in the works of X. Abe, S. IDE, K. Marie, M. Nakamura, R. Lakoff and others. The main areas of research were phonetics, morphology and lexicology. The classic was the study of R. Lakoff (1975) "Language and the situation of women." It caused a lot of disputes. The author was criticized for the fact that she was analyzed on his own intuition and was looking for the causes of female speech solely in social factors. In this study, there is a shortage of specific data. The author fuckedly divided the influence of the sex factor, on the one hand, and traditional ideas about the role and relationship between men and women in society, on the other.. Lakoff took male talk about the norm. This distracted the attention of researchers both from a more systematic learning language in the complex and from the study of male speech, in particular. Despite all the disadvantages, this work has become a fundamental female speech phenomenon in a number of studies. It can be said that she laid the beginning of the inexhaustible stream of scientific papers on this issue. In Japanese Sociolingwist, this approach is observed in many authors and now. The number of works devoted to the feminine speech is much superior to the number of works on male speech. After the study of R. Lakoff, many scientific works were devoted to the analysis of women's speech, for example, in English. Studies of women's speech were carried out in three areas:

1) Analysis of how the woman is designated in a particular language and how the attitude towards it is manifested in the language;

2) Analysis of how women say;

3) Analysis of what communicative strategy women use in communication.

Over time, the question arose: Is there any universal principle that acting in all languages, which has become the basis for the separation of colloquial speech on the male and female option, or in each language the influence of the sex factor for speech is based on the special characteristics of mentality, culture and state of society of this people . Scientists rushed to search for universals in the ratio "The floor of the speaker / Paul of the source - features in using the language." They tried to find out whether the molds caused by the difference in the field of the speaker and the interlocutor are used in the same areas of grammar in all languages \u200b\u200bor there are special rules for use depending on the language. To determine this, you needed data from different languages. The relative shortage of research, their non-library, constantly changing priorities in the directions of linguistic studies led to the fact that the issue of universal remains open to this day. But the very formulation of this issue led to active search, accumulating a large amount of data and their subsequent processing in a number of languages. Such a kind of research was carried out mainly on the material of the English language. For example, P. Tradzhil (1974) conducted a study built on the same principles as the analysis of V. Labov, in Norwich (England).

The emergence of gender studies in domestic linguistics is usually dating from the mid-nineties of the twentieth century. It was during this period that the term gender appeared in the Russian scientific literature, and foreign theoretical works on gender issues became available to the domestic reader.

The domestic linguistics, however, did not ignore the sex problem, and considered it (even before the term, the term Gender) within the framework of other linguistic disciplines. These studies were not systemic, did not claim the status of the scientific direction and were not associated with the theory of social constructivism, but domestic scientists contributed to the development of issues, later enhanced by gender studies. Distinctive trait Russian studies are an implicit assumption of the social conditionality of many phenomena, reflecting the relationship of sex and language, which apparently is associated with the domination in the Soviet period of the Marxist theory.

A characteristic feature of the Soviet, and then Russian linguistic genderworks can be called the practical focus of the study of the male and female speech: a large number of works is associated with the needs of forensic examination. They are focused on the diagnosis and establishment of identification signs of male and female speech. The most significant for this type of research is the development of methods for determining the imitation of the speech of the face of the opposite sex. It turns out how to establish the identity of imitation, which signs of the text allow you to establish falsification. Obviously, to solve this problem, it is necessary to have a clearly verified set of signs of male and female speech. So, T.V. Homon believes: "In order to conclude the fact of imitation of the speech of the face of another sex, you need to establish which complex of classification features (identification characteristics) of female and male speech is a catchy, often occurring and easy to simulate, and what signs to imitate more difficult, which is due to the depth Processes of speech generation and cannot be hidden, disguised. " The author allocates a complex of surface and depth signs of male and female speech. The superficial description includes a competent description of the fragments of reality, where women are traditionally dominated: cooking, focus on fashion problems, education, household (We emphasize that the reasons for such a division of labor are not considered not considered non-relevant), - or men: the repair of equipment, home work with the help of plumbing and similar tools, knowledge of sports teams, etc. Such signs can be relatively easily falsified. The author believes "the presence in the text, composed on the face of a woman (men), characteristics, more reflecting the psycholinguistic skills of men's (female) written speech in the text. To them, the author relates:

At the same time, the data on the gender specificity of speech behavior is very contradictory, to which McCobi and Jektlin psychologists also indicated, analyzing almost all the experimental work on the differences in the speech of women and men at that time. Today it is believed that gender features should be considered in combination with the status, social group, level of education, situational context, etc., as well as taking into account the changing situation in society. For example, in Japanese, there is a culturally attached tradition and a previously mandatory tradition of speech differences between men and women, which is expressed in the use of different suffixes, different names of the same items, etc. It was noted, however, that young working Japanese refuses the so-called "female language" and enjoy "male" speech funds.

Since the mid-nineties of the twentieth century, the domestic humanitarian science begins the rapid development of gender studies itself. Initially, gender issues carried away young scientists. In linguistic circles, researchers treated it with a large proportion of skepticism, which may be associated with the rejection of the feminist component. At the initial stage of scientific development of gender issues, the study developed undifferentially, the focus of scientists were in general methodological issues, in particular the ontological status of gender.

In modern domestic science, there is a wide variety of methodological plants in the study of the gender, ascending to a different understanding of its essence in the discussions of supporters of bio and sociodeterminist approaches. The concepts of foreign scientists were initially systematized, the possibilities of applying a number of foreign methods and methodologies on the material of the Russian language were also discussed, the material of domestic studies belonging to gender issues was collected and summarized. Pragmatics and semantics category of the genus became the theme of a number of dissertation studies. In other words, there was an understanding of the floor not only as a natural, but also as a conventional phenomenon.

Growth and Kirilli in their works considered gender affiliation not as a biological floor, but as a social role, to be a man or a woman. And in accordance with this, the commission of the relevant culture of actions, including the speech.

Studies of speech men and women show that there are differences between oral and written speech between men and women. It is legitimate to talk about certain peculiarities of the speech style of men and women.

1.3 Characteristic male features Speech

Most scientists engaged in gender studies, especially gender differences in speech, argue that there is a difference between how men and women say.

For example, Belyanin V.P. In "psycholinguistics" suggested the features of the use of the language by men and women.

Features of the speech style of men and women manifests itself on two levels - speech behavior and speech. For example, men are more often interrupted, more categorical, strive to control the theme of the dialogue. It is essential that in contrast to the common opinion, men speak more than women. Men's proposals are usually shorter than women. Men as a whole much more often use abstract nouns, and women are concrete (including their own names). Men more often use nouns (mainly specific) and adjectives, while women consume more verbs. Men use more relative adjectivesAnd women are high-quality. Men are more often used verbs perfect species In a valid pledge.

When using syntactic communication, men more often use a subordinate, not writing communication, as well as pressing time, place and goals, whereas in women mainly prevail the apparent degrees and sedes.

Psycholinguistic experiments on the restoration of the destroyed text showed that women are more sensitive to the semantic structure of the text - the samples restored by them detect a large connectedness. Women are trying to maximize the source text, and men build a new one; Their texts are deviated from the standalone more than women.

A. Kirillin and M. Tomskoy in his article Linguistic gender studies "gave the distinctive characteristics of male and female written speech.

Men's written speech:

the use of army and prison jargon;

frequent use of input words, especially having a statement: Obviously, undoubtedly, of course;

consumption of a large number of abstract nouns;

use when transferring an emotional state or estimating the subject or phenomenon of words with the smallest emotional indexation; monotony of lexical techniques when transferring emotions;

combinations of officially and emotionally marked vocabulary when contacting relatives and relatives;

the use of newspaper and journalistic clichés;

non-compliance of the punctuation of the emotional transmission of speech.

In one of the psycholinguistic analyzes of the compositions conducted by E.I. Growth of 97 parameters, it turned out that for men it is characterized by a rationalistic style, for women it is characteristic when they use an emotional style. Men's associative fields are more stereotyped and ordered, the male strategy of associative behavior (more explanatory and functional characteristics attributed to the stimulus) is significantly different from the female (situational and attribute) strategy. In addition, associative fields in the male and female speech are correlated with different fragments of the world's painting: hunting, professional, military sphere, sports (for men) and nature, animals surrounding the ordinary world (for women).

Men switched harder, carried away by the topic discussed, do not react to replicas with it related.

Of course, "impassable" boundaries between male and female speeches are defined as tendency of use. And, nevertheless, these data can be used when identifying the text written by a man or a woman.

1.4 Characteristics of female speech features

Features of the speech style of men and women manifests itself on two levels - speech behavior and speech. Women more often use specific nouns (including their own names). Men more often use nouns (mainly specific) and adjectives, while women consume more verbs. Men use more relative adjectives, and women are high-quality. Men are more often used verbs of the perfect species in a valid pledge.

Women's speech includes a large concentration of emotionally estimated vocabulary, and men's estimated vocabulary is more often stylistically neutral. Often women are prone to intensify primarily a positive assessment. Men are more pronounced using a negative assessment, including stylistically reduced, parangous vocabulary and inventive; They much more often consume slang words and expressions, as well as non-veterinary and abnormative vocabulary, while women hold words with neutral stylistic color. Typical features of the female speech include hyperbolamic expressiveness and more frequent use of interjections like oh! terribly hurt; colossal troupe; Mass of assistants.

Women's written speech:

the presence of many input words, definitions, circumstances, locomotive subjects and additions, as well as modal structures expressing different degrees of uncertainty, estimated, uncertainty (may be, apparently, in my opinion);

the tendency to use "prestigious", stylisticly elevated forms, cliche, bookmarks (experienced a sense of junk and squeamishness; a sharp conversation; silhouettes of adolescents);

the use of connotatively neutral words and expressions, euphemisms (obstended instead of mutable; in drunk instead of drunk);

consumption of appraisal statements (words and phrases) with deactive lexemes instead of the name of the face by name (this bastard; these scums);

the high image of speech in the description of the senses, the diversity of the extension and their accentuation with the help of amplifier particles, adventures and adjectives. These features of the use of the surrounding vocabulary speak, according to the author, that each of them is given literal meaning, there is no different value of the value inherent in male speech. Inspections, as a rule, hide the biophysiological characteristics of a woman: appearance, age, sexuality;

in the Incidents, zonimes are detected high frequency (sandy deaf, ram Malahol); Music-noun and verbs in a passive pledge prevail (it will come in a moonshine; take it from work every day on a wheelbarrow);

high-frequency is also the use of the designs of "adverb + adverb" (too ruthless; very good), simple and complex proposals, syntactic revolutions with double denial; Frequent use of punctuation marks, high emotional coloring of speech as a whole.

In one of the psycholinguistic analyzes of the compositions conducted by E.I. Pea is 97 parameters, it turned out that for women it is characteristic when they use emotional style. At the same time, the women were characterized by greater wealth of the dictionary and more complex syntax. The results of the associative experiment also showed that a women's associative field turns out to be more deployed, and men's reactions show a more stereotypical picture. For female associative behavior, a greater variety of reactions, a greater number of reactions with adjective names (in men in reactions much more nouns), fewer failures of response, women more often react with philateral words for stimulus words.

Women in Russian culture are more characteristic of actual speech acts; They are easier switching, "change" roles in the certificate act.

As arguments, women are more often referred to and summarize specific cases from personal experience or the closest environment.

2. Study of the characteristics of the colloquial speech of representatives of two gender groups

In the course of this course work, an experimental study of the peculiarities of the male and female speech at different levels of the language was carried out. The goal is to identify a certain tendency and, thus, check the hypothesis advanced, on the existence of two subsystems (male and women's speech). We had a task - to justify our assumption that the features of the male and female speech are manifested in varying degrees when expressing thoughts, that is, when designing monologic speech.

To check the installed hypothesis, we interviewed 20 respondents: 10 men and 10 women. There was a prerequisite for the experience of the respondents, taking into account all the features affecting the person, therefore men and women aged 19 to 24 years old, students of humanitarian universities of the Southern Federal District, unmarried or non-natives participated in the experiment. Theirs were notes from the newspaper "Evening Rostov", covering the most important and actual problems and events occurring in the Rostov region.

Experimental material is presented in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2. The following articles were offered to respondents:

1. "The crisis drives from the shooting apartments"

2. "Menthol cigarettes harmful than usual"

3. "Lada beat drivers even steep foreign cars"

4. "Trains could go off the rails because of the" October "garbage"

5. "Crisis beats and customs."

Thus, the choice of topics is objective, as there are no such samples of the text that target only on male or only to the female audience.

After reading the respondents, it was necessary to draw up their own opinion about all the problems covered in newspaper articles and set out it in writing in the form of the way they spoke orally. Before them, a specific task was put forward - to express their point of view according to these issues.

As a result of the experience, we received 20 questionnaires, on the basis of which in the practical part we analyze the features of male and female speech and make the appropriate conclusions.

Comparing offers of representatives of various gender groups, we definitely reveal the following trend - men write short sentences while women actively use definitions involved and verbal gains.

This conclusion also proves the difference in the speech of men and women, from the point of view of psychology. Men are building a proposal logically, the devils, clearly and concisely expressing their thought and trying to minimize the number of language funds. Women talk to complex structures, making their speech with bright, emotional and expressive. Women can say so confusing, breaking off suggestions, not overhanging their idea that many of their statements begin to leave further and further from the problem, and at the end it is possible to transition completely to another subject of conversation.

For example, an article under the heading "crisis drives from removable apartments" caused such comments:

1. "I have the family itself, so I'm worried about the problem of housing. But in Rostov, nothing to find nothing, no matter how they were not called, elite or how else is there"

2. "In fact, it is terrible to become people who remain without housing. Especially if it is a single mother with children! I myself touched it. At work they dropped the salary, and the owner of the apartment on the contrary raised the price of housing. Communal clips up, child things need to buy, in the country there are no support for unfortunate Russian women "

Obviously, the first comment belongs to the respondent's man. The statement is categorical and does not bear any additional information, except that a person has an idea of \u200b\u200bthe problem and judges, relying on his own experience.

The second sample is an example of women's speech. From the main question of how the economic crisis has affected the tenants in the Rostov region, the respondent translates the topic to the region of global problems in Russia and emphasizes the problems of "unfortunate Russian women". So, the respondent's female departs from the established topic and raises the issue of support for motherhood, that is, what is important for a woman to a greater extent than for a man. Therefore, to determine the author of the author in this case is not difficult.

Male and female vision of the world cannot be evaluated by parameters "better - worse" or "higher - below." Interest is the conceptual significance of a female view, thinking and logic. A woman is able to contribute to all areas of activity such universal values \u200b\u200bas sympathy, care, mutual understanding, support, which are paramount in motherhood experience. It is the mother's image that is the main orienting manner for the formation of a polyassal identity. As a mother, a woman forms the future generation - from her education, social status, health depends on how humanity will be in the future. In this work, women demonstrated laid by nature features other than men. Women more often mentioned reliability, protection, and all statements contained an assessment: "Good-bad", "harmful-safe."

The following example combines the manifestation of the mother's mother's approach to the problem already mentioned by the specifics of the deviation from the main topic and the assessment from the position of the woman:

"I immediately did not want to read about transport suffering. A nightmare! I will never learn to drive. And what if my 18-year-old brother got a concussion. I am always worried when he is sitting in his tweln. What the parents only think when they buy mopeds ?! In the hospital there are inexperienced drivers of mopeds Autumn often and not all are separated by concussions of the brain !!! The chambers are littered. "

The identification of the author's floor for this fragment of speech does not represent complexity, even if the respondent did not use the verb in the form of a female family, then according to the mentioned factors of a psychological nature, it would be possible to establish the belonging to this or that gender group.

Speech indicators create an image of an emancipated woman, which speaks about sociocultural shifts in society and on increasing tendencies of the erosion of existing gender stereotypes in the language. However, the main type social relationshipaffecting the speech behavior of communicants in a gender aspect, still the ratio of the superiority of the man and the subordination of the woman remains.

In addition, it was confirmed by the fact that men's offers, and statements in general, shorter than women who may be longer even in cases where the problem is not interested. Women justify their indifference, and men will write briefly, as in our case, roughly and unefrevatically:

"Why do you have all the arts such strange, if anything has been positive. Art. No. 4 I do not read further ..."

"After reading this article, a sense of irritation arises. Again, the selected cases are happening.

"Hour from the hour is not easier"

In women's speech, a lot of uncertainty, in it simultaneously invisibly present and "yes", and "no", and "maybe." And this requires more time to present.

The study refutes the view that women are more likely referring to their own experience or experience familiar when considering the situation. Men and women equally consider their experience as the basis for subsequent conclusions. Therefore, representatives of both sexes willingly talked about their practice of removable apartments when they commented on the housing crisis, and with understanding belonged to those problems with which they themselves came across.

Women give even punctuation marks. With exclamation proposals, they express their attitude to the topic and feelings arising after reading. For example, female respondents wrote:

"It's horrible!"

"Idiota situation!"

"And we have a mustache in our country!"

"Oh! It's just awful!"

"That's strange!"

"To horror! This is news!"

"Again" crisis "! What else can you say! No stability nowhere!"

"Tobacco is poison!"

The submitted statements of respondents confirms the thought from the theoretical part of this work that women's speech really includes a large concentration of emotionally estimated vocabulary, and the men's estimated vocabulary is more often stylistically neutral. The above examples belong to the respondents' women, this feature does not stand out in male questionnaires.

The specifics of women's speech is the use of interjections (from our examples: "Oh!", "... oh God ...", "Oh!", "Yes, ..."), and men tend to start a proposal from introductory structures, such as "in my opinion "," I think "," I think "," in my opinion. " Therefore, we can argue that women unconsciously littered, men, on the contrary, seek to streamline their speech and make offers clearly structured.

Considering the speech at the lexical level, we were convinced that the choice of words by men differs from the vocabulary that women consume. Men more often use slang words and expressions, as well as non-veterinary and abnormative vocabulary, while women use diminishing words, expressing quite different than the opposite sex. Visual example Serves the following fragments from the questionnaire of a woman:

"Time! Well, you need to be more accurate. And the municipality should take care of garbage cleaning"

"It's good that I have my warm and cozy apartment!"

"Stupid editors!"

"Let the authorities understand, they receive money for it, and a rather big, and the poor grandmothers remove the garbage in the courtyards almost free"

Men practically absent high-quality adjectives in comparative degreeAt the same time, in women's speech, such forms dominate. ("Well, carefully ...", "... There are habits of worse!", "... what cigarettes are more harmful ...", "... foreign cars are more reliable ...") Thus, women's speech has a natural feature - the desire of all lexical and syntactic means to express the evaluation.

In the questionnaires men met the following deviations from the norm and examples of stylisticly reduced vocabulary:

"... most profits go to" left "..."

"Our roll !!!"

"Wrap and did not know"

"... In our country, everything is forever through the" ass "(I'm sorry) ..."

"What do we care about Harvard University!"

"I do not trust my life with a domestic fuffer. But the foreign car is a retail. In general, brothers walk on foot, if you want the Tank Castle was"

"Customs crisis will not kill. And if I kill, so it needs a hood. There is nothing to rage with fat"

The fact that women are trying to restore the source text to the theoretical part are installed in this experiment. Women more often inserted fragments from the articles presented:

"'' The crisis drives from removable apartments '' - the name sounds frightened ..."

"" In the dark, the "six" and "Mercedes" "" - reminds the plot of the anecdota, "

"'' The collapsed mortgage lending system buried and hopes for affordable rental" - a statement sounds threatening "

"They wrote:" Cigarettes with Menthol harmful than usual "Is it not clear that now everyone will escape the usual buy?!"

So, in socially oriented communication, the peculiarities of speech behavior should be taken into account, where the compliance of the norms is accompanied by a more stringent control, the importance of speech strategies and tactics applied by communicative strategies and tactics aimed at harmonizing in a communicative act, where Gender is a means of ordering the picture of the world as a whole and the organization of the entire social system relationship.

Compare the speech of women and the men's speech outlined in the same matter. As a review of a note called "the trains could go off the rails because of the" October "garbage!" Respondents wrote the following:

1. "Oh! It's just a horror! We live in a pigsty! And who is to blame? Yes, we ourselves! Yes, and the government also does not really care this problem. Why in European countries Clean the streets? Yes, because people themselves do not want to walk and stumble about their own trash that stinks under their feet. And if someone accidentally throws a piece of chocolate a piece of chocolate, then there will be a strict uncle-policeman, and I will finish so that the next time you think 10 times, before throwing something on the sidewalk. And on in the country Bardak! But everyone is nice when it's purely under the legs, but everyone thinks that nothing, if I throw the cigarette on the road, and not in the trash, nothing happens! "

2. "In my opinion, the problem was eliminated and needed to put a point. This should not repeat. I want to believe that it was not damaged by rail transportation so much"

So, we have two fragments, the first of which belongs to the female respondent, and the second - male floor. We presented two samples, reflecting the features of the male and female speech, to emphasize the gender differences in the language and psychological levels.

Obviously, women's speech is longer and more difficult. The woman constructed a whole situation and considered the problem from different sides, while the respondent begins to talk about global things, comparing how it is in European countries with what is happening in Russia.

A man thinks already. Its judgments are specific and founded.

The illustrated example reveals in women another feature of building a speech statement other than male. A woman asks questions and herself answers them. Thus, the structure "Question-answer" is artificially created. So women streamlines their speech, giving it both shape and emotionality. And the man, as already mentioned earlier, declared his speech only by introductory structures. And for the expressiveness, male statement is inferior to female, saturated interjections and exclamations.

So, in the course of this course work, we managed to identify the distinctive features of the male and female speech. I analyze the syntax and vocabulary, and accepting certain trends in the use of grammatical forms, you can identify the author of the speech statement. It should be borne in mind that these differences are characterized in a greater degree of conversational, that is, spontaneous, unprepared speech than other types of speech, when talking tries to use neutral means to express thought.

Differences in the speech of representatives of different gender groups are explained by the fact that the men's psyche differs from female, and different floors have different paintings of the world, that is, the processes of perception and, accordingly, the processes of expression, in this case orally, have discrepancies.

At the same time, we revealed contradictory theories feature. And men and women tend to contact their own experience, assessing this or that situation, although this specific feature of speech is more often attributed to the female sex.

As a result of our research, on examples, we have proven that there is a difference between the male and women's speaking speech. But we do not declare that this difference is manifested in any situation. This is only a trend that manifested itself during our experiment. The study is presented in the table.

Table 1

Use in speech	Male speech number of people	Women's speech number of people.
short sentences
complex structures
exclamation proposals
emotionally estimated vocabulary
interdomitia
introductory structures
stylistically reduced vocabulary
decrease
adaptable
abstract nouns

Conclusion

This work is devoted to the scientific direction - gender linguistics. In the first chapter, information on gender studies, which, for 20 years, conducted scientists around the world, were carried out by one of the first to pay attention to the difference of male and female speech was E. Sepir, who analyzed the Yana tribe Indians. Another variety of language separation on the basis of Paul has found M. Haas, exploring the Turkin Tribal Indian language in the south-west of the American state of Louisiana. V. Labov also engaged in gender studies, and carried out experiments in New York, his study gave scientific recognition to the assumption that the floor is one of the factors affecting speech. In the 70s G.G. All over the world, a new wave of interest in women's speech, associated with feminist movement begins. The classic was the study of R. Lakoff (1975) "Language and the situation of women." The emergence of gender studies in domestic linguistics is usually dating from the mid-nineties of the twentieth century.

To study the influence of the gender into the language, it is necessary that gender features are considered in conjunction with the status, social group, education level, situational context, etc., as well as taking into account the changing situation in society.

The second chapter of this work is an experiment that was carried out in order to prove the hypothesis nominated. In the course of this study, we sought to confirm in practice the fact that there are two separate subsystems (men's and women's speech), and to allocate the main characteristics of these subsystems. As a result of the written survey of our respondents, the hypothesis was confirmed.

A survey was carried out by 20 respondents, 10 male and 10 female. They were all born and live in the Southern Federal District, their age from 19 to 24 years old, and all of them are students of humanitarian faculties, are not married. All of them were invited to leave a comment on five different articles that were taken from the newspaper "Evening Rostov", which is neither female nor a male publication. During the analysis of the comments of respondents, it was revealed that there are differences on the syntactic, lexical and grammatical levels, and it is not much difficult to identify the floor of the one who gave one or another comment.

We identified trends will help us in the problem of the identification of the floor of the speaker. For example, in the forensic sphere and the sphere of public safety.

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18. Spivak D.L. Changed states of consciousness: Psychology and linguistics. St. Petersburg: ed. St. Petersburg University, 2000.

Differences in the language of women and men
The topic "Language and Paul" has recently been actively developed in linguistics. One of the first works in this area is the book of American Researcher Robin LakoffRobin Lakoff) "Language and place of women"("Language and Woman" S Place ", 1975) . According to Lakoff, there are the following main differences in the female language from the male:

1. women use more "empty" appraisal adjectives (for example, "cute");

2. women use question molds where men use affirmative;

3. women more often use polite forms;

4. women more often use shapes expressing uncertainty ("You know", "I think", "probably", "maybe")

5. women more often use amplifiers ("so cute", "charmingly");

6. women more often use hyperctuate grammar.

Gender opposition is manifested in different ways in the worlds of the world. An attempt to systematize them is undertaken, for example, in the work of J. Sherzer(Sherzer, 1995); It is necessary to consider that the following types are not mutually exclusive.

1. Mandatory distinctions on the basis of male / female in the language.

We are talking about mandatory distinction of two options for one language - male and female (most often this distinction is noticeable on the phonetic and / or morphological levels). One of the most famous examples is the language of the island Caribbean in Central America. When the Europeans first found themselves on the Small Antilles, they noticed that men and women say "in different languages": he was distinguished part of the vocabulary (roots), as well as several grammatical indicators. When referring to a man, a "male version" was always used, with access to a woman - "female". The XVII century reports noted that violation of the established norms was considered a serious crime.

To explain this and the like, phenomenov put forwardhypothesis taboo. When men went on the path of war, they may have prescribed to use some set of "male" words. In this case, women and children were forbidden to pronounce some words that could "warn enemies", "attract spirits" or "scare up prey", - Otherwise, luck would have turned away from warriors and hunters. Tabo factor could have an impact on the differentiation of the language depending on the floor. This hypothesis is not confirmed in relation to the caribbeans (although it is not directly refuted by historical facts, but it finds sufficiently many typological parallels.

An example of a language in which the tab of the taboo is the causethe emergence of differences on the basis of gender - Zulussky. Zulusskaya married woman The names of the father and the husband's brothers could not be pronounced out loud. In some cases, it was forbidden to pronounce the sounds that could somehow associate with taboo names, i.e., a woman did not have the right to utter any, even the most common word, if it contained a characteristic sound in the names of men 'relatives. Such a system of taboo could well lead to the appearance different options Language divided by gender.

Another example of partition differentiation -personal pronouns systems . So, in Russian, English and many other languages, differentiation on the basis of gender is manifested in the pronouns of only the 3rd person and only in the singular: it is she, but they;he., she., but they. In French, such differentiation is found in the plural:ils. - elles.. In Finnish and in the 3rd face single number Personal pronoun is not differentiated by half:han.. In some languages, the semi differentiated and pronouncing the 2nd and 1st person: so, in Thai language in a polite conversation of people with an equal status, a man will tell about himselfphom., and a woman - dichan..

2. Different speech styles in men and women .

In this case, the style is understood as a complex of linguistic traits - phonetic, rhythmic, intonational, morphological, syntactic, lexical, which are associated with male or female speech behavior. Women can speak faster or slower, more or less, more for more than men. Women can "swallow" endings, but no men, or vice versa. Women (or, respectively, men) can speak with special intonation, etc.

It should be noted that, as it often happens, cultural norms captured in the consciousness of the members of society may not coincide with real practice. With regard to the problem under consideration, it is not so important, there are actually in a particular society such differences in the speech of men and women; essential what is in this societythere is a conviction that women and men speak differently . For example, the carriers of the Russian language may say that women say more and faster men- But it will not necessarily be confirmed statistically.

3. Different principles of organization of speech behavior .

Studies have shown that men and women behave in different ways during the conversation, they use the language in different ways during the conversation. In such studies, the number of "distractions" is usually calculated from the main topic of the conversation, the transition from one topic to another, unexpected appeals to another interlocutor, interrupting the interlocutor, etc. It can also include differences in the frequency of use of some linguistic traits. The use of some phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical features in the male and female speech, according to statistical analysis, it turns out to be significant (at the same time, in contrast to the situation described in the previous paragraph, members of society can be confident that "everyone speaks the same").

So, it was established that English-speaking women mostly show the tendency to ask questions, support a dialogue, express solidarity with the interlocutor, often stimulate, support a conversation in the form of minimum answers (cf. Russian interdimensions of this type - "Mm-M", "Yeah " etc.). Men, on the contrary, often interrupt the interlocutor, tend to disagree with the partner, ignore the statements of the interlocutors, more rigidly control the topic of conversation, prone to direct expression of opinion. Women avoid open rivalry in the dialogue at the level of speech (their rivalry is usually more hidden), are waiting for signs of approval and support in the form of nods, interjections, they themselves show marks of interest and attention. The roots of these differences lie in the misstitution of education, basic guidelines of the behavior of boys and girls.

P. Tradgil (TRUDGILL, 1995) Shows which options for pronunciation are men and women in English-speaking countries according to the Pestrupure / Disaster parameter. On average, there is a steady tendency towomen choose a more prestigious pronunciation option. . Obviously, it is also associated with stereotypes of female and male behavior existing in this culture.

D. Tannen (Tannen, 1982) Provides data on the experiment, which she conducted to identify the tendency of the three groups (Americans, American Greeks, Greeks from Greece) and two floors to the interpretation of speech as a straight line (having a direct, unambiguous meaning) or indirect (having a second, additional meaning). The subjects received the following task.

The text was given: married couple leads a conversation:

Wife: John Party. You want to go?
Husband: OK (good).
Wife: I'll call and say that we will.

Based on this conversation, mark one of the two proposals, which, in your opinion, explains what the husband actually had in mind, saying ok (good):

A: The wife wants to go there, once asks. I will go to make her pleasant.
B: The wife asks if I want to go there. Perhaps I want to say yes.

What in the words of the wife and husband makes you choose one of the proposed options? What should a wife or husband say so that you choose another option?

The experiment showed that differences in ethnic groups exist.

Thus, American women are much more often American men are looking for a second meaning in the words of the interlocutor.

4. Select language men and women in multilingualism situations and bilinguals .

Men and women behave in different ways in situations of multilingualism and bilingualism. Men are more actively involved in bilingualism - because of their activity in trade, hunting, other classes forcing them to leave the house. So, in the border area of \u200b\u200bAustria, where a part of the bilingual population and where there are men and women who speak German and Hungarian, men prefer Hungarian, and women - German as a more prestigious(Gal, 1978).

5. Gender distribution of "genres" and roles in conversation .

J. Shercer. (Sherzer, 1995) Notes that among the Indians of the Kun, living in Panama, purely male genres - this is all kinds of public speeches, told tribal myths, magic chants; Women's genres - singing of lullaby songs, crying.

6. The choice of men and women of various models of speech behavior .

As an example, a Malagasy society often leads, in which there are two such models - direct and indirect speech. Direct speech is characteristic of women rather and is used in trading relations, which are involved in the main woman. Indirect speech is associated with public speeches, i.e. with politics, other areas where social activity is manifested, which is characteristic mainly for men.

This is the case with the realization of a male / female feature in different languages. At the same time it is understood that society takes various social roles to men. However, these roles may change over time, and language changes are usually lagging behind the change of social roles. When social roles or public stereotypes come in a contradiction with language standards, people begin to consciously break the linguistic formulas that focus on stereotypes based on gender differentiation and discrimination on the basis of gender. Hence the "Exile" of actually Deceantized suffix -man. in words likechairman. (Chairman) and turning it intochair Person. From here adopted in today's written norm of English "Sophisticated pronoun" in cases of type"WHEN A CHILD ACQUIES A LANGUAGE, HE / SHE (Option: S / HE) First Learns Only One Variety of IT" (letters "When the child is mastering the language, he / she first learn only one of his option") - or even use in such cases of pronounshe..

So, men and women speak differently, and these options do not depend on the situation: almost there are no "female situations" and "male situations", when the same person would choose one or another option at Wis. A woman says differently than a man, and listening to distinguishing the speech of women from the speech of men not only on the voice of the voice. It becomes especially noticeable when the rules are violated (CP. Typical characters of comedian films are men who speak "female", and vice versa).

Analysis of the functioning of various languages \u200b\u200bindicates thatwomen in their speech practice are usually more conservative Than men: Usually, all innovations fall into the tongue through a male speech. As a result, women's forms on origin are usually older than men: Language changes occur primarily in the speech of men. So, in Chukchi language in some dialects, the intervocal consonants persist in the speech of women, but regularly fall into the speech of men: the male version -ank "At.- female option -ank'anat 'these' .

Some researchers defend the point of view, according to which people cannot be considered as speech prototypes of their sexual group and should rather say not about the feminine and male speech, but about the degree of "female" and the degree of "menititude" in the speech of the individual. Sociolinguistic study involves working with socio-demographic categories, but these categories themselves should be treated with caution. Socio-demographic categories can easily turn out to be a myth, prejudice or error, therefore, it would be not necessary to use non-critical categories, as the floor, should not be used. Just on the contrary: studies should be sent to the process of designing these categories: these categories are constantly constructed, created and recreated by the members of the group themselves, and are created in many ways in the process of speech interaction.

The second direction of feminist linguistics, as already noted, is associated with the speech behavior of women and in relation to women. "The orientation of linguistic research on speech and speech activity is undoubtedly the merit of sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and other modern scientific areas, which convincingly showed that the identification of speech activities can also be a decent object of linguistic analysis" / Schweizer 1976, 25 /. As you know, one of the directions of this analysis is the establishment of successive correlations between linguistic phenomena and facts public Life (including hits of Kmmunicators).

For the first time, gender studies on the material of European languages \u200b\u200bwere carried out by Mautner / Mautner 1913 / and Esperesen / Jespersen 1922 /. Mautner explains the differences in the speech behavior of men and women with historical reasons: in the theaters dr. Greece and others. Rome all roles were performed by men, whose speech was considered the benchmark. Esperesen came to the conclusion that women and men make a different contribution to the development of the language: the speech of women is more traditional and conservative, they "usually go through the pretended linguistic path"; Men, by contrast, "often aims to strive to roll on a narrow road or even pave a new path" / Jespersen 1925, 231 /. Research Maunger and Espesen was rather intuitively descriptive than a scientifically based nature, but they are important as the origins of modern gender studies.

The beginning of modern studies of the speech behavior of women is associated with the names of M.R. Ki, R. Lakoff, S. Tremel-Retz. KI characterizes the language of women as a language of justification (Language of apology), and the language of men as the language of explanation (Language of Explanation) / Key 1975, 147 /. Lakoff believes that "the discusing woman is perceived as an object (sexy or other), but in no case as a serious identity with individual views" / Lakoff 1975, 7 /. In general, in the 90s studies, women's language receives the following characteristics / Samel 1995, 31 /:

* Women's dictionary contains mostly words related to the inherent sector of interest and activities - Kinder, K.ü che, Kleider.

* Women talk on a good, in the curd language, fearing someone to offend and show rudeness.

* Women prefer questioning intonation in narrative and motivating proposals.

* Women's speech style is uncertain, because Women are often resorted to secure issues (is it not true? Yes? So?), Instead of clearly formulate statements.

* Women often use specific markers that limit the action field of the said (you know, it seems to me it seems like).

* Women often use emptic adverbs or intensifiers ( as nicely, really nicely, so nicely).

* Women speak more correctly men. Their pronunciation and syntax closer to the norm (even hyperschec).

* Women consume excessively polite forms, fewer curses and vulgarism. They do not tell jokes.

The female speech style during this period is considered as a sign of powerlessness, subordinate position, insufficient self-consciousness and rejected as flawed. The cause of all feminist authors see in an unequal social situation, which forces women precisely to such speaking behavior. To overcome the dysfunctional position, the woman is invited to take up men's speech samples.

In the 80s, this point of view begins to be revised. It wins the opinion that the male language is undeservedly elevated to the norm and made Meril to assess the female language. So, Dale Spender believes that the characteristics of the feminine cannot be assessed negatively. Rather, on the contrary - restraint and politeness in the conversation testify to the strength of women / Spender 1980, 8 /. Johnson rejects the assumption that women can win from what will imitate the speech behavior of men. "The language of women and so quite adequate and does not need changes" / Johnson 1983, 135 /. In the hypothesis of "switching codes" / Eakins 1978 / the idea that women can switch from one speech code (female) to another (male), depending on the situation, adapting to social expectations. Negative estimates are appropriate only in cases where the code is not suitable.

The studies of the speech behavior of women are actively conducted within the framework of sociolinguistics, where the floor is one of the socio-demographic signs along with a professional, age, social origin, etc., defining the stratification and situational variability of the language. It was from sociolinguistics that the term was taken gendercot (by analogy with a dialect or socioctuate), which denotes the variability of the language caused by the floor. Gender, in contrast to biological gender (Sexus) or grammatical genus (Genus), describes the social floor. Gender does not specify nature, but is constructed by society, i.e. It is a product of our social actions (Doing Gender). "The gender factor, taking into account the natural half of a person and its social" consequences, "is one of the essential characteristics of the person and throughout the lifetime effectively affects its awareness of its identity, as well as to identify the speaker subject by other members of society" / Kirillin 1997, 18 /.

In general, studies of the 80s showed that the so-called gender or language of women as constant education does not exist. "Our language is up to grammatical structures dominated by men. Women are largely adjusted to this male language using it in accordance with their social role. In principle, women have no own language, which would be complementary with the language of men. Perhaps we can only proceed from the fact that women prefer to a certain language or speech style "/ Klann 1981, 15 /.

In the 90s, the existence of a special female language with constant signs was finally refuted, which at one time described Robin Lakoff / Lakoff 1975 /. "Constant gender differences were not found in the volume of the dictionary, nor in the choice of adjectives and impossible, which does not exclude that inside various social groups, representatives of various floors can use several different vocabulary. Also, in the field of syntactic designs of constant differences, it was not found, for example, in relation to the use of certain samples of question proposals. Female and male languages \u200b\u200bare more likely to burn gender similarity and differences than actually "/ Schoenthal 1992, 99 /. Russian researchers also believe that "features in the code (set of units) between men and women, apparently, does not exist"; We can only talk about the "typical features of the male and female speech, discovering the tendency to use the language of men and women" / Zemskaya ... 1993, 133 /.

Senta Tremel-Rullz nevertheless insists on distinguishing female and male languages, understanding the ideal models / Trömel-Plötz 1996, 386 /. The ideal model of the female tongue Trellz attributes, for example, such general characteristicsAs the establishment of equality, cooperativeness, generosity, conversion satisfaction, etc., and on a narrower linguistic level such communicative mechanisms as a connection, reflection, masking of dominant speech acts, etc. Interesting the author's thought is that the ideal models of male and women's languages \u200b\u200bare not It should be born using them exclusively by men or women: "In relation to the female language in the sense of an ideal model, I do not argue that it uses all women or exclusively women, nor the fact that men cannot speak in this language. I only argue that it is more often implemented by women than men ... "/ ibid., 369 /. Following the logic of the author, it can be argued that men can speak in women as women - on male.

Thus, it became clear that the gender factor does not cover completely differences in the speech behavior of men and women. "A speaking individual is woven into a whole network of determining factors that affect each other and must be analyzed in their unity" / Postl 1991, 30 /. "The topic" Paul and Language "requires accounting a variety of factors affecting the speech behavior of men and women" and should be studied "in a wide social context" / Zemskaya 1993, 135 /. Sociolinguistics uses in this case the concepts of stratification and situational variability, which is the speech correlations of which are stratification-situational variables that detect variability simultaneously in two planes - stratification (associated with social characteristics. gender) and situational (associated with the parameters of the communicative act). "Gender may proceed only from the differences and similar features of communicative strategies for men and women in each individual communicative situation" / Günther 1992, 140 /.

Characteristics of speech behavior of men and women.

Summarizing the studies of the speech behavior of men and women in specific communicative situations described in the works of D.Tannen, S.Thelel-Retz, I. Zameel, J. Gray, K.Timm et al. / Tannen 1994, TRömel-Plötz 1996, Samel 1995 , Gray 1993, Thimm 1995 /, you can allocate the following gender characteristics:

1. Communicative intentions, motivation.


· The conversation is negotiations from which the winner should come out by approving their status in the fight against the interlocutors.	· The conversation is negotiations, during which you should have support and approval, achieve agreement.
· Successful conversation should wear a non-personal, factual, argued and focused nature.	· A successful conversation should be a discussion of problems with all the details and details.

· A man establishes asymmetry at the expense of an underscore of the status inequality of the interlocutors.	· The woman sets the symmetry by alignment even in the original status of the interlocutors.
· The purpose of the conversation is to become a center of attention, to put off its achievements and abilities.	· The purpose of the conversation is to establish links, demonstrate community and the same experience.

Man.	Female.
· Does not bother himself discussing details.	· Discusses each trifle with a partner.
· Perceives sympathy as an expression of superiority.	· Perceives sympathy as an expression of a friendly relationship.
· Does not tolerate the slightest hint of instructions or orders, rejects the requirements of others from the principle.	· Watching what they require; Itself does not expose direct requirements, but formulates them as suggestions.
· Reacts negatively if the uniqueness of its own experience is questioned.	· Reacts negatively in the inverse situation: if its statement is not confirmed by similar experience.
· Does not like to talk about your problems.	· Had and often talks about their problems, trusts with friends intimate details.
· Positions: You have problems, and I have solutions.	· Seeking the interlocutor not to solve its problems, but sympathy and understanding.
· Reluctantly speaks of thoughts and feelings (especially if he considers them insignificant).	· Especially talks about thoughts and feelings, even mumbling.
· Never talk about fears and doubts, thereby creating a distance in relations with the interlocutor.	· Speaks about fears and fears, seeking to avoid a distance that inevitably arises when a person keeps everything in himself.
· Soothes the interlocutor, proving that his problems are unnecessary and insignificant.	· Soothes the interlocutor, showing an understanding of his problems, asking as much questions as possible.
· Intentionally gives complicated (dusty) explanations, sending a meta message about superior at the same time.	· Attempts to be expressed as much as possible, sending a meta message about support.
· Loves to tell jokes in public, because It is believed that the one who brings people to laughter has at least temporary power over them.	· Does not like to tell jokes in public.
· Arguments abstractly, believing that personal experience is not convincing evidence.	· Attracts as arguments more personal experience than abstract reasoning.
· Collects social and meaningful information and creates a definite impression on its basis.	· Accumulates information based on your own experience and comparing it with the experience of others.
· Do not like to receive information from others (especially from women).	· Attempts to hide his awareness (especially from men).
· It believes that praising in conversation of his own merit is a necessity; Modesty is a sign of weakness.	· It believes that any zazdaism, self-ability in conversation is unacceptable.
· Self-powered especially needed in a conversation with new people and people of a higher rank.	· Self-powered is possible only in a narrow circle of friends.
· Takes apologies as something of granted without response steps.	· It seems that she apologizes all the time; In fact, it is often not an apology, but the manifestation of sympathy: ES TUT MIR LEID.

3.Stories that are told interlocutors.

Male stories.	Women's stories.
· The main acting person in them is the narrator himself.	· Talk to equally about yourself and others.
· Of all the situations in the stories, he comes out the winner.	· Talks, including the manifestations of their own nonsense.
· In the center - conflicts between people.	· In the center - the norms of the hostel, joint actions of people.
· Rarely actors are women.	· Existing persons are both women and men.
· The main acting person rarely resorts to help or the advice of others.	· The main acting person often resorts to the advice or help of others.
· Life appears as a struggle with nature and other people.	· Life appears as a struggle with the danger of being isolated from its community.

4.Conversation style.

Man.	Female.
	· Cannot parry attacks, perceiving them as personal attacks.
· Especially enters conflicts.	· It believes that conflicts should be avoided whenever possible, does not allow open confrontation, does not try to establish a conflict price.
· It believes that aggressive speech behavior does not exclude friendship; The lack of consent is not a threat to friendly relations.	· Consent is a necessary condition for preserving proximity. For seeming consent, deep disagreements can be hidden.
· Clearly speaks in a wide range of unfamiliar people; Feels comfortable.	· Clearly speaks in a narrow circle of loved ones.
· Individuals speaks and perceives everything literally.	· Giving will feelings, resorts to poetic freedom, uses excellent degrees, exaggeration, metaphors and generalizations.
· Before you start talking, I think about myself everything that was heard to give the most accurate answer. First, formulates your answer inside, then expresses it.	· Thinks out loud by demonstrating its internal "opening process" to the interlocutor. Only in the process of speech detects what exactly she wants to say. The expression of thoughts in the free association provides access to intuition.
· Feeling the challenge, automatically switches to hard tone, without noticing its unceremoniousness and rudeness.	· Feeling the challenge, goes to an incredulous and negative tone.
· In mixed discussion groups, men speak more than women.	· If they even say the same, everyone has the impression that women say more.
· The first asks a question during the discussion; His questions are more frequent, excellent, contain different kinds of explanations, references, retreat. Often asks incorrect causing questions.	· Usually ask pleasant, correct questions.
· Loves to shine a beautiful, non-standard span, to attract attention.	· Attention is directed not on the form, but on the content.

· Often takes on the role of a mentor, turning a conversation into a lecture.	· Trying to hide my competence rather, so as not to offend the interlocutor.
· Actively determines the course of discussion, its beginning and ending, change the topic.	· Characteristically rather reactive behavior.
· Does not give almost no minimum reactions (feedback signals).	· Often gives minimal reactions (AHA, MHM).
· Rather, the statement of the interlocutor is questioned, which agrees.	· The approval reaction prevails; Reacts more positively and inspired.
· Adheres to competitive (competitive) conversation tactics, which rather serves the goal to take the floor, and not listen to the interlocutor.	· Trying to encourage the interlocutor to continue the statement, emphasize the community of positions.
· Regards the minimum recipient signals otherwise than a woman. "Yes" means consent to the interlocutor.	· "Yes" means "I listen to you."
· It expects him to listen calmly and carefully.	· Waiting for active interest, support.
· Perceives women feedback signals as an expression of its chatty and interference conversation.	· Perceives the lack of feedback signals as evidence that it does not listen to it.
· It believes that one must say in the conversation, and the rest are silent to listen.	· Prefers a conversation where several participants speak at the same time.
· Women's approving comments consider both interruptions, attempts to control a conversation.	· Often speaks in a "recessious" manner, while having pursued the goal to kill the interlocutor.
· Believes that if a person has something to say, he will be able to take the floor.	· Waiting when she gives her word, he does not take him.
· Rarely uses question designs and question intignation.	· Often uses tail questions (Nicht Wahr?) And other means mitigating the categorical of statements.

5.Non-verbal component of speech behavior.

Man.	Female.
· The position of the body is equally both in purely male and in mixed discussion groups: relaxed; The body is spread, legs stretched out.	· Body position in purely female groups open and relaxed, feel like "behind the scenes"; In mixed groups, the body position is clamped, composed, feel like "on stage".
· Sit at a sufficient distance from each other.	· Sit tightly to each other.
· Do not look straight into the eyes, usually fix your look at any object of the situation.	· Fix your view on the face of the interlocutor, rarely and briefly dismisted.
· Body position indicates visible disinterest, even boredom.	· Body position indicates interest, attention, participation.
· Unbeliefly demonstrate indifference, even if you listen carefully.	· Unbellected demonstrate participation, even if they do not listen.

Studies also showed that the speech behavior of men and women can be perceived and evaluated in different ways even if they speak in a completely identical style. This led to the emergence of the hypothesis of "gender stereotypes", which proceeds from the fact that the actual differences in speech behavior are essential, and the stereotypical expectations associated with the male and female floors. Both hypothesis (gender and gender stereotypes) were tested during numerous experiments, which, however, gave contradictory results / TIMM 1995, 123 /. Obviously, B. real conditions Relevant for the perception of male and female speech can be like our stereotypical expectations and actual differences.

There is no doubt that the role of stereotypes in the public consciousness is strong, and they can hardly be adjusted. So, in Cruz, Vaimer and Wagner conducted research press FRG / Kruse, Weimer, Wagner 1988 / and found that the media often associate women with affective states (love, hatred, anger or depression); A typical for a woman is the role of the victim, passive and dependent position. Men require more often, threatened or prohibited, they initiate and create relationships, assist. It has been established that the dichotomous oppression of the male and female and their hierarchy, where the masterful position occupies masculinity, is characterized by almost all directions of philosophical thought / Ryabov 1997, 29 /. "Anyway, the concepts of" masculinity "and" femininity "themselves received categorical status and were considered as prototypes to describe real men and women" / Kirillin 1998, 23 /.

On the other hand, it is impossible to deny that in the speech behavior of men and women, regardless of the existing stereotypes, there are quite real differences. These differences are partially explained by still existing social inequality of floors. The public status of women in general is lower than men, their opinions, statements are more often ignored, are considered less significant. Gender asymmetry is manifested in discrimination against women in the labor market, in their weak representation in the field of decision-making / Lahov 1997, 14 /. Therefore, for example, women engaged in high posts have to constantly "be in tension", proving their professional competence. It is with this that the more correct and correct speech of women / Johnson 1994 / is binding.

Another explanation of gender differences is the theory of "two cultures" / Maltz, Borker 1991 /, which, really does not cause unambiguous support. According to this theory, there are significant differences in the socialization of boys and girls who grow and form in two completely different worlds. Various approaches to education in the family and teenage games in single-board groups lead to the fact that since childhood, the speech of boys and girls becomes a means to achieve different purposes. The boys are a statement of their own status; Accordingly, they speak their special language - status language (StatussPrache). Girls are the establishment of relationships; Accordingly, they speak another language - BEZIEHUNGSPRACHE. Adherents of the theory of "Two Cultures" believe that over the years this distinction is not erased, but only gets further development. Having learned the various cultures of communication, men and women enter into intercultural communication, but at the same time, as a rule, they evaluate the speech behavior of a partner by the standards of their culture. It is this error that often leads to misunderstanding and conflicts.

Critical statements in the address of this theory are primarily noted by a too greater degree of generalization and underestimation of the entire latitude of the style of women and men / Kotthoff 1996, 11 /. According to H. Cothuff, when analyzing the speech behavior of women and men, a number of factors should be taken into account, such as power asymmetry of floors in society, pologenous division of labor, various socialization and related subcultural interactive strategies, distributed media ideal samples of masculinity and femininity, and Also own communicative individuals of the individual / ibid., 9 /. The fact of itself is the fact that the community of speech signs may be the result of a long-term social interaction in various speech groups (for example, peer groups) recognizes domestic sociolinguistics / Schweizer 1977, 72 /.

Summarizing the foregoing, we note:

1. In Western linguistics, active gender studies have been carried out since the beginning of the 70s and are carried out in two main areas: gender asymmetry in the language and its functioning; The speech behavior of women / men and speech behavior towards them. In Russian linguistics, gender studies are in the formation stage.

2. Gender is not a biological, but social characteristics of individuals. The gender system created by the society (Doing Gender) is a semiotic apparatus that organizes the social inequality of floors. Gender relations are produced and supported by cultural symbols, regulatory installations, social institutions of society.

3. Gender asymmetry (sexism) in the language contributes to insufficient or erroneous identification of women, retains and replicates stereotypical representations against sexes and thereby infringes in social, professional, civil, etc. Women's rights. According to representatives of the feminist linguistics of the Federal Republic of Germany, the system of patriarchal languages \u200b\u200bcan and should be reformed, because The language is not a natural, but a socio-historical phenomenon.

4. The existence of stable female and male languages \u200b\u200b(gender) was not confirmed during the studies. Constant differences were not detected in any of the subsystems of the language. We can only talk about feminine and male languages \u200b\u200bas ideal models that accumulate gender similarity and differences. However, these ideal models are not necessarily implemented in the speech practice of concrete men and women: on the so-called "male" language, women can also speak, just like men - on the "female".

5. Talking individuals (men and women) are woven into a whole network of determining factors that should be analyzed in their unity. The speech behavior of men and women discovers variability at the same time in two planes - stratification, reflecting the social structure of society, and situational, reflecting the parameters of the communicative act. This fact does not take into account the adherents of the theory of "two crops", which, when analyzing the speech behavior of individuals, absolutize the factor of differences in socialization, leaving no attention to a number of other factors, such as power asymmetry of floors, pollarized labor separation, replicated media images and installations, etc.

6. With equality of other conditions (social and professional status, a communicative role, etc.), men and women can choose various strategies of speech behavior, which gives reason to talk about gender features of male and female speech. During numerous studies, Western linguists identified differences in the speech behavior of men and women from the point of view of goals, motivation, content, styles of conducting conversation, non-verbal components, etc.

7. Even the same speech behavior of men and women is often perceived by recipients as different. This fact led to the emergence of gender stereotypes hypothesis, which, when evaluating the speech behavior of men and women, the dominant role is not actually distinguished, but established in society stereotypical expectations.

8. The study of gender features of speech behavior seems fruitful from the position of the theory of linguistic personality, since the latter allows you to cover all the characteristics of the individual participating in the generation and perception of meaningful text. Until now, in the framework of gender studies, there remained an emotional component of speech behavior and gender features of the verbalization of emotions. In this regard, it is of particular interest to consideration by the emotional level of Yal in the gender perspective.