Literary Russian language and dialects. Dialectisms in literary works

“With quick steps I passed a long“ area ”of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of the expected familiar plain (...), I saw completely different, unknown places to me” (I. S. Turgenev, “Bezhin Meadow”). Why did Turgenev put the word "square" in quotation marks? Thus, he wanted to emphasize that this word in this sense is alien to the literary language. Where did the author borrow the highlighted word from and what does it mean? The answer is found in another story. “In the Oryol province, the last forests and squares will disappear in five years ...” - Turgenev says in “Khora and Kalinich” and makes the following note: “Squares” are called large continuous masses of bushes in the Oryol province.

Many writers, depicting village life, use the words and set phrases of the folk dialect common in the area (territorial dialect). Dialect words used in literary speech are called dialectisms.

We meet dialectisms in A. S. Pushkin, I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov, L. N. Tolstoy, V. A. Sleptsov, F. M. Reshetnikov, A. P. Chekhov, V. G. Korolenko, S. A. Yesenina, M. M. Prishvin, M. A. Sholokhova, V. M. Soloukhina, I. V. Abramova, V. I. Belova, V. M. Shukshina, V. G. Rasputin, V. P. Astafiev, A. A. Prokofiev, N. M. Rubtsov and many others.

Dialect words are introduced by the author, first of all, to characterize the character's speech. They indicate both the social position of the speaker (usually belonging to a peasant environment) and his origin from a particular area. “All around are such gullies, ravines, and in the ravines all the cases are found,” says Turgenev’s boy Ilyusha, using the Oryol word for a snake. Or from A. Ya. Yashin: “I’m walking along the oseks once, I look - something is moving. Suddenly, I think, a hare? - says the Vologda peasant. Here is the indistinction c And h, inherent in some northern dialects, as well as the local word "osek" - a fence of poles or brushwood that separates a pasture from a hayfield or village.

Writers who are sensitive to language do not overload the speech of the characters with dialect features, but convey its local character with a few strokes, introducing either a single word or a phonetic (sound), derivational or grammatical form characteristic of the dialect.

Often writers turn to such local words that name objects, phenomena of rural life and do not have correspondences in the literary language. Let us recall Yesenin's poems addressed to his mother: "Don't go on the road so often / In an old-fashioned shabby husk." Shushun is the name of women's clothing such as a jacket worn by Ryazan women. We find similar dialectisms in modern writers. For example, in Rasputin: "Of the whole class, only I went in teals." In Siberia, chirki are light leather shoes, usually without tops, with edging and ties. The use of such words helps to more accurately reproduce the life of the village. Writers use dialect words when depicting a landscape, which gives the description a local flavor. So, V. G. Korolenko, drawing a harsh path down the Lena, writes: “Across its entire width, “hummocks” stuck out in different directions, which the angry fast river threw at each other in the fall in the fight against the terrible Siberian frost.” And further: “For a whole week I have been looking at a strip of pale sky between high banks, at white slopes with a mourning border, at “pads” (gorges) mysteriously creeping out from somewhere in the Tunguska deserts ... "

The reason for the use of dialectism may also be its expressiveness. Drawing the sound that reeds being moved apart, I. S. Turgenev writes: "... the reeds ... rustled, as we say" (meaning the Oryol province). In our time, the verb "rustling" is a common word literary language, the modern reader would not have guessed about its dialectal origin, if not for this note of the writer. But for the time of Turgenev, this is dialectism, which attracted the author with its onomatopoeic character.

Different ways of presenting dialectisms in the author's speech are also associated with the difference in artistic tasks. Turgenev, Korolenko usually single them out and give them an explanation. In their speech, dialectisms are like inlays. Belov, Rasputin, Abramov introduce dialect words on equal terms with literary ones. In their works, both are intertwined like different threads in a single fabric. This reflects the inextricable connection of these authors with their heroes - the people of their native land, about the fate of which they write. So dialectisms help to reveal the ideological content of the work.

Literature, including fiction, serves as one of the conductors of dialect words into the literary language. We have already seen this with the example of the verb "to rustle". Here's another example. The word "tyrant", well known to all of us, entered the literary language from the comedies of A. N. Ostrovsky. In the dictionaries of that time, it was interpreted as "stubborn" and appeared with territorial marks: Pskov(skoe), tver(skoe), ostash(kovskoe).

The entry of dialectism into the literary (standardized) language is a long process. Replenishment of the literary language at the expense of dialect vocabulary continues in our time.

Let's call dialect words the words inherent in the dialect of a certain area, region or region.

As a rule, there are generally accepted names for certain realities, actions or signs, but in a certain territorial region they are still called in their own way, using local words or dialectisms.

These are examples of dialect words:

ponwa - a black and purple skirt with brick-colored stripes;

Kochet in South Russian, this is a rooster.

Yar, the beam is a ravine.

Bait, chatter - speak.

Heads - mittens.

Letos - summer.

Skolishcha - how much.

In literature, dialectisms are used to give color and imagery to the speech of heroes.

dialect words- these are words and expressions that are used in a particular region. In other words, dialect words or dialectisms- these are local words that are widely used by residents of a certain region, most native speakers of the Russian language do not know and do not use these words and expressions in speech.

Here are some examples of dialect words:

Examples of dialect words from fiction:

I don't live in the city, and so here, albeit quite rarely, there are dialect words. Instead of saying I overate, ate, got dressed and other verbs, they say having eaten, eaten, dressed. For example: Today I went to work after eating 🙂

A dialect is a feature of the speech of people living in another area, another region, city or village, different from what we are used to. Sometimes even residents of neighboring cities located at a short distance have different dialects. Examples are examples of words that I have heard. Pastik is a ballpoint pen, Gadfly is a horsefly, Bahorit is to speak, Kosorylovka is a strong alcoholic drink, Bayun is a storyteller, inventor, dreamer, Daviche is today, Yesterday is yesterday.

Pshono - millet; kochet - rooster; at me - at me; in the steppe - in the steppe; beetroot - svkla; tsibula - onion; the other day - recently; pokeda—for the time being; gashnik - belt; immediately - now; Korets - ladle; past the hut - past the hut; mouse - mouse.

Dialect words are widely used in the Russian language, but basically they correspond to a certain area, it turns out as local slang. The following words can be cited as an example:

beetroot is a beetroot;
guska - goose bird;
wuiko - uncle.

Every locality has its own similar words.

Under such a concept as dialect words are meant those words that are characteristic of a particular area. In a different way, such words are called dialectisms, and for visiting people such words may even be completely incomprehensible, as they reflect the features and life of a particular area.

Here are examples of dialect words:

Dialectisms, they are also dialect words, are inherent in each specific locality. It happens that when you arrive somewhere you can hear words that are unfamiliar to you, but are familiar to people, for example, of this area. This is the dialectic. Linguists collect such words and create dialect dictionaries that reflect the specifics of the area in which they are collected. Although there are some words that are known to many, and some words have even passed into literary speech.

We can find dialect words, for example, in the dictionary of V. I. Dahl.

Examples of dialectisms:

shoes - shoes,

to talk - to speak

tease - tease

to fuss - to fuss

today - all day

yag - shout, make noise.

Dialect words or dialectisms are words that are used in a particular region, while other people who are not its inhabitants are not familiar with these words.

Examples of similar words:

Lavitsa - street

property - property

sedukha - hen

lemega - cart

There are even special dictionaries where the available dialect words are collected.

Dialectal words, dialectisms are a huge layer of Russian speech. In every region, republic, in every region and region of our vast Motherland, there are people who call certain objects or phenomena as it was accepted from time immemorial in this particular place. This difference from the generally accepted literary speech is called dialectisms. There are dialecticisms phonetic(when sounds are not pronounced in the way that is accepted by the literary norm (for example, in the Urals or in the Cis-Urals you can often hear Ishsho instead of yet, September instead of September, sixteen instead of sixteen, store instead of store)

There are dialecticisms lexical.These are, in essence, synonymous words adopted in a particular area. For example, beets (common) - beetroot (dialect), cheesecake (common) - shanga (dialect).

In one Volga village, for example, I heard the word: sorzhenit. For a long time I could not understand what it meant. It turned out to ferment (dough, for example, or make yogurt from milk, and then cottage cheese)

Dialectisms are ** morphological *. At the same time, word forms are used in cases and declensions unusual for literary speech: I heard with my ears (instead of my ears), what big eggs your chickens have! or let's go, let's milk a cow instead, let's go milk a cow - here both lexical dialectism and morphological ..

Many dialect words eventually become the literary norm (for example, mumble, bins, sweetheart, etc.)

Dialectisms, especially in literary works, make the speech of the characters bright and figurative. For scientists (philologists, ethnographers, etc.), dialectisms help to penetrate the secrets of the language, to learn more about the history of peoples, their origins.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. There are words in Russian that are not used everywhere, but, for example, only in a separate region, city, or even terrain.

It is sometimes even difficult for an outsider to understand what in question, although they denote objects that are understandable to everyone (for example, KOCHET is a rooster, and SHIBKO is a synonym for “strongly”).

These words are called dialectisms, that is, they are, in fact, markers of the local dialect of the Russian language. In this article you find many examples such words, the definition of the term and examples from literary works where dialectisms are used.

What are dialectisms and examples of words

Dialectisms are words or turns of speech that are characteristic of the inhabitants of a certain region. They are universally used in a particular area, while their more common synonyms, on the contrary, are not in use.

Like many terms in Russian, the word "dialectism" came to us from Ancient Greece. And it literally means "talk", "conversation", "adverb".

Examples of dialectic words:

And here real life example. Before continuing the story of what dialectisms are in Russian, I would like to recall a story from my personal life. Even at the dawn of my relationship with my wife, we had a funny incident. She asked me to go to the grocery store and even sent me a list of what to buy on her phone. One of the points puzzled me, namely the name " BURYAK».

I thought for a long time that this was a typo, but I never guessed what it was about. And when I called back, it turned out that this was an ordinary BEET. But in her small homeland, and she grew up in the Lipetsk region, they don’t say the word “beetroot”, but they say exactly “beetroot”. In my 30 years of living in Moscow, I have never heard such a thing.

But the confusion didn't end there. BULLA was also on the list. Then I did not call back, I bought several buns - small ones, and even with different fillings. And only at home it turned out that by this word she meant BATON white bread. It is interesting that she and her family always called only black bread by the word BREAD.

A little later, I found out that there is no mistake here, and such words in Russian are called dialectisms.

Examples of dialectisms from different regions of Russia

So, almost every region of Russia has its own characteristic words that are used only there. One of the clearest examples is difference between Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The distance between the cities is only some 700 kilometers, but as if on different languages are talking.

So, in the Northern capital they also say BULL instead of BATON, SHAVERMA instead of HAURMA, CUMBER instead of DONUTS, CHICKEN instead of CHICKEN. They also call the entrance FRONT, the curb POREBNIK, the ladle LADLE, and the well-known clothes hoodie KENGURUKHA.

And such linguistic features exist in almost every region of our country.

Altai region:

Vyderga is a harmful woman;
Shanezhki - buns;
Victoria - strawberry;
Multifora - stationery file;
To slow down is to do something very slowly.

Bashkiria:

Ayda - let's go, come on;
Sabantuy - crowd, gathering.

Bryansk region:

Wrinkle - borscht;
Skrygotnik - train;
Gaino - disorder;
Kimari - sleep.

Primorsky Krai:

Nabka - embankment;
Vtarit - buy;
Lantern - very simple;
I shake a crab - I shake my hand.

Volgograd region:

Kuschari - bushes;
Kulya - a bunch of hair;
Rastyka is a clumsy person.

Pskov region;

Zhuravin - cranberry;
Diyanki - mittens.

Irkutsk region;

Forks - a head of cabbage;
Stramina is a bad person;
Buragozit - noisy scandal.

And this is not the whole list. According to numerous dialectisms, residents of any region of Russia immediately recognize visitors.

But such words are used, as a rule, only in colloquial speech. The common Russian language is used in schools, institutes and working documentation. Otherwise, there would be a terrible mess.

Classification of dialectisms with examples of words

All dialectisms in the Russian language are usually divided into several categories, depending on which character traits they have.

Main, do not confuse dialectisms with so-called professionalisms. The latter are called words that are characteristic not for some regions, but for a group of people.

So, motorists often call the steering wheel of a car a ROOM, journalists have the concept of a FISH (draft of the future text), and pilots say GIVE A GOAT during a hard landing.

Examples of dialectisms in literature

A lot of dialectisms can be found on the pages of books, especially in the works of Russian classics. With their help, writers more accurately convey the atmosphere of the place where the action of this or that novel takes place, making it more original, and the images literary heroes brighter.

For example, Michael in his novel " Quiet Don” using dialectisms more accurately describes the life of the Don Cossacks. So, instead of the usual word “hut”, he uses the local “KUREN”, “LEVADAMI” calls the backyard grove, and “BAZOM” - a place in the courtyard of the house where livestock is kept. And instead of the verb "to speak" on the pages of the novel, there is only the Rostov "GUTORIT".

Rarely seen him since then on the farm. Prokofy Melikhov lived in his KUREN in the outskirts of a biryuk. And they said wonderful things about him on the farm.
By evening a storm had gathered. There was a brown cloud over the farm. Behind the LEVADA, dry lightning scorched the sky, thunder crushed the earth with rare peals.
Aksinya cleaned herself up early, raked in the heat, wrapped up the pipe, and, having washed the dishes, looked out the window that looked out at BAZ.

But the action of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's story " Matryonin yard takes place in the Vladimir region. And it also contains examples of local dialectisms. So, the floors in the house are called “BRIDGES” there, the basement is “BASED CELL”, and the entrance room in the hut is called “ROOM”.

Behind front door stairs climbed to spacious BRIDGES, highly shaded by a roof. To the left, more steps led up to the ROOM - a separate log house without a stove, and steps down to the GROUND.

And finally, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol in their " Evenings on a farm near Dikanka»The whole story is told in a special Russian language - with the words that were used many centuries ago in Ukraine (and some are still in use).

And there is so much rubbish in the world, and you also produced ZHINOK (wives)!
A SHINOK (tavern) appeared before the Cossacks, falling to one side, like a woman on the way from a merry christening.
They gave the Pole a blow under his nose, and they brewed a wedding: they baked cones, sewed RUSHNIKOV (towel) and HUSTOK (shawl).

Of course, the presence of dialectisms in literature creates many difficulties, primarily for readers. Indeed, sometimes it is difficult to guess at all what is at stake. That is why in such books they make footnotes "note" to decipher this or that meaning.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

You can watch more videos by going to

");">

You may be interested

What are synonyms, their examples and what they are Polysemantic words are examples of different facets of the Russian language IMHO - what is it and what is the meaning of the word IMHO in Runet Archaisms are the language of our ancestors Historicisms are obsolete words from the past What are antonyms and examples of enriching the Russian language with them

B agres cloths- fabric of purple color (from "crimson", "crimson").
bass- beauty, decoration; Basco is beautiful.
Baskoy- beautiful, elegant.
Hood- the head of the fishing cooperative.
Bayat- speak, say.
Safely- boldly.
Safely- without warning.
Beloyarovaya- light, selected; a constant epithet in epics, indicating the ideal quality of grain.
Berchataya - patterned.
Besedushka- seat, bench; a special place under a canopy on ships; company, party .
birdo- affiliation of the weaving mill.
bloody- young, young.
Bortnik- one who is engaged in beekeeping, that is, forest beekeeping, the extraction of honey from wild bees.
Bochag- a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Bozhatushka- godmother.
Most - job title.
Brany- patterned (about fabric).
Bratchina- a feast arranged on holidays in clubbing .
Brother, brother- brother, a metal bowl for drinking.
Buoy wand- battle club.
Burzametsky (spear) - see: Murzametsky.
bro- brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno- food, food, meal, edible.
Bullshit, bullshit- a small net, which is used to fish together, fording.
Buyava, buyovo- cemetery, grave.
Former - like, like.
bylica- a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka- story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not in doubt.

Important- hard, hard.
Valyak, valyachny, valyashchaty - cast, chased, carved, chiselled, skillfully made.
Vargan(“on a mound, on a jew's harp”) - maybe from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; sloping, open place in the forest.
Vereda - boils, sores.
Verei - pillars on which the gates are hung.
Veres- juniper.
Vereya(rope, rope, rope) - a pole on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Veretier- coarse hemp fabric.
Spindle (snake-spindle) - perhaps the spindle is meant, i.e. the type of sucker - a legless, snake-like lizard .
Verst- equal, couple, couple.
Pounded miles - probably from "gverst" - coarse sand, crushed stone.
nativity scene- cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slots in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were played.
Vershnik- riding; riding ahead.
Evening- yesterday.
uplift- raise.
Viklina- tops.
Vitsa- twig, rod, long branch.
Water carrier - vessel for carrying and storing water, drinking.
Volzhanskaya - meadowsweet, from meadowsweet.
Volokitnoy (bow) - ordinary, everyday, worn out.
Volochazhnaya - slutty.
Votchina - estate (hereditary, family); surname; "by patrimony" - by inheritance law, by father.
Volotki- stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Voronets- a beam in a hut serving as a shelf.
Vyzhlok- hunting dog, hound; presumably: a wolf leading a pack.
dress up- say something to yourself.
howl - food, eating; the amount of food at a time; meal hour.
Outputs - tribute, give.
Outputs are high - balconies.
Elm, vyazinochka - club made of flexible wood, used for the manufacture of skids, rims, etc.
Vyazivtso - rope.
Vyray (viry, iry)- a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Vyalitsa- snowstorm.

G ah- oak forest, grove, small deciduous forest.
Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - smart guy.
Golnyaya - Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - smart guy.
Golnyaya - naked, naked, devoid of vegetation and stones.
bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
Grenesh - you will jump, you will fly (from "to burst").
reception room, dining room, rest; actually a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in the hut for clothes .
bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
grenesh- you will jump, you will fly (from "to burst").
Gridenko, Gridnya, Grinya, Grynushka - reception room, dining room, rest; actually a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in the hut for clothes.
Guzhiki - loops in the harness over the shafts.
Gusli, goslings, goslings- plucked string instrument.
fit- marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; laugh, mock.
godina- good clear weather, bucket.
Golik- a broom without leaves.
dutch- chervonets beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
golitsy- leather mittens without wool lining.
Gostika- guest.
Hryvnia- a dime; V Ancient Rus' currency unit- a silver or gold bar weighing about a pound.
garden bed- a shelf going from the oven to the wall.
Lip- gulf, bay.
Horn- a three-string violin without notches on the sides of the body. Barn - a room, a shed for compressed bread; ground for threshing.

D eever- Brother husband.
Nine- Nine days.
Grandfather-father - probably the lineage of the hero.
Del - share division of production ("share to divide").
Hold - spend; does not hold - is not spent, does not dry out.
Sufficient - befits, befits; enough, enough.
Dolmozhano - a ratovishe, i.e., a weapon, perhaps long-stinging - with a long edge.
Dolon - palm.
Dolyubi - enough, as much as needed .
Household - coffin.
Got it? (enough?)- in the end, after everything.
Duma - advice, discussion (“it does not enter the thought”).
Fool - portly, stately, prominent.
Uncle's estate - family estate, passed into possession by lateral inheritance.
deja- dough for dough, sourdough; tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Dolon- palm.
Dosyulny- old, old.
Doha- a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Drola- dear, dear, beloved.

E ndova- a wide copper bowl with a spout.
Epanechka - short sleeveless jacket, fur coat.
Ernishny- from "yernik": small, undersized forest, small birch bush.
Yerofeich- bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Estva- food, meal.

Zhalnik- cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Stomach- life, property; soul; cattle.
Zhito- any bread in grain or on the vine; barley (northern), unground rye (southern), any spring bread (eastern).
Zupan- an old semi-caftan.

W complain- to complain, to cry.
Zagneta (zagneta)- the ash pan of the Russian stove.
conspiracy- the last day before fasting, on which it is allowed to eat meat.
Hall- twisted bunch of ears; usually done by a sorcerer or witch for damage or destruction of the field, as well as the owner of the field.
Renovated- soiled or contaminated something new clean; lightening the heart (from “renew”; take the soul to lighten the heart).
get excited- rejoice.
Zarod- a large stack of hay, bread, not a round masonry, but an oblong one.
Zasek- bin, bin; bin partition.
Zen- Earth.
Zinut- take a look.
Zipun- a peasant caftan made of coarse thick cloth, in the old days without a collar.
Mature- ripe berries.

And sleep- praise, glory, thank you.

To the azak, the Cossack- worker. (worker), laborer, hired worker.
Damask- ancient dense silk patterned Chinese fabric.
Eve- festive beer, mash.
loaves- wheat pancakes.
wire rod- boots.
cue, cue- stick, staff, batog.
kitty- bag.
kitina- grass stem, pea stalk.
Kichka- an old Russian festive headdress of a married woman.
Intestine- homemade sausage.
crate- room or pantry in the house; barn; extension to the hut, closet.
Kluka- a hook, a stick with a bend to support the gutter under the eaves of a peasant plank roof or to bend down a thatched roof.
Kokurka- an egg bun.
Komel- thickened lower part of the spinning wheel; adjacent to the root, part of a tree, hair, horn.
Komon- horse, horse.
Konovatny- from Asian silk fabric, which went to the bedspread, veil.
kopan- a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a log house.
Kopyl- a short bar in the sledge runners, which serves as a support for the body.
Mower - big knife with a thick and wide blade.
Bonfire (bonfire)- hard bark of flax and hemp, remaining after their beating, scratching.
Skewed (skewed) window- a window made of mesh-jambs or metal rods intertwined at an angle, typical of Rus' until the 18th century.
cats- a type of warm footwear.
red corner- the corner in the hut where the icons hung.
beauty- the bride's crown of ribbons and flowers, a symbol of girlhood and girlish will.
Croma- bag, beggar's bag; “Foma-big cream” (October 19) - an abundance of bread and supplies, that is the name of a rich, wealthy person.
Red (cut)- manual weaving machine; thread base when weaving on a manual loom; cloth woven on crosses.
Krosenets- homespun shirts.
Krynitsa- spring, key, shallow well; krinka, milk pot, narrowish and high.
Tow- a combed and tied bunch of flax or hemp, made for yarn.
Kuzhel (kuzhal)- tow, combed flax; linen yarn of the highest quality.
Kuzlo- blacksmithing, forging; generally arable shells.
Kukomoya- slovenly, untidy person.
Kuna- marten.
Kuren- a place for burning coal in the forest, a coal pit and a hut for workers.
Kurzhevina- frost.
smoke- make up.
Kurchizhka- bitch, stump.
Kut- corner, especially in the hut under the images or near the stove: "rotten kut" - northwest wind.
Kutya- boiled and sweetened wheat grains.

Ladka- a little fluff.
Ladom- well, as it should.
swallows- colored quadrangular inserts under the armpits of the shirt sleeves.
Lolden- ice cube.
Lenny- linen.
Luda- stranded, stones in the lake protruding from the water.

Maina- polynya.
Mother, mother- average ceiling beam in the hut.
Intermediate (intermediate)- long, long, summer.
low water - average level water, which is established after the flood (in June - before the heat and drought).
Merezha - fishnet, stretched on a hoop.
Worldly- made, prepared together, "by the whole world."
Molodik- young month.
Muzzle- braided wicker.
Morok- (haze) - a cloud, a cloud.
Bridge- floor, canopy.
Mostina- floorboard.
Motushka- a skein of yarn, a spool of wound yarn.
Mochenets- hemp soaked in water.
ant- glazed.
Myalitsa- a pulper, a projectile with which flax and hemp are crushed, cleaning the fibers from the bonfire.

N azem- manure.
Nazola- melancholy, sadness, annoyance, chagrin.
Nat- it is necessary (abbreviated from "put on" - it is necessary).
pull on- to stumble, attack.
Neblyzhny- real, real.
Unsatisfactory- irresistible; deprived, unhappy.
novelty- peasant woven canvas; harsh unbleached canvas; new harvest grain.
Night- last night.

Oh attendants- mushroom, boletus.
to charm (to charm)- stipulate, jinx it.
deaf-eared- long-eared, eared, long-eared.
spin- dress; dress up (young after the crown in women's clothes); marry.
Omshanik- a felling frame for the wintering of bees.
Onuchi- windings for a leg under a boot or bast shoes, footcloth.
Flask- frost.
Supports- shoes made from old boots with the tops cut off; remnants of worn and tattered shoes.
yell- plow.
Aftermath- grass grown after mowing; fresh grass that grew in the same year on the site of mowed.
Ochep- a pole attached to the ceiling in the hut, on which the cradle was hung.

to live- pasture, pasture.
pasma- part of a skein of thread, yarn.
pelchaty- with a fringe.
fallow- neglected arable land.
Tell me, tell me- barn, barn; shed, roof over the yard; covered courtyard.
Pogost- cemetery, rural parish.
undercut- “sleigh with undercuts” - with a shackled sledge rune.
Pokut - rake angle; place of honor at the table and at the feast.
Noon- south.
Polushka- an old small copper coin in a quarter of a kopeck.
Poppelunik (sprinkler)- from "peel": ashes, ash.
porn- strong, healthy; adult.
powder- falling snow layer of freshly fallen snow.
Poskotina- pasture, pasture.
post- strip, field; plot, a section of a field occupied by reapers.
jaundiced- from wool of the first shearing of a lamb.
Voice (song)- lingering, mournful.
span- the beginning of summer, June, it's time to petrovka.
Pryazhets- cake, pancakes in butter; black flour pancake with butter.
spinner- scrambled eggs in a frying pan.
Pryaslo- part of the fence from pole to pole; a device made of longitudinal poles on poles for drying hay.
Putin- the time during which the fishing is carried out.
Pyalichki- hoops.

Dress up- to try, to care, to assist. Get undressed - undress.
Ramenier- a large dense forest surrounding the field; edge of the forest.
Expand- splay, spread, split, bare teeth.
Zealous- heart.
zealous, zealous- about the heart: hot, angry.
Riga- a barn for drying sheaves and threshing.
Rosstan- crossroads, crossing roads, where they say goodbye, part, part.
Rubel - wooden block with a handle and transverse grooves for rolling (ironing) linen.
Sleeves- the upper, usually decorated part of the shirt.
Dig- throw, toss.
Row (rada)- conditions, contract, contract, transaction when buying, hiring, supplying, etc.
Ryasny- plentiful.

From hell- everything that grows in the garden: berries, fruits.
Salo- small plates, pieces of ice on the surface of the water before freezing.
Scroll- top long clothes (usually for Ukrainians).
sister-in-law- Wife's sister.
Sevnya- a basket with grain, which the sower wears over his shoulder.
week- seven days, a week.
Semeyushka- husband, wife (in funeral lamentations).
Siver, siverko north, north wind.
to give birth quickly- harrow; drag something along the ground; bend, bend, bend.
get bored- gather in a bunch, in one place.
funny- delicious.
Smychin- knotty, strong stick, going to the harrow.
Sporina- growth, abundance, profit.
in order- neighbor, fellow villager (from "row" - street).
Stavets- big cup, bowl.
flock- stall, barnyard, corral, fenced off place for livestock.
Stamovik, stamovik- hedge from a small forest.
Village inconvenient- the children of the deceased.
Surplice- clothes of a clergyman, straight, long, with wide sleeves.
fear- lower, hanging edge of the roof wooden house, huts.
tie- poles, lay down, thick sticks to strengthen a haystack or cart with hay.
Sukoleno- knee in the stem.
Sumet- snowdrift.
Adversary- rival.
Susek- a compartment or chest in a barn where grain is stored.
Suhoroso- no dew, dry.
Syta- honey broth; water sweetened with honey.

T alan- happiness, luck, destiny.
Talina- thawed earth, thawed earth.
tank- round dance.
Tenetnik- web.
Tesmyany- made of braid.
Tonya- fishing; one throw of a seine; a place where they fish.
Torok- a gust of wind, a squall.
Torok (torok)- straps behind the saddle for tying cargo, a travel bag to it.
Torok- a bat, a torn road.
Snaffle- a metal chain to hold the mouthpiece in the horse's mouth, used as a kind of musical instrument.
Tuleley- tulle frill.
yablo- kivot, shelf for icons.

At beam- elegant headdress, wedding veil.
supper bread- kind, plentiful supper, straw, the number of sheaves.
Shrink (of water)- to come to low water, to the usual, average state, quantity.
steal- caulk in one fell swoop, prepare for the winter.

H alo- hoped, it seemed.
Chelo- the front of the Russian oven.
Cheremny- red, red.
Blackberry, blueberry- monk, nun.
Chernitsa- blueberry.
Chernoguz- martin.
Thursday- an old Russian measure or object containing 4 any units (for example, a bag of 4 pounds).
Chuyka- a long cloth caftan.

Shalyga (shelyga)- braided ball; wooden ball; whip, whip, whip.
shanga- Cheesecake, juicy, simple cake.
scaly- with a convex hat.
Sherstobit- the one who beats, pats, pushes wool.
wool- hornets.
Shestok- a platform in front of the mouth of the Russian furnace.
Fly- a towel, a cloth, a piece of fabric in full width.
Sholom- roof; canopy, roof on pillars.

scherbota- inferiority.

I'm barking, barkingbarren (of cattle).
Yarovchaty - from sycamore, a constant epithet for the harp.
Yar, yaritsa - spring bread.

Modern Russian literary language is studied in every school. Literary, or "standard", is the language of everyday communication, official business documents, schooling, writing, science, culture, fiction. Its distinguishing feature is normalization, i.e. the existence of rules, observance of which is mandatory for all members of society. They are fixed (codified) in grammars, reference books, school textbooks, dictionaries of the modern Russian language.

However, for a large part of the inhabitants of Russia, the language of everyday communication is dialect. dialect, or dialect,- the smallest territorial variety of the language, which is spoken by the inhabitants of one village or several nearby villages. In dialects, as in the literary language, their own language laws apply. This means that everyone who speaks a dialect knows how to say in his dialect, and how not. " Our darevnya talk like that, but Zhytitskh sausem(at all) another gavorka(dialect, dialect),” people in the village of Kashkurino in the Smolensk region notice. True, these laws are not clearly understood, especially since they do not have a written set of rules. Russian dialects are characterized by only an oral form of existence, unlike, for example, German dialects and the literary language, which have oral and written forms of existence.

Difference and interaction

The scope of the dialect is much narrower than that of the literary language, which is a means of communication (communication) for all people who speak Russian. It should be noted that the literary language constantly affects dialects through school, radio, television, and the press. This partly destroys the traditional dialect. In turn, dialect norms influence the literary language, which leads to the emergence of territorial varieties of the literary language.

The opposition between Moscow and St. Petersburg literary norms is widely known (the latter was formed under the influence of northwestern dialects): for example, the pronunciation [what], horse[ch'n] O in St. Petersburg, unlike Moscow - [what], horse[sn] O, hard labials in some forms: se[m] , vose[m] ten and other cases. In addition, the North Russian and South Russian versions of the literary pronunciation differ: the first is characterized by partial preservation okanya, i.e. discrimination O And A, in unstressed syllables (for example, in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Vladimir, etc.), and for the second - the pronunciation of [g] fricative (in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula, etc.) in contrast to the literary [g] explosive.

Sometimes the literary language borrows words and expressions from dialects. This applies primarily to subject-household and production-trade vocabulary: jug -‘kind of a jug with a lid’, gingerbread -‘kind of gingerbread, often on honey’, braid– ‘the time when they mow bread, grass’ , shell– ‘side wall of various cylindrical or conical vessels, drums, pipes’. Especially often the literary language lacks “its own” words for expressing feelings, i.e. expressive vocabulary, which “gets old” faster than other words, losing its original expressiveness. Then dialects come to the rescue. Words came from the southern dialects into the literary language wallow‘fuss, waste of time’, seize‘grab, greedily take’, from the northeastern - joke‘talk, joke’, and the word that has spread in the colloquial slang language goof origin is northwestern. It has the meaning of 'a fool, a fool'.

It should be noted that dialects are heterogeneous in origin: some are very ancient, while others are “younger”. with conversations primary education call those of them that are common in the territory of the early settlement of the East Slavic tribes, from the VI century. until the end of the 16th century, where the language of the Russian nation was formed - in the center of the European part of Russia, including the Arkhangelsk region. In the spaces where Russian people moved, as a rule, after the 16th century. from a variety of places - the northern, central and southern provinces of Russia - dialects arose secondary education. Here the population was mixed, which means that the local languages \u200b\u200bthat they spoke were also mixed, as a result, a new linguistic unity was obtained. And so new dialects were born in the Middle and Lower Volga regions, in the Urals, Kuban, Siberia and other parts of Russia. The dialects of the center are "mother" for them.

Good or bad?

At present, people who speak dialects tend to have an ambivalent attitude towards their language. Rural residents, on the one hand, evaluate their native language, comparing it with the surrounding dialects, and on the other hand, with the literary language.

In the first case, when one's own dialect is compared with the language of the neighbors, it is assumed to be good, correct, beautiful, and "alien" is usually evaluated as something ridiculous, clumsy, sometimes even funny. This is often reflected in ditties:

Like baranovsky girls
They speak with a letter c:
"Give me a soap, a towel
AND culotsky on the toe!».

Here, attention is drawn to a very common phenomenon in Russian dialects - “clatter”, the essence of which lies in the fact that in place h villagers in a number of places pronounce c. A large number of sayings are also associated with ridiculing the speech features of neighbors. Kurisa on the street yaiso demolished- one of the teasers of this kind. And this is not an exaggeration, not fiction. In this case, another dialectal feature is played out: the pronunciation of the sound [c] in place of [ts], which is inherent in some dialects of the Oryol, Kursk, Tambov, Belgorod, Bryansk regions. In Russian, the sound [ts] (affricate) consists of two elements: [t + s] = [ts], if the first element - [t] is lost in the dialect - [s] appears in place of [ts].

Features of the pronunciation of neighbors are sometimes fixed in nicknames. In the village of Popovka, Tambov Region, we happened to hear a saying: “ yes we call them shemyaki, they on sch They say: right now (Now) I will come". Villagers are keenly aware of the differences between one dialect and another. " In Orlovka, the Cossacks lisped more. Proverb(“speaking, pronunciation”) at their friend. The Transbaikal Cossacks also have interesting sayings", - the dialectologists recorded the opinion of the natives with. Albazino Skovorodinsky district of the Amur region about the language of the Cossacks.

But when compared with the literary language, one’s own dialect is already assessed as bad, “gray”, incorrect, and the literary language is assessed as good, which should be imitated.

Similar observations about dialects can be found in the book by M.V. Panov "The History of Russian Literary Pronunciation of the 18th-20th Centuries": "Those who speak dialects have become ashamed of their speech. And before, it used to be ashamed if they got into an urban, non-dialect environment. Now, even in their families, the elders hear from the younger ones that they, the elders, say “wrong”, “uncivilized”. The voice of linguists advising to maintain respect for the dialect and use the local language in the family, among fellow villagers (and in other conditions, use the speech taught by the school) - this voice was not heard. Yes, and it sounded quiet, not broadcast.

A respectful attitude to the literary language is natural and quite understandable: in this way, its value and significance for the whole society is recognized and emphasized. However, a disdainful attitude to one's own dialect and to dialects in general as to "backward" speech is immoral and unfair. Dialects arose in the process of the historical development of the people, and the basis of any literary language is a dialect. Probably, if Moscow had not become the capital of the Russian state, our literary language would also have been different. Therefore, all dialects are equivalent from a linguistic point of view.

The fate of dialects

It is worth paying attention to the fact that in many countries of Western Europe, the study of local dialects is treated with respect and care: in a number of French provinces, the native dialect is taught in optional classes at school and a mark for it is put in the certificate. In Germany, literary-dialect bilingualism is generally accepted. A similar situation was observed in Russia in the 19th century: educated people, coming from the countryside to the capitals, spoke the literary language, and at home, on their estates, when communicating with peasants and neighbors, they used the local dialect.

The reasons for the modern neglect of dialects should be sought in our past, in the ideology of a totalitarian state. At the time of transformation in agriculture(the period of collectivization), all manifestations of the material and spiritual life of the old Russian village were declared relics of the past. Entire families were evicted from their homes, they were declared kulaks, a stream of hardworking and economic peasants rushed from Central Russia to Siberia and Transbaikalia, many of them died. For the peasants themselves, the village turned into a place from which they had to flee in order to escape, to forget everything connected with it, including the language. As a result, the traditional culture of the peasantry was largely lost. This also applies to the language. It was predicted, even by linguists, the rapid disappearance of folk dialects. A whole generation of natives of the village, deliberately refusing their native dialect, failed for many reasons to perceive a new language for themselves. language system- literary language, master it. This led to the decline of linguistic culture in the country.

Linguistic consciousness is part of cultural self-consciousness, and if we want to revive culture, to promote its flourishing, then we must begin with the language. “There is no clearly defined boundary between the self-awareness of the elements of language and other elements of culture ... at critical historical eras the native language becomes a symbol of national self-consciousness,” writes Moscow linguist S.E. Nikitina, who studied the folk picture of the world.

That is why the current moment is favorable for changing attitudes towards dialects in society, for awakening interest in the native language in all its manifestations. In recent decades, research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and many universities in Russia have been collecting and describing dialects; they publish various kinds of dialect dictionaries. Such gathering activity, in which students of the humanities faculties also take part, is important not only for linguistics, but also for studying the culture and history of the people, and, undoubtedly, for the education of young people. The fact is that by exploring dialects, we learn a new wonderful world - the world of folk traditional ideas about life, often very different from modern ones. No wonder N.V. Gogol in "Dead Souls" remarks: "And every nation ... has distinguished itself in its own way by its own word, which ... reflects part of its own character."

What is the fate of dialects at the present time? Have they been preserved or are local dialects - rare exoticisms, for which you have to go far into the outback? It turns out that despite the general literacy, the influence of television, radio, numerous newspapers and magazines has been preserved. And preserved not only in hard-to-reach places but also in areas close to capitals and big cities. Of course, the dialect is spoken by people of the older and middle generation, and by small children, if they are brought up by village grandparents. They, the old-timers, are the keepers of the local language, the necessary source of information that dialectologists are looking for. In the speech of young people leaving the countryside, only certain dialectal features are preserved, but there are also those who stay at home forever. They also use, living in the village, folk-colloquial speech. Although the dialects are largely destroyed, it is impossible to predict their imminent disappearance. Getting acquainted with folk colloquial speech, we get information about the names of household items, the meanings of dialect words, concepts that are not found in the city. But not only that. The speeches reflect age-old traditions housekeeping, features of the family way of life, ancient rites, customs, folk calendar and much more. That is why it is so important to record the speech of the villagers for further study. Each dialect has a lot of expressive, vivid verbal images, phraseological units, sayings, riddles:

An affectionate word is not difficult, but quickly(profitable, successful, useful); Lies are not arguable: they will confuse soon; A thin silence is better than a good grumbling; I don’t look, so I don’t see, I don’t want, so I don’t hear; and here are the riddles: What is the sweetest and bitterest of all?(Word); Two mothers have five sons, all in the same name(fingers); I don’t know one, I don’t see the other, I don’t remember the third(death, age and birth).

Dialectisms in fiction

Dialect words are not uncommon in fiction. Usually they are used by those writers who themselves come from the village, or those who are well acquainted with folk speech: A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, S.T. Aksakov I.S. Turgenev, N.S. Leskov, N.A. Nekrasov, I.A. Bunin, S.A. Yesenin, N.A. Klyuev, M.M. Prishvin, S.G. Pisakhov, F.A. Abramov, V.P. Astafiev, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, V.I. Belov, E.I. Nosov, B.A. Mozhaev, V.G. Rasputin and many others.

For a modern urban student, the lines of S. Yesenin from the poem “In the House”, which are given in many textbooks, sound completely mysterious. We will consider it too.

Smells loose brawlers,
At the threshold in bowl kvass,
Above stoves chiselled
Cockroaches climb into the groove.

Soot curls over damper,
Thread in the oven popelits,
And on the bench behind the salt shaker -
Husks of raw eggs.

mother with grips won't get along
bends down low O,
old cat k mahotke kr A goes
For fresh milk

Restless chickens chuckle
Over shafts plows,
In the yard I will have a slender dinner
The roosters are singing.

And in the window in the canopy sloping,
From shy noise,
From the corners puppies are curly
They crawl into collars.

S.A. Yesenin, according to contemporaries, was very fond of reading this poem in 1915–1916. in front of the public. Literary critic V. Chernyavsky recalls: “... He had to explain his vocabulary, - there were “foreigners” around, - and neither the “groove”, nor the “dezhka”, nor the “sloping”, nor the “sloping” were understandable to them. The poet - a native of the village of Konstantinovo, Ryazan province - often used his own, Ryazan words and forms in his works, incomprehensible to the inhabitants of the city, to those who are familiar only with the literary language. Chernyavsky calls them "foreigners". Most of us are foreigners. Therefore, we explain the meaning of the highlighted words. Incomprehensible in the text of the poem are not only Ryazan words, i.e. directly dialectisms, but also such expressions that characterize the life of any village (collar, plow, stove, damper).

Drachona (Jerking) - this is the name of a thick pancake, more often from wheat flour, smeared on top with an egg, or potato pancakes. It is these meanings that are most common in the villages of the Ryazan region. In other Russian dialects, the given word can mean a completely different dish.

dezhka - the word is very widespread in the southern dialect. This wooden tub was made by coopers, there were several bowls on the farm, they were used for pickling cucumbers, mushrooms, and for storing water, kvass, and for making dough. As you can see, kvass is poured in this bowl.

When you ask schoolchildren in a lesson: “What do you think: what does the word stoves ? - in response you hear: "Little stoves." - “But why are there several of them and they are chiseled?” Pechurka - a small recess in the outer or side wall of the oven for drying and storing small items.

popelica - formed from a dialect word sang - ashes.

grip - a device with which the pots are taken out of the oven (see figure) is a curved metal plate - a slingshot, attached to a handle - a long wooden stick. The word, although it denotes an object of peasant life, is included in the literary language, and therefore in dictionaries it is given without a mark of the region. (regional) or dial. (dialect).

mahotka - clay pot.

low, sneaking - these words are given with dialectal stress.

Words shafts ‘element of harness’, as well as plow ‘primitive agricultural tool’, are included in the literary language, we will find them in any explanatory dictionary. It's just that they are not well known, because they are usually associated with an old, bygone village, a traditional peasant economy. And as for the words sloped (probably sloping) and noise (noise), then there is no information about them in dialect dictionaries. And dialectologists, without special research, cannot say whether there are such words in Ryazan dialects or whether they are inventions of the poet himself, i.e. writer's occasionalisms.

So, a dialect word, phrase, construction included in a work of art to convey local color when describing village life, to create a speech characteristic of characters, is called dialectism.

Dialectisms are perceived by us as something outside the literary language, not corresponding to its norms. Dialectisms are different depending on what trait they reflect. Local words that are unknown to the literary language are called lexical dialects. These include the words dezhka, mahotka, drachena, popelitsa. If they are listed in dictionaries, then with a note regional (region).

In our example, the word stove, which in the literary language means a small stove, but in the dialect it has a completely different meaning (see above). This semantic (semantic) dialectism(from Greek. semanticos- denoting), i.e. the word is known to the literary language, but its meaning is different.

A variety of lexical dialectisms areethnographic dialectisms. They designate the names of objects, foods, clothes, peculiar only to the inhabitants of a certain area - in other words, this is the dialect name of a local thing. “Women in plaid panevs threw wood chips at slow-witted or overzealous dogs,” writes I.S. Turgenev . Paneva (poneva) - a type of women's clothing such as a skirt, characteristic of peasant women from the south of Russia, they wear it both in Ukraine and in Belarus. Panevs, depending on the area, differ in their material and colors. Here is another example of ethnography from the story of V.G. Rasputin's “French Lessons”: “Even earlier, I noticed with what curiosity Lydia Mikhailovna looks at my shoes. Of the entire class, I was the only one wearing teal.” In Siberian dialects, the word teal means light leather shoes, usually without tops, with trim and ties.

Let us once again pay attention to the fact that many lexical and semantic dialectisms can be found in the explanatory dictionaries of the literary language marked reg. (regional). Why are they included in dictionaries? Because they are often used in fiction, in newspapers, magazines, in colloquial speech, when it comes to village problems.

Often it is important for writers to show not only what the character says, but also how he says it. For this purpose, dialect forms are introduced into the characters' speech. It is impossible to get past them. For example, I.A. Bunin, a native of the Oryol region, who brilliantly knew the dialect of his native places, writes in the story “Tales”: “This Vanya is from the oven, which means getting down, Malachai to myself putting on, sash girded, clade in the bosom kryushechkyu and goes to this very guard ”(emphasis added. - I.B., O.K.). Kushachkyom, kraushechku - convey the peculiarities of the pronunciation of the Oryol peasants.

Varieties of dialectisms

Such dialectisms are called phonetic. In the above words, the sound [k] softens under the influence of the neighboring soft sound[h '] - is likened to the previous sound on the basis of softness. This phenomenon is called assimilation(from lat. assimilation- assimilation).

Phonetic dialectisms, or rather, accentological ones that convey dialectal stress, include the forms low, sneaking from Yesenin's poem.

There is in Bunin's text and grammatical dialectisms, which reflect the morphological features of the dialect. These include the words put, getting down, putting on. In these verbs, the final was dropped T in 3rd person singular followed by the transition of the shock to - instead of gets off - getting down, instead of puts on - putting on.

Grammatical dialectisms are often cited in the speech of heroes, since they do not complicate the understanding of the text and at the same time give it a bright dialectal color. Let's take another interesting example. In Northern Russian dialects, the past tense is preserved - pluperfect: this tense indicates an action that took place in the past before some other specific action. Here is an excerpt from the story of B.V. Shergin: " Was bought I like a silk robe about the holiday. I did not have time to thank, I ran to the chapel to show off my new thing. Tatko was offended." Tatko - father in Pomeranian dialects. Was bought and there is the past tense. First, the father bought a bathrobe (preliminary past), and then the daughter did not have time to thank him (past tense) for the update.

Another type of dialectic derivational dialectisms.

ON THE. Nekrasov in the poem "Peasant Children" writes:

Mushroom time did not have time to depart,
Look - everyone has black lips,
Nabili osmomu: blueberry ripe!
And there are raspberries, lingonberries, walnuts!

There are several dialect words here. Oscom, relevant literary form set on edge, And blueberry, those. blueberry. Both words have the same with literary words roots, but different suffixes.

Naturally, dialect words, phrases, syntactic constructions go beyond the norm of the literary language and therefore have a bright stylistic coloring. But the language of fiction, being a special phenomenon, includes all the existing linguistic diversity. The main thing is that such inclusion should be motivated, justified by artistic goals. Undoubtedly, the very word that came from the dialect should become understandable to the reader. For this purpose, some writers explain dialectisms directly in the text, others give a footnote. These authors include I.S. Turgenev, M.M. Prishvin, F.A. Abramov.

Set word value...

In one of the stories of the "Notes of a Hunter" I. Turgenev remarks: "We went to the forest, or, as we say, to the" order "."

F. Abramov in the novel “Pryasliny” often interprets the meaning of local words in footnotes: “Sister Marfa Pavlovna warmed up, and thank God,” and the footnote states: sister - cousin.

In the story "The pantry of the sun" M. Prishvin repeatedly uses the dialect word elan: “Meanwhile, right here, in this clearing, the interlacing of plants stopped altogether, there was a spruce tree, the same thing as an ice hole in a pond in winter. In an ordinary elani, at least a little bit of water is always visible, covered with large, white, beautiful kupava, water lilies. That is why this spruce was called Blind, because it was impossible to recognize it by its appearance. Not only does the meaning of the dialect word become clear from the text, the author, at the first mention of it, gives a footnote-explanation: “Elan is a swampy place in a swamp, it’s like a hole in the ice.”

So, in the story of the Siberian writer V. Rasputin “Live and Remember”, the same word is repeatedly found elan, as in Prishvin, but it is given without any explanation, and one can only guess about its meaning: "Guskov went out into the fields and turned to the right, to the distant elani, he had to spend the whole day there." More likely elan in this case it means "field" or "meadow". And here are other examples from the same work: “The snow in the cold spruce forest almost did not melt, the sun here and in open places was weaker than on spruce trees, in the clearings lay clear, like squeezed out, open shadows of trees.” “All day he wandered through the spruces, either going out into open places, or hiding in the forest; sometimes, to the point of passion, to evil impatience, he wanted to see people and to be seen too.

If we now turn to the multi-volume "Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects", which is published by the Institute of Linguistic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg and includes dialect words collected throughout Russia, it turns out that elan has ten meanings, and even in close territories they differ. In Siberian dialects alone elan can mean: 1) flat open space; 2) meadow, meadow plain; 3) a place suitable for pastures; 5) field plain, field, arable land; 6) a clearing in the forest, etc. Agree, it is difficult, not being a native of those places about which Valentin Rasputin writes, to say with confidence what the meaning of the word is elan in the passages given.

Especially often writers resort to various kinds of dialectisms, stylizing folk speech, writing in the form of a tale: N.S. Leskov, P.P. Bazhov, S.G. Pisakhov, B.V. Shergin, V.I. Belov. Here is an excerpt from the fairy tale by S.G. Pisakhova “Northern Lights”: “In the summer we have day and night light, we don’t sleep. I work during the day, and at night I run ghouls and race with deer. And from autumn to winter we are preparing. We dry the northern lights.

As you can see, Pisakhov conveys a very striking feature of northern dialects - the loss of j and the subsequent contraction of vowels in the endings of verbs and adjectives: north from north round from round, work from working, ghouls from walking, running from running.

The narrator in such works is most often a joker who looks at the world with irony and optimism. He has a lot of stories and jokes in store for all occasions.

These heroes include the narrator from the wonderful work of V.I. Belova “Vologda Bays”: “It’s good to live while you are Kuzka. As soon as you become Kuzma Ivanovich, it immediately throws you into thoughtfulness. From this thoughtfulness comes the eclipse of life. Here again, you can’t live without a bay. The bay amuses the soul without wine, the heart rejuvenates. Gives brains enlightenment and a new move. With a bay and the stomach feels better. The bay is different and small, but remote ... ". In Vologda dialects bay means ‘fiction, absurdity’, there is even a phraseological unit bays to bend ‘to engage in idle talk, to speak absurdities’. The tale form makes it possible to look at the world differently, to understand the main thing in a person and life, to laugh at oneself, to support others with a funny joke.

Writers subtly feel the brightness and originality of folk speech, from which they draw imagery and inspiration. So, B.V. Shergin in the essay "Dvina Land" writes about one Pomeranian storyteller: "I was eager to listen to Pafnuty Osipovich and later retold his foldable, beautiful word awkwardly."