Interjection - a special part of speech, combines words that express feelings, motivations, wills, without naming them: oh, oh, well, alas; hello, ay, stop, my God, cheers, tsyts, chu etc. Interjections also include etiquette formulas: thank you.

Interjections do not refer to either independent parts of speech or auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not name any objects, signs, or actions, and from service ones in that they do not express the relationship between words in a phrase and sentence, do not serve to connect words and sentences, do not introduce additional semantic shades.

Interjections are words-signals for the shortest expression of a person's reaction to various events of reality or for expressing requirements, desires, commands.

Interjections are widely used in colloquial speech, in artistic speech they are more often used in dialogues. Interjections enhance the emotionality of statements, convey the features and styles of live speech. In poetic works, for example, there is an interjection about!, which contributes to the creation of solemnity: Oh, there is a fire that oblivion does not dare to touch ... Interjections can play an important role in the characterization of characters, for example, Ellochka the cannibal from the novel The Twelve Chairs.

Interjections do not have lexical, grammatical meanings, i.e. interjections do not change, are not members of a sentence and are not syntactically related to the members of the sentence.

In a sentence, interjections are separated by commas or an exclamation point, if pronounced with special force: Pass, Please, book; To me, Alas, bad luck; Fathers!; I still can't forget the people who, Alas! no more now.

But: Interjections before the personal pronouns you and you, followed by an appeal, are not separated by commas: Oh you, Volga, who does not love your shores!

Sometimes interjections can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech, then they acquire a specific lexical meaning and become members of the sentence. In such cases, interjections are not separated by commas:

• predicate: her fiancé Oh oh oh!
• subject and object (at the same time, interjections can have a definition and change in cases and numbers): All these hee hee, ha ha- an abomination. far away hooray.
• circumstance: The people lay down - ah-ah!
• definition: Ah yes honey!

Interjections do not include onomatopoeic words that imitate the sounds of wildlife and inanimate nature ( like a car, ding, gurgle, tra-ta-ta etc.), and words-verbs in interjective form denoting instantaneous actions (bang, bang, slap, break, look, plop, lope, grab, click etc.) and acting as a verbal predicate, tk. they do not express feelings and motives ( ..And with a cart boo into the ditch.). But, words used to call or control animals ( kitty-kitty, fas!) are motivating interjections.

According to the meaning of interjections, there are three categories:

• emotional interjections express feelings, moods:
  • satisfaction (approval, pleasure, joy, admiration): ah, ah, ah, aha, ba, yes, cheers, thank God, bravo, ha, ho, by God;
  • dissatisfaction (reproach, protest, annoyance, anger): ah, ah, brr, alas, fu, fi, ugh, here's another, oh, oh-oh-oh, my God, fathers, Lord, well, those times, no matter how, uh, uh, uh, and others;

  Most of these interjections are ambiguous, so their meaning is clear from the context.

• imperative (imperative-motivating) interjections express various urges to action, commands, orders (call, hail, urge, prohibition, assurance):

  ay-yes, apport, hello, ay, down, guard, march, but-oh!, plee!, well, kitty-kitty, away, out, well, well, well, hey, scat, coven, ay, march, whoa!, kitty-kitty, chick-chick, choo! and etc.

  These interjections can be functionally correlated with the imperative mood of the verb. They are signals that a response to these words is desired. Incentive interjections can carry an appeal, sometimes they themselves replace the appeal: Hey, Vanka!; Hey, come here!

• etiquette interjections (not distinguished in all teaching materials) - the words of the norms of speech etiquette: hello, hello, thank you, please, excuse me, all the best.

Origin interjections:

• non-derivative interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech: ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ba, brr, shove, gay, uh, oh, wow, oh, oh, whoa, whoa, ugh, uh, alas, uh, uh, fi, frr, fu, eh, oh, hee, ha, ho, ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh, tsyts, uh, hey, etc ..;
• interjection derivatives are formed from words of other parts of speech:
  • from verbs: hello, goodbye, think, have mercy, pli (from the fall), say;
  • from nouns: priests, guard, Lord, God, devil;
  • from adverbs: enough, full, out, away, down, full; (from quieter ->) those, tsh, sh-sh, ts;
  • from pronouns: the same;
  • borrowed words: come on, atu, hello, bravo, bis, kaput, basta, stop, cheers, coven

Interjections by structure:

• simple, i.e. consist of one word: ah, oh, alas;
• complex, formed by combining two or three interjections: ah-ah-ah, fathers-lights;
• compound, consisting of two or more words: alas and ah, that’s the same thing, here you are, here’s your time, my God, God is righteous, Lord my God, God forbid, God forbid, Lord have mercy, thank God, damn it, damn it, what the hell , hell with two, damn it, go crazy, come on, here you are, here you are once, that's it, as if it were not so, to you.

Examples. Unfortunately, I'm out of luck. ABOUT! I don't like to joke. Ah, my head hurts. Ba! All familiar faces. Alas, he does not seek happiness and does not run away from happiness. Hey, look here. Well, well, Ivanovich! Have you heard how he sings? ABOUT! Miracle!

Morphological analysis of interjection

Since the interjection does not have inconsistent morphological features, then its morphological analysis is not carried out at school. They only explain the spelling. If parsing, then according to the following plan:

• Part of speech - interjection
• Morphological features:
  • immutable word;
  • rank by value;
  • category by origin, by structure;
• The syntactic function is not a member of the sentence.

Examples.

• Oh I got bitten by a wasp! Oh- interjection, unchanged, emotional, expresses a feeling of fear, non-derivative, simple, not a member of a sentence.
• Oh Oh my God, I'm not talking about that at all. Oh- interjection, unchangeable, emotional, is not a member of the sentence; my God - interjection, immutable, emotional, is not a member of the sentence.
• Goodbye! I'm leaving. Goodbye- interjection, unchangeable, etiquette, serves to express farewell, derivative, simple.
• Chu! Do you hear? Chu- interjection, immutable, imperative, expresses motivation, non-derivative, simple, not a member of a sentence.

Interjection- a lexical and grammatical class of unchangeable words that are not included in either significant or auxiliary parts of speech and express (but do not name) emotional and emotional-volitional reactions to the surrounding reality.

Interjections are closely related to onomatopoeia, but they are a separate part of speech, and act as signal words used to express requirements, desires, motivations for action, as well as for a person’s quick response to various events in reality. Onomatopoeia of various natural phenomena, animals, etc. studies the section of linguistics - onomatopoeia (ideophone).

Many well-known linguists paid attention to the study of interjections. All the variety of points of view expressed at different times can be reduced to three.

• An interjection is a syntactic class of heterogeneous composition, standing outside the division of words into parts of speech.
• Interjections are included in the system of parts of speech, but stand in it in isolation.
• Interjections are included in the circle of parts of speech, and within the latter - in the category of "particles of speech" along with prepositions and conjunctions.

Substitutive functions of interjections and their living connections with words of different parts of speech are actively studied in modern linguistics.

Origin

• non-derivative- arose initially by themselves to express various feelings and emotions (ah, well, oh, ah, etc.);
• derivatives- formed from independent and service parts of speech (fathers, that's enough, please tell me);

Meaning

• emotional- express various feelings and emotions, grouped depending on their type (oh wow wow- joy; oh, what a horror, brrrr- fear);
• etiquette- used in etiquette forms of speech to express gratitude, greetings, farewells, requests, etc. (hello, salute, merci and others);
• incentive- call to action, express various motives (shove, stop, have mercy, etc.);

Compound

• complex- consist of several repeating bases (that's it, that's it, ah-ah-ah, etc.);
• simple- contain one word (ah, uh, jesus, etc.);
• composite- contain multiple words (please tell me, damn it, wow).

Examples of interjections formed from independent parts of speech can be divided into the following groups:

• nouns: Lord, mother, God, etc.;
• Verbs: Vish, have mercy, give, etc.;
• pronouns and adverbs: Well, what are you, what are you, full;
• unions and particles: so-and-so, and, well, here, etc.

What are interjections for?

This part of speech can perform several functions. First, serve to convey the feelings and emotions of the narrator (wow, wow, wow, etc.), his will (stop, scat, have mercy). Many such words come from primordial sounds, which are a reaction to external stimuli. (ouch, ouch, brr, cold, etc.). Secondly, one such word can replace a whole sentence. (Ugh! - What a disgusting thing!). This is a separate and unchanging part of speech that does not link words in sentences.

What questions do interjections answer?

This part of speech cannot answer questions, as it is not a member of the sentence. Such words help to express feelings, most often they do not even have a lexical meaning.

How are interjections emphasized in sentences?

Words expressing feelings do not act as members of sentences, but can sometimes replace them. In this case, they are underlined depending on the position they occupy. For example:

• Somewhere in the distance, I heard a long "oh."- In this case "Oh" stands in place of the subject and is underlined by one line.
• Oh well done!- In a sentence "ah yes" replaces an adjective and acts as a definition, underlined by a wavy line.

In writing, this part of speech is always distinguished by punctuation marks. There are a number of rules for the use of separating marks in this part of speech.

Table "Rules of punctuation for interjections"

Sometimes this part of speech is confused with particles that are not distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

For example: Oh no, but not this. Oh you, sly Fox.

Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, with a heavy sigh, people say “wow, well ... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said just by the intonation of the voice: whether it was a “message” (insult or anger) or just a playful saying (friendly greeting).

In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous cries, are conventional means, that is, those that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs proper. For example, like no other linguistic interjection signs are associated with gestures. So, the Russian interjection "Na!" only makes sense when accompanied by a gesture, and some West African languages ​​have an interjection that is spoken at the same time as a welcoming hug.

see also

Notes

Links

• Russian grammar. Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
• I. A. Sharonov. Back to interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Classification of interjections on the basis of modality expression.
• E. V. Sereda. Finish the paragraph: Interjections in youth colloquial speech.
• E. V. Sereda. Etiquette interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Unresolved problems in the study of interjections.
• E. V. Sereda. Punctuation marks for interjections and interjection formations.
• E. V. Sereda. Morphology of the modern Russian language. Place of interjections in the system of parts of speech.
• I. A. Sharonov. Distinguishing between emotional interjections and modal particles.

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Synonyms:

INTERJECTION, an immutable word used to express emotions and other reactions to verbal or non-verbal stimuli.

Turning to interjections, the linguist often experiences doubts, including those of the most fundamental nature. So, there are still sometimes disputes about whether interjections are generally under the jurisdiction of linguistics. Perhaps an interjection is a spontaneous cry, an instinctive reaction to an external stimulus, which is characteristic not only of a person, but also of an animal?

However, today, perhaps, few people hold such an opinion. Interjections belong to a particular language and culture, require translation when moving from one language to another and special study when mastering a foreign language. In the same situation, the Frenchman will say Helas, And russian - Alas, although they will sigh, perhaps in the same way. In linguistics, it is customary to say that interjections, unlike spontaneous cries, are conventional means, i.e. such that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs proper. For example, like no other linguistic interjection signs are associated with gestures. So, Russian interjection On! only makes sense when accompanied by a gesture, and some West African languages ​​have an interjection that is spoken at the same time as a welcoming hug.

Recognizing interjections as their object, linguists, however, offer to distinguish among them those that are “closer to nature”, i.e. relatively close to the natural exclamation, and those that are "closer to the language."

On the one hand, there are interjections that are so unlike ordinary words of the language that they even contain sounds that are not found in any other words. For example, in Russian there is an interjection, which in its meaning approximately corresponds to the verb snort, compare: - Do you want to marry her?- Pshch. Do I look crazy? The pronunciation of this word begins with a deaf labial closure, followed by a slotted sound, for which there is no unambiguous recording method, since such a sound does not occur in “ordinary” Russian words. You will not find such interjections in any dictionary, textbook or reference book, since they are practically absent in written speech, and oral speech has not yet been described enough. However, even those interjections that are listed in dictionaries often have a phonetic appearance that is not standard for a given language. For example, interjections such as ugh And Ugh, are the only native Russian words that contain f. Open initial sound uh in native Russian words exists only in pronouns ( this) and in interjections ( Eh,Hey). In English interjection pst, serving to attract attention, the syllabic is a consonant, which is not at all typical for the English language, but in the word Tsk-tsk(“It's a shame ...”) uses a sound that is not found in any other words. It is these interjections that often raise disputes about whether they can be considered full-fledged linguistic units.

Linguists have another kind of doubts about interjections derived from ordinary, significant words of the language - My God! They can come from nouns ( Fathers!), from verbs (French Tiens! "Listen!" from the verb tenir"hold" , English Bother! "Yearning!" from the verb to bother"annoy"), from a combination of a noun with a verb ( Damn it! or an interjection from one of the Ethiopian languages, which literally translates "eat dirt", which means "Be ashamed!"), from particles ( Oh well!). They are called secondary, or derivative, and sometimes they are not classified as interjections at all. Many languages ​​have words that serve the realm of etiquette; as a rule, these are derivative words - Thank you(from the phrase God save),Goodbye. Such words and expressions are called communicative formulas and are also sometimes not included in the class of interjections.

In general, interjections are not always easy to distinguish from words of other classes. Usually, several characteristic properties are distinguished, according to which a word can be attributed to the class of interjections.

First, interjections are sentence words: in their usual, original use, they are always independent statements. Therefore, interjections, being words, have at the same time properties that are characteristic of sentences. They are not able to have syntactic connections with other words: they do not depend on anyone and do not subordinate anyone to themselves. They are self-sufficient: our reaction to some event or the answer to the whole remark of the interlocutor can be expressed by only one interjection.

Some particles can also form a separate sentence:- It really was her. - That's it. I told you. However, particles that can make up a separate statement are still primarily used as part of another sentence: - She was so worried.

In Russian and in some other languages, interjections can be part of another sentence as a predicate: Geese are here. However, this use cannot be considered the main one for the interjection and even characteristic. Far from any interjection can play this role: it is impossible, for example, to say My mood today. On the other hand, those interjections that can be predicates are still much more often used in the usual interjectional function - as independent statements.

Since interjections are sentence words, for them, as for any other words of the language, prosody is important - the length of the vowel or consonant, and especially the intonation with which they are pronounced. Often interjections that have completely different meanings differ only in intonation. For example: - What will we do with a broken TV?- Ah!To hell with it. We'll buy a new one. Or: - What is broken??- TV. - Ah. I thought so.

Secondly, the interjection, as a rule, does not have any grammatical indicators, i.e. cannot change by gender, number, tense, etc. True, in languages ​​there are such interjections that can have something like grammatical indicators. For example, in the Albanian language there are interjections derived from nouns that can attach the indicator of the second person plural to themselves: Forca! – Forcani! "Have taken!" (forca- "force"). In Russian, the word On there is a variant that has something like a 2nd person plural ending: Nate(similar take - take). Such words may raise fair doubts as to whether they are interjections; however, they cannot be attributed to any other part of speech either.

Some linguists consider their unproductivity to be a hallmark of interjections. They refer to interjections only such words as Oh,ah,woo, - which are not derived from any other part of speech and which cannot be divided into morphemes. In principle, in the field of interjections there may be their own word-formation processes, but they have a certain originality. For example, in many languages, including Russian, interjections can be formed by reduplication: Oh oh oh,hoo.

Finally, many linguists refer to interjections only those words that serve to express the internal state of a person, i.e. his sensations, feelings, thoughts, intentions, impulses. For example, saying Wow, a person expresses his feeling about an event that in some respect greatly exceeds his expectations.

It is the presence of meaning that distinguishes interjections from another class of words - onomatopoeia. An interjection is a sound that is a sign of some internal state of the person pronouncing it, i.e. interjections convey some conceptual content. Meanwhile, the signified of onomatopoeia is simply another sound - produced by an object, person or animal.

According to the type of meaning, interjections are usually divided into three groups.

Emotive interjections belong to the first, they convey the feelings of the speaker. For example, interjection eh expresses something like regret, i.e. negative emotion, which is caused by the fact that some situation seems to a person worse than it could be. Interjection Oh usually pronounced when a person feels powerless in the face of a situation and therefore experiences a negative emotion. Russian ugh expresses disgust - an unpleasant feeling, usually caused by physiological causes: smell, taste, sight. Women of a South American Indian people, surprised, say Hije!, and men - howa! In another South American language, the interjection Abo! conveys the impression made on a person by something more (similar to Russian Wow), A Abi is a reaction to something, on the contrary, very small.

A large group of interjections expresses the state of knowledge and thoughts of the speaker; such interjections are called cognitive. For example, in Russian there are a number of words, the pronunciation of which indicates that the speaker has received some new information and correlates it with his knowledge and ideas. So, when a person learns something new, he says Ah, and if this new somehow contradicts his previous ideas, he says Uh-uh.

How does she feel at ease in someone else's apartment.

“But she has already come to us.

- Ah,she already came!// - Uh,Yes, it's not the first time she's here.

Many languages ​​have interjections with which the speaker expresses his doubt. In one of the languages ​​of Mexico there is a special interjection, which is usually pronounced by those who are listening to a story. It is used by listeners to express their attention and approval and to encourage the narrator to continue his story.

Almost all linguists distinguish a group of volitional or imperative interjections, i.e. those that express the desires of the speaker, addressed to the interlocutor. So, in many, if not all, languages ​​there are interjections that serve to call another person to you. In Russian, this function can use the interjection-hail Hey. If the addressee is at a great distance and invisible, then we will call him with the help of an interjection ay. There are also words that call the interlocutor to silence. Interjection shh usually pronounced in an undertone and means "speak so that we are not heard", and the word poof you can say it out loud, because it means "be quiet!". The Albanian language has such imperative interjections, with the help of which only men are called, and those that are used only in relation to women. In many languages, a large group is made up of imperative interjections, with the help of which commands are given to animals. In Russian, chickens are called by saying chick chick chick, in Georgian - yichi-yichi-yichi, and, for example, French cats do not know the word Kitty Kitty.

Interjections, like other words in a language, can become obsolete. For example, the dialogue from captain's daughter: “Do you hear, Vasilisa Yegorovna,” Ivan Kuzmich answered, “I was busy with the service: I taught soldiers.” “And, complete! the captain replied. “Only glory that you teach soldiers: neither service is given to them, nor you see any sense in it.” Interjection AND not used in modern speech, just as interjections are uncommon Vish!,Chu! And Ba!

On the other hand, there are also new interjections. New words, as a rule, replenish the class of derived interjections. In colloquial speech, a new “fashionable” exclamation often appears and is just as quickly forgotten. New interjections, like words, can be borrowed from other languages ​​- for example, now among teenagers you can often hear English exclamations wow! And Yeah!

Nina Dobrushina

10th grade

"Unfortunate misunderstanding",
or Interjection

Lesson Objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to ongoing linguistic processes, the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.

DURING THE CLASSES

Introduction by the teacher.

Interjections are the least studied class of words in modern Russian. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection "an obscure and vague category", "an unfortunate misunderstanding", referring to the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished. The first concept is associated with the name of M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scientists consider interjections to be words, recognize these words as part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, and the history of education. A great contribution to the study of interjections was made by academician V.V. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of the study of the syntax of living oral speech. The peculiarity of interjections V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions and feelings and are functionally close to different classes of words, occupying a special place in the system of parts of speech: this is neither a significant nor a service part of speech.

N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections to be words and exclude them from the parts of speech.

In the school course of the Russian language, interjections are considered as a special part of speech.

Updating of basic knowledge.

- What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech? (Morphology.)

- What does the concept mean? parts of speech? (Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories, according to which the words of the language are distributed on the basis of certain features.)

– What are these signs? (Firstly, this is a semantic feature (generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); secondly, morphological features (morphological categories of a word); thirdly, syntactic features (syntactic functions of a word).)

What are the two groups of parts of speech? (Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and service.)

- What part of speech occupies a special place, not related to either independent parts of speech or official ones? (This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions, and do not serve to connect words. They convey our feelings.)

Studying the topic of the lesson.

So, what is an interjection? (Interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and service parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)

How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (Interjection is a class of grammatically unchanged words and phrases, which is why the expression is used in the concept sound complexes.)

– So, interjections are devoid of nominative meaning. However, Academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections "have a semantic content conscious of the collective." How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradov? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, the interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fie, how disgusting!), interjection ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Ugh, tired of it!) interjection hey expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired you are!).)

– Right. The attachment to one or another interjection of a certain content is convincingly expressed in M. Tsvetaeva’s poem “The Speech”:

Capacitive than the organ and louder than the tambourine
Molv - and one for all:
Oh - when it's hard and ah - when it's wonderful,
But it is not given - oh!

What is the difference between interjections and auxiliary parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of linking sentence members or parts of a complex sentence. Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not give additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)

– Name the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From the point of view of a morphological interjection, they are lexical units that do not have inflection forms. The main syntactic feature of interjections is that they do not enter into connection with other words in a sentence, but can act as independent sentences. Interjections are always kept as part of a sentence. apart, which is emphasized by putting a comma or an exclamation mark on the letter.)

– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; fathers, something, however. What do you think: what is their difference? (The first group of interjections are non-derivative lexemes, and the second are derivatives, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)

– Give a linguistic commentary on the following examples:

1) Oh oh oh; Oh well;
2) hoo, ege-ge;
3) oh-ho-ho;
4) wow, wow, wow.

1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.

2) The repetition may be incomplete.

3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a rearrangement of the vowel and consonant.

4) Separate interjections are able to connect with the pronominal ty, plural imperative ending those, with a verb particle -ka.)

- What phonetic features of interjections are evidenced by the following examples: uh-huh, shoo, puss-kiss, um, shh, whoa. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien to the literary language [] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections hmm, shh no vowel sounds. In an interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)

- Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they remain connected with other elements of this system. How is it shown? Give examples. (Interjections can arise on the basis of significant and functional words. And on the basis of interjections, significant words can be formed: gasp etc.)

- According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try to divide the following interjections into two groups and establish a certain pattern: bis, oh, ah, damn, ba, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, pah, cheers, fathers, hello, God, shh, fi, away. (Interjection oh, ah, oh, wow, ah, ugh, father, lord, fi, damn, bravo, cheers, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, serve to identify a person's attitude to reality, to the interlocutor's speech.

Interjection encore, down, march, let's go, hello, shh, away express various types and shades of motivation to action.)

- Right. Interjections belonging to the first group are emotional interjections, to the second group are motivating interjections. Incentive interjections have other names: imperative, imperative. Try comparing two emotional interjections: Ouch And ba. (Interjection ba unambiguous, but interjection Ouch polysemantic. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection Ouch can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, chagrin, joy. Interjection ba expresses surprise.)

Determine which category the following interjections belong to: full, well, let's go, march. (These are motivating interjections.)

– Try to guess whether the same interjection can express both emotions and motivation. Try to include interjections in various speech situations. Well.(Yes maybe. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers! In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.)

- Some linguists as a special category of interjections - etiquette - distinguish well-known sound complexes: hello, goodbye, thank you, goodbye, good night, happy holiday, good health, all the best etc. The main argument of these scientists is that these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by considering whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections. (These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means that they do not have the semantics inherent in interjections.

The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions of the same type see you, all the best, good night, good morning retain the direct nominative values ​​of their components.

Expressions goodbye(those), forgive(those), sorry(those), hello(those) are imperative verbs. Only in special cases, for example, the word Hello expresses surprise, displeasure:

– I won’t go to the cinema today.

Hello, you promised.

Let's take the floor Sorry). This word can express protest, disagreement: Should I go to the store again? No, I'm sorry.)

- Well done! And now I will name a few verbal complexes. You have certainly heard them: Lord, my God, mother queen of heaven, tell me for mercy ... What do they express? (Feelings and emotions.)

– Scientists note their structural dissection, phraseology, semantic integrity. Try this series of examples to continue. (Fathers, my God, the devil knows what, that's how, an empty thing, that's a miracle, you're the abyss, tell me, that's how a pound, etc.)

- Make up sentences using these examples.

Prove that interjections serve the purpose of saving language resources. (For example, you did not expect to see, meet your friend in some place. Surprise about this can be expressed in sentences: And you're here, how did you get here? You didn't mean to come here. Who do I see? or with one interjection: Ba!

You can call for silence, you can calm down with sentences: Hush, please, can't hear anything or with one interjection: Shh!)

The practical part of the lesson.

Exercise 1. Dictionary dictation-crossword on the theme "Feelings". The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, the students write down the word corresponding to the given lexical meaning.

Supreme satisfaction, delight. - Delight.

Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. - Anger.

The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. - Astonishment.

A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what the matter is. - Perplexity.

Feelings of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. - Annoyance.

Feeling of annoyance caused by the well-being, success of another. - Envy.

A feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. - Pleasure.

A strong objection to something. - Protest.

Expression of disapproval, condemnation. - Censure.

Task 2 . Insert appropriate interjections in front of the indicated values ​​in the table. Students were given sheets with a table in which the second and fourth columns were not filled. Interjections for choice: ehma, chur, u, fu, uh, oh, sha, chu, uh, uh, hy, tsyts, eh. Think of examples of the use of interjections in speech.

When finished, the table will look like this:

No. p / p	Interjection	Expressed interjection meaning	Examples use in speech
1	Sha	An exclamation in the meaning of "it's time to finish, that's enough"	Let's run - and sha!
2	hy	Expresses disbelief, ridicule	Hey, what do you want!
3	Chu	Expresses a call to pay attention to a low, obscure or distant sound	Chu! Something crackled in the garden.
4	E	Expresses bewilderment, surprise, distrust and other various feelings	Hey, how did you get here? Eh, I don't agree.
5	wow	Expresses surprise, appreciation, admiration and other similar feelings	Wow, fidget! Wow, you will get from your grandmother!
6	Chur	1. An exclamation that demands to comply with some condition. 2. Exclamation (usually in children's games), which are forbidden to touch something, to go beyond some limit	Just don't touch me! Damn not me!
7	At	Expresses reproach or threat, as well as surprise, fear and other emotions	Wow, how tanned you are! O, shameless!
8	tsyts	A shout expressing a prohibition, an order to stop something or to be silent	Tsyts, Valentine!
9	Eh	Expresses regret, reproach, concern	Oh, what can I say after all!
10	uv	Expresses tiredness, weariness, or relief	Wow, how hard!
11	ehma	Expresses regret, surprise, determination, and similar feelings	Ahma, I didn't expect this.
12	Ugh	Expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust	Fu, tired!
13	Oh	Expresses regret, sadness, pain and other feelings	Oh, I can't take it anymore!

Task 3. Determine the part of the underlined words. Justify the answer.

1) AND I won't give you a penny. 2) AND, full! 3) There are hopes And he became cheerful again.

1) Write with a pen, A not with a pencil. 2) A, gotcha! 3) Let's go for a walk A?

Task 4. In offer Hurt! try inserting different interjections.

(Aw, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ooh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ah, it hurts!)

Task 5. Make a linguistic comment on the following examples: fullness, come on, come on, let's go to the river, march into the room.

Many imperative interjections are close to the forms of the imperative mood, this proximity is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire a plural indicator -those(completeness). Interjections can be combined with a particle -ka(take that), able to manage other words (well, go to the river, march into the room).

Task 6. Remember the proverbs, which include interjections.

Chur alone - do not give to anyone.

Ay-ay, the month of May is warm, but cold.

Ah, ah, but there is nothing to help.

Ah, what a sadness! I would not let go of a piece, I would eat everything and sing songs.

Oh-ho-ho-ho-honyushki, life is bad for Afonyushka.

Task 7. Determine what syntactic functions the interjections perform in the following sentences. Comment on your answer.

2) If the guy in the mountains is not Oh, if it immediately became limp and down, the step stepped onto the glacier and wilted ... (V. Vysotsky)

3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk - an abomination! (A. Tolstoy)

4) He could not be silent, could not smile condescendingly or get rid of his nasty "A!" he had to say something. (Yu.Kazakov)

5) What lay down for the people - ah-ah! (D. Furmanov)

Answer. The interjection is not syntactically related to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections act as different members of the sentence. Examples 1, 2 - predicate, example 3 - subject, example 4 - object, example 5 - circumstance. If the interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it acquires the ability to have a definition with it.

Task 8. Linguists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:

a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;

b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;

c) interjections expressing surprise, bewilderment, fear, doubt, etc.

Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections.

A) Aha!, ah!, ah!, bravo!, oh!, hurrah! etc.;

b) ah!, ah!, here's another!, brr!, ugh!, fu! etc.;

V) ba!, fathers!, mothers!, well, well!, like a cranberry!, just think!, alas!, hmm! etc.

The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are the interjections ah!, ah!, ah!, oh!, oh!, fu!, eh! and etc.

Find interjections in the following sentences and determine their belonging to a particular group.

1) Someone, distilling, said over her ear: “Ah yes eyes!”. (A. Tolstoy)

2) Oh, bring them back! groaned the nervous lady. “Ugh, how stupid you all are!” (A. Kuprin)

3) Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A.Chekhov)

4) Pantelei Prokofievich looked at the black head protruding from the pile of diapers in a businesslike manner, and not without pride assured: “Our blood ... Ek-hm. Look you!”. (M. Sholokhov)

5) - That's it! Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)

Sentences 1, 4 - interjections ah, ek-um express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - that means they belong to the first group.

Sentence 2 - interjections ah, fu express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, belong to the second group.

Sentences 3, 5 - interjections dude, like this express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.

Task 9. Read the interjections: ay!, let's go!, scat!, hello!, hey!, gop!, out!, but!, guard!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh! What are these interjections? Try to group them. What do you think: is it possible?

Incentive (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc. (come on!, scat!, gop!, get out!, but!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means to attract attention, etc. (ay!, hello!, guard!, hey!).

Determine what the interjections in the following sentences express.

1) Don't play! the foremen waved to the musicians. - Shh... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. (A.Chekhov)

2) - Guard! Cut! he shouted. (A.Chekhov)

3) Guys! It's warm, let's go for a swim. (Vs. Ivanov)

4) - Hey! Grigoriev shouted and waved. The wagon turned into a field road and soon rolled up. (V.Ketlinskaya)

5) - Well, - I said, - lay out what you need? (K. Paustovsky)

In examples 2, 4, interjections express a call to respond, serve as a means to attract attention. In examples 1, 3, 5, interjections express a call to some action.

Task 10. Compare the following examples: Well, ball! Well, Famusov! He knew how to name guests.(A. Griboedov). Rewrite! Fast, well!(Vs. Ivanov)

Answer. In the first example, the interjection Well! is emotional, in the second - motivating.

Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech. They serve as a means of conveying a variety of feelings of a person, his attitude to the facts of reality. In addition, in works of fiction, they enhance the emotionality of the statement. Often, interjections, as it were, absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the conciseness of the phrase, for example: Let it not succeed, nothing will come of it—nothing. If it succeeds - Wow! (D.Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the features of lively speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, expression. Interjections play an important role in characterization.

Task 12. All of you have read A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". What do you think: why is Repetilov's speech full of interjections?

Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of “making noise”. His empty enthusiasm naturally results in exclamations sprinkled with interjections. (Oh! Get to know him; Oh! Wonder!; ...Ah! Puffer, my soul...)

Remember the famous Ellochka Schukina from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate?

Answer. Ellochka easily managed thirty words, of which three are interjections (ho-ho!, think about it!, wow!). This testifies to the linguistic and mental wretchedness of the character.

Task 13. Comment on punctuation marks. Students receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. The second column is empty. In the second column, students write down a comment.

Examples