Objects named in honor of the cruise industry. Ivan Kruzenshtern. Great geographical discoveries
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern
Main events
The first Russian round-the-world swimming
Top Career
Admiral, honorary member of the Academy of Sciences
Order of St. Anne 2nd degree
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (at the birth of Adam Johann Background Crowenshtern, it. ADAM JOHANN VON KRUSENSTIERN; November 19, 1770 - 24 August 1846 - Russian navigator, Admiral. He graduated from the Sea Cadet Corps. Member of the War with Sweden (1788-1790) Veteran Gogindi and Eland battles. After the war, an internship was internship in the UK fleet, during which he fought with the French off the coast of North America. In 1803-1806. He led the first Russian round-the-world swimming. In the following years of life, she passed the accumulated experience first as an inspector, and then the director of the Marine Cadet Corps.
Biography
Childhood
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, comes from the russia German nobleman, the Rodonarchist's Rodonodunik in Russia Philip Kruzius Cruisesttern Background, Son of Joine Johann Friedrich von Kruzenshtern (1724-1791).
From 12 years to three years, he received education in a church school, which was in the city of Revel. He continued his studies in the Marine Cadet Corps who were in Kronstadt.
From early childhood, the future admiral dreamed of bypassing around the sea. It was not possible to fulfill my dream.
Service
It was released from the Maritime Cadet ahead of time (May 1788), since the war began with Sweden. Made into Michmans and appointed on the 74-gun ship Mstislav, who commanded Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky.
Goginda Battle
On July 6, 1788 in the Finnish Gulf, fifty kilometers west of the island of Gogland, the Russian and Swedish squadron met. The squadron lined up in line - one opposite the other. The movement of ships was difficult due to the lack of wind. In fact, the enemy ships several long hours were aimed at each other.
The Russian squadron lost more than three hundred people killed and more than six hundred wounded. The vehicle of Mulovsky "Mstislav" suffered more than anyone. He practically lost control, was fused by the nuclei of the Swedish cannons, but remained in the rank until the very end of the battle. The victory was for the Russians, the most powerful Swedish ship - "Prince Gustav" - surrendered, the rest of the enemy squadron hurried to retreat. Has her rushed barely lively "Mstislav."
Swedes hurried in the sea fortress Svetaborg. Up to late autumn, the Russian fleet kept the siege. Participated in it and "Mstislav". Almost all officers were killed on it, and Michman Kruzenshtern appointed an assistant commander of the ship.
Next year, Ivan Fedorovich took part in the Eland battle, and in two years (1790) in sea battles With a roar, red hill and in the Vyborg Bay. By the aggregate results of their actions were produced in Lieutenants in 19 years.
In 1793, among the twelve excellent officers, with the aim of improving the sea, was sent to England, which was the greatest marine power of that time. With the British walked to the shores of North America, where they fought with the French. In this journey, Cruisenstern visited Barbados, Surinames and Bermuda. To study the east-indie waters and the opening of Russian trading routes to Ost-India, they were visited by the Bengal Bay. Interested Russian fur trade with China, which was from Okhotsk with a dry route on Kyakhta, Cruzenshtern decided that it could more profitably go straight by the sea, he also had in mind to establish direct metropolis relations with Russian possessions in America.
Circumnavigation
Route round-tile sailing cruise
In St. Petersburg, Kruzenshtern introduced his considerations in 1799 to the authorities, but his project was rejected. In 1802, the main rule of the Russian-American company was made with a similar proposal, Emperor Alexander I project approved. To fulfill it, equipped the first Russian round-the-world expedition. So came true the long dream of Ivan Fedorovich.
"Hope" and "Neva" - these are the names of the ships of which the expedition was held in the history of domestic navigation as the first Russian round-the-world journey.
The hoping was commanded by Kruzenshtern, Neva - another wonderful Russian sailor, Captain Lieutenant Lissean. Swimming began on August 7, 1803 with sailing from Kronstadt. The path ran across the Atlantic Ocean and on March 3, 1804, they conceded Cape Horn; From the Russians and neighboring lands in the north of the Pacific, the participants of the expedition paid special attention to Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. August 19, 1806 in Kronstadt, round-the-world swimming ended.
Expedition route
Kronstadt (Russia) - Copenhagen (Denmark) - Falmouth (United Kingdom) - Santa Cruz de Tenerife ( Canary Islands, Spain) - Florianopolis (Brazil, Portugal) - Easter Island - Nuku-Khiva (Marquis Islands, France) - Honolulu (Hawaiian Islands) - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Russia) - Nagasaki (Japan) - Hakodate (O-in Hokkaido, Japan ) - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (O-in Sakhalin, Russia) - Sitka (Alaska, Russia) - Kodiak (Alaska, Russia) - Guangzhou (China) - Macau (Portugal) - Saint Helena (United Kingdom) - O-Va Korva and Florish ( Azores, Portugal) - Portsmouth (United Kingdom) - Kronstadt (Russia).
In the period of the expedition, I.F. Trrusenshtern conducted large research, the results of which can be generalized as follows:
Cruisenstern not only opened and spent the shooting of many islands, described the part of the north-west coast of the Pacific Ocean, was the first atlas of this ocean, but also became one of the founders of oceanological studies. The expedition collected rich botanical, zoological, ethnographic collections, conducted a large number of astronomical observations. For these merits, the Academy of Sciences in 1806 elected Kruzhenstern on his honorary member. In their notes about this journey (SPb. 1809 - 13), Kruzenshtern tells a lot of curious about changing them in swimming, especially about the life and snaps of savages; For its time, the magnificent atlas is replete with cards, plans and patterns. Lisyan rules for the second ship of the expedition and sometimes selected separately from the first; In his book about the same journey (SPB. 1812) there is a detailed description of the coast of Sitka and Codiac.
Director of the Marine Cadet Corps
In 1811, Kruzenshtern was determined by the inspector of the classes of the Marine Cadet Corps. In 1814, developing detailed instructions for around the world expedition 1815-1818 Under the superior of the Kotseb, one of the younger officers of the first round-the-world swimming, Kruzenshtern visited England to order the tools required for the expedition. Returning, he received a permanent vacation and engaged in the creation of the "Southern Sea Atlas", with the application of hydrographic notes, under the title: "Collection of works by the analysis of the analysis and expressions of the Southern Sea Atlas" (SPB., 1823 and 1826; Franz. Translation: "Recueil. Des Memoires Hydrographiques ... ", St. Petersburg, 1824-1827; Supplement St. Petersburg., 1835-36; an essay is crowned with a complete Demidov Prize).
In 1827, Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the Maritime Cadet Corps and a member of the Admiralty Council. Sixteen-year activity as director's post is marked by the introduction of new items of teaching to the marine corps of the Marine Corps, enriching his library and museums by many teaching benefits. It was at this time that senior officers were created and approved, which were later transformed into the Naval Academy. With a coressenther in the maritime cadet, corporal punishments were canceled.
Retired
In the rank of Admiral, in 1842, Ivan Fedorovich resigned. Having left for your immunism, he continued to work. In 1845, together with such scientists, as: F.P. Wrangel, K.M. Bair and F.P. Litke Ivan Fedorovich is directly involved in the formation of a Russian geographical society. After a certain period of time, it has become one of the largest geographic science centers not only in Russia, but also in the world.
Ivan Fedorovich was buried in Tallinn's Dome Cathedral.
After herself he left three wonderful sons who continued to serve for the benefit of Russia.
Personal characteristics on memoirs of contemporaries
Physically, Kruzenchtern was developed simply great. Contemporaries noted that he was standing out for his strength, had an athletic physique, his shoulder belt and the heroic chest were superior to the most strong expedition sailors. It is also known that he is during around the world travel, Daily, for 30-40 minutes, I practiced with two two-domed (32 kg.) Giings. Most of all, Kruzenshtern loved to perform - the shower of the gym.
Admiral souls did not kowel in his pets. In all the travels, he was accompanied by the dog breed Spaniel, who quickly became a favorite team. Superval sailors, even introduced the tradition, before sailing a poor animal for long hanging ears. You can certainly relate to this with a grin, but the Kruzenshtern travel, after such a "fins" passed surprise painlessly. On the exotic islands, the dog became a secret weapon of Ivan Fedorovich - aware of the situation, when the aborigines, in life did not see animals with such long hanging ears, scattered in horror, barely freezing spaniel.
Awards
- Order of St. George 4th degree
- Order of St. Alexander Nevsky with diamonds
- Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree
- Order of St. Anne 2nd degree
- Order Pour Le Mérite "For merits in science and art"
Perpetuation of memory
In St. Petersburg, Ivan Fedorovich is a monument. 12 geographic items are worn, the name of the cruise industry. For example, atoll in the Marshall Islands archipelago. Also, his name is named Bark.
(1770-1846) - Russian navigator.
One of the most prominent expeditions organized by the Russian-American company was a world tour of the Russian sailors under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisansky. They studied together in the Marine Cadet Corps. These were well-educated combat officers who participated in large sea battles floating in 1793-1799. on the ships of the English fleet. The expedition was supposed to deliver goods to the Alaska who beloned to Russia then and tie trade from and. To this end, at the beginning of 1803, two gate was acquired in England - "Hope" and "Neva".
On August 7, 1803, the ships from St. Petersburg went to their distant swimming. They had to go through and, then through, around - in the Hawaiian Islands, after which "Hope" went to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and then to Japan, and "Neva" - to the shores of Alaska. In the canton, both expeditions were to meet and through return back to St. Petersburg.
The journey was difficult: the replacement of the mast, a cruel storm, causing them from the archipelago, strong, in which the boat for two months lost each other. Only excellent learning and harsh hardening helped Russian sailors cope with troubles. Having finished all trading operations, ships, leaving the coast of China, Japan, Alaska, took the course on and on August 19, 1806 returned to their native shores. The first world journey of Russian sailors successfully ended.
8 The period of the expedition I.F. Trrusenshtern conducted large research, the results of which can be generalized like this:
Were significantly corrected; conducted (measurement at different depths, determination and specific weight of water, flow rate, etc.);
the western coast of Japan, the southern part and East, was applied to the map of the Western Coast, the part of the Kuril Island ridge was investigated;
installed a new path to Russian possessions and Alaska.
I.F. Trrusenshtern not only opened and spent surveys, described part of the northwestern coast of the Pacific Ocean, was this ocean, but also became one of the founders of oceanological studies. The expedition collected rich botanical, zoological, ethnographic collections, conducted a large number of astronomical observations. For these merits, the Academy of Sciences in 1806 elected Kruzhenstern on his honorary member.
Works I.F. Trrusenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky about a three-year swimming around the world were published in many languages. The names of these researchers are immortalized: the islands of the Tuamot Archipelago and one of the capes on Alaska are named after I.F. Trrusenshtern.
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern since childhood dreamed of becoming a military sailor. And his dream was destined to come true. But, he served at all for a long time on maritime warships, he realized that his real vocation is a study of the immense and mysterious ocean expanses.
Childhood and youth
The future famous navigator was born in 1770 in a rive in the family of Russified German nobles. None of his kind before him was associated with the sea. But it attracted Ivan from the earliest years. Therefore, when he turned 16, he, without hesitation, entered the sea cadet corps.
Due to the broken war with the Swedes, the young Kruzenchtern is produced from it early in the rank and takes part in marine battles. But they all took place from the Baltic Baltic shores, and the young man then pulled to distant marine wanders.
Without a different opportunity to fulfill his dream, Ivan Fedorovich in 1793 comes to the service in the British fleet. For six years, he is furious in English water ships of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It is at this time that his idea of \u200b\u200bthe first round-the-world maritime expedition is born.
World Swimming and Scientific Activities
Returning to Russia, Cruzenshtern developed and presented a project to create a sea route from the Baltic ports to Alaska. It is first deflected. But then, when the question arises about the world expedition, Ivan Forodovich is entrusted to head this matter.
In 1801, on the two ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the leadership of Cruise, the first Russian round-the-world expedition is sent to swimming. However, it is impossible to call it just aroundwards. She lasted two and a half years and had great scientific importance. During this time, we managed to put the many non-discovered islands on the map and clarify some unaccounted island lands. It was also investigated 1,000 kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island and the reason for the glow of the North Sea was found.
After completing the world expedition, Kruzenshtern is engaged scientific work. In 1809-1812, he publishes a three-volume "journey around the world", which was translated into 7 European languages, and "Atlas sea traveler" In 1813, Ivan Fedorovich was elected by a member of the largest European academies and scientific societies.
For a long time Kruzhenstern was the director of the Marine Cadet Corps. With this educational institution on his initiative, the highest officer was created, subsequently transformed into the Naval Academy. In marine expeditions, due to the old age, he no longer participates, but provides all sorts of support to famous navigators and travelers.
(1770-1846)
Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is an outstanding navigator and organizer of the first Russian round-the-world swimming, carried out under his command, was also a major hydrograph scientist and a teacher. He was born in Estland, near Tallinn (Revel), on November 19, 1770. He received an initial education at home, and from twelve years he studied at the Revel Cathedral School. In fifteen years of age, in 1785, I. F. Kruzenshtern was given to the sea corpus, which was then in Kronstadt. Due to the relatively late in the age of admission to the sea case, he had to continue the total, the so-called "Cadet" course in the continuation of a short biennium. After that, I. F. Kruzenshtern was produced in Midshipmen and began the passage of the mostly special naval items. Still being in the building, I. F. Kruzenshtern near his companion to release Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, the future satellite in the world
At this time, Russia led at the same time two wars at sea: with Sweden on the Baltic and Turkey on Black, in view of which it took the urgent purpose of a large number of officers to ships. Together with their comrades I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyani were previously released in the spring of 1788 from the corps, but without production in officers, and with the designation "for Michman". I. F. Kruzenshtern was appointed to the linear ship "Mstislav", which was commanded by the captain of the brigadyr rank G. I. Mulovsky, brilliant, combat, experienced sailor and a very cultural and educated officer.
All the first years of the service of the young Cruisesttern were held in a combat atmosphere and were marked by military exploits: in the period 1788-1790. On the ship "Mustislav" he participated in four battles with the Swedish fleet - Goginda, Eland, Revel and Vyborg, and all the time his ship was in the forefront. In these battles I. F. Kruzenshtern showed great courage and administrativeness and was rewarded first to Michmans (1789), and then for the difference in the capture of the Swedish counter-admiral ship - in Lieutenants (1790). G. I. Mulovsky was killed in the Eland battle, the commander of Mstislav, intended to the chiefs of the already trained round-the-world expedition, not sent because of the war. He had a great influence on I. F. Kruzhenstern and regained in his soul, the desire to achieve in the future of organizing the first Russian round-the-world swimming. After the conclusion of the world I. F. Cruzenshtern spent two years on the shore in Tallinn (Roal), and relatively small official employment allowed him to improve his nautical theoretical knowledge.
At that time, the Russian Navy, busy by the defense of his marine bubbles, could not allocate warships for long-term training overseas swimming pools. Therefore, the commissioning of young officers was practiced as volunteers on the vessels of the English Navy, which were in distant navigation. Among the twelve distinguished young officers who were sent for 6 years (from 1793 to 1799) to England, I. F. Kruzenshtern, as well as his friend Yu. F. Lisya.
I. F. Cruzenshtern floated on various English ships off the coast of North America, visited the seaside cities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Norfolk, and others, visited West Indies and on the Islands of Bermuda and Barbados, and in Dutch Guiana, Africa, India and China, after which he returned to England. During these swimming, he repeatedly participated in battles with the French. In the future, in the future, organize a world expedition in the future and put the path to India and China for Russian maritime trading to India and China, I. F. Kruzenshteon decided to visit those waters and explore the course of trade. In the English warship, he reached first to the Cape of Good Hope, and then further, to the Indian ports of Madras and Calcutta, from where he went to Malacca and Canton. Here he personally made sure to carry out trade relations between Russian possessions in North America and China. He made the return journey to England on a shopping ship of the English East India Company, and I visited the second time at the Cape of Good Hope and visited the island of St. Helena. Motherland Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern returned after a six-year lack of an experienced and knowledgeable navigator.
Returning to Russia, I. F. Kruzenshtern, during his absence produced in Captain Lieutenant, in 1800 he was appointed to the post of commander Brig "Neptune", on which he walked in Finnish Bay. Soon he decided to take measures to exercise his long-time dreams - the organization of the first Russian round-the-world travel, the project of which he was still during the return on the ship from China to Europe. The idea of \u200b\u200bestablishing round-the-world messages with the eastern outskirts of Russia was not Nova. There were several developed plans for such expeditions in 1732, 1761, 1781 and 1786, however, for various reasons, these plans were not implemented. The closest to implementation was a circulation expedition, organized as part of four warships in 1786 under the superior of the captain of the 1st rank of G. I. Mulovsky. For this expedition, ships were already allocated, equipped with a personnel, and the official goal of the expedition was supporting the planned government statement on accession to Russia open by Russian people in North America territories, delivery of goods to Okhotsk, establishing trade connections with China and Japan and opening on the path of new Land.
The Russian government, however, was forced to abandon the payment of the expedition in view of the Russian-Swedish and Russian-Turkish wars and complications of the general political situation in Europe.
IN early XIX. in. Political and economic conditions were more favorable for the organization of the circular expedition. From the end of the XVIII century. In tsarist Russia, capitalist relations, destroying the closed natural economy, are beginning to develop, the number of manufactories increases, the marketability of agriculture is increasing, trade expands. For the delivery of goods and the export of flies from Russian possessions in Alaska and on the Aleutian Islands, more convenient ways of the message were required. Transportation of goods on land across the entire Asian mainland in almost full off-road conditions were long and difficult. Russian round-the-world swimming was also a natural stage of the progress of intensively developed Russian science. According to the project I. F. Kruzhensterna was supposed after the end of the first world diving, to organize the right maritime report between Russian European ports and Russian possessions in America. At the same time, the intended swimming should have been scientific, to promote new geographical discoveries and research on the little-known seas and oceans.
However, the initial project I. F. Kruzenshtern, despite the fact that it was based on thorough calculations, did not meet sympathy among the leaders of the Maritime Ministry. But after the palace coup 1801, the leadership of the Maritime Department passed to a more enlightened, cultural seaman Admiral N. S. Mortrenov, who, together with the new Minister of Commerce N. P. Rumyantsev, became interested in the project I. F. Kruzenshtern. At the initiative of Rumyantsev, a Russian-American company took part in the implementation of the expedition. By decision of the government, the expedition was supposed to include two ships, and all the costs of the content of one of them were accepted for a state account, and on the second to the account of the Russian-American company. The head of the expedition and the commander of one of the ships was appointed I. F. Kruzenshtern, and both ships were allowed to go under military flags. Dreams I. F. Kruzenshtern gradually carried out. Naturally, he thought about his comradist Yu. F. Lysyansky, with whom he was used to share these dreams in his youth. Yu. F. Lisya willingly agreed to this proposal.
I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lysyansky insisted on the construction of vessels for the expedition on Russian shipyards, but representatives of the Russian-American company decided to acquire them abroad. For this purpose, Yu. F. Lisya in September 1802 was sent to England, where he bought two small ships in need of repair. These ships that received new names of "Nadezhda" (displacement of 450 tons) and "non-displacement of 370 tons) came to Kronstadt in early June 1803, where their thorough preparation for the upcoming responsible swimming began. I. F. Kruzenshterna accepted the ship "Nadezhda", and Yu. F. Lisya - the ship "Neva". The preparation of the expedition was carried out extremely thoughtfully, and the instructions and selection of nautical instruments and supply items for it were long served as a sample for subsequent expeditions.
On the ships there were complete collections of marine cards and a well-chosen library. The expedition had a lot of anti-cutting agents among their stocks. Ship provision was purchased best quality. In the Equipment of the Expedition, the Academy of Sciences took active participation, taking the inspection of some tools, drawing up instructions (by mineralogy, nerd, zoology); On May 8, 1803, the head of the expedition I. F. Kruzenshtern was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. The personnel of the expedition was selected particularly carefully commander of each of the ships, and all the sailors and non-commissioned officers went as volunteers. The crew of the Nadezhda ship consisted of eight officers, two doctors and 52 non-officers and sailors; In addition, it was three scientists (astronomer and two natural scientists) and three volunteers. On the ship "Nadezhda", he followed the Russian ambassador N. P. Rezanov with a retinue, so that the total number of personnel on it reached 76 people. Among the officers was an experienced senior officer Lieutenant M. Ratmanov and the future famous navigator F. F. Bellinshausen, and among volunteers, it was also subsequently known for his scientific circular expeditions O. E. Kotsebu. On the ship "Neva" consisted of six officers, one doctor, two people from the Sweet Ambassador and 44 Unter-Officers and Sailors, and only 53 people. About the selection of personnel I. F. Kruzenshtern later wrote: "I was advised to take several and foreign sailors, but I, knowing the preferential properties of Russian, koi, even English prefer, I did not agree to the Council. On both ships, except in. Gorner, Tilesius, Langsdorf and Libanda, there was no foreigner in the journey. "
The expedition route was pre-scheduled in the following form: both ship followed together from Kronstadt around Cape Gorna in the Pacific Ocean and the Hawaiian (sandwichevic) islands are divided: "Hope" goes further to Japan with the Ambassador Rezanov and, on the fulfillment of diplomatic order - for wintering To about. Kodiak; "Neva" follows from the Hawaiian Islands right to the shores of North America and the winters also y about. Kodiak; The next summer, both ships are carrying goods to Canton, from where they return to Russia together, around Cape of Good Hope.
On June 26, 1803, the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" came out of Kronstadt and after short-term approach to Copenhagen, Falmouth and the Canary Islands went to the shores of Brazil, where on the raid about. Saint Catherine was detained for more than a month for the necessary repair. It was the first case of the transition of Russian ships in the southern hemisphere. During the campaign, the personnel of the expedition and scientists have continuously produced various oceanographic, meteorological and zoological observations, which were subsequently published and accounted for a valuable contribution to geographic science. During parking of ships in tropical ports, scientists were engaged in the collection of ethnographic, zoological and botanical collections, upon returning the expedition to the homeland transferred to various museums in which it is stored so far. On February 20, 1804, both ships jointly reincarnated Cape Horn, but after the storm separated: I. F. Kruzenshtern went to the Marquis Islands, and Yu. F. Lisynsky - on about. Easter, after which both ships again connected from about. Nukagiv belonging to the group of Marquis Islands.
Already at this first stage of swimming in the Pacific Ocean, the Russian navigators were performed (except for systematic meteorological and oceanographic observations) a number of scientific geographic works: Cruisestrenn and Lisyani compiled detailed geographical descriptions as about. Nukagiv and the whole group of the Marquis Islands, and Lissean amounted to a dictionary of local adveria; Lisyansky, in addition, being in close proximity to about. Easter, corrected a mistake in determining its geographic coordinates admitted to Cup.
Following the previously installed route, both ships were then headed for the Hawaiian Islands, in view of which on June 7, 1804. They were divided: I. F. Cruzenshtern proceeded without stopping directly to Kamchatka, and Yu. F. Lisynsky before departing to the Aleutian Islands went to replenish Provisions to one of the Hawaii Islands. "Nadezhda" arrived on July 14, 1804 in the Petropavlovsk Harbor, where the goods of the Russian-American company were handed over and was fully repaired. After a six-week parking, August 27, I. F. Cruzenshtern left Petropavlovsk in Nagasaki to deliver the Russian ambassador to Japan. The ship "Nadezhda" was walking along the eastern shores of Hokkaido Islands and Honshu and turned out from the south of about. Kyushu. On the way I. F. Kruzenshtern, along with officers and scientists, was engaged in checking existing cards and described the southern bank about. Kyushu. At the last stage of the "Nadezhda" transition, Typhoon withstand exceptional strength and hardly lost masts. During this transition I. F. Kruzenshtern corrected the position of the Van-Dimema Strait, incorrectly applied in English and French maps.
For six months, from October 8 to April 17, 1805, the ship "Nadezhda" stood in Nagasaki, expecting the end of diplomatic negotiations, ended, in the end, failure: The Japanese government refused to accept the embassy. Now, I. F. Kruzenshterna to change the rezanov to Petropavlovsk and then follow to the Canton to connect to Yu. F. Lisyansky for the subsequent return to his homeland. At this period of his swimming, Kruzenshtern has identified a whole program geographic studies and decided: 1) First of all, study the Japanese sea, in that epoch almost unfamiliar to the navigaters, and describe his coast, 2) to describe the southern and east coast of Sakhalin, 3) to find out, there is a strait between this island and the mainland, and 4) go through - By a new strait between the Kuril Islands, located the north of the Strait Bususol. Almost all this program he fulfilled, partly at the transition to Petropavlovsk, partially somewhat later.
In the Japanese Sea I. F. Kruzenshtern entered the eastern passage of the TsushimskSSO Strait, called later by his name. Next, he examined individual sections of the west coast. Honshu and the whole Western and Northwest part of the shores about. Hokkaido with access to them. A number of coastal points and bays, he gave Russian names. Further, I. F. Kruzenshtern came out of the Japanese sea of \u200b\u200bthe Laperus Strait and described in detail and studied the Aniva Bay of Aniva Bay and part of the eastern shore of Sakhalin, and made an important geographical discovery by that time, establishing the identity of Sakhalin and Karafuto "
Along the east coast were described and laid on the card of the shore of the Bay of patience (also with a visit to the shore). Upon comes from the Bay of Patience, "Nadezhda" met ice, because of which I. F. Kruzenshtern decided to immediately follow in Petropavlovsk and return to the caulation of patience at a more favorable time. In the southern and eastern shores of Sakhalin, a number of geographical objects, capes, bays, rivers and mountains were assigned Russian names.
After that, I. F. Kruzenshtern headed for Kuril Islands For their description, but fog, bad visibility and storm weather prevented him. Nevertheless, north of the Strait, now wearing his name, I. F. Kruzenshtern opened a group of dangerous low islands, which he called "stone traps." From the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in the Pacific Ocean "Nadezhda" passed the strait between the islands of Onekotan and Harimhotan, now wearing the name of the Karnitsyn. Finally, on June 5, 1805, Nadezhda came to Petropavlovsk.
After serving Rezanov with a retinue, which the naturalist launchesdorf, the unloading of Japanese cargoes and the necessary Peremonov "Nadezhda" began again at the sea again and went directly to the cape of patience, entering the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk " Having come to the caulation of patience and defining its exact location, I. F. Kruzenshtern went to the north along the eastern shore of Sakhalin, describing it (places with a parcel to the head of officers), causing a map by defining the location of the cavities, many of which were named after them in honor His officers (Cape Ratmanov, Bellinshausen). Having reached the northern tip of Sakhalin and calling her Cape Elizabeth, Cruzenshtern crossed this cape from the north, as well as neighboring Cape Mary, and headed to the Sakhalin Bay. Here he came only to the northern entrance to the Amur Liman, where his ship lay down in a drift, and one of the officers on the rowing boat was sent to the south to determine the depth and width of the "Channel" leading to the mouth of the Amur. A large mistake of I. F. Kruzenshtern was a superficial study of a very important question about whether Sakhalin is an island or peninsula. Based on a very indefinite data reported by his officer, about a strong course from the south, about the presence of small depths and, finally, about the foreground nature of the water, he concluded that the end-to-end pass between the island and the mainland does not exist. It is possible that the conclusions of the Cruise line influenced the opinion of such authorities as Lapruz and Bruton. This error could become fatal and stop further searching for the yield to the Pacific Ocean, if it were not for the courage and perseverance of another Russian navigator G. I. Nevelsky, who in 1850 denied the opinion of his predecessor to the opening of the Strait (named after him) connecting the Amur Liman With the Tatar Strait, which found a deep-water entrance to the mouth of the Amur and who had established that Sakhalin island.
The north-west coast of Sakhalin was examined in detail with access to the shore. Not daring to "dare", as I. F. Cruzenshtern writes in the description of his journey, following its relatively deep-seated ship further south and striving on the appointed time to connect to the canton with Yu. F. Lisyansky, he decided to turn to the north and follow In Petropavlovsk in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. Despite the failure of I.F. Kruzenshtern with a survey of the entrance to Amur, his biographer, the famous Russian marine historian F. F. Velgo, correctly appreciated the merits of the navigator, indicating that already what was done by Cruise, is enough to give the name Kruzenshtern one Of the honorable places in the history of hydrography. "All this is done, with the exception of the month spent in the Petropavlovsk port, just 87 days, and this is in places, first visited, in the seas, where the whole summer is dominated by fog. Suffice it to say that in these 87 days of some astronomical definitions of items is gained more than 100, and the extension of the coast of at least 1,500 miles has been examined and the extension. In the Okhotsk Sea "Nadezhda" passed nearby about. Ions and clarified it geographical position. From the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea "Nadezhda" came out the fourth Kuril Strait and on August 30, anchored in the Petropavlovsk port. In early October 1805, I. F. Kruzenshtern came out of Petropavlovsk and on the way to China intended to clarify the location of a number of islands applied to foreign maps, the existence of which seemed doubtful to him. I unsuccessfully looking for these islands, which turned out to be non-existent, I. F. Cruzenshtern turned from East Japan, Island Ryuku and Taiwan and on November 20 came to the port of Macau.
On December 1, 1805, "Neva" arrived there, led by Yu. F. Lysyansky. In the canton (or rather, on the raid vamp), the expedition ships took on great amount Chinese goods and on February 9, 1806, together went back to their homeland. In the Indian Ocean, during the fog, both ships served and followed on their own. I. F. Kruzhenstern, after a 79-day transition went to about. St. Helena, where he received the news about the war of Russia with France. Fearing meetings with the enemy, he headed to his homeland around the Shetland Islands and, making an 86-day transition, came to Copenhagen, where he stood four days. On August 19, 1805, he became anchored on the Kronstadt raid. This ended the first Russian round-the-world swimming, which lasted three years and twelve days.
Three-year round-the-world swimming I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lysyansky amounted to a whole epoch in the history of Russian geographic science, the Russian navy.
The scientific results of the expedition except the geographical discoveries already mentioned and applying surveys and ports on the cards are still in the new method of oceanographic research. I. F. Kruzenshtern on "Nadezhda" observed deep temperatures, using shortly before the invented Six thermometer for the largest and smallest temperatures. He and his companion Astronomer Gornger produced vertical series of temperature observations in seven places, and all the deep-sea observations were conducted in nine places. The famous Soviet Oceanographer and Geographer Yu. M. Shokalsky believed that in time it was generally the first observations of the vertical rows of temperatures at the depths in the ocean. I. F. Kruzenstend paid great attention to the study of adorid-tidy phenomena and personally engaged in observations over the tides and lowers during the long parking of his ship in Nagasaki. For all the time of its sailing, Russian sailors and scientists determined the direction and speed of flows, the magnitude of the compass declining was made meteorological observations. I. F. Kruzenchtern personally belongs to a summary of all observations over the elements of the flows, which were outlined from the comparison of the ship's challenges with certain astronomical observations. Astronomer Gorner summarized hydrological and meteorological observations and investigated specific gravity Waters in various districts. It is interesting to note that the expedition first found that " sea \u200b\u200bwater It is not lit from the movement and friction of the particles of the particles, but what is really a wine of that essence of organic matter. "
It is possible to approve with full right that the first Russian round-the-world swimming laid the beginning and created the basis of the new industry of geographic science - oceanography.
It should be noted that Russian navigaters determined their coordinates with accuracy, twice as much as their direct predecessors are foreign navigators (for example, Vancouver). Sailing I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lysyansky was not only the first Russian round-world swimming, but also the first Russian swimming in general, in which longitude was determined no less often than latitudes and with a high enough, even by our modern concepts, accuracy. The breadth of the "hope" and "neve" was determined at midday altitudes of the Sun, when the weather conditions allowed, on average 20-23 times a month staying under the sails in the sea, and the longitude was the altitude of the sun, measured at the first vertical and chronometers, 19-20 times. Thus, longitude was determined based on the sharing of these heights of the heights of the sun, taking into account the moves of chronometers and measurement of lunar distances (chronometers were displayed 2-3 times a month).
Consequently, large scientific results The expeditions are explained not only by the art and courage of Russian sailors but also by the skillful use of them of the most advanced methods and techniques of shipments and the latest accurate devices.
The expedition participants accounted for detailed geographical and statistical descriptions of Kamchatka, the Marquis Islands, the coastal regions of the South-Eastern China and Russian possessions in North America, short dictionaries in several languages, collected materials about religious beliefs, theirs and other features of various nationalities.
Thanks to the excellent organization of the expedition, a good supply and care of the personnel on the part of the command for all three years on both ships was not not only a single death case, but not even a single serious disease; There were also no losses in the material part.
The expedition was met at home with a large triumph. I. F. Kruzenshtern was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and a member of the Admiralty Department and was produced in the captains of the 2nd rank.
From 1807 to 1809, he consisted in the St. Petersburg port on the shore and was engaged in the processing of materials of his expedition. The three-volume essay of I. F. Cruzenshtern "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806" with the application of an excellent engraved atlas of cards and drawings was published in 1809-1812. And it was translated into most European languages. The first two volumes contain a detailed description of the navigation, and in the third volume, scientific articles were collected by I. F. Kruzhenstern and scientists of experts of the expedition on oceanography, meteorology, ethnography, etc.
In 1809, I. F. Kruzenshtern was produced in the captains of the 1st rank and appointed commander of the Linear Ship "Grace". It was his last construction and swimming on a combat ship (later he repeatedly commanded the educational squadron of the marine corps). In 1811, he received an appointment by an inspector of the maritime corps classes, but carried out this position very long and was dismissed by eye illness in long-term leave. This holiday, which he spent in his estate near the city of Rakver (formerly Wenberg) in Estonia, was entirely devoted to scientific classes, the fruit of which was the release of the capital edition of the South Sea Atlas with the appendix of two volumes of hydrographic explanations. From his vacation, he was called several times to perform various orders. So, in 1814, he was engaged in the organization of the circular expedition O. E. Kotzebu at Brig "Rurik", for which he, being in England, ordered astronomical and seaworthy instruments, and in 1918 compiled a special note on the organization of the first Russian Antarctic Expedition . In 1818, he was appointed to attend the harvesting of ship forests. In 1819, I. F. Kruzenshtern was produced in the captain commanders.
Wonderful work I. F. Kruzenshtern "Atlas of the Southern Sea" with two volumes of explanations in Russian and french It was published in 1824-1826. In this work, he used the results of all Russian and foreign swimming and personal experience and amounted to the most detailed and most reputable maps of the Pacific Ocean, who deserved recognition around the world. Work on the Matters of the Pacific Ocean did not end with the exit to the light of "Atlas": until the end of his life I. F. Kruzhenstern continued to follow all new swimming in the Pacific Ocean and made corrections to his cards (in 1835 he issued additions to his "explanations "). There was not a single chief of a Russian or foreign expedition, which would not consider his moral debt to inform the author of the Atlas or other comments and additions to his cards. The South Sea Atlas was awarded the full Demidov Award of the Academy of Sciences.
In 1826, a long-lasting vacation I. F. Kruzhenstern. After the production of the counter-admiral, he was appointed inspector of classes and assistant director of the sea corps, and already in the next. 1827 - Director of this building and a member of the Admiralty College. From this time, his fifteen-year-old pedagogical and educational work begins as a Marine Corps Director. In it, he showed his progressive ideas in the education of the young generation of sailors, significantly improved the pedagogical process, organized laboratories and cabinets, an astronomical observatory and a museum, picked up the qualified personnel of teachers, paid much attention to teaching foreign languages. He was a tary champion of the need for seafarers of the highest special Education and organized the so-called officer classes with a three-year training course, which were subsequently renamed the Marine Academy subsequently. At the invitation of the Director, in these classes lectures they read such outstanding scientists as academics M. V. Oratogradsky, V. Ya. Bunyakovsky, E. X. Lenz and A. Ya. Kuver. Progressive reforms I. F. Kruzenshtern met the opposition among the reaction officers, and one of the reasons for his resignation should be considered the contradiction of these reforms of the Spirit and the businesses of the Nikolaev regime. In 1829, Kruzenshtern was produced in Vice Admirals, in 1841 - in Admirals and in the same year was expelled from the post of director of the sea corps, but until the death was mostly listed on the actual naval service.
I. F. Cruzenshtern on the whole period of his life after returning from the world swimming intensively engaged scientific activities And supported scientific ties with the most prominent Russian and foreign scientists. He was an excellent linguist and conducted correspondence with Humboldt, Murchison, famous Spanish Espinosis Cartographer and other major scientific authorities in the field of cartography and hydrography. His scientific merit was highly appreciated: he was an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences, an honorary doctor of the Philosophy of the University of Derpto and a corresponding member of many foreign scientific societies and institutions. I. F. Kruzhenstern was one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society.
Jubilee I. F. Kruzenshtern, celebrated with great solemnity in early 1839, turned into his genuine triumph, but the anniversary was especially valuable at the celebration of two old-world sailors, the former participants of his worldwide swimming worked in St. Petersburg from the most remote inquiry of Russia .
I. F. Kruzhenstern died on August 24, 1846 in his estate ass, near Rakvere (Lenberg), and was buried in Tallinn (Roal) in the Vyshgorod Church. On the Embankment of the Vasilyevsky Island opposite the Marine Corps in St. Petersburg, a monument was made on funds collected among his students and teachers.
The name of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern entered the history of domestic science as the name of the brave navigator, the organizer of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, as a fiery patriot, as a major hydrograph, and as a charming, humane, progressive figure.
Bibliography
- Swedere E. E. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern / E. E. Swedes // People of Russian Science. Essays about outstanding figures of natural science and technology. Geology and geography. - Moscow: State Publishing House of Physics and Mathematical Literature, 1962. - P. 382-393.
Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich (1770- 1846), navigator, admiral (1842), head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, explorer of the Far Eastern coast.
Born on November 19, 1770 in the Hagidi estate in Estlandia (now in Estonia). He graduated from the Sea Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg (1788). Participated in battles against the Swedes. Then he served as a volunteer in the English fleet: fought with the French in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of North America, went to the Antilles, in India and even in South China.
It was not possible to organize my own expedition to the Cruisestone, the first project (1799) The Government of Paul I rejected. But the second (1802) was adopted by Alexander I. Swimming lasted for more than three years: the ships "Hope" and "Neva" came out of Kronstadt at the end of July 1803, crossed the Atlantic, then the Pacific Ocean, explored the Far East and through the Indian Ocean And the Atlantic returned home on August 19, 1806
In the same year, Kruzhenstern was elected by the Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
On the Far East The navigator explored the Eastern, North and North-West Sakhalin coast and amounted to detailed maps. Measuring the depths of the northern entrance to the Amur Liman, he confirmed the conclusion of J. F. Laperose that Sakhalin - Peninsula. (Subsequently, this conclusion was refuted.)
In 1811, Kruzenshtern became a teacher of the Maritime Cadet Corps, and from 1827 to 1842 - his director. At the initiative of Cruise, the highest officer class (now the Naval Academy) was created here.
In 1809-1812 Treatomic "journey around the world in 1803-1806 was published. On the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", and in 1813 - "Atlas to the Travel of Captain Kruzenshtern".
Admiral participated in the foundation of the Russian Geographical Society (1845).
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