Fallows are. The structure and life of the simplest. The simplest living in seawater and soil and others

Part 4. Kingdom Animals

Single milking fabric

OPTION 1

In each task, select one right answer from the four offered.

A1. Almost all animals feed

1) Avtotrophna

2) Heterotrofno

3) in the process of photosynthesis

4) in the process of chemosynthesis

A2. The nervous system is available from representatives of the kingdom

2) bacteria

3) Plants

4) Animals

Az. From one cell consists body

2) lichens

3) hats mushrooms

4) simple animals

A4. Falners of the simplest animals are

1) plasts

2) nuclear substance

3) Growth Cytoplasm

4) supply of nutrients

A5. Organide selection of undigested food residues from the simplest animals is

4) Poroshitza

A6. The reproduction of the simplest animals is mainly occurring by

1) Phagocytosis

2) Pinocytosis

3) cell divisions

4) Education Cysts

A7. The constant shape of the body is missing

1) Foraminifera

2) Infusories-shoes

3) Evglen green

4) amids ordinary

A8. Only in the cells of the simplest animals that eat autotrophic, there is

1) Chlorophyll

2) cytoplasm

A9. Two nuclei are in animal cages

1) Infusoria

2) Evglen

3) Volvoksa

B1.

A. Many simple animals are part of plankton.

B. Phagocytosis of the simplest animals is associated with the formation of a contractive vacuole.

1) is true only

2) true only b

3) Both judgments are true

4) Nevertheless both judgments

B2. Are the following statements are true?

A. Ameba captures food with false peasants.

B. Among the representatives of the simplest animals there are multicellular organisms.

1) is true only

2) true only b

3) Both judgments are true

4) Nevertheless both judgments

Bz. Choose three correct allegations. There is no animal cells

1) Cell wall

2) Chloroplast

3) cytoplasm

5) outer membrane

6) large vacuole

B4. Set the correspondence between the feature of the building of the animal and its view.

Feature of structure

A. Availability of cereal

B. photosensitive eye

V. Falnoseca

G. Chloroplast

D. Two nuclei

KIND OF ANIMAL

2) Evglen

3) Infusoria Shoe

Option 2.

A1.In contrast to plants for most animals are characteristic

1) autotrophic nutrition

2) limited growth

3) unlimited growth

4) immobility

A2.Body symmetry is characteristic of

1) Algae

2) Animals

3) rotting bacteria

4) mold mushrooms

A3. Movement body infusorium

2) Carnish

3) limbs

4) muscular fiber

A4. Captures food to false glasses

2) Evglen

3) Ameba

4) Infusoria

A5.In adverse conditions, the simplest animals form

1) Cyst

3) Poroshitz

4) contractive vaccination

A6. Excess water from the body of the simplest animal removes

2) Falconoda

3) contractive vaccination

4) photosensitive peephole

A7. Special nutrition organides are missing

1) Ameba ordinary

2) Infusories-shoes

3) Evglen green

4) Volvoksa

A8. Organisms that are capable of photosynthesis and feed on finable substances are called

1) Avtotrophy

2) heterotrophs

3) Mixotrophs

4) Photosyntheses

A9. The digestive organ at the infusoria is

1) Harness

2) Cilica

3) Small kernel

4) contractive vacuum

B1. Are the following statements are true?

B. The simplest animals are able to multiply in sexual path.

1) is true only

2) true only b

3) Both judgments are true

4) Nevertheless both judgments

B2. Are the following statements are true?

A. Evglen Green moves to the illuminated places.

1) is true only

2) true only b

3) Both judgments are true

4) Nevertheless both judgments

Bz. Choose three correct allegations. For animals characteristic of vital activity

1) limited growth

2) immobility

3) active movement

4) unlimited growth

5) Powered by finished substances

6) the formation of substances in the light

B4. Set the correspondence between the animal life process and its type.

The process of vital activity

A. Phagocytosis - Capture Food Fallows

B. Imaginary remnants are removed through the poroshire

In, photosynthesis

Movement with cilia

KIND OF ANIMAL

2) Evglen

3) Infusorian-shill

Record the corresponding numbers into the table.

For the facilities of unicellular or simplest are the smallest creatures whose body consists of one cell. These cells are an independent organism with all the features characteristic of it (metabolism, irritability, motion, reproduction).

The body of unicellular can have a permanent (infusorian-shower, flagella) or non-permanent shape (amoeba). The main components of the body of the simplest - core and cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm of the simplest along with general and agricultural organides (mitochondria, ribosomes, Galdzhi et al.) There are special organides (digestive and contractile vacuole) that perform the functions of digestion, osmoregulation, selection. Almost all the simplest can actively move. Movement is carried out using falselookee (Amoeba and other Cornozhkov), zhgutikov (Green Evglen) or cisser (infusoria). The simplest can capture solid particles (Ameba), which is called phagocytosis. Most of the simplest feed on bacteria and rotting organic substances. Food after swallowing digested in digestive vacuolets. The feature of the selection of the simplest perform cutting vacuoles, or special holes - poroshiza (at infusoria).

The simplest dwells in fresh reservoirs, seas and soil. The overwhelming majority of the simplest has the ability to inseparation, that is, education in the occurrence of unfavorable conditions (decrease in temperature, reservoir drying) of the rest stage - cystescovered with a dense protective sheath. The formation of cysts is not only an adaptation to survival under adverse conditions, but also to the spread of the simplest. Once in favorable conditions, the animal leaves the ciste shell, begins to eat and multiply.

The reproduction of the simplest occurs by dividing the cell into two (crucible); Many have a semiconductor. In the life cycle, most of the simplest alternate and sexual reproduction alternate.

Unicellites are over 90,000 species. All of them eukaryotes (have a separate kernel), but are located at the cellular level of the organization.

Amoeba

Representative of the Cartooner Class is amoeba ordinary. Unlike many simplest, it does not have a constant body shape. Moves with the help of falselyones, employees and for the capture of food - bacteria, single-celled algae, some simplest.

Surrounding the extraction of false-stands, food turns out to be in the cytoplasm, where the digestive vacuole is formed around it. In it, under the influence of the digestive juice coming from the cytoplasm, the digestion occurs, as a result of which digestive substances are formed. They penetrate the cytoplasm, and untapped food remnants are thrown out.

Ameba breathes the entire surface of the body: dissolved in water oxygen by diffusion directly penetrates its body, and carbon dioxide generated in the cell when breathing is distinguished.

The concentration of dissolved substances in the amebel is greater than in water, so water continuously accumulates and its excess is displayed outside with contractive vacuole. This vacurative is also involved in the removal of decay products from the body. Ameb breeds division. The kernel is divided into two, both halves disagree it, a hauling is formed between them, and then two independent subsidiaries arise from one maternal cell.

Amebe refers to freshwater animals.

Evglen green

In fresh reservoirs, another wide view of the simplest animals lives - evglen green. It has a spine-shaped form, the outer layer of the cytoplasm is sealed and forms a shell that promotes the preservation of this form.

From the front end of the body from Evglen Green, a long thin harness, rotating which, eurlen moves in water. In the cytoplasm of Evglen, the kernel and several painted oval tauries - chromatormscontaining chlorophyll. Therefore, the Evglen light feeds as a green plant (autotrophic). Find illuminated places Evglen helps photosensitive peepholes.

If Evglen is long in the dark, then chlorophyll disappears and it moves to a heterotrophic method of nutrition, that is, it is powered by ready-made organic substances, sucking them from the water with the entire surface of the body. Breath, reproduction, division in two, the formation of cysts from Evglen green is similar to that of Amoeba.

Volvoks.

Among the flagellas are colonial species, for example, volvoks..

The shape of his spherical, the body consists of a student in which the individual cells are shipped - members of the colony. They are small, pear-shaped, have two flagellas. Thanks to the agreed movement of all Zhutikov, Volvox moves. In the colony of Volvoks there are some cells capable of reproduction; Of these, subsidiaries are formed.

Infusorian-shoe

In fresh reservoirs, another type of simplest - infusorian-shoe, obtained its name due to the features of the shape of the cell (in the form of a shower). Cilia serve to her vehicles. The body has a constant shape, since it is covered with a dense shell. Infusoria-shoes have two cores: large and small.

Big kernel regulates all life processes, small - Plays an important role in reproduction of shoes. Feels infusoria by bacteria, algae and some simplest. With the help of oscillations cisser Food gets in retooth holethen - in glot, at the bottom of which are formed digestive vacuoleswhere the food digestion and suction of nutrients occurs. Unsewable residues are removed through a special body - poroshitsy. The function of the selection is carried out cutting vacuole.

It is multiplied, like amoeba - an affordable way, however, for infusoria-shoes is characterized by a sexual process. It is that two individuals are combined, the exchange of nuclear material occurs between them, after which they diverge (Fig. 73).

This type of sexual reproduction is called conjugation. Thus, among the freshwater simple animals, the most complex structure has a fuel infusor.

Irritability

Characterizing the simplest organisms, you should pay special attention to one of their property - irritability. The simplest people do not have the nervous system, they perceive irritation of the whole cell and are able to respond to them movement - takisis, moving in the direction of the stimulus or from it.

The simplest living in seawater and soil and others

Soil simplest - these are representatives of Ameb, flaky and infusories that play an important role in the soil-educational process.

In nature, the simplest participate in the cycle of substances, perform a sanitary role; In the nutrition chains, one of the first links is food for many animals, in particular fish; Take part in the formation of geological rocks, and their sinks determine the age of individual geological rocks.

Answers to school textbooks

Characteristic features of the structure of unicellular animals:

Most have microscopic dimensions;

The body consists of one cell and is a whole organism with a variety of functions inherent in it;

Cytoplasm is limited to the membrane, which can be coated with a cell shell or sink;

Some species contain several cores in a cage;

There are organides of movement - flagella, cilia or falsecakes, which may be temporary or permanent;

The digestive vacuol formed as a result of pinocytosis or phagocytosis performs digestion. The vacuol may be absent in the species absorbing nutrients with the entire surface of the body by diffusion; Unpained food residues are thrown out of vacuole out;

Contractile (otherwise called excretory, pulsating, osimagulatory) vacuol performs an excretory and outer regulating function; It is found only in freshwater species;

Special respiratory organs; Breathing occurs due to the diffusion of gases through the cell surface;

In adverse conditions, form a cistol (isolated to the surface a dense shell, which allows the cell as much as possible from external influences).

2. Prove that the block structure of the unicellular body corresponds to the general features of the organization of nuclear (eukaryotic) cells.

For all eukaryotic cells both unicellular and multicellular organisms are characteristic:

The presence of basic parts: nuclei, cytoplasm and plasma membrane;

In the cytoplasm there are polynomialic organides performing special functions: an endoplasmic network, a Golgi, Mesosoma, Ribosomes, Mitochondria;

Plastides (in plants and some unicellular), cellular center, basal bodies of flagella and cilia;

The core of the cell is surrounded by a nuclear shell consisting of two membranes;

Any eukaryotic cell is characterized by a cytoskeleton - a system of microtubules and protein fibers forming the inner frame of the cell.

3. What special purpose organides are encountered in single-cell organisms?

Sarcodic for movement and seizure of food, if necessary, fellows are formed - pseudopodia. They are the increased cytoplasm, strengthened cytoskeleton fibers.

The flagellas move with one or more flagella, and infusories - thanks to numerous cilia.

In freshwater species, an exclixing and osimagulatory function carries out a contractile vacuol.

The harness's ability to move to the effect of light due to the activities of the photosensitive eye - stigma.

4. What group of unicellular animals is the most ancient?

The most ancient classes are flavored and sarcodic. This is evidenced by the relative simplicity of their organization.

5. Tell us about the types of food encountered in the harness.

By the method of nutrition, flagellas are divided into three groups:

Autotrophic organisms, synthesizing organic substances (carbohydrates) due to the energy of sunlight, i.e. feeding on both true plants (all painted flavored);

Heterotrophic organisms using organic substances that have already been created by other organisms (colorless flagella);

Mixotrophic organisms with a mixed power type, they are capable of photosynthesis, but feed on both organic substances, absorbing bacteria and other protozoa by phagocytosis (green eurlen).

6. What animals do not have a constant body shape?

Due to the underdeveloped and very mobile skeleton, the cells formed by protein fibers and microtubes, many Sarkozhukticon (for example, Ameba) do not have a constant body shape. In addition, fast perestroika of the inner frame make it possible to easily change the shape of the body and quickly form pseudopodies.

7. How do the simplest multiplies?

As a rule, in favorable conditions, unicellular animals are multiplied by an affordable means - the cell division, and when adverse conditions are adverse.

8. What is the role of the simplest in nature? In human life?

Many simplest plays a prominent role in the food circuits of the reservoir: they absorb bacteria and some algae, and they themselves, in turn, serve as many invertebrates, fasteners, thaws.

In the seas and oceans of the shell of dead Cornozhek, settled on the bottom, form the layers of chalk.

9. What is pseudopodia?

Pseudopodia (false and tables) - movement organoids. There are increased cytoplasm, fortified by the elements of the cytoskeleton.

10. Can there be sinks for the simplest?

Yes. The body of the shell AmeB and the fluorine is concluded in a single-chamber sink, equipped with a hole - the mouth, through which pseudopod goes into the environment. Sinks consist of a chiet-like substance and may have a variety of shape. Some representatives of the sink are purely organic, others have satisted with calcium salts or inlaid with grains.

11. Call the main features of the Foraminiferator organization.

Foraminiferes are mostly represented by marine roots.

The main features of the organization of Forami - Noffer:

Have a multi-chamber sink consisting of calcium carbonate (due to which their residues form the deposits of the chalk);

Pseudopodies are pulled out of the sink, providing movement and seizure of food.

12, what are the simplest skeletal education?

All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton. In some cases, it is poorly expressed (like Cornozhek). In other representatives, the cell skeleton provides maintenance of a constant body shape at a high life cycle. The most bright cytoskeleton is expressed in infusories. The constant shape of the body is provided by thick bundles of the cytoskeleton fibers adjacent to the membrane.

13, what organisms are called autotranshrom?

Activerofnings are called organisms capable of synthesize organic substances from inorganic.

Avtotrofy photosynthesis form organic substances (carbohydrates) from carbon dioxide and water due to the energy of solar radiation.

Avtotrophy-chemosynthetics form organic molecules from inorganic due to the energy of chemical bonds of inorganic molecules.

14. What is the colony and how are they formed from the simplest?

The colonies call large or small clusters of cells of single-cell organisms. Cells of the colony do not have a permanent specialization. Colonies can be formed as a result of dividing individual cells that are not removed from each other and continue to joint existence. Also, colonies can be formed as a result of unfinished cell division, when individuals not fully separated from each other remain interconnected. Colonies differ in both form, and in the method of development. The number of individuals included in the colony is from 4 to 20 thousand cells.

In terms of its structure, the simplest is extremely diverse. The smallest are in the diameter 2-4 μm (micrometer is 0.001 mm). The most common dimensions are within 50-150 μm, some reach 1.5 mm and are visible by a simple eye.

The simplest structure of amoeba. Amebe's body is a gingerbread quotation with a core in the middle. All cytoplasm is divided into two layers: an outdoor, viscous - exposure and internal, much more liquid - endoplasm. These two layers are not sharply delimited and can turn into each other. Amoeba has no solid shell, and it is capable of changing the shape of the body. When Amebe crawls along the aquatic plant, she is in the direction where it moves, the cytoplasma protrusion is formed. Gradually, the rest of the Ameb cytoplasma flows into them. Such protrudations are named with false and tables or pseudopodies. With the help of pseudoenia, Ameba not only moves, but also captures food. Pseudopods it covers a bacterium or microscopic algae, soon mining is inside the body of amoebas, and a bubble is formed around it - a digestive vacuole. Unpainted food residues after a while are thrown out.

Ameba protea: 1 - core; 2 - digestive vacuoles; 3 - contracting vacuole; 4 - Fallencoas; 5 - Untustrial food remnants emitted out.

Amebe's cytoplasm is usually visible to a light bubble, which appears, it disappears. This is a contractile vacuole. It is assembled in the excess water accumulating in the body, as well as liquid products of amateur vital activity. Amebe is breathing, like all the other simplest, the entire body of the body.

Evglen green: 1 - firing; 2 - eye speck; 3 - contracting vacuole;

The most difficult structure of the simplest in infusories. Unlike Amoeba, their body is covered with the finest shell and has a more or less permanent form. Support and determine the body shape also supported fibers passing in different directions. However, the body of the infusorium can quickly shrink, change its shape, and then return to the initial one. The reduction is carried out using special fibers similar to the muscles of multicellular animals.

Infusoria Shoe: 1 - Cilia; 2 - digestive vacuoles; 3 - Big core (macronucleus); (micronucleus); 5 - oral hole and throat; 6 - untireable food residues emitted out; 7 - tricotters; 8 - contracting vacuole.

Infusoria can move very quickly. So, the shoe over a second overcomes the distance exceeding the length of its body 10-15 times. At the same time, many cilias that cover the whole body of the infusoria make rapid rowing movements, up to 30 per second (at room temperature). In the ectoplasm of shoes, there are many tricotist sticks. With irritation, they are thrown out, turning into long threads, and hit the enemy attacking the infusoria. Instead of thrown in the ectoplasm, new tricotists are formed. On one side of approximately in the middle of the body, the shoes have a deep mouthwart, leading to a small tube-shaped throat. The sip of food falls into the endoplasm, where digested in the resulting digestive vacuole. At infusories, in contrast to the AmeB, undigested food residues are thrown into a certain place of the body. Their contracting vacuole is more difficult and consists of a central tank and conductive channels. The infusoria has two types of cores: large - macronucleus and small - micronucleus. Some infusories may have several macro and micronucleus. Macronuclease differs from micronucleus a much large number of chromosomes. And therefore, it contains a lot of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is part of chromosomes.

Different types of infusories: 1 - trumpeter infusoria; 2-5 - plankton infusories.

The simplest possesses irritability and therefore capable of choosing the most favorable medium conditions, reacting to light, heat, various chemicals, electric current, magnetic field and other stimuli.

Under adverse conditions, for example, when the reservoir dries or freezes, the simplest adopted a spherical shape, losing cilia or flagellas, form a solid shell on their surface and turn into a fixed cyst. Cysts of the simplest survive and during drying and with sharp changes in temperature. Cysts are easily transferred to the wind, with grass, hay, etc., which contributes to the settlement of the species. If the cyst was in suitable conditions, her shell burst or holes appear in it, and the body proceeds to active existence.

A basic level of

In each task, select one right answer from the four offered.

A1. Almost all animals feed

1. avtotrophna
2. heterotrophino
3. in the process of photosynthesis
4. in the process of chemosynthesis

A2. The nervous system is available from representatives of the kingdom

1. mushrooms
2. bacteria
3. plants
4. animals

AZ. From one cell consists body

1. lichens
2. hat mushrooms
3. simple animals

A4. Falners of the simplest animals are

1. platids
2. nuclear substance
3. growth cytoplasm
4. nutrient stock

A5. Organide selection of undigested food residues from the simplest animals is

1. cyst
2. flagellum
3. poroshiza

A6. The reproduction of the simplest animals is mainly occurring by

1. phagocytosis
2. pinocytosis
3. cell division
4. education cysts

A7. The constant shape of the body is missing

1. foraminifera
2. infusories-shoes
3. evglen green
4. amoebs ordinary

A8. Only in the cells of the simplest animals that eat autotrophic, there is

1. chlorophyll
2. cytoplasm
3. flagellum

A9. Two nuclei are in animal cages

1. infusoria
2. evglen
3. volvoksa
4. amebe

- - - Answers - - -

A1-2; A2-4; A3-4; A4-3; A5-4; A6-3; A7-4; A8-1; A9-1.

Increased complexity

B1. Are the following statements are true?

A. Many simple animals are part of plankton.
B. Phagocytosis of the simplest animals is associated with the formation of a contractive vacuole.

1. True only A.
2. Right only B.
3. Both judgments are true
4. Nevertheless both judgments

B2. Are the following statements are true?

A. Ameba captures food with false peasants.
B. Among the representatives of the simplest animals there are multicellular organisms.

1. True only A.
2. Right only B.
3. Both judgments are true
4. Nevertheless both judgments

Bz. Choose three correct allegations. There is no animal cells

1. cell wall
2. chloroplast
3. cytoplasm
4. outdoor membrane
5. large vacuole

B4. Set the correspondence between the feature of the building of the animal and its view.

Feature of structure

A. The presence of cilia
B. photosensitive eye
B. Falnoses
G. Chloroplast
D. Two nuclei

Kind of animal

1. Amoeba
2. Evglen
3. Infusorian-shoe

Record the corresponding numbers into the table.

- - - Answers - - -

B1-1; B2-1; B3-126; B4-32123.