Who is Alexander Nevsky. And the battle on the Church of the Lake. Interesting facts from the life of Nevsky
In scientific, scientific and reference and popular literature, the life of Alexander Nevsky is determined by 1220-1263 years. The last date is indisputable because it is contained in such a source as the parchment Novgorod I chronicle of the older means. The death of Nevsky is described there under 6771, even the day of death is indicated - November 14, and then it is reported to the burial in Vladimir on Friday, November 23. Such a combination of the last number and day of the week in Article 6771 leads to November 23, 1263 (modern chores). Therefore, there is no doubt and the date of death - November 14, 1263.
If the death of the death of Alexander Yaroslavich is directly named in the source, then his birth time is determined by the research path. It seems to be the first to do it by V.N. Tatishchev, who, in the description of the events of 1219, contributed to his "Russian history" such a message: "Maiia 30 was born by the prince Yaroslav son and was named in the Holy Crushing Alexander." As shown below, derived V.N. Tatischev's date is incorrect, although it used it, changing only the year of birth at 1220, researchers of the XVIII-XIX centuries.
The definition of the birth of Nevsky depends on how much he was a child in the family of Yaroslav-Fedor Vsevolodovich and Rostislav Feodosia Mstislavovna and when his brothers were born. The sons of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich are listed in many chronicles and pedigree pains. The most ancient list is placed in the Lavrentiev Chronicles under 1239; It is named six sons of Yaroslav, who survived after Batiev of the pogrom: Alexander, Andrei, Konstantin, Athanasius, Daniel, Mikhail. Most of them are mentioned in the articles of the next years of the same Lavrentiev chronicle.
Daniel in the annals is named only once: Novgorod IV Chronicle under 1256 marked his death. At all is not found in the annals the name Athanasius Yaroslavich. But under 1252, for the first time after 1239, Yaroslav said, about which under 1254, it was said that he was the son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Because on the front side of the seals Yaroslav Yaroslavich was depicted by St. Athanasius Alexandrian, it is clear that Athanasius was the baptial name of Yaroslav. And since by 1252, Yaroslav Yaroslavich was already married and had children, it is obvious that he was born in the Domongolian time and it was he who was in the list of sons of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Article 1239 of the Lavrentiev Chronicles under the name Athanasius.
The following in ancient times the transfer of the sons of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich's sons is contained in the elevation of the younger Introduction to the Novgorod I, the "genealogy of the same princes", the basis of which, by A.A. Chessov, was drawn up in 1433-1434. In this article, the sons of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich are indicated in the following order: "Yaroslavl's sons: Alexander, Yaroslav, Andrei, Kostyutin, Athanasius, Danilo, Mikhailo, Vasily." Comparing both list, it is easy to make sure that in general they are consistent: the sons of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich are named in the same sequence, but in the second between Alexander and Andrei, the name of Yaroslav, which is the compiler of the XV century, found in the chronicle text, but did not identify with Afanasiy; The latter is given to the name of Vasily born in 1241, and therefore the Lavrentievsky chronicle of the Lavrentievsky chronicles mentioned in Article 1239.
Subsequent Russian medieval genealogies expanded the list of sons Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In one of the lists of the end of the 15th century, it was: "Yaroslavli Son: Feodor, 11. Alexander, Andrei, Kostyutin, Afonasy, Danilo, Mikhailo, Yaroslav, Vasily Kostromskaya" [figure 11, with the name of Alexander, marked the sequence number of the Grand Duke, starting with Rurik] . Compared to the pedigree of Article 1433-1434. In this listing there is one, but substantial clarification: the eldest son Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Fedor, who died on July 10, 1233, is indicated. The splitness of Yaroslav-Athanasius in a pedigree painting of the end of the XV century was preserved, although the name Yaroslav was no longer behind Alexander, but for the name Mikhail. This list was canonical and entered into pedigree paintings and books of the XVI-XVII centuries.
In all those considered List's sons, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Alexander Nevsky mentioned in the first place if we are talking About the time after Batiev invasion, or on the second, if they say about all the sons of Yaroslav. Summarizing the evidence of the lists, it can be concluded that Alexander was the second son of Yaroslav.
However, all the considered lists of the sons of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich are incomplete. He had another, ninth, son. Describing the seizure of a number of northeastern Russian cities, including Tver, Batya Hordes in February-March 1238, Novgorodsky I chronicle of the elder news reports that "the same son Yaroslavl is killed." Since Tver was part of the Vsevolodovich owned by Yaroslav, the Zalessky Principality, there is reason to believe that we are talking about the death of Nesvolodovich Noshvolodovich not named after the son. If Yaroslav instructed this son to the defense of Tver, he had to be quite an adult by 1238. But was he older or younger than Alexander Yaroslavich, hiding in 1238, along with his father and the rest of the brothers from the Batoye thunderstorm in Novgorod?
Answer such a question is not easy, but judging by some indirect signs, Alexander was older. Of all the sons of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich only Fedor and Alexander in the Domongolian period, Father endowed with certain administrative powers, and after an unexpected death of a very young Fedor Alexander, the only one of the brothers, received a princely table in 1236. Not named after Brother Alexander was assigned independent actions only in 1238, and the rest of the brothers were launched on the military and political fields already in the unmemberment time. This circumstance confirms that Alexander was the second son in the Yaroslav Vsevolodovich family.
Older Alexander was Fedor. The chronicles noted the birth of Yaroslavlov firstborn, as well as the emergence of his last son of Vasily. About the time of birth of the remaining seven Yaroslavichi in them is nothing. Fedor's appearance is reported in the Lavrentiev Chronicles. The latter, highlighted by Cynovary, the record of Article 6727 testifies that "the same summer was gone to Yaroslav Son and the name of him Feodor." Based on the date of the birth of Fedor, the researchers were determined and the birth time of Alexander, which is probably true. Only the year of the birth of Fedor them was calculated by mechanical deduction from 6727 for 5508 years "from the creation of the world." It turned out 1219 years, and hence the birth time of Alexander Nevsky was also displayed: not earlier than 1219. or (as it was done much more often) 1220. Meanwhile, 6727 of the Lavrentiev Chronicles - Martovsky. It covers the period from March 1, 1219 to February 29, 1220 of modern chores.
The firstborn of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich received his name or in honor of Fedor Stratilate or in honor of Fedor Tyrona. Both's memory was celebrated in February; Obviously, Fyodor Yaroslavich was born this month. The latter indirectly confirms the chronicle record of his birth, placed at the end of Article 6727 of the Lavrentiev Chronicles. February was already on January 1220. Consequently, Fedor was born in February 1220, and therefore Alexander Nevsky could not be born in May 1220. And in general it is unlikely that he was born in one year with her older brother. Rather, it happened later, but not much, because in 1236, Alexander has already reigned in Novgorod.
Specify the date of the birth of Alexander helps Sphragistics. On the seals of this prince on the front side, an image of a hiking or equestrian warrior and the inscription "Alexander" was placed, and on the revolving side - also a warrior and inscription "Fedor". In other words, on the front side of the press - the heavenly cartridge of Alexander himself, and on the turn - the cartridge of his father Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, in the baptism of Fedor. Regarding exactly what Alexander Warrior was depicted on the front side of Alexandrov Bull, N.P. Likhachev wrote that it was Alexander Egypt, and V.L. Janin left the question open.
Dog N.P. Likhacheva causes objections. In the ancient (until the XIII century), the Byzantine and Slavic Mistologists are mentioned by St. Alexander, but only four of them were warriors. Two warrior Alexander came out on July 9 and September 28; One (Alexander Egypt), together with Patemuphius and Scoopius, the memory of which was noted primarily, the other - among the 30 soldiers. To call the son in honor of some Thosegest Saint, whose memory was celebrated with the Saints group, and not in the first place, Alexander's parents could hardly could, especially since in Domongolian Russia, this name was given to the princes extremely rarely [Suffice to say that In addition to Alexander Nevsky, he was only one Rurikovich - South Russian Prince Alexander Vsevolodovich].
Obviously, Alexander Nevsky is named after such a saint Alexander Warrior, whose memory was noted particularly, individually, without communication with other saints. There are still two dates for even two days: May 13 and June 10. On May 13, the memory of the warrior Alexander Roman was noted, and on June 10, the memory of the warrior Alexander and the Virgin Antonina. Tatishchev, apparently, installed Alexander's birthday on the day of the celebration of Alexander Warrior and chose to all other dates on May 13, which, when rewrittening his drafts, turned into a date on May 30. And the decision of Tatishchev seems true. On May 13, one Alexander is celebrated, and on June 10 - Alexander and Antonina. There is an accurate indication that at the time of Alexander Nevsky in Russia, Alexander Roman has noted. Thus, in Article 1243 of the Novgorod I chronicles of the elderly, the sign was described, which was happening on May 18 "For the memory of the Holy Martyr Alexander." We are talking about Alexandra Roman, although the date the search was shred, easily explained by Paleographically: a copist instead of Ri (13) in ancient Russian account wrote Ni (18). Judging by Early Misties, the celebration of Alexander Rimsky was distributed much wider than the celebration of Alexander and Antonina.
Thus, from two possible dates (May 13 and June 10), it should be preferred first. Considering that Alexander Nevsky was born immediately behind Fedor, the most likely date of his birth can be considered on May 13, 1221. It follows that the two glorified Alexander Nevsky Victory - over the Swedes on July 15, 1240 and over German knights on April 5, 1242 - this commander wrapped when he was 19 years old and incomplete 21 years old.
Alexander Nevskiy -
Grand Duke Vladimirsky
Years of life 1220-1263.
The years of the Board 1252-1263.
Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky Born on May 13, 1220 in Pereyaslavl 
His childhood passed in Pereslavl-Zalessky, where the father was rejected - the Grand Prince Vladimir Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich.
mother - Rostislav Feodosia, daughter Mstislava Mstislavich Udanya, Prince Toropetsky.
Alexandra Father - Yaroslav, in the baptism of Feodor, "Prince Meek, gracious and human-loving", was the younger son of Vsevolod III Big nest, brother of the holy prince Yuri Vsevolodovich
According to the custom of that time, Alexander was early to be given to the princely teaching. His mother cared for his spiritual education. Alexander learned early to read and sat over books over the books. Especially loved reading the "Divine Diploma" and heard very devout. Father, in turn, paid great attention to physical development as the future prince was supposed to not only be an example of piety, but also to be able to protect his people.
The princely tonsure of Alexander's expert (rite of dedication to warriors) committed on May 10, 1226 in the Savior-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of Pereslavl Saint Simon, Bishop Suzdalsky, one of the compilers of the Kiev-Pechersk Caterik. Alexander received the first blessing to the urgency in the name of God, to defend the Russian Church and Russian Earth.
The heart of the young prince joyfully beat when the Father, Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, first planted him to the horse.
From this day he was not supposed to live in moms and nannies. He was given "Uncle": he had to make a good warrior from the prince. Training with the Ratish case began with the mastering sword - not yet real - from Linden, oak, ash, so that the prince easily raise it. Squis, onions with arrows, spear - Slowly all the future commander mastered everything. By fifteen years, he became a sample of military valve for comrades, more than once accompanied the campaigns of his father and participated in battles on a par with other warriors. In 1235, he was a participant in the battle on r. Emayigi (in the current Estonia), where the troops of Yaroslav Nedola defeated the Germans. 
Prince Alexander early joined an independent life path. In 1236, his father went to the reign in Kiev, and "in Novgorodi puts the Son of his Oleksandra," which ruled there is five years. 
In the first years of his reign, he had to be engaged in strengthening Novgorod, because from the east Mongols-Tatars were threatened. On the river Shelin, Alexander built several fortresses.
Two years later - in 1238, Novgorod celebrated the wedding of his young prince, who married Alexander, the daughter of Bryachchlo Polotsky.
Wedding took place in Toroptz.
Father, Yaroslav, blessed them with the wedding of the Holy miraculous icon Theodore of the Mother of God (In the baptism of the father called the feodor). This icon was constantly then with Holy Alexandra, as his prayer image, and then in 1276, in memory of him, he was taken from the Gorodetsky Monastery, where he died, his brother, Vasilya Yaroslavich Kostroma, and was transferred to Kostroma.
The prince celebrated two wedding feuds, then called "Cashe" - one in Toroptz, the other in Novgorod, as if to make the Novgorod residents by the participants of his family celebration.
The Knights-Crusaders and especially Lithuanian princes, and especially Lithuanian princes, dared with the Polotsk-Minsk Principality, not plundered by Mongol-Tatars. So Alexander received the duty to protect against the enemies and the land of New Rodney. Alexander took up the device for the river Shelin, on the way leading to Novgorod from the West. The previous towns rented, put the new fortress of the city, surrounded by her moat, shaft and a log fence. In the same year, 1239th, Alexander put the guard at the fall of the Neva River to the Finnish Bay. In those swampy edges, the pagan tribe of Izhorayan lived, his elder Pelgsi was appointed head of the Guardians.
It was mid 1240. The most difficult time began in Russia's history: from the east, the Mongolian hordes were destroyed from the east, the German knightly hordes were made from the West, the blasphemously called themselves, with the blessings of the Roman Pope, the Crusaders, the carriers of the Cross of the Lord. Using the invasion of Batya, the defeat of Russian cities, confusion and the grief of the people, the death of his best sons and leaders, the hordes of the Crusaders invaded the limits of the Fatherland. The first were Swedes. The Swedes conceived to take possession of Finnish and neighboring Novgorod lands, so that I wish the Pope, to distribute the Roman Catholic faith here. The "King of the Roman Faith from the Midnight Country", Sweden, gathered a great army in 1240 and on the set of ships sent to the Neva under the command of his son-in-law, the Yarla (i.e. Prince) Birger. The proud Swede sent to Novgorod to Saint Alexander Ramotov: "If you can, resist, - I'm already here and captive your land."
In 1240, the Swedish ships with a large army under the bosses of Birger entered the mouth of the Neva and became anchored when the Izhora rivers were shifted. The Swedes, it can be seen, counted to climb the Neva, swim through the lake and surprise the lake and then go to Novgorod through Volkhov.
But the Russian prince also did not hesitate.
Alexander, he was not there for another 20 years, he prayed for a long time in the Church of St. Sophia,
he received a blessing from Lord - Archbishop Spiridon.
Coming out of the temple, Alexander came out to the square, where the bell has already collected 
novgorod residents in the evening.
"God is not in force, but in truth. Other - with weapons, other - on the horses, and we will call our Lord's name of our god! Let's go and defeat the enemy! ". Boyarsky Council approved the decision of the prince - immediately go to the Neva and, until the enemies are in self-confident carelessness, hit them.
"Alexander had only his small squad and a detachment of warriors-Novgorod. Hedottacks needed to compensate sudden attack at the Swedish camp. 
With a small squad, the prince hurried to the Holy Trinity, the prince hurried to the enemies, - wait for the submenses from his father who did not know about the attack of enemies, there was no time. Prince with a squad moved to the Neva. Rentally walked Russian troops along the Volkhov to Ladoga. Replenished with a detachment of laudogs. Then joined warriors iented. And managed just. Invalid knights did not even put posts at approaches to the camp.
No, nor little, and 150 kilometers rushed the root of the prince. Hiking warriors moved on the rooks in Ladoga. Swedes did not wait for the enemies and were calm; Their shine stood at the shore; Discussed were on the coast of the tent. Swedes, tired by the sea, staged a vacation. Simple warriors rested on ships. Heads and knights servants put tents on the shore. The forests were walking out of courts knightly horses. Birger was sure that Novgorod would not be able to assemble such power as he had. He knew that Alexander would not help and their native Vladimir Principality would help, it is in distaff. After all, and three years have not passed after the ruin of the principality of Mongol-Tatars. Birger, having pouring in the tent, sewished with golden threads, did not guessed that the enemy hides in the forest just at the distance of the arrows. But this is just a part of what is preparing the Swedes of death. No wonder Alexander read about the campaigns of another Alexander - Macedonsky, he also participated in the campaigns of his father's squad, listened to the argument of the governor before the fight. Top, he examined the place soon now the battle and, which is characteristic of outstanding commander, immediately saw
weakness of the Swedish position. Weakness consisted that part of the troops was on the shore, and the part on the courts: the courts also connected with the steep shore with similarities. If in the initial moment of the battle to knock out similarity, the enemy will lose its advantage in numbers. Novgorod cooked to the attack.
At eleven in the morning, on July 15, 1240, the rogue protrude, Novgorod suddenly appeared before the Swedish camp, rushed to the enemies and began to chop them with axes and swords, before they had time to take the weapons. Equestrian squad jumped out of the forest and rushed along the river, knocking down researches. Swedes who were on ships could not come to help those who were on the shore. The enemy turned out to be disconnected into two parts. 
The squadroners led by Alexander himself inflicted the main blow on the Swedes. The cruel battle has fallen.
"And there was a Great Sword with Latinians, and interrupted their countless many, and the leader himself laid the stamp on his face with his own spear": 
Alexander was in the thicker fought. He ordered as a commander and fought as a warrior. The Battle of Alexander with Birger was similar to the Knight's duel. The prince swung and hit a spear straight into the ricky crown. The wounded Birger Swedes barely managed to drag on the ship.
The battle ended with the onset of darkness, and the prince took a squad into the forest: he was going to complete the defeat of the invader in the morning. But it turned out that the Swedes got to their ships at night, raised sails. The enemy fleet went towards the Finnish bay. And those who stayed on the shore were dead. They loaded two captured vessels, launched with raised sails after alive. Not everyone has enough space on sorrowful courts. Novgorod residents "Christie a pit, in Nu Bechisl in nude". Alexander's troops were surprisingly small: about twenty warriors died. 
Veliko was the celebration of Novgorod. The ringing of the bells met Novgorod his defender. Usually, the name of the prince added the name of the city in which he reigned. To the name of Alexander, the people added the name of the river, on which a very important victory was obsessed for all Russia and began to call him - Alexander Nevsky.
The Nevsky Battle of 1240 prevented the threat of an enemy invasion from the north and prevented the loss of Russia's shores of the Finnish Bay, stopped the Swedish aggression on Novgorod-Pskov lands.
Novgorod residents loved Alexander, but still he could not get along with them for a long time: he wanted a greater power and did not endure the eve of the eve. Soon after the Nevsky Victory, he left Novgorod to Pereslavl. And between those Novgorod really needed at this time exactly the prince, like Alexander. A big danger threatened the Novgorod region from the Germans.
The Germans searched with several Russian cities, set up new ones of Russian settlements. The first they took the border town of Izborsk. From him to Pskov only 30 kilometers. Pskovichi hurriedly collected a five-thousandth militia, armed with the fact that it was, and went to cut off the neighbor. Having lost in bloody Sesch more semi-pious warriors, without freeing the element, the militia barely made it back to Pskov. Knights intended to break into the city after retreating. But the guards started the gate on time. After a week standing at the city, the knights began to rob and burn the surroundings. At the same time there were ambassadors of the Order. Among the traitors of the Order there were traitors. They persuaded citizens to reconcile with the Germans and let them into the city. So the unczhy city was in the hands of the enemy. The enemy detachments reached the surroundings of Novgorod, stood in thirty versts from him, intercepted merchant visits and caused great damage to Novgorod trade. Then the Novgorodians began to ask Alexander to help them out of trouble; Vladyka Novgorod himself went to ask Alexander about it. The case concerned not one Novgorod, but the whole of Russian land. Alexander agreed and arrived in Novgorod, where he collected a squad. 
He immediately began to clear the Novgorod region from enemies, dispersed their squads, took Coporye, where the Germans were established. With the captives, he did very much graciously, but the traitors mercilessly hung.
Then he reached Pskov, freed him from the Germans, two German governors Pskov sent in Okov to Novgorod. 
The grateful residents of Pskov from Mala to Velika "poured" to the streets to give the tribute to the great commander for liberation.
After that, Alexander entered the mint of the land, in possession of the Order.
From Pskov to the north lies the Pskov Lake, but north - the lake of the mound. They are connected by a wide commander. Crusaders are in the west of the lakes. Alexander decided to move back and build his shelves from the eastern shore docks, between lakes. In those days, they did not fight at the rough terrain, converged on the spot evenly and open. Here, on the snow-covered ice, the Crusaders must accept Alexander's challenge.
The combat construction of German knights is called "Caban Head". All the army is built in the form of a wedge: his edge - dressed in the lats of the knights, their horses are also covered with iron and on the sides of the wedge knights, and inside this mobile armor. The wedge is uncontrollably and is moving around - "Caban Head" - on the enemy, cuts its system, passes through the ranks, then crushes on the part and destroys resisting and running. 
Many victories thus won the knights over the hiking troops of different countries. Alexander the army is mostly path. Crusaders, having a smooth terrain, and an opponent - infantry, will undoubtedly begin the battle in the favorite, proven manner.
Alexander and His Governors to come to this conclusion was not difficult, they knew the tactics of the Crusaders well. But what to oppose such tactics? One courage of victory will not achieve.
In the traditional combat construction of Russians, the most powerful was the middle regiment. The regiment of the left hand and the regiment of the right hand, which on both sides of the median, weaker. This is known to the leaders of the Crusaders. And Alexander decided: the midst of the regiment will consist of militias - citizens and villagers, armed with spears, axes, caps of knives; The experienced warriors, hardened, well armed, will stand on the flanks, horse squad will place there. 
What will happen to such innovation? "Caban Head" easily spins the middle regiment. The knights consider that the main thing has already been done, but at this time the mighty fighters come from the flannels. You will have knights to fight in unusual conditions.
What to come up to come up to the edge stuck behind the median shelf pierced? Behind the median regiment, Alexander ordered to put a sleigh on which weapons were carried, armor and food. Behind the sleigh, behind this artificial obstacle, the coast of the big boulders began - the barrier is natural. Between the sleigh, there are no stronger between the stones on the horse burdened with iron. But the militia, dressed in light armor, will act among the obstacles of deftly, it immediately gets an advantage over the slow knight. Before the median regiment, the archers were put on the archers who were the first to entered the battle.
So, Alexander Nevsky prepared victory to his army.
The army of crusaders-knights in helmets with horns, clawed paws and other intransfidence, in white with black crosses of rascoats, with long spears, pressed against the thigh, covered with shields, moved like a ram. Iron muzzles, put on horses, turned the usual animals in monsters. In the middle of the wedge, trying not to lag behind the riders, fled with sequirs and short swords Knight's servants and infantry.
Putting "Caban's head" for several hundred meters, the Russian archers began to sink it with arrows. Six sighting arrows per minute can
release a good shooter. Under the whistling sild, the German wedge narrowed somewhat narrowed, some share lost its destructive strength. But still his blow to the median regiment was uncontrollably powerful. The regiment broke up into two halves - as a birch chirak under the blow of the kolun ... Russians called the knightly system less respectful than the Germans themselves, - not "Cabania heads", and "pig". The chronicler wrote: "We are walking on the regiment of Nationals and Chud and hurt a swing through the regiment ..."
Now, according to the experience of the previous battles, knights began to crush the combat order of the Russians on the part, to bring the running swords. But the picture turned out to be different. The militia rolled back for molding sleigh and did not run further. Knights, jumping on the beach from ice, slowly circled among the stones and sled, getting off from all sides.
Alexander did not search for meetings with the leader of the Crusaders, as was customary in those days and what he did himself on the Neva, but followed the development of the situation. Now they acted against a friend of the big human masses. In this battle it is more useful than a personal example, there was a timely order of the commander. Alexander gave a sign to join the battle of the regiments of the right and left hand. Novgorod, Ladgetan, iengories, Karelia on the one hand, Suzdals - on the other hand, fell on the knightly "pig" ...
"... a pork from copies of the breakdown and the sound from the cross section of the laugh ..." - so the chronicler will say about the moment of battle.
Equestrian warriors attacked the enemy from the rear.
"Pig" was surrounded. Knights who were thrown into a bunch of knights, mixed with their own bangs, Russian warriors were painted with hooks with her hooks, the belly of horses with knives were restred. A hurked knight was no longer as terrible as sitting on horse.
Spring ice broke under the weight of struggling, knights were drowning in crawled and breaks. "National Tu Padosha, and Chud Dasha's shoulders." Podleolnaya hiking-estsory "date of shoulders" - showed shoulders, looking for salvation in flight. Soon and the knights, violating the vow to be fully resistant, began to break through from the ring. Parts of the Crusaders managed to. Alexander ordered to pursue fugitives. Before the opposite shore, the docks - many versts - ice was littered with the bodies of enemies. 
Many Russian warriors on that great day "Blood is your prolley."
But the enemy suffered losses even big. Only knights were killed half a thousand. Fifty knights spared.
Shelves Alexander under the sounds of pipes and tambourines approached Pskov.
Surgent people poured out of the city to meet the winners. Watched the crusaders beside their horses; Knight, walking around a horse with a uncoated head, lost, but the rules of the Order, knightly dignity.
A stunning lesson was getting her Germans. In the summer, ambassadors from the Order came to Novgorod and asked for Alexander the Eternal World. The world was concluded. It is said that then Alexander said the words that became prophetic in the Russian land: "Who will come to us with a sword, from the sword will die!" After the world of 1242, the Livonian knights were not disturbed by Russia.
The victory in this battle made Alexander the largest military leader of his time.
Eh of the Ice Employment was the uprising against the crusaders of the tribe smoke on the wrong coast; The Lithuanian Great Prince Mindovg came to the rescue with a crowded army. Prussians rebelled - also a Pomeranian tribe; They helped the troops of the Polish Prince Svyatopolk. Knights - This time, the Teutonic Order was defeated at the raisen lake. Alexander Nevsky tried to strengthen the northwestern borders of Russia and sent the embassy to Norway, and as a result of the negotiations, the first peace agreement between Russia and Norway was reached in 1251.
Prince Alexander Yaroslavich clearly understood that to preserve the North-Western borders of Russia, as well as to keep open access to the Baltic Sea, only if there was a peaceful relationship with the Golden Horde, to fight against the two mighty enemies of Russia, then there was no strength. The second half of the life of the famous commander will be glorious not military victories, but diplomatic, no less necessary than the military.
In 1243 Khan, the ruler of the Western part of the Mongolian Power - the Golden Horde, presented the label of the Grand Duke Vladimir to the Office of the conquered Russian lands, the father of Alexander - Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Great Khan Mongols GUUK called the Grand Duke into his capital Karakorum, where 1246 Yaroslav suddenly died. Then his sons were caused in the shore - Alexander and Andrei. While Yaroslavichi traveled to Mongolia, Han Gueuk himself died, and the new owner of Karakorum Khansha Ogul-Hamish decided to appoint the Grand Duke of Andrei, Alexander received a devastated South Rus and Kiev to the Office. 
Only in 1249, the brothers were able to return home. Nevsky did not go to his new possessions, but returned to Novgorod, where he was seriously ill.
Approximately at this time, the Roman Pope Innocent IV sent to Alexander Nevsky Embassy with a proposal to take Catholicism, allegedly in exchange for his assistance in the joint struggle against the Mongols. This proposal was rejected by Alexander in the most categorical form.
In 1252 in Karakorum, the Ogul-Hamish was overthrown by the new Great Khan Munca (Mengke). Taking advantage of this circumstance and deciding to remove Andrei Yaroslavich from the great reign, the label of the Grand Prince Alexander Nevsky, who was urgently caused to the capital of the Golden Horde - Sarai.
From that time it had to take a hard thing. Alexander was trying to clarify Khan and his dignitaries by all means to deliver Russian land from new troubles.
It was not easy for him to fight back from Western enemies, but but brilliant victories, military glory, feelings of people's joy and gratitude were then awarded him for heavy military works. 
Now he had to humiliate in front of Khan, to argue the location of his dignitaries, to give them to save his native land from the new troubles; I had to persuade my people not to oppose the Tatars, pay the required tribute. Even more than once, he had to himself, in the case of resistance, force to force his people to fulfill the requirements of the Tatars.
Of course, Alexander's heart squeezed painfully when he had to punish his people for the disobedience of Tatars. Many at that time thought that Alexander did not regret his people, acted together with Tatars, and married him. Few understood then that the hard need forced Alexander so act that, he would otherwise, the new terrible pogrom of Tatar would have collapsed on the unfortunate Russian land.
In 1256, the new Khan (Burke) ordered to make the second census in Russia. (The first census was made at Yaroslav Vsevolodovich.) In the land of Ryazan, Murom and Suzdal, the Tatar listers appeared, put their forens, centuries, thousands of thousands; All the inhabitants, excluding spiritual persons, rewritten in order to set down in a vibrant tribute. New Khan wished the census to be made in Novgorod. When the news about it reached Novgorod, the rebellion was rising here. Novgorod was not, like other Russian cities, conquered by Tatar weapons, and Novgorodians did not think that they had to voluntarily pay a shameful tribute. He felt Alexander that being trouble, but could not do anything in favor of Novgorod. He arrived here with Tatar ambassadors who demanded tithing. Novgorod residents flatly refused to pay tribute; However, Hanic ambassadors were not only not offended, but even gave birth and let go home with honor. The people worried. Many shook at Alexander for holding the side of the Tatar. Novgorod Prince Vasily, the son of Alexander, was on the side of the unhappy Novgorod. It was hard for his position; He did not understand how most of the Novgorod residents, which trouble can comprehend the sneermen of Khan: to face the father, according to Prince Vasily, meant - to change the Novgorod, and to oppose the father was hard for him. He ended up with the fact that he fled to Pskov. Alexander, this time, blocked himself very much, kicked out his son from Pskov, and some Novgorod boyar, the main insurgeons of the insurgency strictly executed. 
The Novgorodians were greatly worried. In vain more prudent persuaded the people will conquer the gravity of necessity. However, the terrible news that the Khan shelves go to Novgorod, and the adventure of some prudent boyars finally affected. The excitement faced. Tatar numerals went through Novgorod streets, rewrote the yards and retired. Although after that, Tatar officials did not come to Novgorod to collect tribute, but Novgorod residents were to participate in the payment of Dani Tatars - to give their share of Dani Grand Princes. Newly calmed down Novgorod, confused in other cities. Tatar collectors collected tribute to the most inhuman way. They took tribute to Likhvu, took the belongings in case of arreed, and from poor families, people were taught in un. Moreover, they rudely treated the people. Nemogot began to tolerate. In Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Vladimir and in other cities, the people were worried, and the collectors of Dani were interrupted. 
Han came to strong rage. In Horde, Horde was gathered: the Tatars were preparing scary to punish the rebels. Alexander hurried in the Horde.
It can be seen, it was not easy for him to be clarified by Khan and his approximate, winter and summer had to live him in Horde. But he managed to save his native country not only from the new pogrom, but also to raise an important benefit for her: at the request of Alexander Khan liberated the Russians from the obligation to supply the auxiliary army to Tatars. It would be hard to fight for the Tatars, shed your blood for their worst enemies! ..
From Horde, Alexander returned to the patient. 
His strong health was adapted by constant anxieties and works. With difficulty, barely witched, he continued his way. He reached the town. Here finally run down.
When he felt the approach of death, accepted Schima. On the night of November 14, 1263 he did not become.
Soon reached the city of Vladimir, the sorrowful news about the death of Alexander. Metropolitan Kirill, who served at this time lunch, turned to the people with tears in his eyes and said:
My children are lovely, the sun of the Russian land rustled!
The people mourned his prince for a long time. The body of the deceased prince transported to Vladimir. Despite the winter stupu, Metropolitan Cyril with the clergy met the body of Bogolyubov, and from here with candles and cadyls all the clergy accompanied him to Vladimir. A huge crowd was crowded near the coffin: everyone wanted to make. Many cried loudly. On November 23, Alexander Nevsky's body buried in the Vladimir Monastery of the Nativity of the Virgin. At the end of the XIII century, "Life of Alexander Nevsky" was drawn up, in which it is shown as an ideal prince-warrior, a defender of Russian earth from enemies.
In the face of terrible tests that collapsed on Russian lands, Alexander Nevsky managed to find forces to confront Western conquerors, reducing the glory of the Great Russian Communist Party, and also laid the foundations of relationships with the Golden Horde.
Already in 120s, Alexander Nevsky be revered in Vladimir as a saint, later he was officially canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church. Alexander Nevsky was the only Orthodox secular ruler not only in Russia, but also throughout Europe.
In 1724 Peter I founded a monastery in St. Petersburg in honor of his great compatriot (now Alexander Nevsky Lavra)
and commanded to transport the remains of the prince there.
He decided to celebrate Alexander Nevsky's memory on the day of the detention of a victorious Nesteadt world with Sweden.
On May 21, 1725, Empress Ekaterina I established the Order of Alexander Nevsky - one of the highest awards of Russia, which existed before 1917.
During the Great Patriotic War On July 29, 1942, the Soviet Order of Alexander Nevsky, who was awarded commanders from platforms to divisions inclusive, showing personal courage and ensuring successful actions of their parts.
Decree of the President Russian Federation Of September 7, 2010, the Order of Alexander Nevsky was established
The name of Alexander Nevsky is named streets, alleys, squares, etc. orthodox churchesHe is the heavenly patron of St. Petersburg.
Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky (Alexander Yaroslavovich, Alexander Nevskiy), prince Novgorodsky, Prince Pereylavl-Zalessky, Grand Duke Vladimirsky, Grand Prince Kievsky Born on May 13, 1221 in the family of the Grand Prince Kiev and Vladimirsky Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Grandfather Alexander was Vsevolod Yuryevich big nest .
Already in 1228, Alexander, together with Brother Fedor, became the formal princes of Novgorod, when the father left them to manage the principality, and he went hiking to the Baltic States.
In 1232, the Pope of the Roman Gregory IX, apparently, became few crusades in the Holy Land (at that time they had already six) and he declared a new crusade, - this time against the Gentiles of the Finnish and Orthodox Russians (among them, however, There are also many pagans).
In 1234, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, Alexander's father, met papal "missionaries" on the River Omget in the head of the joint troops of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality and the Novgorod Republic. As a result Brotherhood of the warriors of Christ (the Order of the Maresemen, and in fact - German crusaders) were defeated on their own territory, and reassured for several years.
It should be noted here that (since it was mentioned) Veliky Novgorod has been not traditional Russian principality since 1136, but Novgorod Republic with the main legislative and executive body - people's Eve.. That is, it was almost a democratic structure with elective posts. Why "almost"? Because most vese They were a boyars, wealthy peasants, shorter than the oligarchy of that time.
Evening called for Prince if he was not, from neighboring lands, but he performed only the functions of the commander-in-chief and civilian judge.
The Novgorod Republic existed for more than 340 years (until 1478), which was quite impressive for state education of that time (and now too).
In 1236, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich went to the reign in Kiev, and Alexander remained in Novgorod. For three to four years, he was managed, strengthened the southwestern borders of Novgorod lands (from Mongols), married and reflected the attack of Lithuanians to Smolensk in 1239.
Shortly before that, in 1237, all the same dad Gregory IX proclaimed a new crusade On Russians. Swedish Catholics ( Livonian Order) We started to prepare hard.
Here you need to make a small remark. In describing the wars of Catholics with Russians in the Baltic region in the first half of the XIII century, historians speak of the Livonian Order, then Teutonic Order . Actually both order of the Marenossev called himself the brotherhood of the warriors of Christ. Teutonic Order - German Crusaders, and the Livonian Order - Swedish Crusaders; And those and others submitted to Pope Roman. Livonian Order was weaker than Teutonic and asked Pope to merge them with the teutons. After the defeat of the Livonians from Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, Grigory IX satisfied their petition, and the Livonian Order became a division of Teutonic with a similar charter, but with his masterrome of the Order. Thus, both the other definition is true from a historical point of view.
On July 15, 1240, a battle of the Neva occurred between the army of the Novgorod Republic and the Swedes, in the place where the influx of Izhora flows into it.
The Swedish troops also had Finns and Norwegians. None of the three different chronicles describing Nevsky battle Does not mention any special tactical maneuvers. Russian troops bravely rushed into battle, from which the Swedes drove. Especially bravely fought himself prince AlexanderFor which he was later called Alexander Nevsky. The Swedes suffered losses, immersed wounded on the ships and retraced to the next morning, the losses of the Novgorod residents were insignificant. So, thanks to the emotional lifting and the feeling of the rightness of less than one and a half thousand Novgorod, about 5 thousand seriously armed Swedes expelled.
In the winter of 1240, Alexander Nevsky went to pronomize Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Some researchers argue that Alexander was paid by Novgorod boyars, fearing his increased authority and the ability to lose influence in the city.
In August, Teutonic Order again began a campaign on Russia. Catholics took Pskov and came close to Novgorod. The inhabitants immediately sent the messenger to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich for the prince. Yaroslav offered them her son Andrei, but the embassy was insisted on Alexander Nevsky.
In 1241, Alexander took the city of Coporye, who had already time to capture the Germans. Then together with Andrey Yaroslavovich liberated Pskov in March 1242.
On April 5, 1242, about 12-15 thousand Russians met with the remnants of the Crusaders - about 800 heavy knights and another 10-15 thousand troops of the Baltic-Finnish tribes, mostly. The meeting occurred on the shore Child Lake (fifth largest in Europe).
The Novgorodians covered the Germans and Finns with rain from arrows, then surrounded by their "pig" (combat order) from all sides and methodically destroyed most of the enemy. The remnants turned and ran to the still frozen lake. Russians pursued them a few more kilometers, finishing almost everyone. A common myth of the Germans, which failed under the ice, does not correspond to reality, at least no source reports. In fact, the Crusaders fell under the ice in a similar situation during the battle on the Omove River in 1234, when Alexander's father broke them, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich.
Some time after Ice clogging The Teutonic Order concluded the world with Novgorod, according to which she refused the claims to Russian lands, and also returned all captured territories.
In 1245, Alexander Nevsky reflected the attack of Lithuanian Prince Mindovga and completely destroyed his army, including princes.
In 1246, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was designed to Great Hanu GUUKU in the capital of the Mongolian Empire Karanarum, where he died (according to one of the versions - was poisoned by Mother Khan). Alexander Yaroslavovich next year went to negotiations to Khan Batyu and returned only in 1249. In addition, the prince Alexander was a great commander, he was a talented diplomat. Exactly the essence of the negotiations are not known, but Mongols stopped their raids. Their economic influence on Russia has survived for a long time (tribute), but political and cultural was less significant. This is another key merit of Nevsky for Russia, although many continue to accuse him that he passed Russian state Mongol-Tatars (objectively - Russia was unable to win Golden Horde At that time, it would be expecting complete destruction, especially in conditions of constant attacks by the Swedes, Germans and Lithuanians).
There are rumors that Dad Innokentius IV offered help to Alexander Nevsky in the fight against the Golden Horde in exchange for the adoption of Catholicism (they say that his father agreed and for it was poisoned). The prince seriously considered this proposal, but she considered that Asians are honest and noble for Catholics from the Vatican, and refused. We must pay tribute to the Mongols that they did not particularly encroach on Orthodoxy, unlike the Pad Romans.
In 1253, the Lithuanians were once again broken down (which, by the way, went to Rome's persuasion and accepted Catholicism by then) and the Teutons (and re-on their territory).
1257 - conflict with the Mongols, which Prince Alexander settled.
On November 14, 1263, Alexander Nevsky died after a long illness. According to the chroniclers, after the news of his death, all Russia grieved not one day.
In 1724, Peter I rebooted his remains in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg.
After himself, Alexander left daughter, four sons and a huge historical and cultural heritage.
On December 28, 2008, Alexander Nevsky became the winner of the project "Name of Russia", bypassing Peter I, Stalin, Pushkin, Ekaterina II, Suvorov and Ivan the Terrible.
In 1547, Alexander Yaroslavovich was canonized by Russian
Prince Novgorod (1236-1240, 1241-1252 and 1257-1259), and later the Grand Duke Kiev (1249-1263), and then Vladimir (1252-1263), Alexander Yaroslavich, known in our historical memory as Alexander Nevsky, - One of the most popular heroes of the history of ancient Russia. Competed with him can except Dmitry Donskoy and Ivan Grozny. A large role in this was played by the brilliant film Sergey Eisenstein "Alexander Nevsky", which turned out to consonant events of the 40s of the last century, and in lately Even the "Name" competition, in which the prince won a posthumous victory over other heroes of Russian history.
It is important and the glorification of the Russian Orthodox Church of Alexander Yaroslavich as a faithful prince. Meanwhile, the nationwide reverence of Alexander Nevsky as a hero began only after the Great Patriotic War. Prior to that, even professional historians paid much attention to him. For example, in the pre-revolutionary general courses of the history of Russia, the Nevsky Battle and Ice Battle is not mentioned at all.
Now the critical and even neutral attitude towards the hero and the Holy is perceived by many in society (and in professional circles, and among the lovers of history) is very painful. Nevertheless, active disputes continue among historians. The situation is complicated not only by the subjectivity of each scientist, but also the extreme difficulty of working with medieval sources.
All information in them can be divided into repeating (quotes and paraphrase), unique and verifiable. Accordingly, to trust this three types of information is needed in varying degrees. Among other things, the period from about the middle of the XIII in the middle of the XIV century, professionals are sometimes called "dark" because of the scarcity of the source base.
In this article, we will try to consider how historians evaluate events related to Alexander Nevsky, and what, in their opinion, his role in history. Not too deepening in the argument of the parties, still we present the main conclusions. Something for convenience, we divide part of our text about each major event into two sections: "For" and "against". In fact, of course, on each specific issue, the spread of opinions is much more.
Nevskaya battle
The Nevsky Battle occurred on July 15, 1240 at the mouth of the Neva River between the Swedish landing (as part of the Swedish detachment there was another small group of Norwegians and the warriors of the Finnish tribe. Estimates of this clash, as well as ice, depend on the interpretation of the data of the Novgorod first annals and "Life of Alexander Nevsky". For information in Life, many researchers relate with great distrust. Scientists also differ in the date of dating of this work, from which the reconstruction of events depends.
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Nevskaya battle is a rather major battle that had a great importance. Some historians even spoke to an attempt by the economic blockade of Novgorod and the closure of the yield to the Baltic. The Swedes were led to the competition of the Swedish king, the future Yarl Birger and / or his cousin Yarl Ulf Fami. The sudden and rapid attack of the Novgorod squad and warriors Izhora to the Swedish detachment prevented the creation of a support point on the banks of the Neva, and perhaps the subsequent attack on Ladoga and Novgorod. It was a turning point in the fight against the Swedes.
6 warriors of Novgorod residents were distinguished in the battle, the exploits of which are described in the "Life of Alexander Nevsky" (there are even attempts to associate these heroes with specific people known for other Russian sources). During the battle, the young Prince Alexander "laid the seal on the face", that is, wounded in the face of the commander of the Swedes. For victory in this battle, Alexander Yaroslavich later received the nickname "Nevsky".
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The scale and the value of this battle are clearly exaggerated. Not about which blockade it could not be. The skirmish was clearly small, since, if you believe the sources, 20 or less people died from Russia. True, it can only be about noble warriors, but this hypothetical assumption is unproveless. Swedish sources do not mention the Neva battle at all.
It is characteristic that the first large Swedish chronicle - "Chronicle Erica", which was written significantly later than these events, mentioning many Swedish-Novgorod conflicts, in particular the destruction of the Swedish capital of Sigtun in 1187 by Kareli, incited by Novgorod, is silent about this event.
Naturally, the attack on Ladoga or Novgorod was also not seen. To say exactly who led the Swedes, it is impossible, but Magnus Birger, apparently, during this battle was elsewhere. It is difficult to call the actions of Russian warriors quickly. The exact location of the battle is unknown, but it was located in the territory of modern St. Petersburg, and from him to Novgorod 200 km in a straight line, and on rough terrain, go longer. But it was necessary to meet the Novgorod squad and somewhere to connect with Ladodians. It would take for at least a month.
It is strange that the Swedish camp turned out to be poorly fortified. Most likely, the Swedes were going to go deep into the territory, but to baptize the local population, for which they were clergy. This is determined by much attention paid to the description of this battle in the "Life of Alexander Nevsky". The story about the Nevsky Battle of Life is two times longer than the Ice Bare.
For the author of life, whose task is not to describe the exploits of the prince, but to show his piety, it is, first of all, not about the military, but about the spiritual victory. It is hardly possible to talk about this collision as a turning point, if the struggle between Novgorod and Sweden continued for a very long time.
In 1256, the Swedes tried to strengthen the coast on the coast. In 1300, they managed to build a Landskron fortress on the Neva, but in a year they left it because of the constant raids of the enemy and severe climate. The confrontation went not only on the banks of the Neva, but also on the territory of Finland and Karelia. It is enough to remember the winter Finnish campaign of Alexander Yaroslavich 1256-1257. And hiking on Finns Yarla Birger. Thus, at best, we can talk about the stabilization of the situation for several years.
The description of the battle as a whole in the annals and in the "Life of Alexander Nevsky" should not be perceived literally, as it is saturated with quotes from other texts: "Jewish war" of Joseph Flavia, "Evgeniyev Acts", "Trojan tales", etc. As for the fight of Prince Alexander with the leader of the Swedes, then there is almost the same episode with an injury in the face in the "Life of Prince Dovmont", so this plot is most likely passed.
Some scientists believe that the lives of Pskov Prince Dovmont was written before Alexander's lives and, accordingly, borrowing occurred from there. The role of Alexander is unclear and in the scene of the death of a part of the Swedes on the other side of the river - where the squad was "inexpedient."
Perhaps the enemy was destroyed by Izhor. The sources speak of the death of the Swedes from the Angels of the Lord, which is very similar to the episode from the Old Testament (19th chapter of the fourth book of kingdoms) on the destruction of the angel of the Assyrian troops Tsar Sennachirim.
The name "Nevsky" appears only in the XV century. More importantly, there is a text in which the two sons of Prince Alexander are called the same - "Nevski". Perhaps it was the owner nicknames, that is, the family belonged to the earth in the area. In sources close to the time to events, Prince Alexander is nickname "brave."
Russian-Livonian conflict 1240 - 1242. And the ice is afraid
The famous battle, known to us as the "Ice Battle", occurred in 1242. It fell on the ice of the wisdom of Lake Troops under the command of Alexander Nevsky and the German knights with the subordinates of them the ethas (Chud). On this battle of the sources more than in the Nevsky battle: Several Russian chronicles, "Life of Alexander Nevsky" and "Livonian Rhymed Chronicle", reflecting the position of the Teutonic Order.
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In the 1940s of the XIII century, the papacy organized a crusade in the Baltic States, in which Sweden (Nevskaya Battle), Denmark and Teutonic Order and Teutonic Order participated. During this campaign in 1240, the German fortress was captured, and then on September 16, 1240, the Pskov army was broken there. Died if you believe the chronicles, from 600 to 800 people. Next was the deposited Pskov, which soon capitulated.
As a result, the Pskov political group led by Terevidal Ivankovich is obeying the Order. The Germans rebuild the fortress Coporye, make a raid on Water Earth, controlled by Novgorod. Novgorod boyars are asked the Great Prince Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich to bring them back to the reign of young Alexander Yaroslavich, expelled by "smaller people" for the reasons unknown to us.
Prince Yaroslav first offers them her other son of Andrei, but they prefer to return Alexander. In 1241, Alexander, apparently, with the army of Novgorod, Ladozhan, Izhhor and Karelov dismands the Novgorod territory and takes the assault Koporye. In March 1242, Alexander with a large army, including the Suzdal regiments, given by His brother Andrey, expels the Germans from Pskov. Then the fighting is transferred to the enemy's territory in the Livonia.
The Germans break the advanced detachment of Novgorod under the command of Domasha Tverdislavich and Kerbet. Alexander's main troops retreat on the ice of the Lake Child. There, on Usmien, the crown stone (the exact place of scientists is unknown, there are discussions) April 5, 1242 and the battle occurs.
The number of Troops Alexander Yaroslavich is at least 10,000 people (3 regiment - Novgorod, Pskov and Suzdal). The "Livonian Rhymed Chronicle" suggests that the Germans were smaller than Russians. True, the text uses a rhetorical hyperbole that the Germans were less than 60 times.
Apparently, the Russian maneuver was carried out by the Russians, and the Order was defeated. German sources reported that 20 knights died, and 6 was captured, and Russian sources tell about the losses in the Germans in 400-500 people and about 50 prisoners. Cuchi died "countless". The ice is a major battle that significantly affected the political situation. In Soviet historiography, it was even customary to talk about the "biggest battle of the early Middle Ages."
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The version of the common crusade is doubtful. In the West, at that time there was neither sufficient forces nor a common strategy, which is confirmed by a significant time difference between the actions of the Swedes and Germans. In addition, the territory that historians are conventionally called the Livon Confederation, was not united. There were lands of the Archbishops of the Riga and Dorpatsky, the ownership of the Danes and the Order of the Landmaster of the Teutonic Order of the Livonsky Landmaster of the Teutonic Order). All these forces were among themselves in very complex, often conflict relationships.
The Knights of the Order, by the way, received only a third of the land conquered by them, and the rest came out of the church. Heavy relations were inside the Order between the former swords and those who arrived at the reinforcement of Teutonic knights. The politician of the Teutonians and former swords in the Russian direction was different. So, having learned about the beginning of the war with the Russians, the head of the Teutonic Order in Prussia Khanrick von Wind, displeased with these actions, removed the Landmister Livonia Andreas von Völvena from power. The new Landmaster Livoni Dietrich von Greningen, already after the Ice Easy, concluded with the Russian world, freeing all the employed land and exchanged prisoners.
In such a situation, there could be no question of any combined "on east". Clash 1240-1242. - This is the usual struggle for the spheres of influence, which was aggravated, then subsided. Among other things, the conflict between Novgorod and the Germans is directly related to the Pskov-Novgorod politics, first of all, with the history of the expulsion of Pskov Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich, who has found the refuge among the Dopatsky bishop Herman and tried to return his throne with his help.
The scale of events seems to be somewhat exaggerated by some modern scientists. Alexander acted carefully not to spoil the relationship with the Livonia. So, taking Coporya, he executed only Esta and herds, and went to the Germans. The capture of Alexander Pskov is actually the exile of two knights of the vehicles (that is, judges) with a retinue (more than 30 people are hardly), who were sitting there under a contract with Pskov. By the way, some historians believe that this contract was actually concluded against Novgorod.
In general, Pskov's relations with the Germans were less conflict than Novgorod. For example, Pskovichi participated in the battle of Shaulia against Lithuanians in 1236 on the side of the Ordena of the Middle Mares. In addition, Pskov often suffered from German-Novgorod border conflictSince the German troops sent against Novgorod often did not reach Novgorod lands and robbed closer Pskov possessions.
The "Ice Baby" itself occurred on the lands is not an order, but the Dorpat Archbishop, so most of the troops, most likely consisted of his vassals. There is reason to believe that a significant part of the order's troops at the same time was preparing for war with zeal and smokers. In addition, it is usually not customary to mention that Alexander sent his troops to "overclocking" and "Halfing", that is, in modern language, to rob the local population. The main way of maintaining a medieval war is the application of the maximum economic damage to the enemy and seizure of production. It was in the "acceleration" the Germans were defeated by the advanced squad of Russians.
Specific battle details are difficult to reconstruct. Many modern historians believe that german army No 2000 people exceeded. Some historians speak of only 35 knights and 500 infantrymen. The Russian army may have been somewhat larger, but it is hardly significant. The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle reports only that the Germans used a "pig", that is, building a wedge, and that the "pig" struck the system of Russians who had many archers. The knights fought bravely, but they were won, and part of the Dospatsev fled to escape.
As for losses, the only explanation, why the chronicles and the Livonian rhythm chronicles will differ, this is the assumption that the Germans considered only losses among full knights of the Order, and the Russians are common losses of all Germans. Most likely, here, as in other medieval texts, reports about the numbers of the dead are very conditional.
Unknown even exact date "Ice Boy." Novgorod chronicle leads to a date on April 5, Pskov - April 1, 1242. And whether it was "ice", it is unclear. In the "Livonian Rhymed Chronicle" there are words: "On both sides, killed fell on the grass." Political I. military significance The "Ice Easy" is also exaggerated, especially in comparison with the larger battles at Shaulier (1236) and the sink (1268 g).
Alexander Nevsky and Pope Roman
One of the key episodes in the biography of Alexander Yaroslavich is its contacts with Pope Roman Innochentius IV. Information about it is in two Bullah Innokentia IV and "Life of Alexander Nevsky." The first Bulla is dated January 22, 1248, the second - September 15, 1248.
Many believe that the fact of contacts of the prince with Roman Kuria will very harm his image of an irreconcilable defender of Orthodoxy. Therefore, some researchers tried to even find other addressee for messages. We were offered either Yaroslav Vladimirovich - the Ally of the Germans in the war of 1240 against Novgorod, or the Lithuanian of Tovilius, the printed in Polotsk. However, most researchers consider these versions unreasonable.
What was written in these two documents? In the first message, Pope requested Alexander to notify him through the Brothers Teutonic Order in Livonia on the occurrence of the Tatar to prepare for the Essay. In the second Bulle, Alexander "Lightly Prince Novgorod", PAPA mentions that his addressee agreed to join the true faith and even allowed to build in Plevkov, that is, in Pskov, the Cathedral and, perhaps, even establish the Episcopian Department.
No response letters have not been preserved. But from the "Life of Alexander Nevsky" it is known that two cardinal came to the prince to persuade him to go to Catholicism, but they received a categorical refusal. However, it seems, for some time Alexander Yaroslavich lavished between the West and the Horde.
What influenced his final decision? It is impossible to answer exactly, but the explanation of the historian A. A. Gorsky seems interesting. The fact is that, most likely, the second letter from Pope did not find Alexander; At that moment he was on the way to Karakorum - the capital of the Mongolian Empire. At the trip, Prince spent two years (1247 - 1249) and saw the power of the Mongolian state.
When he returned, he learned that Daniel Galitsky, who received the royal crown from Pope, did not wait for the promised help from Catholics against Mongols. In the same year, the Catholic Swedish ruler Yarl Birger began the conquest of Central Finland - the Land of the Tribal Union, which was previously part of the influence of Novgorod. And finally, the mention of the Catholic Cathedral in Pskov should have caused unpleasant memories of the conflict of 1240-1242.
Alexander Nevsky and Horde
The most painful moment in the discussion of the life of Alexander Nevsky is his relationship with the Horde. Alexander really went to Sarai (1247, 1252, 1258 and 1262) and Karakorum (1247-1249). Some hot heads, he is declared almost a collaborationist, a traitor of the Fatherland and Motherland. But, firstly, such a statement of the issue is obvious anachronism, since such concepts did not even have been in the ancient Russian language of the XIII century. Secondly, all the princes went to the shortcuts for the reign or for other reasons, even Daniel Galitsky, who had long resistance to her longer.
The orders, as a rule, were taken with honor, although the chronicle Daniel Galitsky stipulates that "the evil evil is the honor of Tatarskaya." Princes had to abide by certain rituals, pass through the buried lights, drink Kumy, worship the image of Genghis Khan - that is, to do what the man desets the concepts of the Christian of the time. Most princes and, apparently, Alexander, too, subordinate to these requirements.
Only one exception is known: Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky, who in 1246 refused to obey, and was killed for it (ranked in the facial of the saints on the rank of martyrs at the Cathedral of 1547). In general, the events in Russia, starting from the 40s of the XIII century, cannot be considered in the separation from the political situation in Horde.
One of the most dramatic episodes of Russian-Ordane relations occurred in 1252. The course of events was as follows. Alexander Yaroslavich rides in the barn, after which Bate sends the army led by the commander of the Nursery (Nursery Raint) against Andrei Yaroslavich Prince Vladimirsky - Alexander's brother. Andrei runs from Vladimir to Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, where they rules them younger brother Yaroslav Yaroslavich.
Princes manage to flee from the Tatars, but the wife of Yaroslav dies, children get captured, and ordinary people killed "countless". After care, Alexander returns to Rus and sits on the throne in Vladimir. There are still discussions, whether Alexander was involved in the hike Nurse.
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The most rigid assessment of these events from the English historian Fennel: "Alexander betrayed his brothers." Many historians believe that Alexander specially traveled to the Orda to complain Hanu on Andrei, especially since such cases are known for later. The following complaints could be: Andrei, the younger brother, unfairly received the Grand Due to Vladimir, taking his father's cities that should belong to the eldest of the brothers; He does not pay extra tribute.
The subtlety here was that Alexander Yaroslavich, being a great Kiev Prince, formally possessed greater power than the Grand Duke Vladimir Andrei, but in fact Kiev, ranked back in the XII century Andrey Bogolyubsky, and then Mongols, by that time he lost his meaning And therefore Alexander sat in Novgorod. Such a distribution of power corresponded to the Mongolian tradition, according to which the owner's ownership of the younger brother receives, and the older brothers conquer the lands themselves. As a result, the conflict between the brothers was resolved so dramatic.
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There are no direct instructions on Alexander's complaint. Exception - Text Tatishchev. But recent studies have shown that this historian did not use how previously unknown sources were believed; He did not distinguish the retelling of chronicle and his comments. The presentation of the complaint seems to be a writer's comment. Analogies with later time - incomplete, as later princes, who successfully complained in Horde, were involved in punishable campaigns.
Historian A. A. Gorsky offers the following version of events. Apparently, Andrei Yaroslavich, leaning on a label to the Vladimir Prince, received in 1249 in Karakorum from Hanchi Hamish's hostile shed, tried to behave regardless of Batya. But in 1251 the situation has changed.
Khan Munke comes to power in Karakorum with the support of Batya. Apparently, Bati decides to redistribute power in Russia and causes princes to himself in the capital. Alexander is riding, and Andrei is not. Then the Baty sends the army of nullify on Andrei and at the same time the army of Kremza for his testing of the revocible Daniel Galitsky. However, for the final resolution of this controversial issue, as usual, there is not enough sources.
In 1256-1257, the population census was held throughout the Great Mongolian Empire in order to streamline taxation, but it was ripped in Novgorod. By 1259, Alexander Nevsky suppressed the Novgorod uprising (for which it still does not like some of this city; for example, a distinguished historian and the head of the Novgorod archaeological expedition V. L. Yanin) was expressed very hard about him. The prince provided the census and the payment of "exit" (so in the sources called tribute to the Horde).
As you can see, Alexander Yaroslavich was very loyal in relation to Horde, but then it was a policy of almost all princes. In a difficult situation, it was necessary to make compromises with a needed force of the Great Mongolian Empire, which the papal legat of Carpini's plan, who visited Karakorum, noticed that only God could defeat them.
Canonization of Alexander Nevsky
Prince Alexander was canonized at the Moscow Cathedral of 1547 in the face of the beloved.
Why did he become worn as holy? There are different opinions on this. So FB Shank, writing fundamental study The change in the image of Alexander Nevsky in time, claims: "Alexander became the father of the founder of a special type of Orthodox holy princes, who earned its position, primarily by secular acts for the blessing of the community ...".
Many researchers put the prince's military successes at the head of the corner and believe that he was reading as the holy defending "Russian land." Interesting also interpretka I.N. Danilevsky: "In the context of terrible tests that fell on Orthodox lands, Alexander almost the only of the secular rulers did not doubt his spiritual right, did not hesitate in his faith, did not get away from his God. Refusing joint action jointly with Catholics against the Horde, he suddenly becomes the last powerful stronghold of Orthodoxy, the last defender The entire Orthodox world.
Could such ruler orthodox Church Do not recognize holy? Apparently, so he cannonized not as a righteous, but as a beloved (listen to this word!) Prince. The victories of his direct heirs on political field focused and developed this image. And the people understood and accepted it, asking for real Alexander all cruelty and injustice. "
And finally, there is an opinion A. E. Musina - a researcher who has two education - historical and theological. He denies the importance of the "antilatin" policy of Prince, loyalty to the Orthodox faith and social activities in its canonization, and is trying to understand what the qualities of the personality of Alexander and the peculiarities of life were the reason for reverending by his medieval Russia; It began much earlier than the official canonization.
It is known that by 1380, the prince's revenue was already in Vladimir. The main thing is that, according to the scientist, it was also rated by contemporaries - this is the "combination of the courage of the Christian warrior and the sobriety of the Christian monk." Other an important factor The unusualness of his life and death itself was. Alexander could die of illness in 1230 or 1251, but recovered. He should not have become a great prince, since initially held second place in the family hierarchy, but his elder brother Fyodor died at thirteen years. Nevsky strangely passed away, having accepted before his death (this custom spread to Russia in the XII century).
In the Middle Ages, loved unusual people and passion recorders. The sources describe the wonders associated with Alexander Nevsky. He played the role and notability of his remains. Unfortunately, we do not even know if the real relics of the prince have preserved. The fact is that in the lists of the Nikonovsky and Resurrection Chronicles of the XVI century, it is said that the body burned down in the fire of 1491, and in the lists of the same chronicles in the XVII century it was written that it was miraculously preserved, which suggests suspicious.
Selection of Alexander Nevsky
Recently, the main merit of Alexander Nevsky is not the defense of the North-Western Lights of Russia, but, so to speak, the conceptual choice between the West and East in favor of the latter.
Per
So consider many historians. The famous statement of the historian-Eurasian G. V. Vernadsky is often given from his journalistic article "Two Entry Sv. Alexander Nevsky ":" ... The deep and ingenious hereditary historical alarm, Alexander realized that in his historical era, the main danger for Orthodoxy and the originality of Russian culture is threatened from the West, and not from the East, from Latin, and not from the Mongolism. "
Next, Vernadsky writes: "Alexander Hard's submission can not be assessed as a feud of humility. When the times and the deadlines were fulfilled when Russia had gained strength, and the Orda, the opposite, was crushed, weakened and exhausted and then became an unnecessary Alexandrov Policy of the Orda's submission ... Then the policy of Alexander Nevsky could naturally have to turn into a policy of Dmitry Donskoy. "
Vs
First, such an assessment of the motives of the activities of Nevsky is an assessment in consequences - suffers from the point of view of logic. He could not foresee the further development of events. In addition, Innically noticed I. N. Danilevsky, Alexander did not choose, and he was chosen (chose Bati), and the choice of Prince was the "choice of survival".
In some way, Danilevsky speaks even tougher, believing that the politician of Nevsky affected the duration of Russia's dependence from the Horde (he refers to the successful struggle of the Great Principality of Lithuanian with Ordans) and, along with more early politics Andrey Bogolyubsky, on the formation of the type of statehood of Northeast Russia as a "despotic monarchy". Here it is worth leading a more neutral opinion of the historian A. A. Gorsky:
"In general, it can be stated that in the actions of Alexander Yaroslavich there is no reason to look for some informed fateful choice. He was a man of his era, acted in accordance with the worldview of that time and personal experience. Alexander was, expressing in modern, "pragmatist": he chose the path that he seemed profitable to strengthen his land and for him personally. When it was a decisive battle, he gave battle; When an agreement with one of Rus enemies was most useful, he went to the agreement. "
"Favorite hero of childhood"
So called one of the sections of a very critical article about Alexander Nevsky historian I.N. Danilevsky. I confess, for the author of these lines, along with Richard I, the lion's heart, he was a favorite hero. "Ice Bottling" was "reconstructed" in detail with the help of soldiers. So the author knows exactly how it really was. But if it's cold and seriously, how it was noted above, the data for the holistic assessment of the personality of Alexander Nevsky lacks us.
As it most often happens when studying early history, we more or less we know that something happened, but, often, do not know and never know how. The personal opinion of the author is that the argument of the position, which we conventionally identified as "against", looks more serious. Perhaps the exception is an episode with the "Nursery Reli" - it is impossible to say anything. The final conclusion remains for the reader.
Soviet Order of Alexander Nevsky, established in 1942.
Bibliography
Texts
1. Alexander Nevsky and the history of Russia. Novgorod. 1996.
2. Bakhtin A.P. The internal and foreign policy problems of the Teutonic Order, in Prussia and Livonia in the late 1230 - early 1240s. Ice rapid in the mirror of the era // Collection of scientific papers. The 770th anniversary of the battle on the Church of the Lake. Cost. MB Nezdunova. Lipetsk. 2013 pp. 166-181.
3. Runners Yu.K. Alexander Nevskiy. Life and acts of the holy prince. M., 2003.
4. Vernadsky GV Two feathers sv. Alexander Nevsky // Eurasian Temperator. Kn. IV. Prague, 1925.
5. Gorsky A.A. Alexander Nevskiy.
6. Danilevsky I.N. Alexander Nevsky: Paradoxes of historical memory // "Chain of times": problems of historical consciousness. M.: IVI RAS, 2005, p. 119-132.
7. Danilevsky I.N. Historical reconstruction: between text and reality (abstracts).
8. Danilevsky I.N. Ice Battery: Change of image // Patriotic notes. 2004. - №5.
9. Danilevsky I.N. Alexander Nevsky and Teutonic Order.
10. Danilevsky I.N. Russian lands through the eyes of contemporaries and descendants (XII-XIV centuries). M. 2001.
11. Danilevsky I.N. Modern Russian discussions about Prince Alexandra Nevsky.
12. Egorov V.L. Alexander Nevsky and Chingizids // National history. 1997. № 2.
13. Prince Alexander Nevsky and his era: research and materials. Spb. 1995.
14. Kuchkin A.V. Alexander Nevsky is a statesman and commander of medieval Russia // Domestic history. 1996. No. 5.
15. Matusova E. I., Nazarov E. L. Crusaders and Russia. End of XII - 1270. Texts, translation, comment. M. 2002.
16. Musin A.E. Alexander Nevskiy. Mystery of holiness .// Almann "Chela", Veliky Novgorod. 2007. №1. C.11-25.
17. Rudakov V.N. "I worked for Novgorod and for the entire land Russian" book review: Alexander Nevsky. Sovereign. Diplomat. Warrior. M. 2010.
18. Uroangov A.N. Between two angry Historical choice Alexander Nevsky.
19. Fennel. D. The crisis of medieval Russia. 1200-1304. M. 1989.
20. Floran B.N. At the origins of the confessional split of the Slavic world ( Ancient Russia And its western neighbors in the XIII century). In the book: From the history of Russian culture. T. 1. (Ancient Rus). - M. 2000.
21. Khrustalev D.G. Rus and Mongol invasion (20-50s. XIII century) SPb. 2013.
22. Khrustalev D.G. Northern Crusaders. Rus in the struggle for spheres of influence in the Eastern Baltic States of the XII - XIII centuries. t. 1, 2. SPb. 2009.
23. Shank F. B. Alexander Nevsky in Russian cultural memory: Saint, Ruler, National Hero (1263-2000) / Authorized Trans. with it. E. Zemskova and M. Lavrinovich. M. 2007.
24. Urban. W.L. THE BALTIC CRUSADE. 1994.
Video
1. Danilevsky I.G. Historical reconstruction between text and reality (lecture)
2. Hour of truth - Golden Horde - Russian selection (Igor Danilevsky and Vladimir Rudakov) Transfer 1st.
3. Hour of truth - Ordane Igo - Version (Igor Danilevsky and Vladimir Rudakov)
4. Hour of truth - List of Alexander Nevsky. (Peter Stefanovich and Yuri Artamonov)
5. Ice rapid. Historian Igor Danilevsky about the events of 1242, about the film Eisenstein and the relationship between Pskov and Novgorod.
Alexander Nevskiy, short biography which is presented in this article, was not only a great prince, but also a glorified commander, whose merits are honored so far. After all, thanks to his victories in such battles as the Nevsky Battle and Ice Battle, our country remained not only independent, but also self-affected among other states.
For their feats, Alexander Nevsky's firm Orthodox faith is glorified in the face of saints as the holy burglary prince.
Brief biography of Alexander Yaroslavich
Alexander Nevsky appeared on May 13, 1221 in the family of Vladimir Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and Princess Rostislav Mstislavovna. He was the second of nine in the account of the child. Before nine, Knyazhich lived in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, and after, together with the elder brother Fedor, he left to rule in Velikiy Novgorod.
After 3 years, the elder brother died, and after 3 years the father of Prince moved to rule in Kiev. Therefore, Alexander Nevsky, by the age of 16, became an independent ruler of Novgorod - one of the richest and most influential cities of the 13th century.
Historic portrait of Alexander Nevsky
Alexander Yaroslavich Rules, starting from 1236 to 1263 in the Novgorod, Kiev and Vladimir Principal.
He began his story as a warrior. Being still very young, he fought on Izhora, flowing into the Neva, with German knights. A little later, he fought for Pskov with Teutonic knights and participated in the Ice Boy.
At the time of the board of Alexander Yaroslavich, the ancient Russian state fell out a difficult proportion, had to pay tribute to the Golden Horde and defend the state from Western interventionists. At that time, every prince wishing to get the title of the Great, had to go to the Horde for the Golden Label. Alexander Nevsky has not exceeded.
After the death of his father, he went to Mongolia to ask Vladimir Principality. In total, Alexander Yaroslavich visited Horde 2 times. For the second time, he went there because of the unsuccessful campaign of his brothers against the horde to save the Russian cities from the anger of Tatar-Mongol. He was able to convince Khan not to attack Russia, but on the way home passed away.
Childhood Alexander Nevsky
About childhood and the youth, Alexander Yaroslavich, almost nothing is known. When Alexander was 5 years old, his and brother Fedor father dedicated to the warriors. After 3 years, the brothers were sent to the Veliky Novgorod.
His worldview played a large role in Novgorod with his free and militant temper. Alexander knew since childhood that someday he would be to become a warrior and head the army, as his father once.
In 1237, Russia suffered the trouble - the Russian cities burned and robbed the warriors of Batya. At that time, many princes were killed, and the survivors were captured. To protect your lands and save the lives of your children, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich agreed with the battle about the payment of Dani.
However, the worst awaited Russian state ahead. Having learned about the plight of Russian princes, Pope decided to crucially baptized the Russian people into the Catholic faith, and the disheveled territories give the families of the Knights of the Order.
Just at this time, 17-year-old Alexander Nevsky was able to establish himself as a wise ruler and a good commander, putting several defensive points on the river and enhancing an unequal fight with the Crusaders.
Parents of the Grand Prince
The father of Alexander Nevsky was Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, who was contacted in Vladimir. His grandfather was Vsevolod a big nest, and Praded - Yuri Dolgoruki, who were also kept in history as the great figures of Russia.
Father Alexander Nevsky Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich
About mother of the boy, except that she was a princely kind, nothing else is unknown. In some sources it is described that she was a daughter of Mstislav deleted (lucky) - one of the famous warriors and the princes of that time.
Marriage Alexander Yaroslavich
In 1239, the prince married Alexandra, the daughter of Polotsk Prince in Toroptz. They had 5 children - 4 Sons and 1 daughter.
Children Alexander Nevsky
The exact dates of the birth of the sons of Alexander Nevsky are unknown. The eldest son of Vasily was allegedly born until 1245. Inherited, he got the Novgorod lot.
The next son of Prince Dmitry was born in 1250. He was the ruler of Novgorod, Pereslavl and Vladimir. Andrei (1255) was the ruler of the Kostroma, Vladimir and Novgorod Principality after the death of the older brothers.
The most famous from his children was the younger son - Daniel, who was nicknamed by the first gathering of lands around Moscow and the first Moscow prince.
The daughter of Nevsky Evdokia married Prince Konstantin Rostislavich, who ruled in Smolensk.
Alexander Nevsky who fought with whom
For his short, but glorious life, Alexander Nevsky was able to commit a lot of victory important for the state. To do this, he had to fight with several ingenic invaders almost simultaneously.
His enemies were Swedes from the Livonian Order, which in 1240 appeared near the walls of the Great Novgorod. Also Alexander Nevsky in 1242 fought with German knights and in 1245 with Lithuanian detachments.
Briefly about the exploits of the Great Command
Today it is put in one row with the most outstanding commander in the history of Russia. And it is not by chance. He is immediately somewhat significant for the entire Russian world victories.
The first victory was observed on June 15, 1240 on the Izhore River against Swedish Conquerors. In the summer of that year, the Knights of the Levonsky and Teutonic Order appeared under the walls of Novgorod, who came to Russia to turn people into the Catholic faith.
The Swedish part of the united Order did not wait for the Germans and spoke. Alexander Nevsky without waiting for his father's help, spoke against the intervders and broke them.
The second feat of Alexander Yaroslavich is known in the history called the ice side. It happened on April 5, 1242 on the Chief of Lake, which by the time was already on the underlying territory of the German Knights-Crusaders.
The last victory of Nevsky refers to 1245. The battle against Lithuanian invaders was carried out for several days and ended the victory of the squad of Nevsky.
Ice clogging and victory by Alexander Nevsky
The Ice Bare or Battle against the Teutonic Order occurred on April 5, 1242 on the Church of the Lake. Thanks to the resourcefulness and inaccier tactics of the young prince, the troops of the Order were surrounded with flanks and broken.
The remains of the Tutons still catch up with the princely squad along the frozen lake. As a result of this battle, about 500 knights drowned in the lake, and another 50 was captured.
IN last years There are increasingly lively discussions regarding why so many knights drowned. According to one of the versions of the knights were closed in severe armor, because of which the ice on the Lake worship could not stand and crackled. However, according to other reports, this information has recently appeared and has nothing to do with actual events.
Anyway, this battle was of great importance for the state. After him, an agreement was concluded, which put the end of the crusaders raids.
Results of the Board of Alexander Yaroslavich
The time of the reign of Alexander Nevsky is recognized as one of the beneficial states for the state. After all, during the Nevsky, the country has strengthened its influence in the West, largely due to victories over the Order.
In addition, many Russian cities were able to sigh calmly, because the robber raids of Baskakov ceased due to the competent policy of Alexander towards the Golden Horde. He achieved the princes to once again collect tribute and disappear her in the Horde.
Death of Prince
Due to the prince during one of the trips to the land of Tatar-Mongol. It happened on November 14, 1262 on the way back from Horde. There are several versions of his death. The most popular assumptions are a disease or poisoning.
It is known that the prince adopted Christianity before death and took the name Alexey. It was about 42 years old. Buried him in the Vladimir Christmas Monastery.
The image of Alexander Nevsky in art
The genuine image with the prince is not left to this day. Its image was restored according to descriptions from different sources, which was reflected in Russian literature, art, cinema. The verbal portrait of the prince can be found in his life, the content of which tells about its numerous exploits.
One of the most popular portraits of Alexander Nevsky is written from the actor from the eponymous painting director Sergey Eisenstein. It also takes a preammission for the Order of the Grand Duke.
In addition, named Prince called many streets and temples not only in our country, but also abroad. In many cities of Russia, you can meet the monuments and monuments dedicated to him.
There is no one dozen interesting facts about the activities of this famous person. The most interesting and topical of them in this selection.
Why did the prince called Alexander Nevsky?
Nursery - Nevsky, Alexander received for a brilliant victory over German knights on the Neva. It not only glorified him, but for a long time he beat off the wish to the Western states to attack Russia.
What was the growth of Alexander Nevsky?
It is noteworthy that Alexander Nevsky was a small, even small in modern growth standards - no more than 156 cm. Such conclusions, scientists made on the basis of the white-name tomb, which allegedly belongs to Nevsky.
When is the day of memory Alexander Nevsky Orthodox Church notice?
Orthodox Christians recognize at once two memorable dates of the Blessed Prince - September 12 and December 6. The first date indicates the transfer of the saints of the power from the Vladimir Land in St. Petersburg. The second date indicates the solemn funeral of the prince, which in the old style occurred on November 23, 1263.
When did the princess first went to war?
Nevsky began to fight for a long time how he himself got up at the head of the army. His first fight passed when he was 13 years old. Then the father took him on the battle against the Lithuanians in Derpt. It was then that young Knazhich understood who his enemies really.
Conclusion
Alexander Nevsky is an outstanding prince and a commander who deserves a special place in history. After all, if not this holy warrior, it is not known what our state would be today.
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