Stolypin's agrarian reform happened in. The settlement of empty territories of the country. List of used literature

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P. A. Stolypin and the program of modernization of Russia

In Russian society, the most important issue has always been agrarian. The peasants, who became free in 1861, did not actually receive land as property. They were strangled by land shortages, the community, the landlords, therefore, during the revolution of 1905-1907. Russia's fate was decided in the countryside.

All reforms of P.A. Stolypin, who headed the government in 1906, one way or another were sent to reform the countryside. The most important of them was the land, called "Stolypin", although its project was developed before him. The essence of the reform was that the government abandoned the previous policy of supporting the community and moved on to its violent breaking.

As you know, the community was an organizational and economic association of peasants for the use of a common forest, pasture and watering place, an alliance in relations with the authorities, a kind of social organism that gave villagers small life guarantees. At the same time, communal land tenure delayed the natural process of stratification of the peasantry and placed an obstacle in the way of the formation of a class of small peasant proprietors. The inalienability of allotment lands made it impossible to obtain loans secured by them, and striping and periodic redistribution of land prevented the transition to more productive forms of its use, so giving peasants the right to freely leave the community was a long overdue economic necessity. A feature of the Stolypin agrarian reform was the desire to quickly destroy the community. The main reason for this attitude of the authorities towards the community was the revolutionary events and agrarian unrest in 1905–1906.

P.A. Stolypin noted: "A wild, half-naked village, not accustomed to respecting either its own or other people's property, not afraid, acting in peace, no responsibility, will always present hot material, ready to flare up on every occasion." In this regard, another no less important goal of the land reform was the socio-political one, since it was required to create a class of small proprietors as the social support of the autocracy as the main cell of the state, which is opposed to any destructive theories (Scheme 194).

The implementation of the reform was initiated by the tsar's decree of November 9, 1906, under the modest title "On Supplementing Certain Regulations of the Current Law Concerning Peasant Land Ownership", according to which free exit from the community was allowed. The land plots that had been in the use of the peasants since the last redistribution were assigned to the property, regardless of the change in the number of souls in the family. There was an opportunity to sell your allotment, as well as to allocate land in one place - on a farm or a cut. At the same time, all this involved the removal of restrictions on the movement of peasants around the country, the transfer of part of the state and specific lands to the Peasant Land Bank to expand operations for the purchase and sale of land, the organization of a resettlement movement in Siberia in order to provide landless and landless peasants with allotments through the development of vast eastern expanses .

The decree of November 9, 1906 was then transformed into permanent laws adopted on July 14, 1910 and May 19, 1911, which provided for additional measures to speed up the withdrawal of peasants from the community. For example, in the case of land management work to eliminate striping within the community, its members could henceforth be considered the owners of the land, even if they did not ask for it.

In addition to the agrarian reforms, Stolypin's reforms included changes in other areas, the implementation of which was supposed to bring Russia out of a state of permanent crisis and lead to stability. Among them were:

The reform of local government and self-government, which involved the destruction of the class management of the peasantry and the introduction of non-estate volost institutions;

Reform in the system of public education, which provided for the widespread construction of rural schools and the transition to compulsory primary education in order to turn the downtrodden and ignorant peasant into a competent landowner;

Measures aimed at improving the situation of workers (creating a system of insurance for them, introducing rules on employment, reducing working hours, etc.)

Agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin can be considered incomplete and not entirely successful. By January 1, 1916, 2.5 million owners separated from the community and assigned land allotments to personal ownership, which accounted for 26% of all common households. And, as practice has shown, it was mostly not those who were mainly counted on by the government - strong owners - but the poor and former rural residents who were firmly settled in the city and remembered that they once had land and now it can be sold .

During this period, the country experienced an increase in agricultural production. In 1909–1913 the harvesting of grain and its export abroad increased, but, apparently, the trends towards this (expansion of the area under crops, etc.) could be traced even before the reform. The reform brought the most tangible result in Siberia. After 1905, about 3.7 million people moved beyond the Urals, of which about 1 million returned, 700 thousand dispersed across Siberia, and only 2 million, i.e. a little more than half managed to gain a foothold on the ground. The loan for a resettlement family was 150 rubles. It was here that the sown area for grain increased by 62% and the peasant trade corporation began to develop rapidly.

The implementation of the reformist plans of P.A. Stolypin was hampered by other factors:

Temporary - the reforms required a significant period of time, and not five years, which P.A. Stolypin;

Administrative - resistance of a part of the state apparatus;

Socio-political - the struggle of political forces, both right and left, who saw in the reforms of P.A. Stolypin a threat to his influence;

Personal - complicated relationship with Nicholas II and his inner circle.

In conditions of acute political struggle, the work of the Russian parliament, the State Duma, was carried out, the main milestones of whose activities are given in Table. 36.

The reforms carried out in the country under the influence of the revolution of 1905-1907, as it almost always happened in the history of Russia, turned out to be belated and were possible only within the framework that the autocracy agreed to or forced on the people. In this regard, the idea began to form in the public mind that revolutionary pressure on the authorities was becoming the preferred means of political struggle in Russia. And the events of 1917 confirmed this.

Early 20th century in Russia heyday of anarchy, terror, popular unrest. The empire demanded decisive steps and immediate action from statesmen. Significant transformations took place, Stolypin's reforms became widely known - let us briefly dwell on his main undertakings. After the dissolution of the first Duma, the government was headed by a man who was ready to change the situation. What was the essence of Stolypin's agrarian reform.

In contact with

Initial stages of activity

Stolypin Petr Arkadyevich (1862-1911) - comes from a noble family. Graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the St. Petersburg Imperial University. He entered the service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he worked for 3 years. Moved to the Department of Rural Industry and Agriculture. Since 1902, he served as governor of the Grodno province. A year later, he was transferred to the post of governor of the Saratov province. Grodno formed the main principles of the Stolypin agrarian reform.

Occupying high positions, Pyotr Arkadievich devoted most of his time and energy to solving the problems of educating peasants and farming. This caused irritation and misunderstanding among many contemporaries. He was a fierce opponent. During the rallies, which resulted in the Civil War of 1905 - 1907, he took to the streets, spoke to the rebels.

Important! Stolypin's methods of government led to a sharp reduction in the uprisings in Saratov.

The efforts and talent of the steward attracted the attention of Nicholas II. In 1906, the emperor appointed the Saratov governor Minister of the Interior. Soon he becomes chairman of the Council of Ministers Russian Empire.

These events determine the initial period of the first measures of agrarian reform: October 9, 1906, the day the decree was issued on the free exit of peasants from landlord farms, went down in history.

In new positions, Pyotr Stolypin unfolds a tough policy of combating crime and terrorism.

In the midst of the revolution, he proposes a number of bills, but speaks of the need to calm the unrest before the reforms begin.

Entrepreneurship development

In the economy, attempts were made to give freedom to enterprising peasants, and a large role in the implementation of this undertaking was played by agrarian reform Stolypin.

Prerequisites

The basis for the transformation of the state was the economic and political situation that developed at the beginning of the 20th century. High-ranking officials saw Russia's development paths too differently. After the defeat in Russo-Japanese War The crisis has reached a critical point. One-time uprisings turned into massive revolutionary movement. It interfered. It was necessary to urgently carry out a number of economic, administrative, legal, agrarian reforms in the country, which became the main task of Pyotr Stolypin.

There were a number of problems:

remnants of relations between landowners and peasants have been preserved;
workers' dissatisfaction with working and leisure conditions grew;
demanded a solution to the national question;
most of the peasants were illiterate;
general anarchy reigned within the country;
violent extremist organizations have become active.

All reforms pursued one goal - gradually make Russia a powerful power, and the agrarian revolution was supposed to help in this. He made the increase in the number of prosperous peasants in the territory of the state the main tool for implementing his plan.

Solving the land issue

In the countryside, a rather difficult situation has developed in the agricultural sector, which could not but cause concern for the government of the country:

the complete decline of agriculture in the countryside;
total poverty of the population;
a decrease in the number of peasant lands, as some peasants lost their allotments;
the peasant communities denied the landlords' property rights to the land.

After the community became the key form of peasant self-government. The land belonged to the community, and allotments were provided to peasant families. In fact, these were landed estates of landlords. The owner of the dress could be changed if he lost his solvency. Human relations within societies prevailed, the redistribution of land took place by agreement. But the idea that today I am the owner of the land, and tomorrow - someone else, did not leave the farmers. This caused growing discontent.

At the turn of the century, the birth rate increased sharply, especially among rural residents. Between 1861 and 1913 the population of the state increased by 2.5 times. The peasants needed land more and more, and there was less and less of it. On average, in the Russian Empire, by 1900, the provision of allotments was halved. Along with the reduction of land holdings per capita, the number of households increased. By 1905, this figure had increased by 3.5 million. Attempts by the authorities to deal with family divisions did not bring positive results.

The economic reforms that took place under Alexander II involved several investment programs.

Most people chose the minimum package. It included free donation, in the amount of ¼ of the standard and could not provide for his family. Inequality worsened. Successful peasants bought up landowners' lands.

Insufficient land and lack of property rights were the main reasons for the aggravation of conflicts. This formed the basis of the goals that the agrarian reform of Stolypin, who then held the post of prime minister, was designed to achieve.

The situation was complicated by the phenomenon of striped land - the plots of landlords and peasants were on the same field across the strip. There was no proper distribution of sowing, forest, meadow areas.

The essence of change in agriculture

The agrarian policy of Pyotr Stolypin pursued two main goals:

Short-term - the cessation of unrest that arose due to land conflicts.
Long-term - stable development of the peasantry and agriculture.

Their achievement involved a set of measures:

major event - transfer of ownership of land individual householders;
eradication of vestiges of class relations within communities;
development of a credit system;
preferential resale of purchased landowners' farms and lands;
development of educational, consulting agronomic programs;
support for peasant associations and cooperatives.

There are also more specific goals of agrarian reform:

preservation of the landlord economy;
addressing the issue of lack of land;
the eradication of the herd feeling of farmers;
instilling a sense of ownership in farmers;
creation of a solid foundation of supreme power in the countryside;
increase in the rate of development of agricultural production.

Collectives of communities formed turmoil. It was necessary to get rid of them. The prime minister hoped for an improvement in the condition of the peasants. He talked about the power that is at the bottom of society, tried to support the autocracy.

Stolypin's agrarian reform did not apply to Bashkir and Cossack land holdings.

The reform made it possible for anyone who wished to leave the community. A person applied, and the land was assigned to him. Given the population of European Russia, land areas were allocated in Siberia.

Of the 3.5 million peasants who wished to move, about five hundred thousand refused, due to the difficulty of developing a new space. Peak activity of petitions occurred in 1909-1910, then went into decline.

What has been done

What were the results of Stolypin's agrarian reform. The easiest way to get acquainted with the data of 1916:

more than 6 million households declared their desire to acquire land as property;
almost 1.5 million people became sole proprietors;
8.1% of the area (9.65 million acres) was added to the total size of allotments;
25.2 million acres were issued;
peasant holdings accounted for 89.3% of the land and 94% livestock; the need for large-scale landlord lands disappeared.

This is an important transformation organized by Peter Arkadyevich. But it failed. The author hoped for a comprehensive implementation of the reform, spoke of the need to maintain calm within the country. These two factors in twenty years could have a positive impact on the development of the state. The ill-conceived employment of the peasants who moved to the city also played a role. Stolypin's agrarian reform was suspended by a decree of the Provisional Government of June 28 (July 11, new style), 1917.

Other changes

The measures of the Stolypin reform, in short, assumed complete transformation of the state touched absolutely all spheres of life.

Local government

Part of the western provinces was governed by volost gatherings, so Stolypin's activities in this direction are determined as an attempt to introduce zemstvo institutions. This would help the regions realize their agricultural potential.

Like all the reforms that Stolypin tried to carry out, this bill found its opponents and supporters. But most importantly - it was against the law.

The Poles who inhabited the Kiev, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Podolsk provinces could not be allowed to power. On this basis, the State Council rejected the initiative.

Countering terrorism

The reasons for resorting to the Stolypin reforms of the judicial process were weighty - mass terrorist attacks, robberies, robberies. On August 12, 1906, terrorists attacked the dacha of Pyotr Arkadyevich. His children and about a hundred other people suffered, 30 of whom died. The emperor introduces a regulation on courts-martial. They were given the right to as soon as possible consider cases. Two days were allocated for trials, 24 hours for bringing the sentence into effect. The Prime Minister determined innovation as a necessity in the current situation.

Power structures and legal proceedings

Bill " On the transformation of the local court” included a number of measures to reduce the cost and accessibility of services for the population. The goal was to revive the magistrates' courts. Emphasis was placed on the independence of the authority from the volost, peasant, zemstvo authorities. It was an attempt to exclude legal proceedings from random decisions, to lead to a rationalization of the process. It was proposed to introduce the responsibility of high-ranking officials for illegal actions and bureaucracy, determine the rights of the person under investigation.

Reform measures that Stolypin managed to carry out.

Table 1

date	Economic reforms
19.08.06	Anti-terror law comes into force
August 1906	Empowering the Peasants' Bank to resell lands
05.10.06	The rights of peasants and other estates are partially equalized
14 — 15.10.06	Launch of a broad lending system
9.11.06	Decree on free exit from the community
December 1907	Accelerating the resettlement of peasants to and in Siberia, through incentives
10.04.08	Introduction of a compulsory primary education program
31.05.09	Adoption of the law on the Russification of Finland
14.06.10	Expansion of opportunities to get out of the landed estates
14.03.11	The emergence of zemstvos in the western provinces

As the first Russian revolution clearly showed, the main problem Russian society the agrarian question remained, which escalated at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. In the future, the dissatisfied peasantry, which constituted the majority of the country's population, could go further than defeating 2,000 burned in 1905-1907. landlord estates.

In addition, without the development of agriculture, Russia could not develop as a great power, which was well understood by P.A. Stolypin.

1. Goals of the reform

1.1. Socio-political goals.

1.1.1. The main goal was enlisting broad strata of the peasantry on the side of the regime and preventing a new agrarian war. To do this, it was supposed to contribute to the transformation of the majority of the inhabitants of the Russian village into strong, wealthy peasantry imbued with the idea of property, which, according to Stolypin, serves everywhere as the best bulwark of order and tranquility.

Previously, there was a widespread point of view about the orientation of the Stolypin reform to attract the existing narrow layer of kulaks.

1.1.3. Through agrarian reform, the government sought to not affect the interests of the landowners. In the post-reform period and at the beginning of the 20th century, the government was unable to protect the noble landownership from reduction, but the large and small landed nobility continued to be the most reliable support for the autocracy. To push him away would be suicidal for the regime.

In addition, noble class organizations, including the Council of the United Nobility, had a great influence on Nicholas II and his entourage. A member of the government, and even more so a prime minister, who raises the question of the alienation of landowners' lands, could not remain in his place, much less organize the implementation of such a reform. The reformers also took into account the fact that the landowners' farms produced a significant part of marketable grain, which is also.

1.1.2. Another goal was destruction of the rural community. Bearing in mind the participation of the community in the struggle of 1905-1907, the reformers understood that the main thing in the peasant movement was the issue of land and did not immediately seek to destroy the administrative organization of the community.

1.2. Socio-economic goals were closely related to the socio-political. It was planned to liquidate the land community, its economic land distribution mechanism, on the one hand, which formed the basis of the social unity of the community, and on the other hand, restrained the development of agricultural technology.

ultimate economic goal reforms was supposed to be a general rise in the country's agriculture, the transformation of the agricultural sector into the economic base of the new Great Russia.

2. Preparation of the reform.

2.1. Preparation of reform projects before the revolution. actually started Conference on the needs of the agricultural industry under the direction of S.Yu. Witte in 1902-1903 In 1905-1907. the conclusions formulated by the meeting, primarily the idea of the need to destroy the land community and turn the peasants into land owners, were reflected in a number of projects of state officials ( N.N. Kutler, V.I. Gurko).

2.2. With the start of the revolution and the active participation of peasants in the destruction of landlord estates, Nicholas II, frightened by agrarian uprisings, changed his attitude towards the landed peasant community. The Peasant Bank was allowed to issue loans for peasant plots (November 1905), which in fact meant the possibility of alienating communal lands. P.A. Stolypin in 1906, having become prime minister, supported the Gurko project, which formed the basis Decree of November 9, 1906 that initiated the agrarian reform.

3. Main directions of the reform

3.1. Change of ownership on peasant land, turning them into full-fledged owners of their allotments was supposed to be carried out by the law of 1910 primarily by strengthening the allotments into private property. In addition, by law of 1911 . it was allowed to carry out land management (reduction of land into farms and cuts) without strengthening, after which the peasants also became landowners. At the same time, a peasant could only sell an allotment to a peasant, which limited the right to land ownership.

3.2. Organization of farms and cuts (land management). Without land management, technical improvement, the economic development of agriculture was impossible in the conditions of a peasant stripes(2/3 of the peasants in the central regions had allotments divided into 6 or more lanes in various places in the communal field) and far lands(40% of the peasants of the Center had to walk daily from their estates to allotments of 5 or more miles). In economic terms, according to Gurko's plan, strengthening without land management did not make sense.

Therefore, the work of state land management commissions was planned to reduce the strips of the peasant allotment into a single plot - cut. If such a cut was outside the village, the estate was transferred there, which meant the formation farms.

3.3 . Resettlement of peasants to free lands. To solve the problem of the peasant lack of land and decrease agricultural overpopulation resettlement policy intensified in the Central regions. Funds were allocated to transport those wishing to new places, primarily to Siberia. Special (so-called Stolypin) passenger cars were built for the settlers. Beyond the Urals, the peasants were given lands free of charge, loans were issued to improve the economy and improve the land.

3.4. Selling land to peasants in installments through Peasant Bank was also needed to reduce land shortages. On the security of allotment land, loans were issued for the purchase of state land transferred to the Bank's fund, and land that was sold by landlords.

3.5. Development of agricultural cooperation, Both trade and credit were given an impetus by the publication in 1908 of an exemplary charter. Credit partnerships received some benefits.

5. The progress of the reform

5.1. Legal basis, stages and terms of the reform. Legislative basis reforms became Decree of November 9, 1906 ., after the adoption of which the implementation of the reform began. The main provisions of the Decree were enshrined in Law of 1910., approved by the Duma and the State Council. Serious clarifications in the course of the reform were introduced law 1911., reflecting a change in the emphasis of government policy and signifying the beginning of the second stage of the reform.

In 1915-1916, due to the war, the reform actually stopped. In June 1917 the reform was officially terminated by the Provisional Government.

The reform was carried out through the efforts Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture headed A.V. Krivoshein and the Stolypin Ministry of the Interior.

5.2. The transformation of peasants into landowners at the first stage (1907-1910) in accordance with the Decree of November 9, it went in several ways.

5 .2.1. At fastening of striped sections to the property. Over the years, 2 million plots have been strengthened. When the pressure of local authorities ceased, the strengthening process was sharply reduced. In addition, most of the peasants, who only wanted to sell their allotment, without returning to independent agriculture, have already done this. After 1911, only those who wanted to sell their plot applied. In total in 1907-1915. 2.5 million people became fortifiers. - 26% of the peasants of European Russia (excluding the Western provinces and the Trans-Urals), but almost 40% of them sold their plots, most of them moving beyond the Urals, leaving for the city or replenishing the stratum of the rural proletariat.

5 .2.2. Land management at the second stage (1911-1916) under the laws of 1910 and 1911. made it possible to obtain ownership of the allotment automatically - after the creation cuts and farms, without filing an application for strengthening the property.

5 .2.3. In old communities(communities where there had been no redistribution since 1861), according to the law of 1910, peasants were automatically recognized as owners of allotments. Such communities accounted for 30% of their total number. At the same time, only 600,000 of the 3.5 million members of unrestricted communities requested documents certifying their property.

5 .2.4. Yard holdings. Peasants Western provinces and some areas of the South where communities did not exist also automatically became owners. To do this, they did not need to submit special applications. Beyond the Urals the reform was not formally carried out, but even there the peasants did not know communal property.

5.3. Land management. Organization of farms and cuts. In 1907-1910. only 1/10 of the peasants, who strengthened their allotments, formed farms and cuts.

After 1910, the government realized that a strong peasantry could not emerge on multi-lane sections. For this, it was necessary not to formally strengthen the property, but the economic transformation of allotments. The local authorities, who sometimes resorted to coercion of the community members, were no longer recommended to artificially encourage the strengthening process. The main direction of the reform was land management, which now in itself turned the land into the private property of the peasants.

Now the process has accelerated. In total, by 1916, 1.6 million individual farms (farms and cuts) were formed on approximately 1/3 of the peasant allotment (communal and household) land purchased by the peasants from the bank.

It was the beginning. It is important that in reality the potential scope of the movement turned out to be wider: another 20% of the peasants of European Russia filed applications for land management, but land management work was suspended by the war (May 1915) and interrupted by the revolution.

5.4. Resettlement beyond the Urals. Having received a loan from the government, 3.3 million people moved to the new lands in Stolypin's wagons, 2/3 of which were landless or land-poor peasants. 0.5 million returned, many replenished the population of Siberian cities or became agricultural workers. Only a small part of the peasants became farmers in the new place. This direction of the reform, having a focus on the resettlement of the poor, turned out to be the least effective, although it played an important role in the development of Siberia.

5.4. Buying land peasants with with the help of the Peasants' Bank acquired significant proportions. The bank sold 15 million state and landowner lands, of which 90% were bought by installments by peasants. At the same time, special benefits were provided to the owners of farms and cuts, who, unlike others, received a loan in the amount of 100% of the cost of the acquired land at 5% per annum.

5.5. developed rapidly cooperative movement. In 1905-1915. the number of rural credit partnerships increased from 1680 to 15.5 thousand. The number of production and consumer cooperatives in the countryside increased from 3 thousand in 1908 to 10 thousand in 1915. Many economists of various political orientations came to the conclusion that it was precisely cooperation is the most promising direction for the development of the Russian countryside, meeting the needs of modernizing the peasant economy.

At the same time, in the absence of public credit agriculture, the level of development of cooperation remained insufficient for the Russian village.

6. Main economic results of the reform

6.1. The peasant sector of the Russian agro-economy experienced serious progress. Harvest years and the growth of world grain prices played a big role in this. But especially cut-off and farm enterprises progressed, where new technologies were used to a greater extent. The yield in them exceeded similar indicators of communal fields by 30-50%.

6.2. Much increased marketability peasant economy, also largely at the expense of farms and cuts. New farming systems and crops were introduced. From a third to a half of individual farmers participated in credit partnerships, which gave them funds for modernization. Over 1.6 million peasants attended agricultural courses.

6.2. On the whole a revolution in agroeconomics and agricultural technology did not occur However, when evaluating economic results, it is important to take into account that the reform, designed for decades, only managed to clarify the direction and gain momentum in a few years. Without large loans, land reclamation and other measures, the reform was not able to give great results, and such measures could not be carried out without the allocation of significant funds by the state.

7. Major social and political

results of the reform

In socio-political terms, the reform was a relative success.

7.1. social outcomes. The fate of the community

7.1.1. The destruction of the land community. The community, as a body of self-government in the Russian village, was not affected by the reform, but the socio-economic organism of the community began to collapse. The number of land communities decreased from 135,000 to 110,000. The process was especially fast in the most developed northwestern, southern, and southeastern regions, where the community was historically weaker.

Some historians believed that the reform failed, since only 26% of the peasants allegedly left the community, and the process of exit began to fade from 1910. But only peasants who strengthened their striped plots in property were taken into account.

After 1910, there were fewer and fewer statements about strengthening the ownership of allotments and, accordingly, leaving the landed community. But land management processes have developed ever faster since that time. Landowners also became owners.

More than a third of its members have left the community, but the process has not yet been completed. Evidence of the growth of this trend is a significant number of applications for land management, most of which the land surveyors did not have time to complete by May 1915.

As a result, in the center of the country, together with members of the old-minded communities, at least 2/3 of the former communal peasantry was involved in the destruction of the land community. Taking into account the West and South of Russia, the Baltic states, Siberia, where land communities did not exist, by 1917 the majority of the country's peasantry were actually outside the land community.

It is also important to take into account that the reform, designed for at least two decades, had just begun, and only in 1910-1911 was the right direction for its deployment found.

7.1.2. The issue of community viability. At the same time, almost no disintegration of the community was observed in the central non-chernozem regions. It was here that cases of arson of farms were more numerous, and peasants who wanted to leave the community often did not receive the consent of the village assembly. In the non-chernozem center, communal traditions were the strongest, and agriculture was the most backward in socio-economic terms. The low standard of living determined the desire of the peasants, who were not engaged in crafts here, to preserve the old leveling mechanism and the body of social protection.

The borderless communities, mainly located in Ukraine, for a number of other reasons also largely retained their integrity.

At the same time, the reform had a beneficial effect on the surviving communities. It revealed some viability of the community organization. Freed from potential proletarians who sold their allotments, the communities also gradually turned to the use of progressive methods of management. Over 2.5 million land use applications have been submitted by communities. Rural societies increasingly used multi-field and grass-sowing, which, however, did not become the predominant form of agrarian technology here.

7.2. Socio-political results of the reform.

7.2.1. Partial success. Cessation of peasant uprisings. At the first stage in 1907-1909. with the strengthening of allotments in property, often under pressure from zemstvo chiefs, the number of peasant protests (mainly against the arbitrariness of the authorities) began to grow, reaching almost 1 thousand in 1910. But after the shift in government policy to land management, the rejection of coercion and some economic successes peasant unrest almost ceased, decreasing in 1913 to 128.

7.2.2. Prevention of a general peasant uprising and a general redistribution. However, the main political goal was not achieved. As 1917 showed, the peasantry retained the ability of the whole world to oppose the landlords (and the regime that protected them), under the influence not so much of economic necessity as of the historical memory of centuries of serf oppression and hatred of bars.

In 1917, it became obvious that the agrarian reform was 50 years late, but the main reason for its relative failure was the socio-political half-heartedness of the transformations, which manifested itself in the preservation of the landowners' lands intact.

Stolypin carried out his reforms from 1906, when he was appointed prime minister until his death on September 5, which came from the bullets of assassins.

agrarian reform

In short, the main goal of Stolypin's agrarian reform was to create a wide stratum of wealthy peasants. In contrast to the 1861 reform, the emphasis was on the sole proprietor rather than the community. The former, communal form fettered the initiative of the hard-working peasants, but now, freed from the community and not looking back at the "wretched and drunk", they could dramatically increase the efficiency of their management. The law of 06/14/1910 stated that from now on, "every householder who owns allotment land on a communal basis may at any time demand the strengthening of his personal property, the part due to him from the designated land." Stolypin believed that the prosperous peasantry would become a real pillar of the autocracy. An important part of the Stolypin agrarian reform was the activity of the credit bank. This institution sold land to peasants on credit, either state-owned or purchased from landlords. Moreover, the interest rate on a loan for independent peasants was half that for communities. Through a credit bank, the peasants acquired in 1905-1914. about 9 and a half million hectares of land. However, at the same time, measures against non-payers were tough: the land was taken from them and again went on sale. Thus, the reforms not only made it possible to acquire land, but also encouraged them to actively work on it. Another important part of Stolypin's reform was the resettlement of peasants on free lands. The bill prepared by the government provided for the transfer of state lands in Siberia to private hands without redemption. However, there were also difficulties: there were not enough funds or land surveyors to carry out land management work. But despite this, migration to Siberia, as well as the Far East, Central Asia and the North Caucasus, was gaining momentum. The move was free, and specially equipped "Stolypin" cars made it possible to transport railway cattle. The state tried to equip life in the places of resettlement: schools, medical centers, etc. were built.

Zemstvo

Being a supporter of zemstvo administration, Stolypin extended zemstvo institutions to some provinces where they did not exist before. It has not always been politically easy. For example, the implementation of the zemstvo reform in the western provinces, historically dependent on the gentry, was approved by the Duma, which supported the improvement of the situation of the Belarusian and Russian population, which constituted the majority in these territories, but met with a sharp rebuff in the State Council, which supported the gentry.

Industry reform

The main stage in resolving the labor issue during the years of Stolypin's premiership was the work of the Special Meeting in 1906 and 1907, which prepared ten bills that affected the main aspects of labor in industrial enterprises. These were questions about the rules for hiring workers, accident and illness insurance, hours of work, and so on. Unfortunately, the positions of industrialists and workers (as well as those who incited the latter to disobedience and rebellion) were too far apart and the compromises found did not suit either one or the other (which was readily used by all kinds of revolutionaries).

national question

Stolypin was well aware of the importance of this issue in such a multinational country as Russia. He was a supporter of the unification, and not the disunity of the peoples of the country. He suggested creating a special ministry of nationalities, which would study the characteristics of each nation: history, traditions, culture, social life, religion, etc. - so that they would flow into our huge state with the greatest mutual benefit. Stolypin believed that all peoples should have equal rights and duties and be loyal to Russia. Also, the task of the new ministry was to be counteracting the internal and external enemies of the country, who sought to sow ethnic and religious discord.