Herbaceous plants of the Altai Territory. Altai nature, plants and animals. The penny is used as

At the turn of the millennium, alternative medicine emerged from the underground again and made traditional, evidence-based medicine a real competition. More and more people are turning to alternative or biological medicine, which cannot be imagined without the use of medicinal plants.

The number of adherents of herbal treatment is increasing every year. Biologically active substances that plants contain are capable of influencing the anatomy and physiology of a person in one way or another. With a skillful and careful handling natural medicines are becoming our "green gold", capable of treating both mild and complex forms of disease.

Professional herbalists, as well as those who collect herbs for their own use, know that the greatest health of plants depends on where they grow. The Altai Territory, in this sense, is a unique place on the scale not only of Russia, but of the entire globe.

Altai Territory is on the list of the most environmentally friendly places in the world. There are five UNESCO World Natural Heritage sites in Altai: Lake Teletskoye, Katunsky National Biosphere Reserve, Altai State Reserve, Belukha Mountain and Ukok Plateau zone.

The amazing combination of biological diversity in this ecoregion is a true miracle and is under the protection of the global ecological community.

Unique appearance of landscapes Altai Territory strikes anyone who happens to be among them:

Alpine and subalpine meadows, lush, mottled with herbs
luxurious coniferous forests, the mighty centuries-old cedar groves
inimitable zone of high mountain belts
lakes and rivers, into which crystal springs flow, carrying their streams from the eternal ice resting on the tops of the mountains.

More than 3000 species of plants grow on the fertile and fertile soil of this magical corner of the planet. About 700 species are used directly by humans, almost 400 of them are medicinal, about 150 are listed in the Red Book, more than 100 unique specimens of herbs are found only here and in no other place.

Some species can be both medicinal and dangerous at the same time, containing both vitamins and useful biologically active components, and toxic substances. There are certain collection and procurement rules medicinal herbs that must be followed.

There are periods or exact dates collection, often associated with church holidays: Peter fast, Ivan Kupala, etc., when the plant has especially healing properties
the biochemical composition of plants changes by day of the year, and by days of the month, and even by the hour of the day. For example, during the waxing moon, the juices rush up and fill the ground part of the plants, during the waning moon, the juices fill the ground and roots
rules for drying and preparation for storage, which must also be adhered to, etc.

If you listen to all the necessary instructions that can be found in special reference books, then the plants harvested for future use will retain the necessary useful and active substances. Since ancient times, people have proven the effectiveness of various types of natural medicines.

And now I will list some medicinal plants of the Altai Territory:

Rhodiola rosea (golden root)

The most famous plant, the first mention of its medicinal use dates back to the period more than 500 years ago. A certain symbol of the healing nature of the Altai land. In its action, it is similar to Eleutherococcus and ginseng, belongs to the group of stimulating drugs that increase immunity, mental abilities, reduce the effect stressful situations and unfavorable factors environment.

Elecampane

People call it a cure for nine diseases. It was used even by Hippocrates; in the Middle Ages, it was actively bred and used to treat masses of ailments and even plague. It enhances appetite, quickly restores the body after severe infectious diseases, normalizes the functioning of the stomach and intestines, and relieves inflammation.

St. John's wort

Brought to the royal court from Siberia in the seventeenth century. The sages considered it a magical plant, used to heal various wounds.

Coltsfoot

Tea from mother-and-stepmother was drunk in Ancient Greece when coughing. Decoctions were used to increase hair growth, to treat burns and wounds.

Motherwort

Since the fifteenth century, its soothing properties have been known, besides it normalizes blood pressure, has a relaxing and hypnotic effect.

Yarrow

Since the time of Dioscorides, it has been used for healing, disinfecting wounds and as a hemostatic agent.

This is only a small part of the medicinal herbs growing in the Altai Territory. Bird highlander, azure cyanosis, thick-leaved bergenia, Ural licorice - you can long list the composition of this natural storehouse of health and healing energy.

Interest in the use of alternative remedies for the treatment of diseases has only grown lately. It has long been established that the human body tolerates the biochemical effects of medicinal herbs much better than the chemical effects of medications that are perceived as foreign. In addition to the fact that herbs, with their judicious use, are able to successfully treat a number of diseases, they also prevent the emergence of new ones, rejuvenate and cleanse the body.

There are many poisonous and potent medicinal plants that must be handled with great care. At home, you can use only commonly used non-poisonous plants and fees sold in pharmacies, and even then after consulting a doctor. The doses of medicinal plants given in the book are calculated for an adult.
For a complete description of all medicinal plants of the Altai Territory indicated in the book, see the category of medicinal plants or through a block search by name.

INDEX OF MEDICINAL PLANTS BY THEIR PHARMACO-THERAPEUTIC ACTION AND APPLICATION.
Cardiac.

The hawthorn is blood red. Spring adonis. The jaundice is gray. Lilac pod

Vasodilators used in hypertension.

The hawthorn is blood red. Valerian officinalis. Elecampane tall, medicinal sweet clover. Kalina (juice from berries). The capsule is yellow. Mordovnik ordinary.
Shepherd's bag. Patrina is average. Common tansy. Motherwort five-lobed. The marsh drier. Pharmacy dill. Chemeritsa Lobel. Three-part succession

Increasing blood pressure.

Sandy immortelle. Leuzea is safflower. Rhodiola rosea. Field steel. Thermopsis lanceolate

Hemostatic.

Badan is thick-leaved. Sandy immortelle. Highlander serpentine. The mountaineer is peppery. St. John's wort. Kalina (bark). Horse sorrel. Stinging nettle. Burnet is medicinal. Erect cinquefoil. Larch sponge. Shepherd's bag. Common tansy. The plantain is large. Siberian mountain ash. Field steel. Yarrow. Horsetail. Blueberry.

Expectorants.

Marsh calamus. Marshmallow officinalis. Marsh Ledum. Elecampane tall, ordinary soul. Siberian istode. Mullein bear ear. Coltsfoot. Dandelion medicinal. The primrose is large-cup. The plantain is large. Cyanosis is blue. Ural licorice. Pine (buds). Thermopsis is lanceolate. Creeping thyme. Common caraway.

Exciters to the nervous system.

St. John's wort. Leuzea is safflower. Mordovnik ordinary.Plow-ram. Rhodiola rosea. Thermopsis is lanceolate.

Calming.

Marsh calamus. The hawthorn is blood red. Helen scooping. Valerian officinalis. The mountaineer is peppery. Oregano ordinary. Kalina (bark). Mullein bear ear. Patrina is average. Peony evading. Wormwood. Motherwort five-lobed. Pharmaceutical camomile. Cyanosis is blue. The marsh drier. Celandine large

Stimulating appetite.

Marsh calamus. The watch is three-leafed. Large-leaved gentian. St. John's wort. Dandelion medicinal. Wormwood. Yarrow.

Astringents (antiperspirants).

Badan is thick-leaved. Cowberry. Highlander serpentine. The mountaineer is peppery. St. John's wort. Burnet is medicinal. Erect cinquefoil. Altai rhubarb. Pharmaceutical camomile. Yarrow. Blueberry. Rosehip is cinnamon. Horse sorrel. Spotted orchis.

Laxatives.

The watch is three-leafed. Zhoster is a laxative. Buckthorn is fragile. Larch sponge. Dandelion medicinal. The plantain is large. Altai rhubarb. Pharmaceutical camomile. Rowan (fruit). Ural licorice. Field steel. Common caraway. Horse sorrel.

With gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

Marsh calamus. Birch (buds). Marshmallow officinalis. Cyanosis is blue. St. John's wort. Erect cinquefoil. Sea buckthorn buckthorn. Peony evading. The plantain is large. Pharmaceutical camomile. Ural licorice. The marsh drier. Yarrow. Chaga mushroom. Rosehip is cinnamon.

For diseases of the liver and biliary tract.

Marsh calamus. Birch (leaves). Sandy immortelle. The watch is three-leafed. The hair is golden. Elecampane is high. St. John's wort. Stinging nettle. Buckthorn is fragile. Dandelion medicinal. Shepherd's bag. Common tansy. Wormwood. Altai rhubarb. Pharmaceutical camomile. Common caraway. Pine (buds). Rosehip is cinnamon. Horse sorrel. Celandine is great. The sequence is three-part.

For diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Marsh calamus. Badan thick-leaved (leaves). Birch (liega and buds). Cowberry. Spring adonis. Elecampane is high. St. John's wort. Mullein bear ear (flowers leaves). Stinging nettle. The capsule is yellow. Burdock. Dandelion medicinal. Primrose is group-cup. Wormwood. Pharmaceutical camomile. Siberian mountain ash. Scotch pine. Field steel. Creeping thyme. Horsetail. The sequence is three-part. Celandine is great. Cinnamon rosehip (achenes). Horse sorrel

Uterine.

Multi-colored carnation. The mountaineer is peppery. Elecampane is high. Viburnum ordinary (bark). Shepherd's bag. Stinging nettle. Yarrow.

Antihelminthic.

Marsh Ledum. Valerian officinalis. The watch is three-leafed. Elecampane is high. St. John's wort. Fern is male. Common tansy. Wormwood. Pine (turpentine). Creeping thyme.

For skin diseases.

Hanging birch. Highlander serpentine. Morison's sorrel. Elecampane is high. Medicinal sweet clover. Oregano ordinary. Burdock. Sea buckthorn buckthorn (oil). Dandelion medicinal. Patrina is average. The plantain is large. Wormwood. Pharmaceutical camomile. The marsh drier. Horsetail. Chemeritsa Lobel. The sequence is three-part. Celandine is great.

Antiseptic.

Marsh calamus. Badan is thick-leaved. Hanging birch. Sandy immortelle. Cowberry. Oregano ordinary. St. John's wort. Burnet is medicinal. Erect cinquefoil. Coltsfoot. Common tansy. The plantain is large. Wormwood. Pharmaceutical camomile. Scotch pine. Creeping thyme. Yarrow. Celandine is great. Horse sorrel.

Insecticidal.

Marsh calamus. Marsh Ledum. Larkspur is high. The capsule is yellow. Common tansy. Wormwood. Thermopsis is lanceolate. Chemeritsa Lobel. Celandine is great.

With alcoholism.

Plaun ram. Creeping thyme.

Strengthening hair.

Burdock. Stinging nettle. Coltsfoot. Chemeritsa Lobel. Common hops.

With reduced sexual function.

Leuzea is safflower. Rhodiola rosea. Spotted orchis.

Medicinal plants collection calendar.

Plant names	Procurement parts	Collection in a month
Calamus marsh	rhizomes	10, 11, 12
Althea officinalis	roots	7, 10, 11, 12
Marsh wild rosemary	young shoots	8, 9, 10
Badan thick-leaved	leaves	9, 10
	rhizomes	10, 11, 12
Black henbane	leaves	8, 9, 10
Drooping birch	leaves	7, 8
	kidneys	4, 5, 6
Sandy immortelle	inflorescences	8. 9, 10
Hawthorn blood red	flowers	7, 8
	fruit	11, 12
Cowberry	leaves	6, 7, 11, 12
Valerian officinalis	rhizomes with roots	10, 11, 12
Three-leaf watch	leaves	7, 8
Bupleushka golden	grass	8, 9, 10
Highlander serpentine	rhizomes	6, 10, 11, 12
Highlander pepper	grass	9, 10
Morison's sorrel	roots	8, 11, 12
Spring adonis	grass	8, 9
Elecampane high	rhizomes with roots	6, 7, 10, 11, 12
Medicinal sweet clover	grass	8, 9, 10
Oregano	grass	8, 9, 10
Jaundice gray	grass	8, 9
Levkoyny zheltushnik	grass	8, 9
Larkspur high	grass	9, 10
Larkspur reticular fruit	grass	9, 10
Joster laxative	fruit	11, 12
St. John's wort	grass	6, 7, 8
Siberian isstod	rhizomes with roots	8, 9
Istod thin-leaved		8, 9
Viburnum ordinary	bark	4. 5
	fruit	9. 10
Mullein bear ear	flowers	7, 8
	leaves	6, 7, 8
Stinging nettle	leaves	5, 6. 7
Burnet medicinal	rhizomes with roots	8, 9, 10
Buckthorn fragile	bark	5, 6
Yellow capsule	rhizomes	7, 8, 9, 10
Erect cinquefoil	rhizomes	5. 9, 10
Leuzea saffron-shaped	rhizomes with roots	8, 9, 10
Larch sponge	fruiting body	4, 5, 6
Felt burdock	roots	4, 5, 9, 10
Burdock	roots	4, 5, 9, 10
Lyubka is two-leaved	root-tubers	7, 8
Coltsfoot	leaves	6, 7
	flowers	4, 5
Mordovnik ordinary	the seeds	8, 9
Ball-headed mordovnik	the seeds	8, 9
Sea buckthorn buckthorn	fruit	8, 9, 10
Dandelion medicinal	roots	8, 9, 10
Fern male	rhizomes	4, 5, 8, 9, 10
Shepherd's bag	grass	6, 7
Patrina medium	roots	8, 9, 10
Large-cup primrose	leaves and flowers	5, 6
	rhizomes with roots	4, 5, 8, 9
Common tansy	inflorescences	7, 8
Peony evading	roots	8, 9, 10
Clavate crimson	disputes	7, 8
Plow-ram	grass	7, 8
Big plantain	leaves	6, 7, 8
Wormwood	grass	6, 7, 8
Motherwort five-bladed	grass	6, 7, 8
Altai rhubarb	roots with rhizomes	5, 8. 9
Rhodiola rosea (golden root)	rhizomes with roots	8, 9
pharmaceutical camomile	inflorescences	6. 7
Fragrant chamomile	inflorescences	6, 7, 8
Siberian mountain ash	fruit	9, 10, 11
Cyanosis blue	roots with rhizomes	8, 9
Lilac pod	grass	7
Ural licorice	rhizomes with roots	4, 5, 9, 10
Scotch pine	needles	1, 2, 3, 11, 12
	kidneys	4
Field steel	roots	8, 9, 10
Marsh drier	grass	7, 8, 9
Thermopsis lamset	grass	6, 7
Creeping thyme	grass	6, 7, 8
Marshall thyme	grass	6, 7, 8
Common caraway	fruit	7, 8
Yarrow	grass	6, 7, 8
Horsetail	grass	6, 7, 8
Chaga mushroom	fruiting body	1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12
Lobel's cheremitsa	rhizomes with roots	4, 5, 8, 9, 10
Three-part succession	grass	7, 8
Common blueberry	leaves	5, 6
	fruit	7, 8
Celandine large	grass	5, 6, 7, 8
Rose hip	fruit	8, 9, 10
Horse sorrel	roots	9. 10
	fruit	8, 9
Orchis	root-tubers	7, 8

NATURAL GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES OF THE ALTAI REGION.
I. Steppe zone

Burlinsky, Khabarsky, Slavgorodsky, Tabunsky, Blagoveshchensky, Kulundinsky, Klyuchevsky, Rodinsky, Mikhailovsky, Volchikhinsky, Ug-lovsky, Loktevsky, Egorievsky. Rubtsovsky, Novichikhinsky, Pospeli-Khinsky, Shipunovsky, Aleisky, Romanovsky districts.

II. Forest-steppe zone

A) left bank of the river. Obi

Pankrushikhinsky, Kamensky, Pavlovsky, Topchikhinsky, Tyumentsevsky, Rebrikhinsky, Mamoitovsky, Zavyalovsky *, Baevsky *, Kalmansky, Ust-Pristai districts.

B) the right bank of the river. Obi

Talmensky, Pervomaisky, Kosikhinsky, Troitsky, Ust-Pristaysky, Biysky, Tselinny, Sorokinsky *, Kytmanovsky districts.

III. Salair

(Foothills and mountains of Salair),

Zalesovsky, Sorokinsky *, Togulsky, Yeltsovsky, Soltonsky districts.

IV. Altai foothills

Tretyakovsky, Zmeinogorsky, Kurinsky, Krasioschekovsky, Ust-Kalmansky, Petropavlovsky, Bystroistoksky, Smolensky, Sovetsky, Krasnogorsky districts.

V. Altai Mountains

Charyshsky *, Soloneshensky *, Altai * areas.

Vi. Mountain Altai

Turochaksky, Mayminsky *, Shebalinsky, Ongudaysky, Ust-Koksinsky, Ust-Kansky, Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky districts.

* The territory of the marked areas is located in two zones.

Formulation and application fees.

There are given recipes for fees approved by the Pharmacological Committee of the USSR Ministry of Health, as well as recipes from the books of S. S. Stankov and N. V. Kovalevsky "Our medicinal plants and their medical use" and D. Yordanov, P. Nikolov, A. Boychinov "Phytotherapy ". The numbers indicate the weight ratio of plant parts, which should be taken when compiling the collection. The recipe for the collection mainly includes plants growing in the Altai Territory.

I. Gastrointestinal diseases.

II. Respiratory diseases.

III. Diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Vi. Diseases of the liver and biliary tract.

V. Vitamin fees.

Vi. Fees used for nervous and cardiovascular diseases.

Vii. Other fees.

General information about the procurement and use of herbal medicinal raw materials.
Active ingredients of medicinal plants.

The therapeutic effect of many hundreds of types of medicinal plants currently used in scientific and folk medicine, is associated with the presence in them of various biologically active substances that can affect various physiological processes of the animal and human body... These substances are called active ingredients. In many medicinal plants currently used in practice, despite the great success of phytochemistry, they are still far from fully studied.
In ancient times, when people did not know the composition of medicinal plants, they were used in the form of powders, decoctions, sometimes in the form of ointments. Since the time of the ancient Roman physician Galen, complex extracts and tinctures began to be prepared, which are still called galenic preparations.
The study of the chemical composition of plants began to be dealt with only from the end of the 17th century. However, due to imperfect study methods, the results were negligible. Only at the end of the 19th century, in connection with the rapid development of phytochemistry, were the main groups of active substances of medicinal plants discovered. First, alkaloids (morphine, cocaine, nicotine, etc.) were isolated in pure form, then glycosides, tannins, saponins, vitamins, phytoncides and others. In recent decades, thanks to the isolation of the active substances in pure form and the study of their chemical structure, many of them have been synthesized. And yet, despite the great work done in this area, as "A. F. Gammerman writes," ... small islands of our knowledge still float in the ocean of the unknown. There is still something for us and our children to work on ... "
As already mentioned, the most common active substances in plants are alcaloids. These are complex organic nitrogen-containing compounds of alkaline properties. They are found mainly in flowering plants and very rarely in mushrooms, mosses, algae in small quantities, from traces to 2-8 percent.
Most alkaloids are crystalline substances, and only a few, which do not contain oxygen, are liquid (nicotine, anabasine). They do not dissolve in water. With organic and mineral acids, they form salts that are readily soluble in water. Alkaloids are quite persistent compounds, bitter in taste. In plants, they are found in the form of salts of organic acids or in combination with tannins. The toxicity of many plants is often just due to the presence of alkaloids in them.
To date, about 400 species of alkaloid plants are known in the USSR (around 800 worldwide), of which about 2000 different alkaloids have been isolated. However, in general, the flora of the USSR was investigated for alkaloid content only by about 20 percent. Alkaloids contain only about 10 percent of all surveyed plants. Alkaloids are unevenly distributed throughout the plant: in some, they are in the seeds, in others, in the roots, and in others, in the leaves. Their content in a plant depends on many factors: the growing season, season, climate, growing zone, soil and other conditions.
Despite the fact that alkaloids have been discovered for a long time, their role for the plant is still unclear.
Glossy is a large group of nitrogen-free substances, the molecule of which consists of a sugar part - a glycone and a non-sugar part - an aglycone (genin). The action of glycosides is mainly determined by their non-sugar part. Their role in plants has been better studied than the role of alkaloids. It is believed that they regulate many of the chemical processes of transformation of substances. Unlike alkaloids, glycosides are rapidly destroyed during storage by the enzymes of the plants themselves, as well as under the influence of various physical factors. It is difficult to obtain pure glycosides due to their instability. Therefore, in medical practice, not pure active substances are often used, but the plants themselves or the total extracts from them. Glycosides are readily soluble in water. There are several groups of them: cardiac glycosides, laxatives, saponins, bitterness, etc. The first of them are most important for medical practice.
Until now, among all heart remedies, herbal preparations make up more than half. Cardiac glycosides have a stronger effect on the body than other types of glycosides. Their therapeutic doses for humans are tens, hundreds of times less and are calculated in tenths of a milligram. Cardiac glycosides have a steroid structure. In this respect, they are close to hormones and other substances in the body. Glycosides that have a laxative effect, the so-called anthraglycosides, contained in buckthorn, rhubarb, aloe, senna and other plants, have been widely used in practice. Unlike cardiac glycosides, they are low-toxic, stable during storage, most of them are colored red-orange.
Plants containing bitterness - glycosides, slightly toxic to the body, possessing a bitter taste (wormwood, gentian, dandelion, centaury, water trefoil and others) have found wide application in practice.
Many plants contain saponins - compounds that are a type of glycosides. They are found in representatives of more than 70 families, especially among carnation and primroses. Saponins, like all glycosides, are highly irritating. Forms a long-lasting foam like soap with water. Hence the name. Sapo means "soap" in Latin. Erythrocytes dissolve easily (hemolysis). When taken orally, hemolysis does not occur, since the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract is impenetrable for most of them. Saponous plants are used in medical practice for a variety of purposes: as expectorant, diuretic, choleretic, aphrodisiac, emetic, and lowering blood pressure. V last years discovered such valuable properties of a number of saponins as anti-sclerotic, anti-ulcer, and hormonal. Saponins are also used in Food Industry.
Flavonoids are a whole group of active substances (biflavonoids, flavones, flavonols, flavans, catechins, etc.). Contained in plants more often in the form of glycosides. They got their name for yellow(Latin flavum means "yellow"), In pure form - crystalline yellow substances, soluble in alcohol and water. In recent years, a lot of attention has been paid to their study. A number of them have P-vitamsha activity, bactericidal, choleretic action and helps to remove radioactive substances from the body, that is, they can be used to treat radiation sickness.
Cumarins and furocumarins are found in plants in pure form or in compounds with sugar in the form of glycosides. By their chemical nature, they are unsaturated lactones. Insoluble in water, sensitive to light. Most often, coumarins are found in plants from the families of the umbrella, legumes, rue, mainly in the roots and fruits. In some members of these families, the coumarin content can reach 5-10 percent. To date, more than 150 coumarin derivatives have been isolated and studied. Substances of this group have found application in medical practice as photosensitizing (psoralen, xanthotoxin), as vasodilating and antispasmodic (atamantin, osthol), as estrogens (coumestrol) and antineoplastic agents (peucedanin). Some antibiotics are also coumarin in nature (novobiocin, umbelliferone and others).
Effervescent masses are volatile, oily liquids, insoluble in water, causing a specific smell inherent in many types of plants (mint, dill, wormwood, thyme, etc.). Currently, there are about 2500 known species of fragrant plants. By chemical nature essential oils represent a mixture of various organic substances: terpenes, ketones, esters, aldehydes and others.
In plants, essential oils play a protective role or attract insects by promoting pollination. Their content in plants ranges from traces to 20 percent (usually 0.5-3 percent). Plants containing essential oils and pure preparations from them are widely used in the perfumery and food industries (rose, lavender, geranium, bergamot, mint, clove and other oils). A number of plants are used in medical practice as soothing, expectorant, analgesic, antimicrobial and antihelminthic agents.
Resin and balm are close to essential oils in chemical structure, often contained in plants simultaneously with them. They have an antiseptic effect, accelerate regenerative processes in tissues.
Tanning substances (tannins) got their name for their ability to tan leather and make them waterproof due to the coagulation of the protein - collagen of the skin.
Tanides are nitrogen-free non-toxic compounds, esters of polyatomic phenols. The ability of fruits, bark, roots of plants to darken at a break or cut is precisely related to the presence of tannins in them, which are rapidly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen and acquire a yellow or brown color (formation of flobafens). Tanids are widespread in the plant kingdom, found in almost all plants from traces to 35 percent. Plant tannides are involved in metabolism and protect them from harmful fungi and bacteria due to their antiseptic effect.
Pure tannins are amorphous powders of yellow or Brown color, highly soluble in water and alcohol. There are two types of tannins - pyrogallol derivatives (hydrolyzed tannides), which are colored with iron salts in a black-blue color, and pyrocatechol derivatives (condensed tannins), which are colored black-green with iron salts. They are widely used in the leather and food industries.
In medical medicine and veterinary practice, they have found application as anti-inflammatory, astringent, antiseptic, hemostatic agents. All of the listed properties of tannins are associated with their ability to coagulate protein with the formation of a protective film on mucous membranes. Tanides precipitate not only proteins, but also alkaloids, glycosides and heavy metals. In this regard, they are widely used in practice for poisoning with these substances.
Vitamins, being part of enzyme systems, regulate various aspects of metabolism in the body. Normal vital functions of the animal and human body are impossible without vitamins. Although some vitamins are synthesized in humans and animals, most of them are obtained from plants (carotene, vitamins C, K, D, E and others).
In addition to the above groups of active substances of medicinal plants, their medicinal properties may be due to the presence of other types of chemical compounds, such as organic acids, mucus and gums, fatty oils, phytoncides, naphthoquinones, pigments, enzymes, mineral salts, trace elements, etc.
It should be noted that the therapeutic effect of plants in a number of cases is associated not with any one substance, but with the entire natural complex of substances included in it. In this case, the use of a pure active substance does not give the same therapeutic effect as the use of the plant itself or the total extract from it (for example, valerian, wild rose, foxglove, leuzea, etc.)

Forms of using medicinal plants.

Medicinal plants are used for medicinal purposes in the form of various dosage forms. The choice of the form depends on many conditions: on the nature of the disease, on the part of the plant from which the dosage form is prepared, and the ways of using the medicine.
The simplest dosage form is powder, which are finely ground parts of plants (leaves, fruits, roots, rhizomes). At home, powders can be prepared from roots and rhizomes in coffee mills. In general, in medical practice, powders from medicinal plants are rarely used.
Most often, herbal medicinal raw materials are used in the form of ingredients. The methods of their preparation are given by us in accordance with the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR.
Infusions and decoctions are aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials. Infusions are usually prepared from the soft parts of the plant: Leaves, flowers, stems (herbs); decoctions - from coarse parts: roots, bark, rhizomes. Plant raw materials are crushed: leaves, flowers - to particles no more than 5 mm in size, stems, bark, roots, rhizomes - no more than 3 mm, fruits and seeds - no more than 0.5 mm. The crushed raw materials are weighed, poured into an enamel or porcelain vessel, poured over with water at room temperature, covered with a lid and placed in a boiling water bath. The infusion is heated for 15 minutes, decoctions - 30 minutes. with frequent stirring. After heating, the vessel is cooled at room temperature(decoctions — 10 minutes, infusions — at least 45 minutes), then filter and squeeze the remainder. Finished extracts are brought to the required volume with water. If decoctions are prepared from plant materials containing tannins (rhizomes of the coil, bergenia, burnet), then filter immediately after removing the vessel from the water bath. From most plants, infusions and decoctions are prepared in a ratio of 1:10, that is, ten parts of an infusion or decoction are prepared from one weight part of crushed raw materials. From plants containing potent substances, infusions and decoctions are prepared in a ratio of 1:30 (adonis herb, istode root, valerian rhizome and root, lily of the valley herb, ergot), from poisonous plants - in a ratio of 1: 400 (thermopsis herb, larkspur, seeds mordovnik, hellebore rhizome). If necessary, a combination of infusions with other medicines (tinctures, extracts and powdered medicinal substances), they are added already to ready-made cooled and filtered decoctions and infusions. Since infusions and decoctions quickly deteriorate, they are prepared for no more than 3-4 days and stored in a cool place. Ready infusions and decoctions are taken orally with tea, dessert or tablespoons, glasses.
In folk medicine, at home, infusions and decoctions are often prepared without boiling. For this, the medicinal raw material is poured with boiling water, tightly closed and insisted for 4-8 hours, after which it is filtered, the residue is wrung out and the resulting extract is filtered. It is believed that the active substances of plants are better preserved without boiling. You can store such infusions for no more than one day.
For various skin diseases, lesions of the mucous membranes, infusions and decoctions are used externally in the form of washings, baths, lotions, compresses and sometimes in the form of enemas. In this case, they can be prepared more concentrated (1: 5). Infusions and decoctions, in addition to active ones, contain a significant amount of ballast substances extracted by water from plant materials.
Tinctures and extracts related to galenic preparations are prepared from medicinal plants at pharmaceutical factories and in specially equipped laboratories.
Nastoyk and, as a rule, are alcoholic extracts from plants (most often in 70-degree alcohol). The crushed raw materials are poured into a tightly closed vessel with alcohol and infused at room temperature for 7 days, stirring occasionally. After the specified period, the liquid is drained, the residue is wrung out, washed with alcohol of the same strength and the amount of filtrate is adjusted to the required volume. From most plants, tinctures are prepared in a ratio of 1: 5, from raw materials containing potent substances - 1:10. Tinctures - persistent drugs, stored long time(up to several years) at room temperature in a dark place in a tightly closed glass container. They contain a large amount of active ingredients, so they are dosed in drops (usually 10-30 drops, less often less or more). At home, tinctures are often prepared with vodka.
Extracts are condensed extracts from medicinal plant materials. More often, like tinctures, alcohol, less often ether or water. Depending on the consistency, there are liquid, thick and dry extracts. Liquid ones are prepared in a 1: 1 ratio, thick ones are a viscous mass containing no more than 25% water, dry ones - a loose mass. The preparation of extracts is more complicated than tinctures, so they are made only in factories. Their doses are even less than tinctures. They are dosed by drops or by weight.
In addition to galenic plants, plants are often used to prepare new galenic preparations, which are water, less often alcoholic extracts, which are maximally purified from ballast substances. They can be used not only internally, but also for injection. Novogalene preparations for injection are produced in ampoules, for internal use - in vials.
In recent years, in connection with the success of phytochemistry, pure active substances of plants obtained in factories (individual alkaloids, glycosides, etc.) are increasingly used in medical practice. They are widely used in medical practice with boron or cha and - mixtures of dried and crushed medicinal plants, sometimes with the addition of mineral medicinal substances. The fees are intended for the preparation of infusions and decoctions from them at home, rinses and poultices, medicinal baths.
Due to the difficulty of accurate dosage, poisonous and potent medicinal plants are usually not prescribed in the collections. A significant number of fees are issued, approved by the Pharmacological Committee of the USSR Ministry of Health and supplied to pharmacies. On the packaging they always indicate in what proportions to cook them. Outwardly, medicinal plants, in addition to infusions, can be used in the form of ointments, fresh juice and leaves.
Ointments are prepared from plant powders, extracts, tinctures and fresh juice. Vaseline, lanolin, unsalted lard and cow's oil are taken as the basis for the manufacture of ointments. Ointments made with lard and oil easily penetrate the skin and have a deeper effect than ointments based on petroleum jelly. However, you must remember that they deteriorate quickly. Quite often, fresh plant juice is used for medicinal purposes, both externally and internally. To preserve it for future use, add at least 20 percent alcohol.

Collection, drying and storage of herbal medicinal raw materials.

Rules for the collection of raw materials.

Medicinal plants are harvested during those periods of their growing season when they contain the maximum amount of biologically active substances. It is known that they accumulate differently in different plants; in some they are localized in the roots and rhizomes, in the second - in the stems and leaves, in the third - in the seeds, and only in some plants are distributed evenly in all its parts. Therefore, when preparing, you need to know in which part the medicinal substance accumulates. The content of active substances in one and the same organ is not the same depending on the phase of vegetation of plants, the season. Therefore, the value of medicinal raw materials depends on the timing of its collection.
At the end of the book, a calendar of collection of all the medicinal plants described in it is given. However, the collection time given in it should be considered approximate, since it can very significantly vary depending on the zone of the edge. In the steppe zone, the vegetation of plants in spring begins 7-14 days earlier than in the foothill and mountain zones, and also ends earlier. So, in the hellebore, the aboveground part in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Altai Territory dies off in early August, and in the mountain zone - only in September. Significant fluctuations in the growing season of plants can be from year to year depending on weather conditions (early or late spring, rainy or dry summer, etc.). That is why, based on phenological observations, it is necessary to make appropriate adjustments to the given calendar for each zone of the edge.
The aboveground parts of plants (leaves, flowers, fruits) are harvested only in good weather, since plants moistened with dew or rain do not dry well, deteriorate during drying and the content of active substances in them decreases. The underground parts of plants (roots, rhizomes and tubers) can be harvested in any weather, as they are washed after digging. Once harvested, they should be quickly transported to the drying site.
When procurement of medicinal raw materials in order to preserve the raw material base, only a part of its operational reserves is collected. Otherwise, depletion or even complete disappearance of certain plant species may occur, especially those for which the whole plant or underground parts are the raw material. As already indicated, the annual volume of procurements for the aboveground parts of medicinal plants should not exceed 60-80% of their operational reserve, and for underground parts - 20-30% (Ivashin, 1966).
Soybeans and plants are harvested in early spring(usually in March - April), when they have swollen, but have not yet begun to grow. At this time, they are the richest in balsamic and resinous substances. The budding period lasts a rather short period of time, measured in days. During swelling, the kidneys increase in volume, the kidney scales move apart, on which light stripes and edges appear. The collection of the kidneys ends when they burst, that is, the kidney apex begins to turn green. Large buds, for example, pine, are cut with a knife, and small (birch) buds are cut along with the branches, after which they are dried and threshed.
The bark of plants is harvested during the spring sap flow (in April - May). At this time, it is easily separated from the wood. Only the smooth bark is collected from young branches and trunks, since the old, cracking bark with a thick dead cork layer contains few active substances. The bark, covered with bushy lichens, is also not harvested; in extreme cases, it is peeled with a knife. To remove the bark, circular cuts are made on the branches and trunks with a sharp knife at a distance of 20-50 cm from one another, they are connected with one or two longitudinal cuts, and then removed in the form of grooves or tubes. To prevent the tree from dying, unremoved strips of bark are left on the trunks and branches.
L and s t I begin to collect when they reach normal size. Collecting them can continue throughout the summer until the plant wilts, but the best time is the beginning of flowering. Leaves are torn off by hand, less often cut with knives, scissors, secateurs. Thick juicy leaf petioles (watch, coltsfoot), which complicate the drying of raw materials, are removed during collection. Nettle leaves are harvested from a previously cut and dried plant when they lose their pungency. In lingonberries, which have small leathery leaves, the branches of the plant are cut off, after drying, they are threshed, discarding the stems. Do not collect leaves that are faded, covered with rust, damaged by insects.
Flowers and flowers are harvested at the beginning of flowering, when they contain the greatest amount of active ingredients, crumble less during drying and retain their color better. They are usually harvested by hand. Flowers are the most delicate parts of a plant. They must not be packed in baskets in order to avoid self-heating and subsequent darkening of the raw material during drying. Dry them immediately after harvesting and keep away from direct sunlight.
Trace is the name for the entire aerial part of herbaceous plants. Collect it from most plants at the beginning of flowering, cutting with knives, sickles, secateurs without rough ground parts. In some plants, the grass is harvested during full flowering (St. John's wort, sundew). With solid thickets, they mow with an oblique and choose the right plants... In some plants (wormwood, St. John's wort, motherwort, succession), only flowering tops and lateral flowering branches are cut off. In semi-shrubs, the aerial part is cut off, dried, the leaves and flowers are cut off or threshed, after which the leafless stems are thrown away (thyme). Have annual plants when pulled out, thin roots are left with the grass (marsh creeper).
Fruits and seeds are harvested when they are fully ripe, after which the seeds are dried and aired, removing impurities.
In plants with non-simultaneous blossoming inflorescences, fruit ripening is extended over time. Their plant tops are cut off when half of the fruits are ripe, after which they are tied in bunches and hung to ripen, and then threshed (cumin). Juicy fruits (berries) are harvested at the beginning of ripening, as overripe ones are easily crumpled and then spoil. Rose hips are best harvested a few days before full ripening, when they have acquired a red-orange color, but the wall is still elastic and does not wrinkle during transportation. The harvested fruits must be quickly transported to the drying site.
Roots and roots are usually harvested at the end of summer - in the fall, during the period of dying off of the aboveground parts, when the plant enters the stage rest. At this time, they are larger, fleshy and contain more active ingredients. When harvesting very late, it is difficult to find plants. However, at this time they contain a maximum of active substances. You can harvest roots with rhizomes in early spring, before the growth of aerial parts. But this period is very short. In addition, in the absence of the aboveground part, it can be difficult to find the place of growth of the plant, and when young shoots with leaves appear, the roots become flabby and the content of active substances in them is low. Corinne with rhizomes is dug up with shovels, special diggers, pitchforks, shaken off the ground, cut off the entire aerial part, remove dead and damaged parts and wash them in cold running water. Small roots and rhizomes can be conveniently washed in baskets by immersing them in water. Thick rhizomes and roots are cut lengthwise so that it is convenient to rinse and dry them later. The washed raw materials are dried by laying them out on a litter, after which they are sent to the drying site. In cases where medicinal plants grow in large tracts, they can be dug up with plows and then harvested by hand (licorice).

Drying rules for raw materials.

The collected raw materials after primary processing must be quickly dried. In case of untimely drying, leaving the raw materials overnight due to the continued vital activity of cells and the activity of enzymes, the active substances contained in plants (glycosides, alkaloids) are destroyed, microorganisms and fungi multiply, which leads to decay and mold of raw materials. Therefore, the faster the drying is carried out, the higher the quality of the raw materials.
The nature of drying depends on the type of raw material, on the active ingredients contained in it. Raw materials containing essential oils are dried slowly, at a temperature not exceeding 30-35 ° C, since at a higher temperature the oil evaporates (thyme, oregano). Alkaloid- and glycoside-containing raw materials are dried at a temperature of 50-60 ° C, at which the activity of enzymes in plants that destroy glycosides (adonis, jaundice, etc.) stops. Raw materials containing vitamin C (ascorbic acid) are dried at a temperature of 80-90 ° C in order to avoid oxidation of it (rose hips, primrose leaves). Depending on the weather, it is dried using natural and artificial heat. In good weather, they dry on outdoors, in the sun, under awnings, in well-ventilated rooms, in bad weather - in dryers, ovens and ovens. Plants dry quickly in attics under an iron roof, especially if there are opening windows for ventilation.
Aerial parts (leaves, flowers, stems) and underground parts of the plant containing essential oils and glycosides are dried, protecting them from sunlight. Rhizomes with the roots of other plants, as well as fruits and seeds, can be dried in the sun. When drying, the raw material must be mixed periodically. Drying is considered complete when the roots, rhizomes and bark do not bend when bent, but break with a bang, the leaves and flowers are ground into powder, and the juicy fruits are in hand, do not stick together into lumps and do not smear.
The finished dried raw materials are packed in appropriate containers (bags, boxes, bales, bales), to which tags are attached indicating the name of the raw material, its weight, time, and workpiece. Store it in dry, dark, clean rooms. Poisonous and potent plants must be stored separately from others.
The quality of medicinal raw materials harvested in our country through the "Lekarstrest", Tsentrosoyuz and the Main Pharmacy Directorate is regulated by State standards(GOST), all-union standards (OST), inter-republican technical conditions (MRTU) and articles of the State Pharmacopoeia (GF). The requirements they set for various types of plant raw materials are given in the description of individual plants. To determine the quality of medicinal raw materials and their compliance with standards, an appropriate commodity analysis is carried out at reception points and in pharmacies.

Target: To form the ability to recognize and correctly name medicinal herbs.

Vocabulary work: infusion, decoction, medicinal plants

Preliminary work: a conversation about medicinal herbs, an excursion to the phyto-town and collection of medicinal herbs. Learning poetry, riddles.

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Medicinal plants of the Altai Territory

Target: To form the ability to recognize and correctly name medicinal herbs.

Vocabulary work:infusion, decoction, medicinal plants

Preliminary work:a conversation about medicinal herbs, an excursion to the phyto-town and collection of medicinal herbs. Learning poetry, riddles.

Course of the lesson

Children sit on high chairs.

Educator: Hello guys! I walked through the fields, meadows. I collected many medicinal plants, but I don’t know what they are called. Help me.

Growing in the meadow: chamomile(Slide 1)

Horse sorrel, (Slide 2) clover-porridge, (Slide 3)

Burdock, (Slide 4) knotweed (Slide 5) and bell, (Slide 6)

Dandelion, (Slide 7) lily of the valley (Slide 8)

What else?

Plantain, (Slide 9) cornflowers, (Slide 10)

Nettle, (Slide 11) mint, (Slide 12) marigold. (Slide 13)

Many more different herbs

By the paths, by the grooves.

Both beautiful and fluffy!

Multi-colored and fragrant.

Guys, let's play the game "Learn and Tell". The teacher turns on a multimedia projector, and the children name the plant and talk about it according to the description algorithm.

The teacher complements the children's answers, specifies for what diseases a particular plant is used. For example: decoction of chamomile or calendula gargle with sore throat; plantain leaves are applied to the wound; a soothing tea is brewed from mint. Burdock roots are brewed, and then the head is washed with broth in case of hair loss.

Doctor Pillkin appears:Hello guys! What are you doing here? (Answers of children). What good fellows! Do you know how to correctly collect medicinal herbs? (Children answer, and Pillkin complements their answers).

At first: you need to take good care of medicinal herbs when you collect them, do not uproot, do not bring down flowers. You need to take good care of nature.

Secondly: during the collection of plants, do not touch your face with your hands and put your hands in your mouth, taste the leaves or roots of plants. After collection, be sure to wash your hands with soap and water.

Thirdly: the collected herbs must be dried, protecting from direct sun rays and store in bags or boxes in well-ventilated areas to maintain their medicinal properties.

Are you tired of sitting? let's have a physical education and play.

Repeat the movements after me.

I walk in the field, raise my legs (walking in place with a high knee lift)

I'll lean closer to the flowers

I will see all their beauty,

Delicate wonderful aroma

I'm glad to feel it too! (bend over, take a few breaths through your nose)

I will not pick flowers (straighten the head turns to the right - to the left)

Archaeological excavations convincingly prove that medicinal plants have been known in Gorny Altai for more than 5 thousand years. Remnants of dried medicinal plants (wormwood, Kuril tea, hemp, thyme, peony roots) and special dishes for cooking and grinding them are found in the mounds of leaders and military leaders.

Books on medicinal herbs in Russia appeared already in 1306 - "Zeleinik or Travovrach". In 1588, the first official Russian "Travnik" was published - the prototype of the future pharmacopoeias. Siberian herbs were especially appreciated in Russia. Voivode Romodanovsky had a decree "to collect St. John's wort growing in Siberia, dry, grind and send to Moscow a pood for every year."

In 1719, by order of Peter I, including “to search for all kinds of rarities and pharmaceutical items: herbs, flowers, roots, seeds, other articles belonging to medicinal formulations"Daniil Gottlieb Messerschmidt, a German physician and botanist, head of the first Siberian scientific expedition, the founder of Russian archeology, was sent to Siberia. For 8 years he carried out this work, its result was a description of more than 380 species of Siberian plants.

The extensive five-volume "Flora of Siberia", which describes 1,178 species of Siberian plants, 500 of them previously unknown, was compiled by Johann Georg Gmelin - a German naturalist in the Russian service, doctor, botanist, ethnographer, traveler, explorer of Siberia and the Urals.

Lomonosov was interested in studying the natural resources of Siberia. All expeditions in the second half of the 17th century were based on his ideas and instructions.

The Decembrists who lived in Siberia after serving hard labor made their contribution to the study of medicinal plants. Thus, Alexander von Humboldt, the founder of the geography of vegetation, a German scientist and encyclopedist, was accompanied to Altai by the Decembrist Stepan Mikhailovich Semyonov. Ivan Dmitrievich Yakushkin took part in collecting materials about medicinal plants for the expedition of Alexander Fedorovich Middendorf, Russian traveler, geographer, botanist, founder of permafrost science. Ippolit Irinarkhovich Zavalishin wrote a book about the nature of Western Siberia, in which he included information about Siberian folk medicine.

The study of medicinal plants in Siberia was greatly influenced by the work of Porfiry Nikitich Krylov, he wrote the seven-volume Flora of Altai and Tomsk Province and the twenty-volume Flora of Western Siberia, completed after his death by his students, which described 1,800 plant species.

Research carried out at the initiative of WWF (World Wildlife Fund) within the framework of the Living Planet program has revealed about two hundred regions of the world in which 95% of all types of living organisms are concentrated on the Earth, preserving them, mankind will be able to preserve the biological diversity of our planet. Altai is part of these unique regions of the world (Global 200).

Almost all are represented in Altai climatic zones: tundra, steppes, meadows, coniferous and deciduous forests, and, of course, a special completely unique zone of the alpine zones of Gorny Altai - alpine meadows. The unique features of the Altai vegetation are formed by its geographic location, a complex geological structure and a variety of climatic conditions.

More than 2,000 plant species grow on the territory of Altai, 660 species are used by humans, more than 100 species of plants are endemic, they are found only in Altai and nowhere else in the world. There are 32 relict plant species in Altai - unique living monuments of the past geological eras.

The most famous medicinal plants of the Altai Mountains are:

Golden Root - Rhodiola Rosea- an adaptogen, practically not inferior to that of ginseng, increases mental and physical performance, improves memory, increases the body's resistance to adverse effects, slows down aging processes, normalizes metabolic processes, positively affects the functions of the gonads and reproductive organs, accelerates the healing processes of wounds, injuries, bone fractures, effective for overwork, stress, depression.

Maral root - Safflower Leuzea- adaptogen, increases efficiency in physical and mental fatigue, has an exciting effect on the central nervous system, is effective in low blood pressure, physical and mental fatigue, reduced efficiency, decreased potency, functional disorder of the nervous system, as well as in the treatment of chronic alcoholism.

In the spring, deer - marals dig in the roots with their hooves and eat them, that's why the plant got its name - "maral root" or "maral grass".

Red brush - Rhodiola four-part- adaptogen, increases the vitality of the body, promotes its rejuvenation. Effective for cancer. For men it is effective for prostate adenoma, prostatitis, weakening of potency. For women, it is effective for hormonal disorders, menstrual irregularities, infertility.

Borovaya uterus - Ortilia one-sided- adaptogen, has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, resorption, analgesic and diuretic effect, helps to maintain immunity, helps to increase the functional activity of the uterus and appendages, improves the functioning of the reproductive system of a woman as a whole. Effective in the treatment of infertility.

Of course, we have presented far from all medicinal plants of Gorny Altai, and have described far from all the health-improving and healing properties of these plants. We are just beginning to get acquainted with this amazing world - the world of medicinal plants, a unique living pharmacy of Gorny Altai, given to us by Nature itself for health and active longevity!

Flora of Altai (flora)
Completed by: Shabanova Marina Gennadievna, teacher primary grades MBOU Sarasinskaya secondary school, Sarasa village, Altai district, Altai Territory 2014

The flora of the Altai Territory is rich and varied. The vegetation here was influenced by the geological history of the development of the territory, and the climate, and a kind of relief. Almost all types of vegetation of northern and central Asia, East Kazakhstan, and the European part of Russia are found in Altai. Forests cover most of the Altai Territory. Here, the only ribbon pine forests grow in the entire territory of Russia - a unique nature formation, which is not found anywhere else on our planet.

The origin of ribbon pine forests has an interesting history, which is associated with the period when there was a large sea in the south of the West Siberian lowland, the water flow from it passed through deep hollows towards the Aral basin. The flowing water carried sand, and when the climate warmed, and the Ob again flowed into the seas of the Arctic Ocean, pine trees began to grow on the sand-filled hollows of the ancient runoff. This is how five ribbons of pine forests were formed, which stretch parallel to each other from the Ob at Barnaul in the southwestern direction towards the Irtysh and Kulunda lowland.

The woody flora of the mountainous part of Altai is richer than on the plain. Here cedar-fir forests grow with admixtures of birch and, in large quantities, pines. This is the so-called black taiga, which is not found in other forest regions of the country. In the dark taiga, many shrubs grow - raspberries, mountain ash, viburnum, currants, bird cherry.

A very common tree in Altai is larch. Larch wood is hard and durable, retains its qualities well both in the ground and in water. Larch is a valuable building material: houses are erected from it, which can stand for centuries, dams are made, bridges, piers are built, and used for the manufacture of railway sleepers and telegraph poles. Larch forests are light and clean and resemble natural parks in which each tree grows apart.

Siberian cedar pine, cedar is a famous tree species of Altai forests. It is a mighty tree with a dark green crown and long spiny needles. Forms frequent, solid cedars on mountain slopes or occurs as an admixture in deciduous and fir forests.

In the forests of the Altai Territory, the most common deciduous species are birch, aspen and poplar. In the flat part of Altai, both birch and mixed groves are found everywhere - small groves of trees of these species with abundant shrubs.

There are several dozen species of shrubs in the region, many of which produce edible berries - raspberries, blackberries, currants, honeysuckle, blueberries, lingonberries. The slopes of the mountains are beautiful in early spring, covered with a blooming bright crimson-purple evergreen maral (Siberian wild rosemary, Daurian rhododendron).

Often there are thickets of juniper, Potentilla, meadowsweet. The region is famous for its abundant thickets of useful shrubs - sea buckthorn, which gives berries, from which a valuable medicine is made - sea buckthorn oil.

In taiga meadows with mountain herbs, bees collect exceptionally fragrant honey, the fame of which is known far beyond the borders of our country. In spring and early summer, the plains and slopes of the Altai mountains are a beautiful carpet of multicolored colors: bright orange lights, dark blue and pink tulips, blue bells, carnations, daisies, white and yellow buttercups.