A brief history of the Pugachev revolt in dates for schoolchildren. Briefly and only the main events. "The history of the Pugachev revolt" and a fictional narration in Pushkin's novel "The Captain's Daughter
Pushkin's work is inextricably linked with history. He was interested in important turning points in history: popular movements, the historical role of kings, the clash of the state and the personal. Pushkin was attracted by bright historical figures and events.
He is not only an author works of art on a historical theme, he can be considered a historian. Pushkin carefully studied historical documents, annals, historical stories and even oral historical legends... He followed contemporary to him historical science, turned to antique and world history... This helped him to understand the place of Russia in the world historical process.
Pushkin was interested in the events of the Pugachev revolt since 1824. He studied newspapers and books, everything that was published about Pugachev. In 1833, Pushkin turned to the Minister of War, Count Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev, with a request for permission to use the materials of the military archive. He explained his desire with the intention to write "the history of the Generalissimo of the Prince of Italy, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky." However, his interest was directed to the "peasant tsar" Emelyan Pugachev.
When permission was received, Pushkin got acquainted with the materials of the Secret Expedition of the Military Collegium, archival materials of the General Staff, and why he started the “history of Pugachev”. He visited the places of the Pugachev revolt - in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Siberian, Orenburg, Uralsk, where he wrote down stories, songs, legends of witnesses of the peasant war.
In St. Petersburg, Pushkin turned to the office of His Imperial Majesty with a letter in which he dared to ask permission to present the history of the Pugachevshchina, written by him, for the highest consideration. 23 amendments were made to the manuscript and the title was changed from “The History of Pugachev” to “The History of the Pugachev Revolt”.
In December 1834, The History of the Pugachev Revolt was published. The book was greeted coldly, and the Minister of Public Education Uvarov S.S. excited, since Pushkin made a breach in the decree on the eternal oblivion of the very name of Emelyan Pugachev.
Pushkin created the first in Russia scientific and artistic a chronicle of the events of the Pugachev rebellion, which to this day has not lost its significance. The events and rebels depicted by Pushkin, and significantly differed from the official point of view of the uprisings that shook Russia. Pushkin saw the reasons for the revolt in the arbitrariness of officials who oppressed the Cossacks, in the cruel actions of the government administration, in the absence of laws, in the lack of rights of the enslaved people.
"The History of the Pugachev Rebellion" became the basis of the historical novel. In it, social problems and events recede into the background. The author is interested in the characters of people, their mutual understanding, ideas about good and evil, duty, honor, conscience, and the meaning of life.
Novel " Captain's daughter"Is inextricably linked with the" History of the Pugachev revolt. "
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The uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev is a popular uprising during the reign of Catherine II. The largest in the history of Russia. Known under the names of the Peasant War, Pugachevshin, Pugachev revolt. It took place in 1773 - 1775. Occurred in the steppes of the Trans-Volga region, the Urals, the Kama region, Bashkiria. It was accompanied by great casualties among the population of those places, atrocities by the mob, devastation. Suppressed by government forces with great difficulty.The reasons for the uprising of Pugachev
- The most difficult situation of the people, serfs, workers of the Ural factories
- Abuse of Power by Government Officials
- The remoteness of the territory of the uprising from the capitals, which gave rise to the permissiveness of local authorities
- Deep-rooted mistrust in Russian society between the state and the population
- Faith of the people in the "kind intercessor king"
The beginning of the Pugachev region
The beginning of the uprising was laid by the revolt of the Yaik Cossacks. Yaikik Cossacks - migrants to the western banks of the Ural River (until 1775 Yaik) from the inner regions of Muscovy. Their history began in the 15th century. The main occupations were fishing, salt mining, and hunting. The villages were ruled by elective foremen. Under Peter the Great and the rulers following him, Cossack liberties were reduced. In 1754, a state monopoly on salt was introduced, that is, a ban on its free production and trade. Time after time, the Cossacks sent petitions to St. Petersburg with complaints about the local authorities and the general state of affairs, but this did not lead to anything
“From the very 1762 Yaik Cossacks began to complain of oppression: withholding a certain salary, unauthorized taxes and violation of ancient rights and customs of fishing. Officials sent to them to deal with their complaints could not or did not want to satisfy them. The Cossacks repeatedly resented, and Major Generals Potapov and Cherepov (the first in 1766, and the second in 1767) were forced to resort to force of arms and the horror of executions. Between the Cossacks they learned that the government intended to make up hussar squadrons from the Cossacks and that they had already been ordered to shave their beards. Major General Traubenberg, sent to the Yaitsky town for this purpose, incurred popular indignation. The Cossacks were worried. Finally, in 1771, the rebellion was revealed in all its might. On January 13, 1771, they gathered on the square, took icons from the church and demanded that the members of the office be removed and the detained salary be issued. Major General Traubenberg went to meet them with an army and cannons, ordering them to get loose; but his commands had no effect. Traubenberg ordered to shoot; the Cossacks rushed to the cannons. There was a battle; the rebels prevailed. Traubenberg fled and was killed at the gates of his house ... Major General Freiman was sent from Moscow to pacify them with one company of grenadiers and artillery ... On June 3 and 4, heated battles took place. Freiman opened his way with grapeshot ... The instigators of the riot were punished with a whip; about one hundred and forty people were exiled to Siberia; others were consigned to the army; the rest are forgiven and given a secondary oath. These measures restored order; but the calm was precarious. "It's only the beginning! - said the forgiven rebels, - is this how we shake Moscow. " Secret conferences took place on the steppe umets and remote farms. All foreshadowed a new rebellion. The leader was missing. The leader was found "(A. Pushkin" History of the Pugachev rebellion ")
“In this troubled time, an unknown tramp staggered around the Cossack courts, hiring first to one owner, then to another and taking on all kinds of trades ... He was distinguished by the audacity of his speeches, reviled his superiors and persuaded the Cossacks to flee to the area of the Turkish sultan; he assured that the Don Cossacks would not hesitate to follow them, that he had two hundred thousand rubles prepared at the border and goods for seventy thousand, and that some pasha, immediately upon the arrival of the Cossacks, should give them up to five million; in the meantime he promised each of them twelve rubles a month of salary ... This tramp was Emelyan Pugachev, a Don Cossack and a schismatic who came with a false written appearance from across the Polish border, with the intention of settling on the Irgiz River among the local schismatics "(A.S. Pushkin" The history of the Pugachev revolt ")
The uprising led by Pugachev. Briefly
“Pugachev came to the farms of the retired Cossack Danila Sheludyakov, with whom he had previously lived as a worker. At that time, meetings of the intruders were held there. At first it was a matter of escaping to Turkey ... But the conspirators were too attached to their shores. Instead of escaping, they set out to be a new rebellion. Imposture seemed to them a reliable spring. For this, only a stranger was needed, impudent and resolute, still unknown to the people. Their choice fell on Pugachev "(A. Pushkin" History of the Pugachev revolt ")
“He was about forty, average height, thin and broad-shouldered. His black beard showed gray; lively big eyes kept running. His face had a rather pleasant expression, but a roguish one. Hair was cut in a circle "(" The Captain's Daughter ")
- 1742 - Emelyan Pugachev was born
- 1772, January 13 - Cossack revolt in Yaitsky town (now Uralsk)
- 1772, June 3, 4 - suppression of the mutiny by the detachment of Major General Freiman
- 1772, December - Pugachev appeared in Yaitsky town
- 1773, January - Pugachev was arrested and sent in custody to Kazan
- 1773, January 18 - the military board received notification of the identity and capture of Pugachev
- 1773, June 19 - Pugachev escaped from prison
- 1773, September - rumors spread through the Cossack farms that he has appeared, whose death is a lie
- 1773, September 18 - Pugachev with a detachment of up to 300 people appeared near Yaitsky town, the Cossacks began to flock to him
- 1773, September - Pugachev's capture of the Iletsk town
- 1773, September 24 - capture of the village of Rassypnaya
- 1773, September 26 - capture of the village of Nizhne-Ozernaya
- 1773, September 27 - the capture of the Tatishchev Fortress
- 1773, September 29 - capture of the village of Chernorechenskaya
- 1773, October 1 - capture of Sakmara town
- 1773, October - The Bashkirians, agitated by their foremen (whom Pugachev managed to load with camels and goods seized from the Bukharians), began to attack Russian villages and join the rebel army in heaps. On October 12, Sergeant Major Kaskyn Samarov took the Resurrection Copper Smelter and formed a detachment of Bashkirs and factory peasants of 600 people with 4 guns. In November, as part of a large detachment of Bashkirs, Salavat Yulaev went over to Pugachev's side. In December, he formed a large detachment in the northeastern part of Bashkiria and successfully fought with the tsarist troops in the area of the Krasnoufim fortress and Kungur. Service Kalmyks fled from the outposts. Mordovians, Chuvashs, Cheremis ceased to obey the Russian authorities. The master's peasants were clearly showing their loyalty to the impostor.
- 1773, October 5-18 - Pugachev unsuccessfully tried to capture Orenburg
- 1773, October 14 - Catherine II appointed Major General V.A.Kara as commander of a military expedition to suppress the rebellion
- 1773, October 15 - government manifesto on the appearance of an impostor and an exhortation not to succumb to his calls
- 1773, October 17 - Pugachev's henchman seized the Avzyano-Petrovsky factories of Demidov, collected guns, provisions, money there, formed a detachment of artisans and factory peasants
- 1773, November 7-10 - a battle near the village of Yuzeeva, 98 versts from Orenburg, detachments of the Pugachev atamans Ovchinnikov and Zarubin-Chik and the vanguard of the Kara corps, Kara retreat to Kazan
- 1773, November 13 - a detachment of Colonel Chernyshev was captured near Orenburg, numbering up to 1100 Cossacks, 600-700 soldiers, 500 Kalmyks, 15 guns and a huge baggage
- 1773, November 14 - the corps of Brigadier Korf, numbering 2,500 people, broke through to Orenburg
- 1773, November 28-December 23 - unsuccessful siege of Ufa
- 1773, November 27 - General-in-chief Bibikov is appointed the new commander of the troops opposing Pugachev
- 1773, December 25 - a detachment of Ataman Arapov occupied Samara
- 1773, December 25 - Bibikov arrived in Kazan
- 1773, December 29 - Samara is liberated
In total, according to the approximate estimates of historians in the ranks of the Pugachev army by the end of 1773, there were from 25 to 40 thousand people, more than half of this number were Bashkir detachments
- 1774, January - Ataman Ovchinnikov took Guryev town by storm in the lower reaches of the Yaik, captured rich trophies and replenished the detachment with local Cossacks
- 1774, January - A detachment of three thousand people from the Pugachevites under the command of I. Beloborodov approached Yekaterinburg, seizing a number of nearby fortresses and factories on the way, and on January 20, as the main base of their operations, they seized the Demidov Shaitan plant.
- 1774, end of January - Pugachev married a Cossack woman Ustinya Kuznetsova
- 1774, January 25 - the second, unsuccessful assault on Ufa
- 1774, February 8 - the rebels captured Chelyabinsk (Chelyaba)
- 1774, March - the advance of government troops forced Pugachev to lift the siege of Orenburg
- 1774, March 2 - the St. Petersburg carabinier regiment under the command of I. Mikhelson arrived in Kazan, previously stationed in Poland
- 1774, March 22 - a battle between government troops and the army of Pugachev at the Tatishchev fortress. Defeat the rioters
- 1774, March 24 - Mikhelson in a battle near Ufa, near the village of Chesnokovka, he defeated the troops under the command of Chiki-Zarubin, and two days later captured Zarubin himself and his entourage
- 1774, April 1 - Pugachev's defeat in a battle near the Sakmara town. Pugachev fled with several hundred Cossacks to the Prechistenskaya fortress, and from there he went to the mining region of the Southern Urals, where the rebels had reliable support
- 1774, 9 aperlya - Bibikov died, instead of him Lieutenant-General Shcherbatov was appointed commander, which was terribly offended by Golitsyn
- 1774, April 12 - the defeat of the rebels in the battle at the Irtetsk outpost
- 1774, April 16 - the siege of the Yaitsky town was lifted. lasted from December 30
- 1774, May 1 - Guryev town was recaptured from the rebels
The general squabble between Golitsyn and Shcherbatov allowed Pugachev to escape defeat and start the offensive again
- 1774, May 6 - Pugachev's five-thousandth detachment captured the Magnetic Fortress
- 1774, May 20 - the rebels captured the strong Trinity Fortress
- 1774, May 21 - the defeat of Pugachev at the Troika Fortress from the corps of General Decolong
- 1774, 6, 8, 17, 31 May - battles of the Bashkirs under the command of Salavat Yulaev with Mikhelson's detachment
- 1774, June 3 - The detachments of Pugachev and S. Yulaev united
- 1774, early June - the campaign of the Pugachev army, in which 2/3 were Bashkirs, to Kazan
- 1774, June 10 - Krasnoufimskaya fortress captured
- 1774, June 11 - victory in the battle at Kungur against the garrison that made a sortie
- 1774, June 21 - the surrender of the defenders of the Kama town of Osa
- 1774, end of June - beginning of July - Pugachev captured the Votkinsk and Izhevsk ironworks, Elabuga, Sarapul, Menzelinsk, Agryz, Zainsk, Mamadysh and other cities and fortresses and approached Kazan
- 1774, July 10 - at the walls of Kazan, Pugachev defeated a detachment that came out to meet under the command of Colonel Tolstoy
- 1774, July 12 - as a result of the assault, the suburbs and the main areas of the city were taken, the garrison was locked up in the Kazan Kremlin. A strong fire broke out in the city. At the same time, Pugachev received news of the approach of Mikhelson's troops, who were marching from Ufa, so the Pugachev detachments left the burning city. As a result of a short battle, Mikhelson made his way to the Kazan garrison, Pugachev retreated across the Kazanka River.
- 1774, July 15 - Michelson's victory near Kazan
- 1774, July 15 - Pugachev announced his intention to march on Moscow. Despite the defeat of his army, the uprising covered the entire western bank of the Volga
- 1774, July 28 - Pugachev captured Saransk and central square announced the "tsarist manifesto" on liberties for the peasants. The enthusiasm that gripped the peasants of the Volga region led to the fact that a population of more than a million people was involved in the uprising.
“We grant this decree with our royal and paternal mercy to all who were formerly in the peasantry and the subject of landowners to be loyal slaves to our own crown; and we reward with the ancient cross and prayer, heads and beards, liberty and freedom and forever Cossacks, without demanding recruitment kits, capitation and cash taxes, ownership of land, forest, grasslands and fishing, and salt lakes without purchase and without rent; and we free everyone from the nobles and bribe-takers-judges of the peasants and all the people, imposed taxes and burdens previously imposed on the villains from the villains. Given July 31 days 1774. By the grace of God, we, Peter the Third, the emperor and autocrat of All Russia and passing through "
- 1774, July 29 - Catherine II endowed General-in-Chief Pyotr Ivanovich Panin with extraordinary powers "to suppress the riot and restore internal order in the provinces of Orenburg, Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod"
- 1774, July 31 - Pugachev in Penza
- 1774, August 7 - Saratov is taken
- 1774, August 21 - unsuccessful assault by Pugachev of Tsaritsyn
- 1774, August 25 - the decisive battle of Pugachev's army with Mikhelson. A crushing defeat for the rebels. The flight of Pugachev
- 1774, September 8 - Pugachev captured by the foremen of the Yaitsk Cossacks
- 1775, January 10 - Pugachev was executed in Moscow
The centers of the uprising were extinguished only in the summer of 1775
The reasons for the defeat of the peasant uprising of Pugachev
- The spontaneous nature of the uprising
- Belief in a "good" king
- Lack of a clear plan of action
- Vague ideas about the future structure of the state
- Superiority of government troops over the rebels in armament and organization
- Contradictions among the rebels between the Cossack elite and the naked people, between the Cossacks and the peasants
The results of the Pugachev rebellion
- Renaming: the Yaik river - to the Ural, the Yaitskoe army - to the Ural Cossack army, the Yaitsky town - to Uralsk, the Verkhne-Yaitskaya pier - to Verkhneuralsk
- Disaggregation of provinces: 50 instead of 20
- The process of transformation of the Cossack troops into army units
- Cossack officers are more actively transferred to the nobility with the right to own their own serfs
- Tatar and Bashkir princes and murzas are equated with the Russian nobility
- The manifesto of May 19, 1779 somewhat limited breeders in the use of peasants assigned to factories, limited the working day and increased wages
a, - Ego's flight from Kazan. - Testimony of Kozhevnikov. - The first successes of the Pretender. - Treason of the Iletsk Cossacks. - The capture of the Loose fortress. - Nurali-Khan. - Order of Reynedorp. - Taking Nizhne-Ozernaya. - The capture of Tatishcheva. - Council in Orenburg. - Taking by Chernorechensekoy, - Pugachev in Sakmarsk.
In this troubled time, an unknown tramp staggered around the Cossack courts, hiring in workers then to one owner, then to another and taking up all sorts of crafts. He witnessed the suppression of the rebellion and the execution of the instigators, went for a while to the Irgiz sketes; from there, at the end of 1772, he was sent to buy fish in the Yaitsky town, where he stood with the Cossack Denis Pyanov. He was distinguished by the audacity of his speeches, vilified his superiors and persuaded the Cossacks to flee to the area of the Turkish Sultan; he assured that the Don Cossacks would not hesitate to follow them, that he had two hundred thousand prepared on the border rubles and goods for seventy thousand, and that some pasha, immediately upon the arrival of the Cossacks, should give them up to five million; for the time being he had promised each of them twelve rubles a month in salary. Moreover, he said, as if two regiments were marching from Moscow against the Yaik Cossacks, and that there would certainly be a riot around Christmas or Epiphany. Some of the obedient wanted to catch him and present him as a troublemaker to the commandant's office; but he fled with Denis Pyanov and was caught already in the village of Malykovka (which is now Volgsk) at the direction of peasant, who rode the same road with him. This vagabond was Emelyan Pugachev, a Don Cossack and a schismatic who came with a false written appearance from across the Polish border with the intention of settling on the Irgiz River among the schismatics there. He was sent off under guard to Simbirsk, and from there to Kazan; and as everything related to the affairs of the Yaitsk army, under the circumstances might seem important, the Orenburg governor considered it necessary to notify the State Military Collegium about this by a report dated January 18, 1773.
Yaik rebels were not rare then, and the Kazan authorities did not pay much attention to the sent criminal. Pugachev was kept in prison no stricter than other slaves. Meanwhile, his accomplices were not asleep.
Writing a portrait
...Emelyan Pugachev, Zimoveyskaya stanitsa was a service Cossack, was the son of Ivan Mikhailov, who died long ago. He was forty years of age, medium height, dark and thin; he had dark blond hair, a black beard, small and wedge-shaped. The upper tooth was knocked out as a child, in a fist fight. On his left temple he had a white spot, and on both breasts there were marks left after an illness called black sickness. He did not know how to read and write and was baptized in a schismatic manner. About ten years ago he married a Cossack woman named Sofya Nedyuzhina, from whom he had five children. In 1770 he was in the service of the second army, was at the capture of Bender and a year later was released to the Don due to illness. He went to Cherkassk for treatment. Upon his return to his homeland, the winter chieftain asked him at the village gathering, where did he get the horse on which he had come home? Pugachev replied that he bought it in Taganrog; but the Cossacks, knowing his dissolute life, did not believe and sent him to take a written testimony. Pugachev left. Meanwhile, they learned that he had persuaded some of the Cossacks settled near Taganrog to flee for the Kuban. It was supposed to hand Pugachev into the hands of the government. Returning in the month of December, he was hiding in his farm, where he was caught, but managed to escape; wandered for three months, no one knows where; finally, in Great Lent, one evening he secretly came to his house and knocked on the window. His wife let him in and let the Cossacks know about him. Pugachev was again caught and sent under guard to the detective, Sergeant Major Makarov, in the Lower Chirskaya stanitsa, and from there to Cherkassk. He fled from the road again and since then has not appeared on the Don. From the testimony of Pugachev himself, at the end of 1772 brought to the Chancellery of Palace Affairs, it was already known that after his escape he was hiding behind the Polish border, in the schismatic settlement of Vetka; then he took the passport from the Dobriansky outpost, claiming to be a native of Poland, and made his way to Yaik, eating alms.
All this news was made public; meanwhile, the government forbade the people to talk about Pugachev, whose name worried the rabble. This temporary police measure had the force of law until the late sovereign's accession to the throne, when it was allowed to write and publish about Pugachev. Until now, elderly witnesses of the confusion of that time are reluctant to answer curious questions.
Pugachev near Kurmysh
On July 20, Pugachev swam across the Sura near Kurmysh. Nobles and officials fled. The mob met him on the shore with images and bread. Her read outrageous manifesto. The disabled team was brought to Pugachev. Major Yurlov, the chief thereof, and the non-commissioned officer, whose name, unfortunately, did not survive, some did not want to swear an oath and denounced the impostor in their eyes. They were hanged and the dead were beaten with whips. Yurlov's widow was saved by her courtyard people. Pugachev ordered to distribute government wine to the Chuvashes; He hanged several noblemen brought to him by their peasants, and went to Yadrinsk, leaving the city under the command of four yaitsknh Cossacks and giving them sixty serfs at their disposal. He left behind him a small gang to detain Count Mellin. Mikhelson, on his way to Arzamas, dispatched Kharin to Yadrinsk, where Count Mellin was also in a hurry. Pugachev, having learned about this, turned to Alatyr; but, covering his movement, he sent a gang to Yadrinsk, which was repulsed by the governor and the inhabitants, and after this was met by Count Mellin and was completely scattered. Mellin hurried to Alatyr, freed Kurmysh in passing, where he hanged several rebels, and took the Cossack, who called himself a voivode, took with him like a tongue. The officers of the wheelchair team, who swore allegiance to the impostor, justified themselves by the fact that they had given the oath not from a sincere heart, but to observe the interest of her imperial majesty.
Pugachev is caught ...
Pugachev wandered along the same steppe. Troops surrounded him from everywhere; Mellin and Muffel, who also crossed the Volga, cut off his path to the north; a light field detachment walked towards him from Astrakhan; Prince Golitsyn and Mansurov blocked him from Yaik; Dundukov with his Kalmyks roamed the steppe: patrols were established from Guryev to Saratov and from Cherny to Krasny Yar. Pugachev did not have the means to get out of the networks that restrained him. His accomplices, on the one hand seeing the inevitable death, and on the other - the hope of forgiveness, began to conspire and decided to hand him over to the government.
Pugachev wanted to go to the Caspian Sea, hoping to somehow get into the Kyrgyz-Kaisak steppes. The Cossacks pretended to agree to this; but, having said that they wanted to take their wives and children with them, they took him to Uzeni, an ordinary refuge of local criminals and a fugitive, on September 14 they arrived in the villages of the local Old Believers. Then the last meeting took place. The Cossacks, who did not agree to surrender into the hands of the government, dispersed. Others went to the headquarters of Pugachev.
Pugachev sat alone in thought. His weapon was hanging to the side. Hearing the Cossacks entered, he raised his head and asked what they wanted? They began to talk about their desperate situation, and meanwhile, moving quietly, tried to block him from the hanging weapon. Pugachev began again to persuade them to go to the Guryev town. The Cossacks replied that they had been following him for a long time and that it was already time for him to go after them. "What? - said Pugachev, - do you want to betray your sovereign? " - "What to do!" - answered the Cossacks and suddenly rushed at him. Pugachev managed to fight them off. They took a few steps back. “I have seen your betrayal for a long time,” said Pugachev and, calling his favorite, Iletsk Cossack Tvorogov, held out his hands to him and said: “knit!” Tvorogov wanted to twist his elbows back. Pugachev did not succeed. "Am I a robber?" he said angrily. The Cossacks put him on horseback and took him to the Yaitsky town. All the way, Pugachev threatened them with revenge of the Grand Duke. Once he found a way to free his hands, grabbed a saber and a pistol, wounded one of the Cossacks with a shot and shouted to knit the traitors. But no one listened to him anymore. The Cossacks, having driven up to Yaitsky town, sent to notify the commandant. Cossack Kharchev and Sergeant Bardovsky were sent to meet them, received Pugachev, put him in a stock and brought him to the city, directly to the guard, Captain-Lieutenant Mavrin, a member of the investigation commission.
Mavrin interrogated the impostor. Pugachev from the first the words opened up to him. “It was pleasing to God,” he said. - to punish Russia through my curse. " - It was ordered to the residents to gather in the city square; the rebels who were held in fetters were also brought there. Mavrin brought Pugachev out and showed him to the people. Everyone recognized him; the rioters lowered their heads. Pugachev loudly began to incriminate them and said: “You ruined me; For several days in a row you begged me to take on the name of the late great sovereign; I denied it for a long time, and when I agreed, everything I did was with your will and consent; but you often acted without my knowledge and even contrary to my will. " The rioters did not answer a word.
Suvorov, meanwhile, arrived at Uzen and learned from the hermits that Pugachev was bound by his accomplices and that they had taken him to the Yaitsky town. Suvorov hurried to the same place. At night he lost his way and found the lights laid out in the steppe by the thieving Kirghiz. Suvorov attacked and drove them away, losing several people and among them his adjutant Maksimovich. A few days later he arrived in Yaitsky town. Simonov handed him Pugachev. Suvorov curiously asked the glorious rebel about his military actions and intentions and took him to Simbirsk, where Count Panin was also supposed to arrive.
Pugachev sat in wooden cage on a two-wheeled cart. A strong detachment with two cannons surrounded him. Suvorov did not leave him.
The people still vividly remember the bloody time, which - so expressively - he called Pugachevshchina.
Literature, grade 8. Textbook. for general education. institutions. At 2 o'clock / auth.-comp. V. Ya. Korovin, 8th ed. - M .: Education, 2009 .-- 399 p. + 399 p .: ill.
The main cause of popular unrest, including the uprising led by Yemelyan Pugachev, was the strengthening of serfdom and the growth of exploitation of all segments of the black population. The Cossacks were unhappy with the government's attack on their traditional privileges and rights. The indigenous peoples of the Volga and Ural regions experienced oppression both from the authorities and from the actions of Russian landowners and industrialists. Wars, famines, epidemics also contributed to popular uprisings. (For example, the Moscow plague riot of 1771 arose as a result of a plague epidemic brought in from the fronts of the Russian-Turkish war.)
MANIFESTO "AMPERATOR"
“The autocratic emperor, our great sovereign, Peter Fyodorovich of All Russia and others ... In my name, my decree depicts the Yaitsky army: how you, my friends, served the former tsars to a drop of your blood ... so you will serve me, the great sovereign, for your fatherland to the Emperor Pyotr Fedorovich ... Wake me up, the great sovereign, are granted: Cossacks and Kalmyks and Tatars. And which to me ... were wine ... in all the wines I forgive and spare you: ryak from the top to the mouth and earth, and herbs, and money salary, and lead, and gunpowder, and grain praviyants. "
The self-proclaimers
In September 1773, the Yaik Cossacks could hear this manifesto "by the miraculously saved Tsar Peter III." The shadow of "Peter III" has appeared in Russia more than once in the previous 11 years. Some daredevils called themselves Tsar Peter Fedorovich, announced that they wanted, following the liberty of the nobility, to give free rein to the serfs and to favor the Cossacks, working people and all other common people, but the nobles intended to kill them, and they had to hide for a while. These impostors quickly fell into the Secret Expedition, opened under Catherine II to replace the dissolved office of secret search cases, and their life ended on the chopping block. But soon a living "Peter III" appeared somewhere on the outskirts, and the people grabbed at the rumor about the new "miraculous salvation of the amperator". Of all the impostors, only one - the Don Cossack Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev managed to ignite the flames of the peasant war and lead a merciless war of commoners against the masters for the "peasant kingdom".
At his rate and on the battlefield near Orenburg, Pugachev perfectly played the "royal role". He issued decrees not only on his own behalf, but also on behalf of Paul's "son and heir". Often in public, Emelyan Ivanovich took out a portrait of the Grand Duke and, looking at him, said with tears: "Oh, I'm sorry for Pavel Petrovich, no matter how accursed villains wore him out!" And on another occasion the impostor declared: “I myself do not wish to reign any more, but I will restore the Tsarevich to the reign”.
"Tsar Peter III" tried to bring order to the rebellious element of the people. The rebels were divided into "regiments" headed by "officers" elected or appointed by Pugachev. In 5 versts from Orenburg in Berd he made his bet. Under the emperor, a "guard" was formed from his bodyguards. Pugachev's decrees were stamped with a "big state seal." Under the "tsar" there was a Military Collegium, which concentrated military, administrative and judicial power.
Even Pugachev showed his associates birthmarks - then among the people, everyone was convinced that tsars had "special royal marks" on their bodies. A red caftan, an expensive hat, a saber and a resolute look completed the image of the "sovereign". Although Emelyan Ivanovich's appearance was unremarkable: he was a Cossack in his early thirties, of medium height, dark-skinned, his hair was cut in a circle, his face was framed by a small black beard. But he was such a "tsar" as the peasant fantasy wished to see a tsar: dashing, insanely brave, sedate, formidable and swift to the trial of the "traitors." He executed and complained ...
He executed landlords and officers. He favored ordinary people. For example, a workman named Afanasy Sokolov, nicknamed "Khlopusha", appeared in his camp, seeing the "tsar" fell at his feet and obeyed: he was sitting, Khlopusha, in the Orenburg prison, but was released by Governor Reinsdorf, promising to kill Pugachev for money. "Amperator Peter III" forgives Khlopusha, and even appoints him colonel. Soon Khlopusha became famous as a decisive and successful leader. Another popular leader, Chiku-Zarubin, was promoted by Pugachev to the counts and called only "Ivan Nikiforovich Chernyshev."
Among those granted soon there were workers who arrived at Pugachev and assigned mining peasants, as well as the rebellious Bashkirs led by the noble young hero-poet Salavat Yulaev. The "king" returned to the Bashkirs their lands. The Bashkirs began to set fire to Russian factories built in their region, while the villages of Russian settlers were destroyed, the inhabitants were slaughtered almost without exception.
Egg Cossacks
The uprising began on Yaik, which was not accidental. The unrest began in January 1772, when the Yaik Cossacks with icons and banners came to their "capital" Yaitsky town to ask the tsarist general to remove the ataman and part of the foreman who oppressed them and restore the previous privileges of the Yaik Cossacks.
The government at that time pretty much pressed the Yaik Cossacks. Their role as border guards fell; they began to tear the Cossacks away from home, sending them on long campaigns; the election of chieftains and commanders was abolished back in the 1740s; at the mouth of the Yaik, the fishermen installed, according to the tsar's permission, barriers that impeded the movement of fish up the river, which painfully hit one of the main Cossack industries - fishing.
In Yaitsky town, the procession of the Cossacks was shot. The soldiers' corps, who arrived a little later, suppressed the Cossack indignation, the instigators were executed, the "disobedient Cossacks" fled and hid. But there was no peace on Yaik, the Cossack land still resembled a powder magazine. The spark that blew him up was Pugachev.
THE BEGINNING OF PUGACHEVSHCHINA
On September 17, 1773, he read out his first manifesto to 80 Cossacks. The next day he already had 200 supporters, and on the third - 400. On October 5, 1773, Emelyan Pugachev, with 2.5 thousand associates, began the siege of Orenburg.
While "Peter III" was on its way to Orenburg, news of it spread throughout the country. They whispered in the peasant huts, how everywhere the "amperator" was greeted with "bread and salt", bells solemnly hum in his honor, the Cossacks and soldiers of the garrisons of small border fortresses without a fight open the gates and go over to his side, the "bloodsuckers-nobles" "the king" without he executes delays, and favors the rebels with their things. First, some brave men, and then whole crowds of serfs from the Volga, ran to Pugachev in his camp near Orenburg.
PUGACHEV AT ORENBURG
Orenburg was a well fortified provincial city, it was defended by 3 thousand soldiers. Pugachev stood near Orenburg for 6 months, but he did not manage to take it. However, the army of the rebels grew, at some moments of the uprising its number reached 30 thousand people.
Major General Kar hurried to the rescue of the besieged Orenburg with troops loyal to Catherine II. But his 1,500-strong detachment was defeated. The same happened with the military command of Colonel Chernyshev. The remnants of the government troops retreated to Kazan and caused panic among the local nobles there. The nobles had already heard about Pugachev's fierce reprisals and began to scatter, leaving houses and property.
The situation was serious. Catherine, in order to support the spirit of the Volga nobles, declared herself a “Kazan landowner”. Troops began to move towards Orenburg. They needed a commander-in-chief - a talented and energetic person. Catherine II for the sake of benefit could compromise beliefs. It was at this decisive moment at the court ball that the empress turned to A.I. Bibikova, whom she did not like for his closeness to her son Pavel and “constitutional dreams,” and with an affectionate smile asked him to become the commander-in-chief of the army. Bibikov replied that he devoted himself to serving the fatherland and, of course, accepts the appointment. Catherine's hopes were justified. On March 22, 1774, in a 6-hour battle near the Tatishchev Fortress, Bibikov defeated best forces Pugacheva. 2 thousand Pugachevites were killed, 4 thousand were wounded or surrendered, 36 guns were captured from the rebels. Pugachev was forced to lift the siege of Orenburg. The riot seemed to be suppressed ...
But in the spring of 1774 the second part of the Pugachev drama began. Pugachev moved eastward: to Bashkiria and the mining Urals. When he approached Trinity Fortress, the easternmost point of the rebels' advance, his army numbered 10,000. The uprising was overwhelmed by the elements of robbery. The Pugachevites burned down factories, took away livestock and other property from the registered peasants and working people; they destroyed officials, clerks, and captured "masters" without mercy, sometimes in the most savage way. Some of the commoners replenished the detachments of the Pugachev colonels, others huddled in detachments around the plant owners, who handed out weapons to their people in order to protect them and their lives and property.
Pugachev in the Volga region
Pugachev's army grew at the expense of detachments of the Volga peoples - the Udmurts, Mari, Chuvash. From November 1773, the manifestos of "Peter III" called upon the serfs to deal with the landlords - "the troublemakers of the empire and the ruiners of the peasants", and the noble "houses and all their estates to take as a reward."
On July 12, 1774, the emperor "took Kazan with a 20,000-strong army. But the government garrison was locked in the Kazan Kremlin. The tsarist troops, led by Michelson, came to his aid. On July 17, 1774 Mikhelson defeated the Pugachevites. "Tsar Peter Fedorovich" fled to the right bank of the Volga, and there the peasant war unfolded again on a large scale. The Pugachev manifesto on July 31, 1774 granted the serfs the will and "freed" the peasants from all obligations. Insurgent groups arose everywhere, which acted at their own peril and risk, often without communication with each other. Interestingly, the insurgents usually destroyed the estates not of their owners, but of neighboring landowners. Pugachev with the main forces moved to the Lower Volga. He took small towns with ease. Detachments of barge haulers, Volga, Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks joined him. The powerful fortress of Tsaritsyn stood in the way of the rebels. Under the walls of Tsaritsyn in August 1774, the Pugachevites suffered a major defeat. Thinning detachments of the rebels began to retreat back to where they came from - to the South Urals. Pugachev himself with a group of Yaik Cossacks swam to the left bank of the Volga.
On September 12, 1774, former comrades-in-arms betrayed their leader. "Tsar Peter Fyodorovich" turned into a fugitive rebel Pugach. The angry shouts of Emelyan Ivanovich were no longer active: “Whom are you knitting? After all, if I do nothing to you, then my son, Pavel Petrovich, will not leave a single person of you alive! " The bound "tsar" was on horseback and was taken to the Yaitsky town and there handed over to the officer.
Commander-in-Chief Bibikov was no longer alive. He died in the midst of the suppression of the riot. The new commander-in-chief Petr Panin ( younger brother educator Tsarevich Pavel) had a headquarters in Simbirsk. Mikhelson ordered to send Pugachev there. He was escorted by the famous Catherine's commander who had been recalled from the Turkish war. Pugachev was transported in a wooden cage on a two-wheeled cart.
Meanwhile, Pugachev's comrades-in-arms, who had not yet laid down their arms, spread a rumor that the arrested Pugachev to “the tsar Peter III»Has nothing to do with it. Some peasants sighed with relief: “Thank God! Some Pugach was caught, and Tsar Peter Fedorovich was free! " But in general, the forces of the rebels were undermined. In 1775, the last centers of resistance in forest Bashkiria and the Volga region were extinguished, and the echoes of the Pugachev rebellion in Ukraine were suppressed.
A.S. PUSHKIN. "THE HISTORY OF PUGACHEV"
“Suvorov did not leave him. In the village of Mostakh (one hundred and forty versts from Samara), a fire broke out near the hut where Pugachev spent the night. They let him out of the cage, tied him to a cart together with his son, a playful and brave boy, and all night long; Suvorov himself watched them. In Cosporia, opposite Samara, at night, in wave weather, Suvorov crossed the Volga and came to Simbirsk in early October ... Pugachev was brought directly to the courtyard to Count Panin, who met him on the porch ... "Who are you?" he asked the impostor. “Emelyan Ivanov Pugachev,” he answered. "How dare you, yur, call yourself a sovereign?" - continued Panin. “I’m not a crow,” objected Pugachev, playing with words and speaking, as usual, allegorically. "I am a raven, but a raven still flies." Panin, noticing that the audacity of Pugachev amazed the people crowding around the palace, hit the impostor in the face to the point of blood and tore out a piece of his beard ... "
RULES AND PENALTIES
The victory of the government troops was accompanied by atrocities no less than what Pugachev did over the nobles. The enlightened empress concluded that "in the present case, execution is needed for the good of the empire." Petr Panin, inclined to constitutional dreams, realized the call of the autocrat. Thousands of people were executed without trial or investigation. On all the roads of the insurgent region, corpses were scattered about, exhibited for edification. It was impossible to count the peasants who had been punished with whips, batogs, and whips. Many had their noses or ears cut off.
Emelyan Pugachev laid his head on the chopping block on January 10, 1775 in front of a large crowd of people on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow. Before his death, Emelyan Ivanovich bowed to the cathedrals and said goodbye to the people, repeating in an interrupted voice: “Forgive me, Orthodox people; let me go what I have rude before you. " Several of his associates were hanged together with Pugachev. The famous chieftain Chiku was taken to Ufa for execution. Salavat Yulaev ended up in hard labor. The Pugachevshchina is over ...
The Pugachevism did not bring relief to the peasants. The government's policy towards the peasants became bitter, and the sphere of action of serfdom expanded. By decree on May 3, 1783, the peasants of the Left Bank and Sloboda Ukraine passed into serf bondage. The peasants here were deprived of the right to transfer from one owner to another. In 1785, the Cossack foreman received the rights of the Russian nobility. Earlier, in 1775, the free Zaporozhye Sich was destroyed. The Zaporozhians were moved to the Kuban, where they made up the Cossack Kuban army. The landowners of the Volga region and other regions did not reduce the quitrent, corvee and other peasant duties. All this was exacted with the same severity.
"Mother Ekaterina" wanted the memory of the Pugachev region to be erased. She even ordered to rename the river where the riot began: and Yaik became the Ural. The Yaitsky Cossacks and the Yaitsky town were ordered to be called Ural Cossacks. The village of Zimoveyskaya, the birthplace of Stenka Razin and Emelyan Pugachev, was christened in a new way - Potemkinskaya. However, Pugach was remembered by the people. The old men told me in earnest that Emelyan Ivanovich was the revived Razin, and he would return more than once to the Don; in Russia songs sounded and legends circulated about the formidable "emperor and his children."
Berdnikova Elena, gymnasium number 13, grade 9
Historical fact and its artistic embodiment.
"The history of the Pugachev rebellion" and "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin
God forbid to see a Russian revolt,
senseless and merciless!
A.S. Pushkin
Introduction
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was undoubtedly prompted by the unsuccessful outcome of the uprising of the Decembrists, among whom were his friends, as well as the unrest of peasants and military settlers in 1830, which again exacerbated the issue of serfdom. As a person and a citizen, this could not leave Pushkin indifferent. Therefore, in 1833 he obtained permission for a four-month trip to the places of the Pugachev uprising - the Orenburg and Kazan provinces.
Pushkin traveled around the site of the Pugachev uprising, collecting data and questioning the still living old witnesses. Then he drove to Boldino. Here he began to work on the "History of the Pugachev revolt".
On October 20, Pushkin returned to St. Petersburg. The "story ..." was over.
But he did not stop there, now his goal was to write a fiction novel with an exciting plot, affirming the connection between two social groups. So in the same 1833 was written one of the best prose works of Pushkin - "The Captain's Daughter". The Pugachevism was supposed to be a warning to the nobility, which did not see the need for new forms of communication with the peasantry.
"The Captain's Daughter" - one of the most perfect and profound creations of Pushkin - has repeatedly been the subject of research attention. In the extensive literature on the issue, a number of studies by Yu.G. Osman should be highlighted, in particular, "From the" Captain's daughter "by A.S. Pushkin to "Notes of a Hunter" by IS Turgenev "and a chapter in the book by GA Gukovsky" Pushkin and the Problem of the Realistic Style ". Archival research and publication of documents, as well as a subtle analysis of the ideological content of the novel in the works of Y. G. Osman, carried out against a wide ideological background, which is usual for this researcher, and an examination of the artistic nature of the novel, its place in the history of the formation of Pushkin's realism in G.A. Gukovsky are the highest achievements of Soviet literary criticism in this area. And if certain provisions of these works can become the subject of scientific dispute, this does not diminish their importance as the basis for any further in-depth analysis of Pushkin's work. A number of deep remarks can be found in the works of B.V., Tomashevsky, V.B.Shklovsky, D.P. Yakubovich, E.N. Kupreyanova, N.K. Piksanov, D.D.Blagiy, Yu.M. Lotman and others ...
This, however, does not mean that the problems of The Captain's Daughter have been fully investigated. Moreover, many of the cardinal issues of Pushkin's position in The Captain's Daughter still remain controversial. This, for example, is the interpretation of the famous words about the “Russian revolt”. If Yu.G. Osman considers them to be a kind of tribute to censorship conditions, a reproduction of a protective point of view (equal to the views of Dashkova and Karamzin), exposed by the entire course of the narrative, arousing reader sympathy for Pugachev, then another authoritative connoisseur of Pushkin's work, BV Tomashevsky, wrote: “Left in the text of the novel the maxim was by no means prompted by the need to present events. As for the views of Grinev, as the hero of the novel, on Pugachev and the peasant movement, Pushkin perfectly characterized them in other clearer words and in the very course of the action. If he retained this phrase, it was because it responded to Pushkin's own system of views on the peasant revolution. This phrase does not conceal any contempt for the Russian serf peasantry, or disbelief in the strength of the people, or any protective thoughts. This phrase expresses that Pushkin did not believe in the final victory of the peasant revolution in the conditions in which he lived. "
In "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin used the facts collected during the work on "History ...". , with the only difference that from a simple statement of facts he made a story.
Part 1. Genre features of works.
In 1831, Pushkin enlisted in the service as a "historiographer" and received permission to work in the archives. He persistently experiments with prose genres, tirelessly searches for new forms of literature. In a letter to V.D. He writes to Volkhovsky: “I am sending you my last essay,“ The History of the Pugachev Rebellion ”. In it I tried to investigate the military actions of that time and thought only about their clear presentation ... "Of course," History ... "is written in the genre of historical research, in a dry, concise language. P.V. Annenkov testifies: “Alongside his historical work, Pushkin began, at the invariable demand of artistic nature, the novel“ The Captain's Daughter ”, which represented the other side of the subject - the side of the mores and customs of the era. The condensed and only outwardly dry exposition, which he adopted in history, found, as it were, an addition in his exemplary novel, which has the warmth and charm of historical notes ”.
In our comparative study, we will adhere to Pushkin's own definition of the genre of The Captain's Daughter as a novel, based on the definition given in the Bolshoi encyclopedic dictionary": "Novel - literary genre, an epic work of a large form, in which the narrative is focused on the fate of an individual in his relation to the world around him, on the formation, development of his character and self-consciousness. The novel is an epic of modern times; in contrast to the folk epic, where the individual and the national soul are inseparable; in the novel, the life of a person and public life appear as relatively independent, but the “private” inner life of the individual is revealed in him “epic”, that is, with the identification of its universally significant and social meaning. A typical novel situation is a clash in the hero of moral and human (personal) with natural and social necessity. Since the novel develops in modern times, where the nature of the relationship between man and society is constantly changing, insofar as its form is essentially "open". The basic situation is each time filled with concrete historical content and is embodied in various genre modifications. In the 1830s, the classical era of a realistic socio-psychological novel begins. " And although neither the name of A.S. Pushkin, nor his work "The Captain's Daughter" is named in the dictionary, we, based on the definition, clearly call A.S. Pushkin, the founder of the genre of realistic socio-psychological novel.
Part 2. Comparative analysis of the "History of the Pugachev rebellion" and the novel "The Captain's Daughter"
The appearance of Pugachev as a historical person was preceded by the revolt of the Yaik Cossacks. Let's carry out comparative analysis episodes of the novel with the participation of Pugachev and the corresponding episodes of "History ...". Here is a little material from the “History…”. On the Yaik River “in the fifteenth century, the Don Cossacks appeared, traveling across the Khvalynsk Sea. They hibernated on its banks, while still covered with forest and safe in their solitude; in the spring they again embarked on the sea, robbed until late autumn, and returned to Yaik by winter. Going all the way up from one place to another, they finally chose the Kolovratnoye tract sixty versts from the present Uralsk as their permanent residence. "
That is, they lived freely and were not oppressed by anyone, at the behest of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich they settled the desert lands along the Yaik River and the adjacent steppes: “The Yaik Cossacks obediently carried out services alongside the Moscow order; but the houses retained their original form of government. Perfect equality of rights; atamans and foremen, elected by the people, temporary executors of popular decrees; circles, or meetings, where each Cossack had a free vote and where all public affairs were decided by a majority vote; no written orders. "
This continued until the accession of Peter the Great.
The following quotes briefly show the main reasons for the outbreak of the Yaik Cossack revolt, the behavior of the rebels and the suppression of the revolt. Since the "History ..." contains a very large volume of material devoted to these events, we have identified only those quotes that, in our opinion, contain a story about the main events.
1) When comparing the sources, it is clear that Pushkin softened the real reason for the beginning of this rebellion. After studying historical document it becomes clear that the state had a real intention to change the social position of the Cossacks, and it was this that caused indignation in the Cossack environment and entailed this terrible uprising.
“Peter the Great took the first steps to introduce the Yaitsk Cossacks into the general system of government. In 1720, the Yaitsk army was transferred to the department of the Military Collegium "" The Emperor himself appointed a military chieftain. "
2) From that moment on, internal strife began in the Cossack environment, which the state tried to solve by its intervention, but to no avail. Let us bring closer the beginning of the rebellion and the refusal of the Cossacks, at the behest of the sovereign, to pursue the Kalmyks who decided to leave the borders of Russia and come under the authority of the Chinese government in order to avoid the oppression of the local authorities. “The Yaitsky army was ordered to go in pursuit; but the Cossacks (except for a very small number) did not obey, and obviously found themselves out of any service ”. Further events became irreversible.
3) Here are some excerpts from the "Notes of Colonel Pekarsky about the Yaitskys' riots, which are now Ural, Cossacks and about the impostor Yemelyan, the Don Cossack Pugachev," confirming our assumption:
“In 1770, it was ordered from the Yaitskys, which are now Ural, Cossacks to form a Cossack squadron into the Moscow legion; but they disobeyed, and therefore in 1771, for research and forcing the formation of that squadron, Major General von Traubenberg was sent to the Yaitsk town of the Orenburg corps, and from St. Petersburg, the Guard Captain Mavrin; the aforementioned Cossacks sent from themselves to St. Petersburg with a request two Cossacks, to ask for the abolition of the formation of a squadron of them, whom they had taken under arrest, and shaving their beards and foreheads, were sent in 1772 to Orenburg, to be assigned to the Alekseevsky infantry regiment " ...
Paying special attention to such a word as “coercion”, we understand that this is nothing more than an open desire of the authorities to finally subjugate the Cossacks. The government provoked aggression on their part by imprisoning the Cossack ambassadors.
4) Here is another quote from the "History ...":
“We learned that the government had an intention to make squadrons of the Cossacks, and that they had already been ordered to shave their beards. Major General Traubenberg, who was sent to the Yaik town for this purpose, incurred indignation ”(I, 11).
In The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin described all these events so succinctly that they fit into just two sentences:
“The reason for this was the strict measures taken by Major General Traubenberg in order to bring the army into due obedience” (I, 11).
That is, the phrase "the government had an intention ..." in "History ..." is replaced by "measures already taken by the Major General" in literary work.
The Cossacks took revenge on the offenders, followed by the suppression of the riot. That is, we see that the author in a literary work, due to understandable circumstances, shifted the center of the narrative from the actions of the government to the actions of the major general, so that this conflict looked like a conflict between the Cossacks and the official, and not between the Cossacks and the empress. Further in the description of the murder of Traubenberg, the desire to smooth over the severity of the conflict is also traced. This is how “History ...” describes it:
"Traubenberg fled and was killed at the gate of his house."
and in "The Captain's Daughter":
"The consequence was the barbaric murder of Traubenberg ...".
That is, in a literary work, Pushkin does not show the cowardice and flight of Traubenberg, but again uses exaggeration as a kind of artistic curtsey to those in power to show the cruelty of the Cossacks. So the Cossacks took revenge on the offenders, after which the rebellion was suppressed. "History ..." reads:
"Meanwhile, Major General Freiman was sent from Moscow to pacify them, with one company of grenadiers and artillery."
"Freiman opened his way with grapeshot ..., a pursuit was sent for the departed, and almost all were overfished" (I, 11).
The fact that the government was decisively opposed to the Cossacks is evidenced by the number of gunners who were sent to suppress the rebellion. Then the field teams consisted of 500 people of infantry, cavalry and artillery servants. In 1775 they were replaced by provincial battalions. But again, Pushkin in "The Captain's Daughter" replaced this quote with another: "Finally, the suppression of the revolt is completed with canshot and cruel punishments." It is in this part, which tells about the uprising, how often he "softens" the descriptions in comparison with the historical source. "
This is how this riot ends. "Story…":
“The administration is entrusted to the Yaik commandant, Lieutenant Colonel Simonov. The military sergeant major Martemyan Borodin and the sergeant major (ordinary) Mostovshchikov were ordered to be present in his office. The instigators of the riot were punished with a whip; about one hundred and forty people were exiled to Siberia; others were given up as soldiers (all fled); the rest are forgiven and given a secondary oath. These strict and necessary measures restored external order; but the calm was precarious. "It's only the beginning!" the forgiven rebels said: "Is this how we shake Moscow." - The Cossacks were still divided into two sides: consonant and disagreeing (or, as the Military Collegium very accurately translated the words of these words, into obedient and disobedient). Secret conferences took place on the steppe umets and remote farms. All foreshadowed a new rebellion. The leader was missing. The leader was found "
In "The Captain's Daughter" there is material that also tells about the excitement of the people:
“Everything was already quiet, or it seemed so; the authorities too easily believed the alleged repentance of the crafty rebels, who were malicious in secret and waited for an opportunity to resume the riots. "
After such events, the Cossacks could not calmly continue their existence. In their souls and hearts there was a desire to free themselves and take revenge on the offenders, but it was impossible to act without a leader. Emelyan Pugachev became this leader. This is what “History ...” says about the appearance of Emelyan Pugachev:
“In this troubled time, an unknown tramp staggered around the Cossack households, hiring himself as workers first to one owner, then to another, and taking up all sorts of trades. He witnessed the suppression of the rebellion and the execution of the instigators, went for a while to the Irgiz sketes; from there, at the end of 1772, he was sent to buy fish in the Yaitskaya town, where he stood with the Cossack Denis Pyanov. He was distinguished by the audacity of his speeches, vilified the authorities, and persuaded the Cossacks to flee to the area of the Turkish Sultan; he assured that the Don Cossacks would not hesitate to follow them, that he had two hundred thousand rubles prepared at the border and goods for seventy thousand, and that some pasha, immediately upon the arrival of the Cossacks, should give them up to five million; in the meantime he had promised each of them twelve rubles a month of salary. Moreover, he said, as if two regiments were marching from Moscow against the Yaitsk Cossacks, that around Christmas, or baptism, there would certainly be a riot. Some of the obedient wanted to be caught and presented as a troublemaker to the commandant's office; but he fled with Denis Pyanov, and was caught already in the village of Malykov (what is now Volgsk) at the direction of a peasant who was traveling along the same road with him. This vagabond was Emelyan Pugachev, a Don Cossack and a schismatic who came with a false written appearance from across the Polish border with the intention of settling on the Irgiz River, among the schismatics there. He was sent under guard to Simbirsk, and from there to Kazan; and as everything related to the affairs of the Yaitsk army, under the circumstances of the time, could seem important, the Orenburg governor considered it necessary to notify the state Military Collegium about it with a report dated January 18, 1773 ”.
Since then Yaik rebels met at every step, the Kazan authorities did not pay special attention to Pugachev. He was held in the prison with other prisoners. But his accomplices did not forget about him, and on June 19, 1773, he fled.
“Once he, guarded by two garrison soldiers, walked around the city to collect alms. At the Lock Lattice (as one of the main Kazan streets was called) there was a ready-made troika. Pugachev, approaching her, suddenly pushed one of the soldiers who had accompanied him away; another helped the convict to sit down to the wagon and with him rode out of the city ”(II, 14).
After that, for 3 months he hid in the farms from the pursuit, when in early September he ended up on the farm of Mikhail Kozhevnikov with his main accomplice Ivan Zarubin, who announced to Kozhevnikov that the great person was in their land.
“He urged Kozhevnikov to hide her on his farm. Kozhevnikov agreed. Zarubin left, and on the same night before the light he returned with Timofey Myasnikov and an unknown person, all three on horseback. The stranger was of medium height, broad-shouldered and thin. His black beard was beginning to turn gray. He wore a camel's army jacket, a blue Kalmyk hat, and was armed with a rifle. Zarubin and Myasnikov went to the city to summon the people, and the stranger, staying with Kozhevnikov, announced to him that he was Emperor Peter --- that rumors about his death were false, that he, with the help of a guard officer, went to Kiev, where he was hiding near year ”(II, 15).
In "The Captain's Daughter" there are quotations that carry the same meaning, but have a different form.
1. History…":
“This tramp was Emelyan Pugachev, a Don Cossack and a schismatic ..., announced to him that he was Emperor Peter --- ...” (II, 15),
In The Captain's Daughter:
“The Don Cossack and schismatic Emelyan Pugachev escaped from the guard, committing an unforgivable impudence by assuming the name of the late Emperor Peter” (VI, 314).
We see that in “History ...” the Don “Cossack and a schismatic” is a clarification, but, as we have noticed, this clarification is in “History…” after the name of Emelyan Pugachev, and in “The Captain's Daughter” in front of him, and therefore the same part these two sentences sound differently. When the clarification is after the word being specified, it is separated by a comma, respectively, during reading, a pause is formed, which makes the quote from "History ..." intermittent, and the quote from "The Captain's Daughter", in which there are no pauses, smooth and harmonious. The phrase “taking on the name of the deceased…” tells us about the use of high style in writing, which is one of the artistic techniques of the author.
The second part of the quotes, in which in question about the adoption of the name Peter, is distinguished by a significant embellishment in the second case. When in “History ...” there is a simple statement of facts, “that he is the Emperor Peter ---”, the text of “The Captain's Daughter” is a narration in which there are a lot of long and high definitions that have an exclusively embellishing character: “Perpetrating an unforgivable audacity by in the name of the late Emperor Peter ”. Undoubtedly, Pushkin used such a turn to express his sharply negative attitude towards the act of the impostor.
Here it will be appropriate to recall the poem by A.S. Pushkin "To Friends", written earlier, in 1828:
No, I'm not a flatterer when the king
I compose free praise:
I boldly express my feelings
I speak with the language of my heart.
(Collected works in 3 volumes, M., "Art. Literature", p. 414).
What did Pugachev look like outwardly? Oddly enough, but in "History ..." there is a rather short description of the rebel's appearance. The people who describe him only mention beard, height and physique. From this we can conclude that he did not have any special distinguishing features that set him apart from the Cossack environment. Perhaps he himself understood this, sought in various ways to stand out from his kind. Here is his verbal portrait used by the author in "History ...":
“The stranger was of medium height, broad-shouldered and thin” (I, 15),and in "The Captain's Daughter":
“He was about forty, of average height, thin and broad-shouldered” (II, 289)
These quotes are identical in meaning, but differ in the order of the words "lean" and "broad-shouldered." At first glance, there is no difference between them, but comparing the sound of the last sentences, you can see that due to the permutation of words, the second is softer by ear than the first: the long and difficult pronunciation of the word "broad-shouldered" stands in front of the shorter and simpler "thin ”, Then when reading, reaching it, speech slowdown involuntarily turns out, while in the second quote the slowdown falls on the last word, and there is a characteristic decrease in intonation.
Also a distinctive feature was his beard. Here is how the author describes her in "The Captain's Daughter":
“In his black beard, gray was shown” (II, 289),
And in "History ..." -
“His black beard was beginning to turn gray” (II, 15).
A literary text presupposes not so much an accurate transfer of the hero's appearance as the impression that he makes, in this case, on Pyotr Grinev, the author uses the method of replacing the phrase “began to turn gray”, which is possible in the continuing historical presentation, with “gray hair was shown” in order to convey the impression made by Pugachev on Peter, who threw a cursory glance at him. So a simple statement of facts turns into an artistic image.
We also find a description of what Pugachev was wearing in his first meeting with Grinev.
“History…”: “He was in a camel's jacket…” (II, 15),
“The captain’s daughter”: “he is wearing a tattered army jacket and Tatar trousers ...” (II, 289).
Now we can say why, in the chapter “The Leader,” Pugachev made the impression of a vagabond on Grinev: the armyak is “torn off,” the trousers, most likely, are strangers. Here is a second description of the costume of Pugachev, the "emperor" from "The Captain's Daughter":
“He is wearing a red Cossack caftan, trimmed with braids. A high sable hat with golden tassels was pulled down over his sparkling eyes ”(VI, 324).
The use of this contextual antithesis is one of the most effective techniques used by Pushkin.
After the “proclamation” of Pugachev as Emperor Peter and after giving them promises to fight for the Cossacks and those offended by the government, the rebels began to flock to him, multiplying his gang “from hour to hour”. As soon as Pugachev felt the strength, he immediately moved to the Yaitsky town. His goal was to free the previously rebellious Cossacks, who would undoubtedly thank the impostor with their unquestioning obedience. Liberation began with the shedding of blood.
Confirmation of this is also found in "The Captain's Daughter", in a letter to Captain Mironov from the general:
“... Emelyan Pugachev ... gathered a villainous gang, made indignation in the Yaitsk villages ...” (VI, 289).
The name of this person is associated with a large number of deaths. In "The Captain's Daughter" Grinev dreams nightmare, in which Pugachev was, and with him a room filled with corpses, and bloody puddles ... This is what Pushkin says about this through the lips of his hero:
“I had a dream that I could never forget, and in which I still see something prophetic, when I reflect on the strange circumstances of my life” (II, 288);
And here is what he writes in "History ...", in the footnote to chapter three:
“Pugachev was mowing hay on the Sheludyakov farm. An old Cossack woman is still alive in Uralsk, wearing the shawls of his work. Once, having hired to dig up ridges in the garden, he dug four graves. This circumstance was interpreted later as an omen of his fate ”(98).
During the Pugachev uprising, many people were killed, the "rebel" often won. In "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin notes with what courage and courage Captain Mironov defended his fortress, but it was taken. This is how the commandant of the Belgorod fortress, Mironov, died:
"" Which is the commandant- "- asked the impostor. Our sergeant stepped out of the crowd and pointed at Ivan Kuzmich. Pugachev looked menacingly at the old man and said to him: "How dare you oppose me, your sovereign-" The Commandant, exhausted from the wound, gathered his last strength and answered in a firm voice: "You are not my sovereign, you are a thief and an impostor, do you hear!" Pugachev frowned gloomily and waved his white handkerchief. Several grabbed the old captain and dragged him to the gallows…. and a minute later I saw poor Ivan Kuzmich thrown up into the air ”(VII, 324).
Each conquered city greeted Pugachev with a bell ringing. In both works there is a mention of this.
"Story…":
"Began to ring the bells ..." (II, 20),
"Captain's daughter":
“The bells died down; a dead silence has come ”(VII, 325).
Comparing these quotes, one can see that for “The Captain's Daughter” the author chose phrases that create a tense atmosphere of expectation: “The ringing subsided,” “it was not just silence, but“ dead silence ”. It is known from history that the sovereigns were greeted in this way, and from the fact that Pugachev was greeted in this way, we can conclude that the people paid their respects to the "tsar", naively believing the impostor.
In the 18th century, the entire Russian people, from the upper classes to the lower ones, were deeply religious. Faith took pride of place in their hearts. Not a single important event was complete without going to church: the birth of a child, a christening, a wedding, the beginning of a new project, death ... Even at the birth of a child, the poorest family found ways to baptize it. Knowing about this attitude of the people to faith, Pugachev could use it for his own purposes. He understood perfectly well that if he once manages to force a person to swear an oath of faith, then on pain of God's punishment, he will recognize only him as king.
"Story…":
“The priest was expecting Pugachev with a cross and holy icons” (II, 20).
"Captain's daughter":
“Father Gerasim, pale and trembling, stood at the porch, with a cross in his hands, and, it seemed, silently pleaded with him for the upcoming sacrifices” (VII, 325).
After several hours of the oath, Pugachev “announced to Father Gerasim that he would dine with him” (VII, 326).
Indeed, Pugachev loved to have a good meal after a tiresome oath. In "History ..." there is a mention of how the impostor and his accomplices, after the massacre of the commander-in-chief of the Iletsk town, arranged a feast in their honor:
“Pugachev hanged the ataman, celebrated the victory for three days and, taking with him all the Iletsk Cossacks and the city's cannons, went to the Rassypnaya fortress” (II, 16).
Most of the population, who swore allegiance to Pugachev, joined the gang and followed him.
"Captain's daughter":
“Pugachev has left; the people rushed after him ”(VII, 326),
"History ..." (after the capture of the Rassypnaya fortress):
“The Cossacks have changed here too. The fortress was taken. The commandant, Major Velovsky, several officers and one priest were hanged, and the garrison company and one and a half hundred Cossacks were attached to the rebels ”(II, 17).
The most important, in my opinion, the difference between a historical source and a literary work is that in The Captain's Daughter the author presents Pugachev as the only leader of the uprising, while in History ... we found such interesting material:
“Pugachev was not autocratic. The Yaik Cossacks, the instigators of the revolt, controlled the actions of the rogue, who had no other merit except for some military knowledge and extraordinary audacity. He did nothing without their consent; they often acted without his knowledge, and sometimes against his will. They showed him outward respect, in the presence of the people they followed him without hats and beat him with their foreheads: but they treated him alone as a friend, and drank together, sitting with him in hats and in only shirts, and singing burlak songs "," Among the main rebels, Zarubin (aka Chika) was distinguished, from the very beginning of the rebellion, an associate and pestun of Pugachev. He was called Field Marshal, and was the first in the impostor ... The retired artillery corporal used the full power of attorney of the impostor. Together with Padurov, he was in charge of writing at the illiterate Pugachev, and kept strict order and obedience in the gangs of rioters ... The robber Khlopush from under the whip branded by the executioner's hand, with nostrils torn out to the cartilage, was one of Pugachev's favorites. Ashamed of his ugliness, he wore a net on his face, or covered himself with his sleeve, as if protecting himself from the frost. These are the people who shaken the state! ” (III, 28).
These same Yaik Cossacks were very jealous of the pretender's favorites. For example, at the beginning of the riot, Pugachev brought Sergeant Karmitsky closer to him, whom he took as a clerk. The Cossacks, when they took another fortress, drowned him, and when Pugachev asked about him, they said that he simply fled. Another example: after the capture of the fortress of Nizhne-Ozerskaya, Major Kharlov was hanged, his young widow liked the bandit, and he took her to him. He became attached to her, fulfilled her desires. She alarmed the jealous villains, and Pugachev was forced to give Kharlova and her brother to them to be torn apart. They were shot.
It is not surprising that Pushkin mentions Pugachev's accomplices in The Captain's Daughter. In the chapter “Rebellious Sloboda,” he emphasizes that his accomplices do not want to leave Pugachev alone with Grinev, suggesting friendly relations between them.
“Speak boldly in front of them,” Pugachev told me, “I don’t conceal anything from them” (XI, 347).
Thus, historical materials allow us to conclude that, in reality, Pugachev was not autocratic to a certain extent, while Pugachev, a literary hero, appears to us to be imperious and independent.
In the environment of Pugachev, it was customary to assign the names of the elite of Catherine's time to distinguished robbers. In "History ..." Chica was called a field marshal, but here is some mention of this found on the pages of "The Captain's Daughter":
“My field marshal, it seems, is talking the matter,” “Listen, field marshal,” and this is how he addresses the quarreling Beloborodov and Khlopusha for the second time: “Gentlemen, generals,” Pugachev proclaimed importantly. - “It is enough for you to quarrel” (VI, 350).
But Pugachev did not confer titles only on robbers. Here is the material in the footnote to chapter 3 of "Stories ...":
“It seems that Pugachev and his accomplices did not consider the importance of this parody. They also jokingly called the Berdskaya Sloboda - Moscow, the Kargale village - Petersburg, and the Sakmarskaya town - Kiev ”(102).
We know that Pugachev went with his gang from the Kirghiz-Kaisak lands, committing robberies and violence. The Orenburg fortress was the last in the chain of the Sakmara line, and it had more time to prepare for the attack of robbers. This fortress was stronger and more than others. She was an outpost of the state in the confrontation with the rebels, which is why it was so important for Pugachev to conquer her. All the events described in "The Captain's Daughter" take place during the siege of Orenburg. At this time, Pugachev settled in the Berdskaya Sloboda. This is how “History ...” describes it:
“The autumn cold came earlier than usual. From October 14, frosts have already begun; On the 16th it snowed. On the 18th, Pugachev, having lit his camp, with all the burdens went back from Yaik to Sakmara and settled down under the Berdsk settlement, near the summer Sakmarian loroga, seven miles from Orenburg. Ottole his patrols did not cease to disturb the city, attack the foragers and keep the garrison in constant apprehension ”(III, 25).
Berdskaya Sloboda was located on the Sakmara River. It was surrounded by strongholds and slingshots, and there were batteries in the corners. There were up to two hundred yards in it. Having settled here, Pugachev turned it into a place of murder and debauchery. Almost all the time, while the siege of Orenburg lasted, the bandits were on its territory. Therefore, it is not surprising that much is said about her both in "History ..." and in "The Captain's Daughter", and in the latter a whole chapter is named in her honor. This rebellious settlement was the meeting place for Pugachev and Grinev.
Seeing that Orenburg is strong, Pugachev decided to starve him out. The fact that Orenburg was in a difficult situation can be read not only in "History ...":
“The situation in Orenburg was becoming dire. They took away flour and cereals from the residents, and began to give them a daily distribution. The horses have been fed brushwood for a long time ”(IV, 37),
But also in "The Captain's Daughter":
“All the fugitives show in agreement that there is hunger and pestilence in Orenburg, that they eat carrion there ...” (XI, 349).
Perhaps luck would have continued to accompany the impostor if the pacification of the rebels had not been entrusted to A.I.Bibikov. General-in-chief Bibikov, thanks to his military experience and knowledge of this matter, was able to liberate the dying out Orenburg. Under his command were General Freiman, Major Kharin, Major General Mansurov, Prince Golitsin, Lieutenant Colonel Grinev ... Lieutenant Colonel Grinev and Pyotr Grinev, the hero of the story "The Captain's Daughter", are not the same person. In the missed chapter from "The Captain's Daughter", which tells about the adventures of our protagonist, the names have been changed. The name of Grinev is addressed to Bulanin, and the name of Zurin is addressed to Grinev. This chapter is not included in the final edition of The Captain's Daughter, and is retained in the draft manuscript under the title "Missed Chapter." This chapter differs in writing from the others, and it also feels more like a pure narrative than a narrative. At first, A.S. Pushkin wanted to include it in the novel, but then changed his mind, as there could be confusion in the minds of the readers, and the whole novel would simply turn into a second "History ...".
After a series of defeats, Pugachev, pursued by Mikhelson and Kharin, was forced to flee across the Volga, where his arrival threw the people into confusion. Here are quotes telling about it:
"Story…":
“The entire western side of the Volga rebelled and handed over to the impostor” (VIII, 68),
"Captain's daughter":
“We were approaching the banks of the Volga; Our regiment entered the village ** and stopped there to spend the night. The headman announced to me that on the other side all the villages had rebelled, the Pugachevskies were roaming everywhere ”(“ The Missed Chapter ”, 375).
But, despite the temporary luck, Pugachev's affairs were getting worse and worse. Pursued by the troops, the impostor was wounded, many were taken prisoner, the bandits began to think about extraditing Pugachev to the government. The main defeat of Pugachev in "The Captain's Daughter" is very briefly said:
“Pugachev fled, pursued by Ivan Ivanovich Mikhelson. Soon we learned about his perfect breaking ”(XIII, 364).
In "History ..." a lot is written about this and in detail:
“Pugachev stood at a height, between two roads. Michelson bypassed him at night and stood against the rebels. In the morning, Pugachev again saw his formidable persecutor ... The battle did not last long. Several cannon shots frustrated the rebels. Mikhelson hit them. They fled, abandoning the cannons and the entire train ... This defeat was the last and decisive ”(VIII, 75).
But Pugachev was not captured:
"Pugachev wanted to go to the Caspian Sea, hoping to somehow get into the Kyrgyz-Kaisak steppes" (VIII, 76.
The Cossacks decided to surrender their leader to the government. This is how it is described in "Itoria ...":
“Pugachev sat alone in thought. His weapon was hanging to the side. Hearing the Cossacks entered, he raised his head and asked what they needed- They began to talk about their desperate situation, and meanwhile, moving quietly, tried to block him from hanging weapons. Pugachev began again to persuade him to go to the Guryev town. The Cossacks replied that they had been following him for a long time and that it was already time for him to follow them ”(VIII, 76).
So they betrayed their comrade-in-arms. Having tied him up, they went to the Yaitsky town, where upon arrival, under the supervision of Suvorov, they were transported to Moscow.
The execution of Pugachev is also sparingly and restrainedly described in "The Captain's Daughter" by the author. Not a word is said either about the rebel's repentance or his quartering. About what actually happened is said only in “History…”.
“The sleigh stopped in front of the frontal seat porch. Pugachev and his favorite Perfiliev, accompanied by a confessor and two officials, barely ascended the scaffold, an imperative word was heard: to watch, and one of the officials began to read the manifesto. When the reader pronounced the name and nickname of the main villain, as well as the village where he was born, the chief police chief asked him loudly: are you a Don Cossack, Emelka Pugachev- He answered just as loudly: so, sir, I am a Don Cossack, Zimovetskaya village, Emelka Pugachev. Then, during the entire continuation of the manifesto, he, looking at the cathedral, was often baptized ... After reading the manifesto, the confessor said a few words to them, blessed them and went from the scaffold. The man who read the manifesto followed him. Then Pugachev, having made several bows to the earth with the sign of the cross, turned to the cathedrals, then with a hasty air began to say goodbye to the people; bowed in all directions, saying in a broken voice: forgive, Orthodox people; let go of what I have rude before you ... forgive, Orthodox people! At this word the executor gave a sign: the executioners rushed to undress him; tore off the white mutton sheepskin coat; began to tear apart the sleeves of a crimson silk half-jacket. Then he clasped his hands, fell on his back, and in an instant the bloody head was already hanging in the air ...
The executioner had a secret command to reduce the torture of criminals. The arms and legs of the corpse were cut off, the executioners smashed them to the four corners of the scaffold, the head was shown later and stuck on a high stake ”(VIII, 79).
“Thus ended the rebellion, begun by a handful of disobedient Cossacks, intensified by the unforgivable negligence of the authorities, and shook the state from Siberia to Moscow, and from the Kuban to the Murom forests. For a long time, perfect calmness had not been established. Panin and Suvorov remained for a whole year in the pacified provinces, asserting a weakened rule in them, renewing cities and fortresses, and eradicating the last branches of the suppressed revolt. At the end of 1775, a general forgiveness was promulgated, and the whole matter was commanded to be consigned to eternal oblivion. Catherine, wishing to destroy the memory of a terrible era, destroyed the ancient name of the river, whose banks were the first witnesses of the disturbances. The Yaik Cossacks were renamed to the Ural Cossacks, and their town was called by the same name. But the name of the terrible rebel thunders even in the lands where he raged. The people vividly remember the bloody time, which - so expressively - he called the Pugachevism ”(VIII, 80).
This is how Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin ends his “History of the Pugachev rebellion”.
Conclusion.
After studying this material, it becomes clear that Pushkin did not take the position of either side. Seeing the split of society into two opposing forces, he realized that the reason for such a split lies not in someone's evil will, not in the low moral properties of one side or another, but in deep social processes that do not depend on the will or intentions of people. Therefore, Pushkin is deeply alien to a one-sided didactic approach to history. He sees in the fighting parties not representatives of order and anarchy, not fighters for a "natural" contractual society and violators of primordial human rights. He sees that each side has its own, historically and socially grounded "truth", which excludes the possibility for it to understand the reasons of the opposite camp. Moreover, both the nobles and the peasants have their own concept of legal power and their own carriers of this power, which each side with on the same grounds considers it legal.
Pushkin clearly sees that, although the "peasant tsar" borrows the outward signs of power from the noble statehood, its content is different. The peasant power is more patriarchal, more directly connected with the controlled masses, is devoid of officials and is tinged with the tones of family democracy.
The realization that social reconciliation of the parties is impossible, that in a tragic struggle both sides have their own class truth, in a new way revealed to Pushkin the question of cruelty as an inevitable companion of social struggle, which had long worried him.
"The Captain's Daughter" - one of the most perfect and profound creations of Pushkin - has repeatedly been the subject of research attention.
By the time of its creation, Pushkin's position had changed: the idea of the cruelty of the peasants was replaced by the idea of the fatal and inevitable bitterness of both warring parties. He began to carefully document the massacres perpetrated by supporters of the government. In the "Notes on the revolt" he gave a lot of examples that did not speak in favor of the latter.
Pushkin was confronted with a phenomenon that struck him: the extreme cruelty of both warring parties often stemmed not from the bloodthirstiness of certain persons, but from the clash of irreconcilable social concepts.
For Pushkin in The Captain's Daughter, the correct path is not to move from one camp of modernity to another, but to rise above the “cruel age”, preserving humanity, human dignity and respect for the living life of other people. This is the true path to the people for him.
Literature
1. Pushkin "Complete Works" volume 8-9, 16. Moscow, Resurrection, 1995
2. Yu.M. Lotman "Pushkin", St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, 1997
3. A.S. Pushkin, collection op. v 3 volumes, M., "Hood. liter ", 1985.
4. P.V. Annenkov. Materials for the biography of Pushkin. M. 1984.
5. TSB, M., 2000.
6. Yu.G. Osman. "From" The Captain's Daughter "A.S. Pushkin to "Notes of a Hunter" by I.S. Turgenev ".
7. G.A. Gukovsky. "Pushkin and the Problem of the Realistic Style".
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