The main environmental factors and their influence on the plants. For all and about everything

The effect of animals on the landscape affects a lesser extent than the influence of plants on the landscape, because the mass of the animal substance is many times less than the mass of vegetable.

This provision retains its power until we have included in our analysis of a person. But identifying the role of a person with the role of other animals is fundamentally wrong, and therefore, we assign a special chapter to a person.

Animals play a role in reproduction of plants - in their pollination, in the spread of fruits and seeds. However, they exist at the expense vegetable world (Direct or indirectly), they exterminate and damage plants. Animals that live in the forest have a great influence on the life of woody vegetation: small rodents eat a bark, the roots of young plants are born, etc. Hordes of flight locusts, from which North Africa, Iran, Afghanistan, North India, Prairie, North America are especially suffering etc., the herds of worshipers or flocks of flight birds are often devastated by the huge areas, almost aimed by destroying vegetation.

The animals not only contribute to the penetration into the soil of water and air, but also stirred at the well-known areas soil horizons. Colony of coastal swallows, penetrating the loose bank with hundreds of their mink, contribute to the destruction of the shores; The gerbils, digging in the deserts of Asia with the root of thousands of copies of sandy seedling (the most important adopter of the sand), contribute to the waving of sands. The fact that the number of exits of Nor Suslikov reaches 3 thousand and more on hectares, and nor small steppe events up to 40 thousand on the same area. Worms, swallowing the soil and passing it through its intestinal tract, enrich the soil with organic substances, throwing out 17-45 tons of excrement for hectares during the year, not to mention the fact that animal corpses are both ground and underground and even water - after The decompositions are involved in the formation of humus layers, from soil humus to sapropel at the bottom of the lakes. The sinks and skeletons of microscopic animals form special types of sea soils and rocks, corals build islands, termites with their buildings in two human growth create a kind of hilly landscape in African and Australian plains.

Bobras, except for horses for housing, having a bruise furnace with a smooth floor and a dome-shaped arch, build a cross-boring rivers from the bruises and poles, laying the gaps between the blesses and jerles of clay, sand, sludge, clay turden. The dams constructed by the beabons are usually 15-60 m long with a height of 1.5-2 m. But in Montana there is a dam with a height of more than 4 m and about 650 m. Such a dam, the river, causes the flooding of river valleys on the high space and the formation of lakes, which, having stuck and invented, turn into a meadow or peatlands. Necessary to emphasize that the beaver dam changes and the bazis of the erosion of the river above the underworld and, therefore, affects the results of the erosion work of this river on the high space. Bobras not only build dams, but also channels (ditch) with a width of 0.9-1.5 m, a depth of 1 m and hundreds of meters long. These ditches are often in the set - come from the pond, in which beavers live, to the forest, and the beavers are fused on them the trees and bruises needed to build dams. According to some authors, as a result of the activities of Bobrov for many thousands of years in the northern half of North America, a large leveling work was made, "there are many wide alluvial valleys, the broad floodplains of which are created by the bombing of the rivers beaver dams.

In the flat relief of the steppe spaces, a rather noticeable element is baybachins - low (however, up to 1 m) of the hilly, formed by the activities of the Surkov emitting the Earth during the digging of their holes.

FEBRUARY 14TH, 2018

Plants are rightfully considered to be a lot of our planet. Houseplants play several useful roles In human life. They decorate our dwelling, and also purify the air, filling it with oxygen. In addition, some plants can be edible or medicinal. Aloe Vera beloved to the mind comes to mind. However, there are a number of plants that live in our rooms, the dangers and toxicity of which we did not even suspect.

But they represent a real danger to children and pets, as well as for older people with weak health. So, if your house has the following 10 plants, we advise you to get rid of them immediately.

Poisoning may occur after:

-Enging leaves or touch to leaves;

-Prooting of berries, flowers or roots of the plant;

- Skin Contact Plants Juice;

- Using the soil, land from under plants;

- water from pallets.

Most flower shops do not contain warning inscriptions on potted plants, which indicate possible toxicity and poisonousness.

Therefore, before purchasing one or another beautiful flowerDifficult to all about this plant, in particular, which potential threat is in himself for members of your family and pets.

1. Filodendron

Philodendrons - Favorite Indoor Plants of many people

Perhaps this is one of the most popular home plants. The advantages of the flower are obvious: it has an attractive appearance, rapidly growing and not particularly whimsical.

But, despite the fact that this plant is an ideal addition to any room, it contains calcium oxalate crystals that are toxic for people and animals.

Philodendrons can be curly and not curly. It is very important to keep curly plants suspended out of reach from children or pets, as well as in time to cut the leaflets and mustaches.

Unselling plants should be stored on high window sills or shelves, so that children or animals cannot reach them.

Side effects in people:

In humans, especially in young children, the following reaction to the plant can be observed: dermatitis, skin irritation, swelling of mucous membranes and disorder of the digestive system when eating a plant leaves.

There are several cases when after eating leaves by children, the incident ended with a fatal outcome.

Philodendron has a much more serious effect on pets. It can be about spasms, cramps, pains and edema.

By the way, the plant is the greatest threat to cats.

2. Golden epiprons

The epiprons are golden or in common rushing of the devil is considered one of the most sought-after room plants. It perfectly copes with indoor air purification.

In addition, an attractive appearance of the plant will leave little indifferent. Beautiful motley leaves is a real decoration for the room.

Ivy Devil, in fact, is read by one of the most useful indoor plants to remove harmful impurities from the air.

The advantage of the flower is also the fact that it is easily and quickly multiplied by his own cuttings. Therefore, rather soon you get a whole mini-plantation of the devil ivy in my home.

However, is it safe for households?

It is believed that large quantitiesah, this plant almost does not cause any harm. But in rare cases, it can also have serious side effects in animals and people.

Side effects in people:

Burning in the oral cavity, skin irritation, tumor of lips, tongue and throat, vomiting, spasms and diarrhea.

Influence of plants on cats and dogs:

Sluting, choking, swelling of the mouth and language, difficulty breathing and stomach disorder. In some cases, the plant can also lead to renal failure and / or death.

3. Singonium snagged

Many confuse this plant with phylogendron. Indeed, they are similar, and behind him is also very easy to care for.

It is usually mixed in gardens with other plants that require similar care. It is undoubtedly beautiful plant He has the leaves in the shape of a heart, and is often presented as a gift for expensive people.

Young plants are very thick. Older plants produce stems and sweat-shaped leaves.

The flower regularly resets the leaves and gives new sprouts, therefore, it is recommended to regularly check the plant and clean it from fallen leaves.

Side Effects in people and animals:

Irritated skin, stomach disorder, vomiting.

4. Lilies (and all plants that we call lily)

Most species of lilies, including the so-called Asian lily, are very toxic. Of particular danger, they represent for cats.

Everyone knows this beautiful flower. Few colors boast such beauty, grace and elegance, like Lily.

These gentle plants Often decorated the premises, and many flower fans with pleasure keep them in bedrooms and children. It is categorically impossible to do this!

Of course, not all lilies are toxic, and some can harm exclusively animals. However, if you are not sure what kind of lily grows in your pot, it will be better to be reinsured.

Be careful with lilies!

Do not keep them indoors. But if you love this flower so much, and not ready to refuse it completely, then the best decision will fall off the lilies in the garden, the palication. In other words, this flower will become absolutely safe outdoors.

More toxic varieties of lilies include the following plants:

-Calla lily (which can be fatal for children);

-Pasy lily;

-Liliya Rubrum;

-Tigro lily;

-Lilanik or day lily;

-Aasian lily.

Depending on the species, lilies can cause poisoning, which will manifest itself in various symptoms. As mentioned above, it is the cats more susceptible to the poison of this flower.

Side effects in people:

Stomach disorder, vomiting, headache, impairment of vision and skin irritation.

Plant influence on cats:

All parts of lily are considered toxic. The symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, drowsiness and no appetite. Renal and liver failure, if not treated on time, can lead to the death of an animal.

5. Spatifylum

Although it is not a real lilies, they are often counted to this kind. They are the same toxic as lilies and represent some danger to people and pets.

Remember, peaceful lily, or sphaphifylum, does not belong to the family of lily plants.

There are many varieties of peaceful lily, for example, a popular Maun Loa flower flower. This type of plant is one of the most common plants for home Decor. and room decoration.

This is an evergreen perennial plant from South America with glossy leaves and a unique white flower, which is magnificently blossoming among the leaves, it looks very and very impressive.

In addition, these plants love shadow, which makes them ideal for apartments and rooms with a small amount of sunlight.

They are also excellent air purifiers. However, as well as previous plants in this list, they can cause painful symptoms, and sometimes in contact with people or animals to become the cause of their death.

Side effects in people:

Lips, mouth and tongue are lit and swell, swallowing reflexes, vomiting, nausea and diarrhea are hampered by speech.

Information about the toxicity of peaceful lilies is rather contradictory. However, some sources provide information about the dangers for dogs and cats.

In case of poisoning, the following symptoms are observed: the burning of skin, excessive salivation, diarrhea, dehydration, no appetite and vomiting. If on time does not start treatment poisoning can lead to renal failure, which will eventually lead to the death of the animal.

6. Diffenbahia

Diffenbachy is also called a dumb cane.

This plant is similar to the phyloodendron and contains the same oxalate crystals. Silent cane thick stems and fleshy leaves, which usually have bright green color, with random yellow or green veins.

Due to the fact that the plant has very impressive heavy leaves, it is usually placed on the floor or a low pedestal.

Symptoms of poisoning in people and animals:

Diffenbachy in the body usually leads to a light or moderate form of poisoning, both in people and pets.

Symptoms of poisoning include the following: severe pain in the mouth, saliva, burning, swelling and numbness of the throat, the strongest swelling of the tongue.

7. oleander

Oleander is one of the most deadly and poisonous ornamental plants.

This unusual beautiful flower Looks like so gentle and innocent. But this is exactly the case when the appearance of deceptive: the plant is so toxic that even honey received from its nectar can cause symptoms of poisoning and even lead to death.

A few cases of deadly poisoning in adults are known when the pollen of this flower gets into the body.

As for children,, of course, they are all the more susceptible to poison the meal flower poison. Therefore, be sure to ensure that the oleander is not in your home. Stay from this flower away.

If still, there is a desire to grow with you, try to be an open area in the fresh air.

Side effects in people:

Poor well-being, arrhythmia, dizziness, trembling in the body.

Influence of plants on cats and dogs:

Arrhythmia, vomiting and cooling limbs.

8. Caladium

Beautiful, decorative flower Calladium is toxic both for humans and for animals.

Caladium is another South American guest who came to our dwellings. For this plant is characterized by thick foliage. That is why it is so popular as for external landscape design, and for the internal decoration of housing.

This plant is widely known as elephant ears or angel wings.

Caladium is rich in its color palette. Red, pink and white - the most common colors for this plant. Such a variety makes them attractive to decorate the premises.

They grow well with weak lighting, and sometimes produce very unusual flowers, similar to calla or lily flowers.

The plant is considered toxic for people and animals. It is dangerous as leaves and stalks of the plant and its flowers.

Side effects in people:

After entering parts of the plant into the human body, the following symptoms may be observed: burning in the oral cavity, swelling of the mouth, language, lips and throats, difficulty breathing, slowed down, slowing down swallowing reflexes.

All this in some cases can lead to blocking of the respiratory tract, which, in turn, can lead to a fatal outcome.

Influence of plants on cats and dogs:

Nausea, vomiting, spasms, shaking heads, salivation and difficult breathing.

9. Sansevieriya TRUE-VINE (Dyshkin Language)

Sansevieri three-band is decorative plant More famous in common as chunks.

For him are characterized by pointed leaves.

Because of their very impressive sizes, it is indoor plantAs a rule, placed on the floor or small elevations.

Smooth, vertically elongated leaves, indeed, remind the form of the language. The plant may be more dense or more rare.

For foliage, the painting is typical, in particular, green with shades of white, yellow and silver.

It is believed that Techin language also protects the house from evil spirits and negative energy, and that the plant will definitely bring good luck to its owner. It is for this reason that many try to acquire a plant or give it to their loved ones.

But pets are unlikely to take this flower with the same joy. After all, the plant is recognized by experts as highly toxic and poisonous when entering the body.

Side effects in people:

The level of toxicity for people is rather low. Poisoning causes short-term symptoms, such as pain in the oral cavity, salivation and nausea. In rare cases, the plant can cause a dermatological response, but mostly toxicly plant only when the leaves get inside.

Influence of plants on cats and dogs:

Poisoning this plant can provoke excessive salivation, pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

10. Ivy

Ivy (often called English ivy) is one of the most curly and original plants in the world.

Agree, a very charming spectacle, when this flower, sprawling on the stones or brick walls, creates a cool, lush canopy in the form of a deciduous carpet.

In the room Ivy, hanging from the baskets, creates a romantic cascade exhibit.

Thanks to its pomp, ivy is widely used in the festive decor. However, few people know about other properties of this plant: it perfectly removes particles of feces falling into the air, which makes this plant an indispensable assistantIf there are pets in the house.

However, be careful. Do not allow that the ivy particles fall into the body. Its leaves or stems when entering the body can cause poisoning.

Side effects of plants in people:

Ivy can cause severe skin irritation. Ingestion of leaves can cause burning in the mouth and throat, stupor, cramps, fever and rash. The consequences can be quite serious when eating large number Leaf plants.

Effect of plants on animals:

In cats and dogs, the plant can cause diarrhea, hyperactivity, difficulty breathing, weakness, trembling in body or vomiting.

Just because these plants are considered potentially dangerous, it does not mean that you cannot enjoy them in your home. Just accept additional security measures so that your children and pets have not suffered from them.

Here are some ways to reduce the effects of plant toxins on people and animals:

Store the plants out of reach from children or animals, in rooms where neither those nor others can penetrate.

Regularly maintain the vital activity of the plant, watch it and clean the garbage and dust on time.

Be sure to find out whether the flower is toxic when it is purchased.

Be sure to wear gloves while working with flowers and be sure to wash your hands after any manipulations with plants.

When contacting with a plant, in no case can you damage your eyes or comb skin cover.

Cut off the plants so that children and pets could not gain access to hanging vines and branches. Well-groomed and on time, cropped plants will reward you with complete foliage, which cleans the air.

Do not forget that plants can be dangerous for pets. Highly hang them on the porch.

Always leave fresh water for pets so that they do not have a temptation to drink water from plant pallets. Water from under plants can be very toxic.

To cats do not receive access to plants, use special suspended cells to protect flower Gorshkov. Cells provide additional protection against plants, as well as used as an additional decor, visually decorating the room.

Additional safety tips:

Any manipulations with soil and plants, when there are no children or animals in proximity.

Regularly check the plants for the presence of insects and pests.

Check the pots and the soil regularly on the formation of fungus and mold.

Replace broken or cracked pots. This is especially important when we are talking About plastic pots.

Make sure the hanging baskets are strong enough to maintain the weight of the plant.

Do not place curly plants with assholes in the affordable proximity to children and animals. A child or pet can pull the plant from the shelf, just pulling the mustache or vine.

Make sure that the shelves or ceiling hooks on which plants are placed quite strong to withstand its weight.

And last: of course, pay attention to the one in your family allergies. After all, some plants harmless to most people can be a slowdown bomb for those who suffer from asthma or allergies.

The most direct and tangible form of animal influence on plants - the consumption of vegetable mass in food. At the beginning of any trophic chain (for very rare exceptions ") there is a green autotrophop plant, the creator of the organic matter. Green plants represent the first trophic level - the primary producers of the organic matter, due to which the organisms of the second trophic level live - phytophages (animals, microorganisms, and In some cases and plants). Several specific examples of trophic chains (in more complex cases - trophic networks) are shown in Fig. 175.
Purbitating animals are usually powered by certain plants: or one species (monophages), or a group of close species (oligophages). It is less common in phytophages of multicron (polyphagi). Among the phytophages there are large animals that consume large amounts of plant mass. Adult elk in the summer eats up to 30-40 kg of diverse vegetation food, in winter - about 10 kg of shoots and bark, every day there is about 300-400 trees and shrubs. In the list of his feed growing
1 example - trophic chains in the ecosystems on the ocean die, where some bacteria play the role of the autotrophic link.

sunlight

Seaweed
) F.
Animals feed on algae and bacteria
L.
Animals feed on other animals
L.
Animals feed on Detrait I I I
Nutritious salts
t.
- Bacteria
4 corpses || and excis
1

Bottom sediments
Fig. 175. Examples of food chains in ecosystems (simplified schemes). A - in the Oak Forest (on Raffes P. M., 1968); B - in the pond (according to Zenkevich L. A., 1956)

- Aspen, Rowan, Birch, different kinds Yves, alder gray, juniper, etc. In the Leningrad region, from species of invented vegetation cover (grass, shrubs, moss, mushrooms) in the food diet of the moose includes more than 100 species, roeble - more than 130, noble deer - 170. Elos not only Eats phytomass, but causes plants and other damage: united and damaged branches and stems dry out; Broken and bent sals of the village in winter are becoming available to other animals-phytopham (hares, pools). Plant food consumes other large animals - deers, bears, boars, hares, etc. They prefer young branches of trees and shrubs ("branch food") as the most accessible and having the greatest feed value. For plants, these damage means the loss of the most important growing parts, a decrease in growth, a change in the direction of growth and branching; In other words, animals act on plants and as a forming factor (Fig. 176).
Consume phytomass and many birds. In our country, birds eat seeds more than 270 species of wood and shrub breeds. Especially intensive seed fighters - Klezti, Keedrovka, Large-Morked Woodpecker, Soyuch, Drozda, and others. According to zoologists, in some types of southern taiga (Kalininskaya region) by the time of the suture of seeds (the end of winter - the beginning of spring) on \u200b\u200bthe trees remains no more than one A third of the initial crop, the rest is destroyed, knocking down or disappear of the chests and woodpeckers (partly proteins). Birds eat green parts of plants: so, an ordinary degrahar, eating in winter pine (or cedar) jealous, eats it in a month more than 6 kg. Kidney deciduous trees And shrubs in large quantities eat in winter TETEREV, rumbers, white partridges. In some cases, this affects the nature of branching and forms a peculiar architectonics of the crown (Fig. 177).
Small animals-phytophages, for example peer-shaped rodentsEnsure relatively small amounts of phytomass per person, but thanks to the numerous populations, their activities are generally very sensible for vegetation. According to experimental data, the mouse (or forestry) per day can eat from 470 to 1400 seeds ate. Considering the high number of miserable rodents, you can imagine what quantities of seeds they destroy during the year. This activity is significantly affected by the resumption of plants. It is not found that it is noted that in the taiga, the young teen ate usually appears only in the years of the abundant yield of seeds, which rodents and other consumers of seeds cannot destroy completely. Vegetative parts of the plants are also eaten by miserable rodents in the mass: so, in the Tula region, the ordinary wheel destroys in some years to cuttings up to 70% of the young teenager Ilma, maple, oak and other tree species.
Very numerous, common and variety of consumers of plants - insects. So, tree breeds damage

I 1 1 i 1-І L_L i i i | i i L_L i L-
about
b-L.I.
35 years
5 10 15 20 25 30

Fig. 176. The influence of damage to the birch and larch by Zaitrakyk, on the growth of young trees in height (according to Dieneman L. G., 1959). Birchs: / - intact, 2, 3 and 4 - with a one-time, threefoldly n fourfold echo vertex escape. Lastsyintsy: 5 - intact, b and 7 - with one-fold and twofly engaged vertex escape

Fig. 177. The effect of a stone muffler on the architectonics of the crown of larch (according to the intermane A. A., 1957).
A - untouched crown; B I'm in - crowns, "trimged" dehakhare
they are given by various specialized insect groups:, leaf-making, void (xylophages), sucking juice and others. The special group is insects and ticks - Gallo- Educationals: along with power, their action on the plant is that they cause the growth of plant tissues in the form of gallins and other teratologic formations (Fig. 178), i.e.


Fig. 178. Galla on the leaves (by Strasburger E. et al., 1962). A - rose-rosa sapіpa; B - Beech - Fagus Sylvatica
separate part of photosynthesis products (sometimes quite significant) by other ways, unproductive for the plant itself.
Other invertebrate phytophages (ticks, nematodes, simplest, etc.) are taken greatly involved in the consumption of vegetable mass.
The role of aquatic animals is great (from zooplankton to large marine mammals) in the consumption of vegetation of rivers, freshwater reservoirs, seas and oceans. Known huge amounts of phytoplankton eaten by whales.
Types of plants often damage to animals-phytophages have certain protective devices and reactions. Durable coating and mechanical fabrics, various kinds of grown, spines, omitting, etc., etc. are protected against eating, etc. The growth of thistle and other spillable non-quadurbation species is evidence of the effectiveness of such protection. As special studies have shown on pastures of Central Asia, protective formations that protect fruits and seeds protected from eating (spiny grows, spikes, etc.) are especially developed among annuals. This is understandable, because for annuals reliable protection Seed serves as a key to the continuation of the existence of the view.
The protective reactions of plants include their ability to quickly restore losses. Thus, V.Lesosphery Dubravaes during the years of mass outbreaks of the oak leaflet, almost completely eating foliage, in many trees in the middle of the summer, they touch the kidney growth, laid for next year, and develops new foliage (sometimes this process is repeated again at the end of summer) . W. herbatous species The growing rust of the vegetative organs after their booming is widespread. In general, the formation of redundant phytomass is one of the main ways to protect the plant from sheet-raising insects, semences and other phytophages. Another protective reaction is an increase in the photosynthetic activity of the leaves remaining unseasoned, which allows plants to preserve the overall productivity of photosynthesis.
Local ways to eliminate damage - the formation of protective tissues (calls), the release of resins and gums; This is simultaneously a "bandage" of wounds, and a way to protect against further penetration of pests: so, many insects are knocked out in resins, for others they are toxic. There are also very specific protective fixtures of plants against animal phytophage: for example, in seaweed - the deposition of lime, the presence in the development cycle of microscopic and endolytic (living inside the solid substrate) stages; However, the same features help to transfer other adverse effects of the marine environment (storms, surf, and T. D.).
The protective property can be the biochemical unusability of plant tissues for phytophaga. Some of the "secondary" chemical compounds produced by the plant, which are not directly involved in its metabolism, are poisonous or disconnecting (repellents). A number of alkaloids, glucosides and other toxic substances give plants bitter or unpleasant taste. There are cases of peculiar mimicrys on this: some edible plants In the process of natural selection, there was an appearance, smell and taste of poisonous species as a means of protection against eating. Sometimes poisonous properties are manifested only for the most important segment for plants; For example, on the Central Asian pastures of the sheep almost do not eat annual units and wormwood at the beginning of the vegetation (before the formation of seeds), since at this time the plants contain many alkaloids; After fruiting, the same species become quite edible.
The listed features provide plants with relative resistance to eating animals. Protective properties and reactions in plants indicate not the unilateral influence of animals, but on the interaction of animal-phytophage and plants as one of the forms of biotic bonds in ecosystems. Populations of plants usually have a sufficient reserve of resistance to eating animals; As a result of the joint evolution of animal-phytophage and plants, their relationships are balanced in such a way that phytofag does not destroy the type of plant that serves as a source of existence.
However, there are cases of an equilibrium impairment, when a massive flash of the reproduction of phytophaga leads to the death of the forage plant population and, as a rule, to the change of plant community. So in 1965-1966 in Northern Finland (Lapland) Caterpillars Oporitiia Autumnata completely devastated birch forests from birch of winding - Betula Tortuosa on a large area (about 1350 km2); Subsequently, the secondary tundra developed in their place.
It is appropriate to ask a question: Does the eating phytophage introduce an unfavorable factor in the life of plants and is it possible to identify it with "damage", "harm", "harmful influences" (these terms are often used when describing the action on plants of individual groups of phytophages - some animals, birds and especially insects). These terms are quite legitimate in an economic aspect when it comes to business-valuable plants (for example, forest tree rocks). They are also justified from an autoecological point of view (if we consider the disorder of the integrity of the plant or the more her death as an output beyond optimal conditions) and - partly-with population-ecological (if they keep in mind the adverse effects of reducing the number of populations). However, at the level of the ecosystem of the evaluation of "harm" to a large extent, the meaning is significantly losing: each component of the ecosystem occupies its place and performs its work, and animals-phytophages are one of the natural strokes of the energy flow and the cycle of substances. Therefore, the consumption of plants into food phytophages is unlikely to be considered only as an unfavorable factor in the life of plants. Moreover, the phenomena that are familiar to as unwanted, at the ecosystem level may be contributing to the intensification of the general biological circulation. Thus, with massive outbreaks of breeding insect pests in the forests and eating them of large quantities of foliage, mineralization is sharply accelerated (and therefore return to the biological cycle) of the organic matter entering the soil: organic remnants that have passed through the digestive tract of insects, decompany more than rather rather than Leaves in the litter.
An important part of animal activities is also in the redistribution of organic residues on the territory; Without their participation, they would be distributed much less evenly.
The destruction and damage to the vegetable mass of animals occurs not only when it is directly used in food, but in other cases. One of them is the use of plants with a home appliance. It is known how large the use of vegetable material by the beabons during the construction of dams: they are lying large trees and cut off the bushes (in addition, some of the trees are cutting off and leave to stand on the root, condemning drying). Forest Mine-shaped rodents use herbaceous plants for soft sorcels. Bees-leaf megaches from the genus Megachile and others cut the mugs and ellipses from sheet plates to build asylum larvae, insect tubing

Fig. 179. Damage to the leaves in the house of housing insects (according to Fabre Zh- A, 1963) A - bee leaforesis; B - Zhukom-Tubber
rolling the leaves into the tube in which the larva develops (Fig. 179). These examples can be continued repeatedly.
Eating and other use of animals of vegetable mass is usually accompanied by mechanical effects - injury to plants (pulling, breakage, etc.). Not all broken or torn parts of the plants are eaten. An example of a very uneconomical use of phytomass represents an ondatra, feeding with coastal water plants: so, from cut plants (reed, reed, sources) it eats insignificantly small part, the rest of the plant dies. The damage caused by plants with mile-like rodents is not exhausted by eating the phytomass: the thumbnail or unloaded leaves and stems are dying, plants are used for the device "feed tables", on which not all plants are eaten. Leaf-racing insects leave from the leaf of the scraper, which then dry out.
Great influence on the plants is rendered by animals (boars, earthlows, miserable rodents, soil invertebrates). In the forests, the number of alone alone and miserable rodents can reach several hundred per hectare. Effect of excavation on. Plants are the burial of the aboveground parts under the emissions of the soil, and the direct destruction of underground basic organs, and damage to the root systems, often leading to the drying of the plant, and the change in the structure of the soil and its environmental modes.
Such forms of animal influence on the soil, as a sealing of surface layers, the destruction of the litter and the breaking of the turf, the enrichment of organic residues, etc. At the same time, the disruption of the fatties of the forest bedding contributes to the seed resumption of plants; In places of boarsh pores, self-sackers appear in the mass and root Porosl Trees and shrubs.
An example of various direct and indirect animal influences on plants is such a complex form of impact as a grazing of livestock (which partly can be considered as an anthropogenic effect, since it is organized and sent by a person). The eating of plants with cattle does not only lead to the destruction of plant mass; As a result of selective eating the most preferred species, the species composition and structure of pasture grass trains are significantly changed. Thus, with a strong pasture load, many valuable herbs fall out and, on the contrary, unpailed - poisonous, spiny, etc. grow. The advantage of pastures is obtained by plants, easily ending pulling, - with flutter growth, ability to root the broken parts, sockets (for example , grazing pastures by the dehydrate, or bird buckwheat, - Polygonum Aviculare is the formation of the so-called "fat"). Separate species in the process of adaptation are capable of forming special pasture forms (low, sockets or melted on Earth). Examples are plantains, dandelions, etc.
Other consequences of grazing - fertilizer and separation of the Dernin, promoting the normal resumption of plants.
The effect of grazing is associated not only with human economic activity. Long before the development of South Russian steppes, a huge herd of wild ungulates passed there - antelope, Tarpanov. It is believed that this factor played a significant role in the formation of steppe vegetation, as well as huge herds of bison - in the formation of the vegetation cover of North American prairies. This is evidenced by many years of experiences conducted in the steppe reserve "Askania Nova". Steppe felt accumulated on fence and unseasonable areas, worsened water mode And the soil aeration, which led to a difficult renewal and falling at first, and then other characteristic and valuable steppe plants and, finally, to the degradation of steppe herbs. Obviously, the grazing in small doses is a natural and necessary factor that supports the existence of a step * nois.
But when pastures overload, gradual vegetation degradation occurs. Its different stages are well traced in space in the form of ring zones around steppe wells and waterproofs.
Vegetation and in this case can play an indicator role, indicating a different degree of pasture load. So, with an excessive grazing ("failure"), "Astricted" plants begin to prevail in the grass meadows - Speert, Mattik Lugovoy - Roa Pratense. In the steppes such plants are bulky bulb - P. Bulbosa, Tatarskaya Swan - Atriplex Tatarica, Rograwannik. In the tundra with excessive use of lichen cover, deer drops down slowly growing lichens, and the tundras become moss.
The excessive grazing in the steppe zone contributes to the degradation of steppe herbs and promotion to the north of southerpiece and semi-desert plants. Thus, for 150-180 years of the existence of a Cherdish equestrian plant (Lugansk region) in areas subjected to intensive grazing and run of horses, the varnopling steppe was changed by semi-desert groups, where annuals appeared (for example, Elek - CeratoCarpus Arenarius, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich as a result significantly advanced to the north).
The role of animals in pollination of the growing and th is widely known. Insect pollination - entomophilia - contributed to the development of a number of thin fixtures in plants and insects, repeatedly described in special and popular literature. We mention here about such interesting adaptations of entomophilic flowers, as patterns that form "way threads" to neckers and stamens (often visible only in ultraviolet rays available for insects); The difference in the color of the flowers before and after pollination (for example, the medusers are especially attractive for insects just blossomed pink flowers containing many nectar, and already pollinated or fading flowers acquire a lilac and blue color); Synchronization of daily rhythms of revealing the whin and the selection of nectar with the rhythms of the activity of pollinators; Features of the structure of the bunny and stamens, providing an error-free hitting of pollen on the body of the insect, and from it - on the straight of another flower; and so on. There are numerous examples of flowers, "calculated" to the image of a certain pollinator. One of them represent the coolet flowers - Asarum Eygoraite, pollinated by ants and, accordingly, not rising from under the forest litter.
At the same time, in conditions unfavorable for insects, sometimes the secondary loss of entomophilia occurs. So, under the canopy of dark taiga, many plants with entomophilic in the structure of flowers due to lack of pollinators go to the braiding, autogamy or vegetative reproduction.


Fig. 180. Fruits of episohore plant, equipped with hooks and trailers (by Herschel K-, Grunert CH., 1958): A-Caucalis
lappula;

- Harpagophijton Procumbens.

Poultry (Jav-Lt; ornithophilia) take part in pollination of plants. In the tropical and subtropical areas of the southern hemisphere about 2000 species of birds pollinated flowers in search of nectar or catching insects hiding in the wrenches. The most famous pollinators - nektar

Fig. 181. Plants with endosochorous fruits spread by birds.
A - Rhamnus Franguta; B - EUONYMUS EUROPAEA; In - E. Verrucosa
(Africa, South Asia, Australia) and Hummingbird (South America). In the latter case, the birds make up significant competition in the insects: in the areas of large spreading of the hummingbird, the world of insects are much poorer, and some butterflies instead of nutrition nectar and pollen moved to nutrition with rotting garbage.
Flowers of ornithophilic plants are large, bright. Bright red color prevails, the most attractive for hummingbirds and other birds. Follow
it is generally quite a bit spread in a vegetable world for a number of causes of physicochemical. It is very rare in moderate and northern latitudes, where pollinators are insects, poorly distinguishing red shades, and where therefore such a painting could not be fixed with the selection. Ornito-film flowers contain many nectar. For example, Australian plants from the kind of Dorianthe in each flower contain several milliliters of nectar. Some ornithophilic flowers exist special protective devices that do not give the nectar to pour when the flower moves.
A much more rare case of zoogami (animal pollination) is pollinating flowers in mammals. Australian shrubs from the kind of Driandra are pollinated by kangaroo, which willingly drink their abundant nectar, moving from the flower to the flower. Other pollinators of the Australian plants are the silent letters, sucking nectar from eucalyptus flowers, sony's sony, a narrow-colored healing (or "honey mouse"), "volatile dogs", which hunt insects, nights in the wrenches of flowers. In the forests of Africa and South America in the role of women's pollinators



Fig. 181. Continuation
the rocks are small bats naks. As an adaptation to such unusual pollinkers, plants developed such peculiar features like blossom to dissolve leaves, flowers with a wide bell-haired currency (during pollination by night animals it is revealed at night), a sharp smell, nectar mucus.
Animals play an important role in the distribution of procurement of plants - fruits, seeds, dispute. ZOOOHORIA phenomenon has certain environmental patterns and expressed differentlyDepending on the habitat of the plant and the nature of its contacts with the animal-carrier. Plants of open seats are more often formed by episoochore seeds and fruits, wide on the surface of the body of the animal, and in accordance with this, fruits and seeds have different fixtures for consolidation and retention (hooks, grows, bars, etc.), for example, lops are large and cute - Arctium Lappa, A. Tomentosum, Velcro ordinary- Lappula Myosotis, etc. (Fig. 180). Some species (for example, near the ground - TRIBULUS Terrestris or South African Plant - Harpagophyton Procumbens) are developed sharp spikes that belong to the legs of animals (Fig. 180, B).
In the shrub of the yarus of the forests, where many birds live, endosochorous species, whose fruits and seeds have a bright color, attracting the birds with a juicy octoplodnik (Fig. 181) and therefore will be eagerly eaten and spread by birds. These are the fruits of forest shrubs - eaves, hawthorn, rosehip. A dense mechanical tissue protects seeds from damage when they pass the digestive tract of animals. Often the digestive juices of birds or animals digest endosperm endosochoreous seeds, but do not act on their embryos. Moreover, there are plants (for example, among the family of the Aralion Far East), in which the embryo fading seeds will underdese and regenerates at a temperature of about 40 "° C, which corresponds to the temperature of the stomach of birds.
By entering the berries and fruits, we will share the root and vegetative animals, and even predators (though, at a relatively short distance). One of the ways of spreading fruits and seeds - transfer them to animals and birds with the "storage room" device for the winter (usually these reserves are not completely exterminated). So, the jokes are not only powered by acorns, but also arrange reserves, quite far away the fruits in esophages. For example, in Lysinsky Leschoz (Leningrad region) in the spruce forest 1-3 km from the old Dubov, a young people of Dubkov is found - obviously from the acorns listed in the spruce constantly flying there with jokes. The inhabitant of the Siberian Taiga - a cedigrov bird - hides "cedar nuts" in their storerooms in MCU and under the litter, sometimes at a distance of hundreds of meters and even several kilometers from the collection site. Make reserves and small animals - proteins, mice, etc. In Norah, the chipmuncture was found up to 5 kg of "cedar nuts". The size of the polar-imaginary rodent activity was determined in the laboratory, so, in one of the experiments, a couple of mice had accumulated 45 thousand beech nuts with a total weight of about 9 kg. Interestingly, rodents are inhabited by intact, selected (i.e. and the most nric) seeds.

Fig. 182. Galler Crested Seeds - Corydalis Halleri with elaidosums

In the herbal cover of forests, many plants whose seeds are spread with ants and have appropriate devices. Such species were called Mirmekochorny, and the phenomenon itself - Mirmekochoria. Many Forest Herbs (Kopyten - Asarum Eygoraite, Crested - Corydalis Halieri, Prolesta - Scilia Sibirica, Goose Bow - Gagea Lutea. Different types of violets, etc.) have on seeds rich in oil growth - preyeds, or "ant bodies" (elaiaosome), which serve for ants bait (Fig. 182). Maryannica Dubravnaya - MELAMPYRUM Pedorosum White oblong seeds in shape resemble ant cocoons, and ants are dragging them into an anthill, and then the same seeds, but already darkened and ripened, throw away during cleaning. The seeds with eaten designers are also thrown away. Seeds of some species (dandelion, brews, larch) ants are used as a material for the construction of anthills (but some of them are dropped along the way).
As a result, ants can remove seeds from a maternal plant for a distance of several tens of meters. Another form of Mirmekochoriya is the resettlement of anti-leaf robes of the mushroom, which they are bred in their nests.

Entering the various plant communities, it is often very difficult organized, the plants are experiencing diverse influences of neighboring plants and affect the coators themselves. Molds of mutual influences are very diverse and depend on the method and degree of contacts of plants, conductors of influences, etc. From different classifications of the forms of relationships in Soviet literature, the classification of V. N. Sukacheva is most commonly used (given in general).
The main forms of relations between plants (according to Sukachev V. N., Delisu N. V., and others, 1964)

C02, H20, light

Fig. 187. The scheme of the participation of mushrooms in the carbon cycle in the ecosystem (by Her- Ley J., 1971). The left side is a symbiotic cycle with the direct use of photosynthesis products, the right side is the decomposition cycle

Cm.


28g
26
24
22
20
16
16
14
12
10
6

Man and nature are in an inseparable connection. In the process of its vital activity, a person uses what is part of the plant world. Every day we eat fruits, vegetables, meat. Don't forget about industrial productionthat uses trees (construction, furniture industry) as resources.

It is also possible to evaluate how animals affect plants. Animal world Diverse, its representatives affect the vegetation world in different ways. Some insects, such as caterpillars, ants can cause damage to a whole forest. Caterpillars are able to leave the tree absolutely without leaves. The larvae of the May beetle feed on the roots of plants, thereby lick them. But on the other hand, you can see the positive effect of insects on vegetation. For example, the process of pollination or transfer of seeds is the merit of butterflies, bumblebees, bees. Although the wind also takes part in this, but insects are definitely contributed to its contribution. Ants when building their homes, involuntarily become seed carriers. Birds are able to transfer seeds over long distances, it is not worthwhile to be wondering if the tree grows in the area unusual for it.

How the plants adapt to external conditions In different latitudes of our immense homeland? In the process of the evolution of the plant "learned" to adapt to different weather, climatic conditions. This affected their appearance. So for example, in places with a hot climate in plants, small leaves. How did the plants with spiny appear? It all happened due to the process of evolution. The sheet was transformed into a barley due to lack of moisture. Delivery of leaves is one of the ways to survive for the plant. No leaves - no life, all processes are freezing, the tree goes into the hibernation. In hot areas, low-spirited plants are preferably growing, because a lot of moisture is required for a large developed stem. The frost-resistant plants have adapted to cold due to the increase in the content of sugars and other substances that prevent dehydration.

How does a person use plants in his vital activity? Reading books, buying products from leather, some and do not guess that all these products of the plant world. Russia - the richest country Not only in natural reserves, but also in a variety of vegetation. Mossi, lichens, almost all kinds of deciduous trees - all this heritage can be seen on the expanses of a huge country. All plants can be conditionally subdivided into species, depending on the applications. Some plants go to the harvesting of firewood and production building materialsOther are food products (vegetables, fruits), others are used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry (resin, dispatch), the fourth subspecies refers to animal feeds. Do not forget about plants that bloom in our windowsill. Their person uses in decorative purposes to please the eyes.

Animal world is one of the most important components. natural environment. Without it, the existence of our planet is impossible

Type of training session : Studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge

Didactic goal : Create conditions for awareness and understanding of the block of new educational information

Basic concepts -

Rough vegetable food. Pulling.

Main questions

1. What kind of herbivan animals do you know? How to adapt them

digestive system to nutrition in various organs of plants?

2. How are the pastures plants and hoofs grazing on it?

Picture the scheme of their interaction.

3. How animals affect their environment in places

water and recreation?

4. What damage causes insect plants?

Animals live among plants and have a great deal. a life. First of all, they use plants in food and such an image for themselves required substances and energy. Power sources for: are grass, and woody plants, and lichens. Food composition; Getative parts of plants - roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Vegetative parts of plants are gross vegetable food.

Singing the vegetative organs of plants, animals, naturally, change the state of the plants themselves, and the environment in which they grow. In response, damage to animals in plants developed their devices, allowing them to regenerate (restore) vegetative organs disturbed by animals. Therefore, damage to the plants does not lead them to death and they protect their ability to further increase the growth and integrity of the body.

Moving in search of food on the surface of the soil, animals are applied by plants first of all mechanical damage - climb stems, pull the herbs. The plants are especially damaged by the plants with hoofs when grasped when the animals are hung on their legs. However, perennial observations showed that the grazing of animals does not ruin pasture. When pulled out, the grain seeds are deeply pressed into the soil, as a result of which their germination improves. In addition, the pulling improves the conditions for the overloading of the parts of the plants and the supply of soil with nutrients.

It turned out that moderate pulling along with a delay conducive to development in the steppes of sustainable herbal cover. If the grazing is stopped, the steppes occurs a change in the vegetation cover, which is accompanied by a strong growing of the bunas.

Not passes the pulp and the rainforest. The vegetation of tropical forests in places of permanent movement or accumulation of elephants and hoofs are particularly strong. For example, African elephants, moving permanent paths to the places of waterproofs, significantly expand the fixed in the tropical forest, and where, where, together with the hoofs, they come to share, pulling herbal cover, break shrubs, lying in the mud. Such animals actions change markedly the appearance of the territories on which they live.

There are cases of sharp exposure to animals on vegetation, in which the type of terrain is irreversibly changed. So, the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean in the past was covered with forest. People who have mastered the island, there with goats. Wild and spreading, goats destroyed all the teen, sentences and herbs. The territory of the island has become flabless, open winds, fertile soil was washed away with tropical rains.

Fig. 1: 1 - types of damage to plants insects (A - "Mining", B-coagulation, in - Galla); 2 - masonry and larvae butterflies - cabbage on the leaves; 3 - larvae of the May Khrushche (in the soil near the roots).

On the leaves of many plants insects lay eggs. The caterpillars appeared subsequently from them feed on these leaves. Plant roots are also often damaged by pest animal larvae (Fig. 1).

There is also the opposite version of the food interaction of animals with plants: animals serve food objects for plants. In Russia, more than a dozen species of predatory plants are known - these are various Rosyanka living on sphagnous swamps, and water inhabitants - bubbles. The need for nutrition in the insects occurs in their insufficiency in the mineral substance medium, in particular containing nitrogen.

Information sources:Ecology of animals. Handbook for students7 Class of general education school V.G. Babenko; D.V. Bogomolov; et al. 2002.-128С.il .