Coat of arms of the principality. The arms of the ancient Russian cities - the Golden Ring - - the items of Soviet life

The history of the coat of arms of Russia since the days of the Dnieper Slavs for our day. George Victorious, Double Eagle, Soviet coat of arms. Changes in the coat of arms. 22 images

In ancient rus As such an archer, of course, was not yet. The Slavs in the VI-VIII centuries of our era have existed intricate ornaments, symbolizing one or another territory. The scientists learned about this thanks to the study of burials, some of which survived fragments of female and men's clothing with embroidery.

In times of Kievan Rusthe great princes existed their princely seals, which were placed the images of the attacking falcon - the generic sign of Rurikovich.

In Vladimir Rusat the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavlich Nevsky on the prince of printing appears George Victoriouswith a spear. Subsequently, this sign of the speaker appears on the front side of the coin (penny) and it can already be considered the first real full-fledged coat of arms of Russia.

In Moscow Rus, under Ivan III, combined with a dynastic marriage with a niece of the last Byzantine emperor Sofia Paleologist, an image appears double-headed Byzantine Eagle. At the royal seal of Ivan III Georgy Victorious and a double-headed eagle are depicted on an equal footing. Grand permanent seal of Ivan III, in 1497, in 1497, his "Menovoi and the undertaking" diploma on land ownership of specific princes. From this point on, the double-headed eagle becomes the state coat of arms of our country.

The time of the rule of the Grand Prince Ivan III (1462-1505) is the most important stage in the folding of a single Russian state. Ivan III It was possible to finally eliminate the dependence on the Golden Horde, reflecting in 1480 the campaign of Mongolian Khan against Moscow. The Great Principality of Moscow includes Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Tver, Perm lands. The country has become actively developing connections with other European countries, its foreign policy has strengthened. In 1497, the first communional judiciary was adopted - a single set of laws of the country. At the same time, the images of an agitated double-headed eagle on the red field appeared on the walls of the Pomegranate Chamber in the Kremlin.

Mid XVI century

Since 1539, the type of eagle is changing on the seal of the Grand Duke Moskovsky. In the era of Ivan the Terrible on Golden Bulle ( state seal) 1562 In the center of the two-headed eagle, the image of George Victorious - one of the oldest symbols of the Prince of Power in Russia appeared. Georgy Victorious is placed in a shield on a breast of a double-headed eagle, crowned with one or two crowns, crowned cross.

End of XVI - the beginning of the XVII centuries

In the rule of the king Fyodor Ivanovich between the crowned heads of the two-headed eagle, the sign of the Passion of Christ is the Calval Cross. The cross on state press was a symbol of Orthodoxy, giving a religious color to the emblem of state. The appearance of the Calval Cross in the coat of arms of Russia coincides with the time of approval in 1589 of the patriarchate and the church independence of Russia.

In the XVII century, the Orthodox Cross was often portrayed on Russian banners. Banners of foreign regiments who were part of Russian troops had their own emblems and inscriptions; However, they were also placed on the Orthodox cross, which indicated that the regiment fighting under this banner serves as an Orthodox state. Until the middle of the XVII century, a seal was widely used, on which a double-headed eagle with George Victorious on his chest was crowned with two crowns, and the Orthodox eight-pointed cross rummaged between the head of the eagle.

XVII century.

It ended the troubled time, Russia reflected claims to the throne of the Polish and Swedish dynasties. Numerous impostors were defeated, dried up in the country of the uprising. From 1613, by decision of the Zemstvo Cathedral, the Romanov Dynasty began to rule in Russia. With the first king of this dynasty - Mikhail Fedorovich - the state emblem changes somewhat. In 1625, for the first time, a double-headed eagle is depicted Under three crowns. In 1645, during the second king of the dynasty - Alexei Mikhailovic - the first large state seal appeared, on which the two-headed eagle with Georgy Victorious on his chest was crowned with three crowns. From this time, this type of image was constantly used.

The next stage of changes in the state coat of arms came after Pereyaslavskaya Rada, the entry of Ukraine to the Russian state. To the humble diploma of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Bogdan Khmelnitsky dated March 27, 1654, there was a press on March 27, 1654, on which the two-headed eagle under three crowns is depicted holding the symbols of power to the claws: Skiptere and power.

From this moment the eagle began to portray with raised wings .

In 1654, a wrought double-headed eagle was installed on the spire of the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin.

In 1663, for the first time in Russian history, the Bible came out from under the printed machine in Moscow - the main book of Christianity. It was not by chance that the state coat of arms of Russia was depicted in it and his poetic "explanation" was given:

Three crowns Easter Easter shines,

Faith, hope, love for God is

Wings stepper, the volume of all the end of the end,

North South, from east already to the west of the sun

Speed \u200b\u200bwings are good covers.

In 1667, after a long war of Russia with Poland because of Ukraine, Andrusovsky truce was concluded. To fasten this contract, a large seal with a double-headed eagle was made under the three crowns, with a shield with george on the chest, with a scepter and power in the paws.

Petrovsky Time

During the reign of Peter I, the State Heraldik of Russia entered a new emblem - the Order Chain of the Order of St. Apostle Andrei First-Called. This Order, approved by Peter in 1698, became the first in the system of the highest state awards of Russia. The Holy Apostle Andrey is the first-surveyn, one of the heavenly cartridges of Peter Alekseevich, was announced by the patron saint of Russia.

The Blue Skit Andreevsky Cross becomes the main element of the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and the Symbol of the Navy of Russia. Since 1699, images of a double-headed eagle are found, surrounded by chain with the sign of Andreevsky Order. And next year, the Andreev Order is placed on the Orel, around the shield with a rider.

It should be noted that from 1710 (for a decade earlier than Peter I was proclaimed by the emperor (1721), and Russia - the Empire) - Above the Eagle began to portray imperial crowns.

From the first quarter of the XVIII century, the colors of the double-headed eagle became brown (natural) or black.

Epoch of palace coups, Catherine time

By decree of Empress Catherine I dated March 11, 1726, the description of the emblem was fixed: "The eagle is black with open wings, in the yellow field, on him Georgy Victorious in the Red Field." Empress Anna Joanovna in 1736 invited the Swiss engraver, who by 1740 engraved state seal by 1740. The central part of the matrix of this press depicting a double-headed eagle was used to 1856. Thus, the type of double-headed eagle on state press remained unchanged over a hundred years. Ekaterina Great did not make changes to the state coat of arms, preferring to maintain continuity and traditionalism.

Pavel First

Emperor Paul I decree dated April 5, 1797 allowed the members of the imperial surname to use the image of a double-headed eagle as its coat.

In a short time, the reign of Emperor Paul I (1796-1801) Russia was active foreign Policy, Faced with a new opponent for himself - Napoleonic France. After the French troops occupied the Mediterranean Island Malta, Paul I took the Maltese Order for his patronage, becoming a grandmaster of the Order. On August 10, 1799, Paul I signed a decree on the inclusion of the Maltese cross and crowns in the state coat of arms. At the chest of an eagle under the Maltese crown, a shield was located with Saint George (Paul interpreted him as a "indigenous coat of arms of Russia"), imposed on the Maltese cross.

Paul I did try to introduce a complete coat of arms Russian Empire. On December 16, 1800, he signed a manifesto, which described this complex project. In a multipolous shield and nine small shields were placed forty-three coat of arms. The center contained the above-described coat of arms in the form of a double-headed eagle with the Maltese cross, greater than the remaining size. The shield with the coat of arms is imposed on the Maltese cross, and under it again appeared the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Shield holders, Archangels Mikhail and Gabriel, support the imperial crown over the knightly helmet and an informance (cloak). The entire composition is placed on the background of the seen-mantle with a dome - a heraldic sovereignty symbol. Because of the shield with coat of arms, there are two standards with double-headed and one-eyed eagles. This project was not finally approved.

Soon after joining the throne, Emperor Alexander I decree dated April 26, 1801, the Maltese cross and the crown from the coat of arms of Russia was removed from April 26, 1801.

First half of the XIX century

The images of the double-headed eagle at this time are very diverse: it could have one and, and three crowns; In the paws - not only who have already become traditional scepter and the power, but also a wreath, lightning (Peruns), torch. Differently depicted the wings of an eagle - raised, omitted, painted. To a certain extent, the Eagle's image was influenced by the then European Fashion, Total For Ampire's Epoch.

Under Emperor, Nicolae Pavlovic first officially enshrined the simultaneous existence of two types of state eagle.

The first type is an eagle with straightened wings, under one crown, with the image of St. George on the chest and with a scepter and power in the paws. The second type was an eagle with raised wings, which showed title emblems: on the right - Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian, on the left - Polish, Tavrichesky, Finland. For some time there was going and another version - with the coat of arms of the three "main" Old Russian Great Principles (Kiev, Vladimir and Novgorod Land) and the three kingdoms - Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian. The eagle under the three crowns, with Holy George (as the coat of arms of the Grand District of Moscow) in a breast panel, with a chain of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, with a scepter and power in the paws.

Middle of the XIX century

In 1855-1857, during the heraldic reform, the type of state eagle was changed under the influence of Germanic samples. At the same time, Holy George on the eagle's chest in accordance with the rules of Western European heraldry began to look left. Drawing of a small coat of arms of Russia, filled with Alexander Fadeev, was highly approved on December 8, 1856. This variant of the coat of arms differed from previous not only by the image of an eagle, but also the number of "titular" coat of arms on the wings. At the right, shields with the coat of arms of Kazan, Poland, Chersonesos of the Tauride and the United Coat of Arms of the Grand Principles (Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod) were placed on the left - shields with the coat of arms of Astrakhan, Siberia, Georgia, Finland.

On April 11, 1857, the highest statement of the entire set of state coats was followed. It includes: large, medium and small, coat of arms of the imperial surname, as well as "title" coat of arms. At the same time, drawings of large, medium and small state seals, arks (cases) for seals, as well as seals of the main and lower present places and faces were approved. In total, one act was approved by a hundred ten drawings. On May 31, 1857, the Senate published a decree describing the new coat of arms and the norms of their use.

Large state coat of arms of 1882.

On July 24, 1882, Emperor Alexander III approved the drawing of a large coat of arms of the Russian Empire, on which the composition was preserved, but the details were changed, in particular the figures of the Archangels. In addition, the imperial crowns began to depict the actual diamond crowns used in the coronation.

Finally, the drawing of a large coat of arms of the empire was approved on November 3, 1882, when the coat of arms added the coat of arms of Turkestan.

Small state coat of arms of 1883

On February 23, 1883, medium and two options for small coat of arms were approved. In January 1895, it was highly dealt with a drawing of the State Eagle, performed by Academician A. Charlemaham.

Last time Act - "Basic provisions state Device The Russian Empire "1906 - confirmed all previous rules concerning the state coat of arms.

State Arms Temporary Government

After the February Revolution of 1917, Masonic organizations received power in Russia, which have formed their temporary government and, among other things, the Commission for the preparation of the new coat of arms of Russia. One of the leading artists in the commission was N. K. Rerich (he same Sergey Macranovsky), a famous Mason, subsequently decorated with Masonic symbolism also the design of the American dollar. The masons plucked the coat of arms and deprived of his milestone attributes - the crown, the scepter, the power, the wings of the Eagle were fond of falling down, which symbolized the humility of the Russian state to Masonic designs .. Subsequently, after the victory of the August 1991 revolution, when the Masons felt the strength, a double-headed eagle again Adopted in February 1917 should have become the official coat of arms of Russia again. Masons managed to even post an image of their eagle on an obverse of modern Russian coins, where it can be seen to this day. An eagle image, the sample of February 1917, continued to use as official and after the October Revolution, until the adoption of the new Soviet coat of arms on July 24, 1918.

State coat of arms of the RSFSR 1918-1993.

In the summer of 1918 soviet government Finally decided to break with the historical symbolism of Russia, and the new Constitution adopted on July 10, 1918 proclaimed not ancient Byzantine, but political, party symbols: a double-headed eagle was replaced by a red shield, which depressed crossed sickle and hammer and hammer and rising Sun as a change mark. Since 1920, the abbreviated name of the State - RSFSR has been placed at the top on the shield. Shield Okalimali wheat earsfixed with a red ribbon with the inscription "Proletarians of all countries, connect." Later, this image of the coat of arms was approved in the RSFSR Constitution.

60 years later, in the spring of 1978, the military star, which took part of the coat of arms of the USSR for this time, entered the emblem of the RSFSR.

In 1992, the latest change in the coat of arms came into force: the abbreviation over the sickle and the hammer was replaced by the inscription "Russian Federation". But this decision was almost not fulfilled, because the Soviet coat of arms with its party symbolism no longer matched political device Russia after the collapse of the one-party government system, the ideology of which he embodied.

State coat of arms of the USSR

After the formation of the SSR Union in 1924, the state coat of arms of the USSR was adopted. The historical essence of Russia as the powers crossed precisely to the USSR, and not to the RSFSR, who played a subordinate role, so it was the coat of arms of the USSR that the new coat of arms of Russia should be considered.

The Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the II Congress of Soviets on January 31, 1924, officially legalized the new coaches. At first he had three turns of the red ribbon on each half of the wreath. On each turn, the motto "Proletaria of all countries, join!" In Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, Turkic Tatar languages. In the mid-1930s, a turn was added to the motto on a Latinized Turkic, and the Russian version was moving to the central digestion.

In 1937, the number of mottos on the coat of arms reached 11. In 1946 - 16. In 1956, after the elimination of the sixteenth republic as part of the USSR, Karelian-Finnish, the motto at the Finnish language was removed from the coat of arms, until the end of the existence of the USSR, 15 tapes remained on the coat With the devises (one of them is the Russian version - on the central dument).

National emblem Russian Federation 1993.

On November 5, 1990, the Government of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the establishment of state coat of arms and the State Flag of the RSFSR. To organize this work, a government commission was created. After a comprehensive discussion, the Commission proposed to recommend the Government a white-blue-red flag and coat of arms - a golden double-headed eagle on a red field. The final recovery of these characters occurred in 1993, when the presidentials of the President B. Yeltsin were approved as public flags and coat of arms.

December 8, 2000 The State Duma Adopted the Federal Constitutional Law "On the State Arms of the Russian Federation". Which was approved by the Federation Council and signed by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on December 20, 2000.

Golden double-headed eagle on a red field retains historical continuity in color gamma The coat of arms of the end of the XV - XVII century. The drawing of an eagle dates back to images on the monuments of the era of Peter the Great. Over the heads of the eagle, three historical crowns of Peter the Great, symbolizing in the new conditions the sovereignty of both the entire Russian Federation and its parts, subjects of the Federation are depicted; In the paws - a scepter and power, personifying state power and a single state; On the chest - the image of the rider who affects the dragon's spear. This is one of the ancient symbols of the struggle of good with evil, lights with darkness, the protection of the fatherland.

Restoration of the two-headed eagle as the state coat of arms of Russia personifies the continuity and continuity domestic history. Today's coat of arms of Russia is a new coat of arms, but its constituent parts are deeply traditional; He reflects different stages Patriotic history, and continues them in the third millennium.

Russian civilization

She walked here, went, and found.

After someone from the dead old people, this set of icons was thrown away. Rightly whole in the cover. The cardboard cover, of course, was somewhat suffered, even a trace of someone's shoe is visible.
But the icons themselves are calens, even the hairpins will not bend.

If someone does not know (or forgot), the "Golden Ring" is a tourist route developed in Soviet times for cities with traditional Russian architecture, mostly 15-18 centuries (although somewhere there are more ancient buildings, and younger - If they are architecturally interesting). The architecture is represented by churches, monasteries, less often - boyars or merchant chambers, ancient fortifications (Kremlin) in different degrees of preservation. The "ring" was called this route because the city proposed for visiting is approximately annular around Moscow, in modern Moscow, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Tver, Kostroma and Yaroslavl regions. Classically, the Golden Ring includes eight cities: Sergiev Posad (from 1930 to 991 - Zagorsk), Pereslavl-Zalessky, Rostov Great, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Suzdal, Vladimir. Moscow is usually not included in the list of cities "Golden Ring", being the center of this ring.

The term himself appeared thanks to art historian and literary critic Yury Alexandrovich Bychkov, who in 1967 published in the newspaper "Soviet culture" the cycle of articles under the general heading "Golden Ring of Russia".

However, it was quite quickly clear that it was difficult to be limited to the named eight cities, since the ancient cities with an interesting story And the architecture is much more. So the "Advanced" list of the cities of the Golden Ring appeared, often discussed. The extended list includes the following cities and towns of Central Russia: Abramtsevo, Alexandrov, Bogolyubovo, Gorokhovets, Gus-Crystal, Dmitrov, Kalyazin, Kashin, Kideksha, Kineshma, Red-Volga, Murom, Myshkin, Nerekhta, Plee, Ples, Pokrov , Rybinsk, Tutaev, Uglich, Shuya, Yuryev-Polsky, Yuryevts. This list in different sources varies, it includes more, then less cities, and sometimes they have to significantly or interest in terms of history and tourism.

Another later appeared the concept of the "Great Golden Ring", which included more than hundreds of various cities and villages of Central Russia. Of course, it was impossible to accommodate all the cities of the Great Gold Ring in one route, respectively, a whole network of routes, various on the trip and saturation of its saturation. Trips were usually bus, different duration - from three to four to ten days.

With the collapse of the USSR, active tourist activity on the routes "Golden Ring" was almost over, the architectural monuments came into decline somewhere and even destroyed without care, and somewhere "restored" quickly and cheaper. However, travel agencies and now offer tours over the cities of the Golden Ring - both by the classic list of eight main cities and in separate areas.

And now it's time to go directly to the set of icons.

So the cover looks like the entire icons:

1. Moscow. The image of the coat of arms of Moscow is curious. This is not an image of the coat of arms of Moscow of Soviet times, but not the image of the pre-revolutionary variants of the coat of arms. Rather, it is a kind of free fantasy on the theme of the "Kopean" of ancient Russian coins or seals. Let me remind you, the city of Moscow in the classic list of the cities of the "Golden Ring" was not usually not included, being the "center" of this ring and the beginning of tourist routes:

2. Zagorsk (until 1930 and after 1991 - Sergiev Posad). City from the main list of the Golden Ring. The coat of arms is shown quite accurately, with a red field in the corner of the shield, it was supposed to be located the coat of arms of Moscow, as a sign of belonging to the Moscow province. However, on a small icon he is the coat of arms of Moscow indistinguishable:

3. Kineshma. City, usually included only in the list of "Big Golden Ring". Nowadays, it refers to the Ivanovo region, however, before the revolution was reflected in the Kostroma province, which was reflected in the coat of arms, a complained city in 1779: in the top of the shield there is a golden ship in the blue field (Kostroma coat of arms), and in the bottom - two convolutions The canvas, as a symbol of a linen manufactory that was available in the city:

4. Visnikov. Also included usually in the "Great Golden Ring". Now it is part of the Vladimir region, before the revolution, the Vladimir province. At the top of the coat of arms, the Golden Lion in the Red Field, in the bottom - the tree (elm) on the yellow field:

5. MUROM. Included in the "Advanced" list of the Golden Ring. City of the Vladimir region (province). In the emblem at the top again, Vladimir Lion in the Red Field, at the bottom of the shield - in the Lazorian field, three Kalach, "which the city is removed by remarkable":

6. Fleet. Included in the "Advanced" list of the Golden Ring. Now the city of Ivanovo region, before the revolution - the Kostroma province. At the top of the shield - the Kostroma Golden ship in the blue field, in the bottom - in silver (light gray) field of the river with a film, which gave the name of the city:

7. Rybinsk. Included in the "Advanced" list of the Golden Ring. City Yaroslavl region (province). At the top of the shield of the Golden Bear with a secretion in a red field (coat of arms of Yaroslavl), in the bottom - on the red field of the river with a pier and two sterling in the river. On the marina icon, something weakly guess:

8. Kostroma. City from the main list of the "Golden Ring". The city is the center of the Kostroma region, to the revolution - the Kostroma province. The coat of arms Kostroma was granted Catherine II in 1767. On the coat of arms in the Lazorian field, the golden gallery floating with silver crests - for the Empress arrived in Kostroma on the "Tver" gallery:

9. Shuya. The city now belongs to the Ivanovo region, previously belonged to the Vladimir province. Included in the "Advanced" list of the cities of the Golden Ring. The coat of arms - a split shield, at the top on the red field of the golden lion with a crown holding in the paws (coat of arms of Vladimir), in the bottom - in the Red field of the soap ram, in memory of the fact that soap field was the most ancient fishing of the city:

10. Yaroslavl. City from the main list of the Golden Ring. The coat of arms of the city is not quite true. Must be on a silver (gray) field a black bear, in the left paw holding a gold sequir (or protazan). However, the Bear is also depicted in gold:

11. Gorokhovets. City of the Vladimir region (province). Included in the "Advanced" list of the Golden Ring. The coat of arms - a split shield, at the top on the red field of the golden lion with a crown holding a cross in his paws (coat of arms Vladimir), in the bottom - in the golden field of pea sprouts on the poles:

12. Carpets. The city was usually included in the "Great Golden Ring", Vladimir region (and province). The coat of arms in the upper part contains the emblem of Vladimir, in the bottom - in a green field two silver hares with red eyes and languages. It is believed that the governor of Catherine II Count of Vorontsov quite appreciated the hunt in those edges:

13. Pereslavl-Zalessky. Included in the main list of the "Golden Ring". The city of Yaroslavl region, earlier - Vladimir province. The coat of arms in the upper part of the shield contains the coat of arms of the provincial city of Vladimir, in the bottom - two golde herring in the black field, as a sign that the smoking of herring was one of the noticeable urban crafts:

14. Vladimir. The city enters the main list of the Golden Ring. One of the most interesting and saturated cities of the rings. On the emblem Vladimir - in the Red Field of the Golden Lion, in the crown and with a cross in the paws. The lion was a generic sign of Vladimir-Suzdal Princes:

15. Alexandrov. City of the Vladimir region, earlier - province. Included in the "Advanced" list of the Golden Ring. The coat of arms consists of the emblem of the city of Vladimir in the upper part of the shield, and in the bottom - in the Red Field, plumbing vice and two anvils, "as a sign that in this city there are very fair-made plumbing works":

16. Uglich. The city of Yaroslavl region (previously - province) is included in the "Advanced" list of the "Golden Ring". In the coat of arms of the city, the tragedy was reflected here: with unclear circumstances, Dmitry, son of Ivan Grozny died (was slaughtered). In the murder of Tsarevich, the coalists were considered the guilty of two devices, and killed them. The coat of arms contains in the red field an image of the burgher Tsarevich Dmitry with a knife (murder instrument) in his right hand:

17. Tutaev. Included in the "Advanced" list of the Golden Ring. Until 1918, Borisoglebsk Romanov was called and was formed by a merger in 1822 two independent cities - Romanova and Borisoglebsk, located on both banks of the Volga. The coat of arms of the United city was also obtained by the union of their original coat of arms: "In the mowed on the right of the golden shield at the top - a loosal wavy digestion, accompanied on the sides of narrow black bandages; down - a wreath of thirteen red roses with green stems and leaves, bandaged by a loose ribbon and having inside A silver field of a black bear holding on the shoulder with the left paw gold sequir. " But the emblem of only one city of Romanova is represented on the icon:

18. Yuryev-Polish. City of the Vladimir region and province. Included in the "Advanced" list of the Golden Ring. His modern name Several disorientates, because the city does not have any relation to Poland, but it has a relation to the "field" - the second part of the name was added to distinguish it from other cities with the name of Yuriev. His coat of arms in the upper part contains the coat of arms of Vladimir, in the lower - two body filled with cherries, "koim this city is replete." However, on the body's blank icon:

19. Galich. The city of the Kostroma region and the province is included in the list of "Big Golden Ring". The coat of arms of Galich consists of unequal parts of the shield. In the upper, most part on the Red Field there are military trophies - armor, ten banners, sequirs and the cross of their cross John the Baptist. In the bottom, the smaller part on the silver field are placed inclined apartments of two drums, two liters and a pair of drum sticks:

20. Suzdal. The city of the Vladimir region and the province, enters the main list of the "Golden Ring". Along with Vladimir, one of the most interesting cities of the ring. The coat of arms of Suzdal - the shield, divided into two fields, at the top of Lazor, below is red, on their background falcon in the princely crown:

21. Great Rostov. The city of Yaroslavl region and province is included in the main list of the Golden Ring. The third of the most interesting cities of the ring. On the coat of arms of Rostov - in the red field Silver deer, horns, mane and hoofs Golden:

And at the end - the overall impression of the set.

The idea is like and not bad, but here is the fulfillment of her ...
The cover is made of low-quality cardboard, like that of which the boxes for shoes were made, it is possible to call a polygraphy only with a very large stretch.
Causes some bewilderment and the composition of the arms icons in the set. There is no coat of arms of the city of Ivanovo - the eighth city from the main list of the "Golden Ring", the coat of arms of the "extended" list and the list of "Great Golden Ring" are unsystematically included.
The icons themselves are small, about 2 cm in diameter, because of this image, the emblems are very conditional and simplified, some coat of arms are given with errors.
The very fulfillment of icons is rather coarse, which is partly due to the material - aluminum, however, it is often impossible to explain only by this. Enamels and the covering badges of the varnish have different shades, which prevents perceive the set as a whole.
Mainly used images of the arms adopted at the end of the XVIII century, during the reign of Catherine II, since in Soviet times, the city heraldry as a system was absent.

I will express the assumption that the sets were generally completed on the principle of "what is in stock - from that and gain." Perhaps in different sets and the specific composition of the icons was also a bit different. They were sold, apparently, at the points of the tourist route "Golden Ring" as a memorable souvenirs.

She walked here, went, and found.

However, it was quite quickly clear that it was difficult to limitate only by the named eight cities, since the ancient cities with an interesting story and the architecture are much more. So the "Advanced" list of the cities of the Golden Ring appeared, often discussed. The extended list includes the following cities and towns of Central Russia: Abramtsevo, Alexandrov, Bogolyubovo, Gorokhovets, Gus-Crystal, Dmitrov, Kalyazin, Kashin, Kideksha, Kineshma, Red-Volga, Murom, Myshkin, Nerekhta, Plee, Ples, Pokrov , Rybinsk, Tutaev, Uglich, Shuya, Yuryev-Polsky, Yuryevts. This list in different sources varies, it includes more, then less cities, and sometimes they have to significantly or interest in terms of history and tourism.

And now it's time to go directly to the set of icons.

So the cover looks like the entire icons:

7. Rybinsk. Included in the "Advanced" list of the Golden Ring. City of the Yaroslavl region (province). At the top of the shield of the Golden Bear with a secretion in a red field (coat of arms of Yaroslavl), in the bottom - on the red field of the river with a pier and two sterling in the river. On the marina icon, something weakly guess:

18. Yuryev-Polish. City of the Vladimir region and province. Included in the "Advanced" list of the Golden Ring. Its modern name is somewhat disorienting, because the city has nothing to do with Poland, but it has a relation to the "field" - the second part of the name was added to distinguish it from other cities with the name of Yuriev. His coat of arms in the upper part contains the coat of arms of Vladimir, in the lower - two body filled with cherries, "koim this city is replete." However, on the body's blank icon:

And at the end - the overall impression of the set.

The coat of arms in Russia have long appeared, but these were only pictures that did not obey heraldic rules. Due to the lack of knighthood in Russia, the emblems were not much common. At the very beginning (up to the XVI century), Russia was a disparated state, therefore the speech about the state coat of arms of Russia could not go. However, despite the fact that the final date of the unification of Russia is considered to be the XVI century, the state coat of arms in Russia appears already under Ivan III (1462-1505). It is him attributed to the institution of state coat of arms as such. As the coat of arms at that time he was stamped. On her face, the rider is depicted, which pouches the singer of Zmia, on a revolving - a double-headed eagle.

The origin of the double-headed eagle leaves its roots far into the past. The first, known to us, his images are dating XIII century BC. This is an emccant image of a double-headed eagle, grabbed two hares. He served as the coat of arms of the Hett kings.

Then the double-headed eagle is found in the Midy Kingdom - an ancient Power, spreading in the territory of the front of Asia, during the reign of the Midy Qary of Kaasar (625-585 BC). We walked centuries. And here we already see a double-headed eagle on the emblems of Rome. Here he appeared at Constantine Great. In 326, a double-headed eagle was chosen as his emblem. After the founding of the new capital - Constantinople - in 330, a double-headed eagle became the state emblem of the Roman Empire. In Russia, the double-headed eagle appeared after the marriage of John III Vasilyevich and Sofia Paleolog, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Konstantin XII Paleologist. The history of relations between Russia and Byzantium is very deep and interesting and is the topic for a separate work. However, let's turn briefly to this issue. The first historical references to Russia and Byzantium relations are dating 957 - a year when Princess Olga made a trip to the Tsargrad and adopted Christianity. But further relations with Byzantium in Russia are deteriorating. So in 969-972 the war for Bulgaria was unleashed between them, which was conquered by Svyatoslav.

Later, in 988, Vladimir Saint Breastle Rus.

"The adoption by Russia of Christianity from Byzantium widely opened the door to the influence of the Byzantine culture, Byzantine ideas and institutions. This influence has affected a significant way in the field of political. Together with Christianity, the jet of new political concepts and relations began to penetrate Russia. In Kiev Prince, the clergy has transferred the Byzantine concept about The sovereign made from God is not for the external only protection of the country, but also to establish and maintain the internal public order ... "

However, the historical confirmations of relations between Russia and Byzantium are not available until 1469, when the Roman Pope Paul II proposed the daughter of the Paleologist's daughter in the wife of the Russian state of John III Vasylvich, the wedding was held in 1472. This marriage did not lead to Moscow to a religious connection with Rome, but had important consequences for the elevation of monarchical power in Moscow. As the spouse of the last Byzantine princess, the Grand Duke of Moscow becomes as if the successor of the Byzantine Emperor, who revered the head of the entire Orthodox East. At will, and on the advice of Sofia in the Moscow Kremlin, at the courtyard of the Grand Duke, a magnificent, complex and strict ceremonial on the samples of the Byzantine yard began to start. From the end of the 15th century, the prevalent simplicity of relationships and the immediate appeal of the sovereign with his subjects and direct appeal of the sovereign with his subjects are gradually stopped. Instead of the former simple and "home" title "Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich" Ivan III takes a magnificent title: "John, God's mercy of All Russia and the Grand Prince Vladimir and Moscow and Novgorod and Pskov and Tver and Yugorsky and Perm and Bulgarian and other."

In relations with small neighboring lands, the title of King All Russia appears. Another title adopted by Moscow State University, the "autocrats" is the transfer of the Byzantine Imperial Titula Autocrator; This title meant originally an independent sovereign, not subordinate to any external power, but Ivan Grozny gave him the importance of the absolute, unlimited power of the monarch over his subjects. From the end of the 15th century, the Vizantine coat of arms appears on the seals of the Moscow sovereign (which is combined with the former Moscow coat - the image of George Victorious). So Russia marked his continuity from Byzantium, which is the first reflection of its development on the coat of arms ...

The formation of the Russian coat of arms from Ivan III to Peter I

Already at the very beginning of the development of the Russian coat of arms, we see his weave with the history of Russia. Interesting the fact that the eagle in the seals of John III was portrayed with a closed beak and was more like an eagle, rather than on the eagle. If you look at Russia of that period, you can see that it is a young state, which only begins to form as a centralized one. The first reliable evidence of the use of a double-headed eagle as a state emblem is the seal of John III Vasilyevich on exchange diploma 1497 with his nephews, Princes Fedor and Ivan Borisovich Voloqi.

In the reign of Vasily III Ioanovich (1505-1533), the double-headed eagle is depicted with open beaks, of which tongues are turned out. This, for example, testifies to the seal applied in 1523 to the entry of the sovereign and the Grand Duke Vasily Ioannovich when departing him with the army in Kazan. Briefly, if you come up with a purely artistic point, then we can say that the eagle begins to be angry. At the same time, considering Russia of that time, we note that it strengthens its position, becomes a new center of Orthodoxy. This fact has found its embodiment in the theory of Monk Philof Sea "Moscow - Third Rome", known from the message of the monk Vasily III.

In the reign of John IV Vasilyevich (1533-1584), Rus won victories over the Kazan and Astrakhan kingdoms, Siberia was attached. The growth of the power of the Russian state reflected on his coat of arms. Two-headed eagle on state press is crowned with one crown with an eight-pointed Orthodox cross over it. On the front side of the printing on the chest, the eagle is depicted shield cut, or "German", forms with a unicorn - a personal sign of the king. The fact is that all the characters used in the personal symbolism of John IV are taken from the Psaltier, which indicates a rooting of Christianity in Russia. On the back of the printing on the breast of the eagle - the shield with the image of St. George, beating a snake. Subsequently, this side of the press will play an important role in the formation of the Russian coat of arms. The image of the Moscow coat of arms on the chest of an eagle becomes traditional. However, in accordance with the ancient Russian iconographic tradition of St. George turned to the right side of the viewer, which contradicts heraldic rules.

On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Cathedral elected to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanova. It put the end of the troubles, which in the period between the death of Ivan the Terrible and asking for the throne of Mikhail Romanov undermined the spirit of the Russian people and almost eradicated Russian statehood. Russia went on the path of prosperity and greatness. During this period, the eagle on the coat of arms "was fixed" and for the first time dismissed the wings, which could mean the "awakening" of Russia after a long sleep, and the beginning of a new era in the history of the state. By this period, Russia completely graduated from his association and has already managed to become a single and fairly solid state. And this fact was symbolic affected by the state coat of arms. A third crown appeared above the eagle instead of the fourth crown, which meant the Holy Trinity, but they were interpreted by many as a symbol of the unity of Velikors, Malororsov and Belarusians.

Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov (1645-1676) managed to complete the Russian-Polish conflict, establishing the Andrusovsky truce with Poland (1667), with it, Russia was able to "show himself" throughout Europe. The Russian state occupies a rather significant place next to European states. During the reign, Alexei Romanov also marks the emergence of a new image of the coat of arms. This is due to the fact that at the request of the king, the emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire Leopold I sent to Moscow his Geroldmister Lavrentia Hurlevich, who in 1673 wrote an essay "on the genealogy of Russian great princes and sovereigns, with the indication of the ever, through marriages, affinity between Russia and Eight European powers, that is, Caesar Roman, kings of English, Danish, Gishpansky, Polish, Portuguese and Swedish, and with the image of the royal coat of arms, and in the middle of their Grand Prince St. Vladimir, on the late portrait of the king Alexei Mikhailovich. "

She was the starting point for the development of Russian heraldry. State Eagle Alexei Mikhailovich was a prototype of the next official images of the Russian energic eagle. The eagle is highly raised up and completely disclosed wings, which symbolized the full statement of Russia as a solid and powerful state; Heads are crowned with three royal crowns, a shield with a Moscow coat is placed on the chest, in the paws - a scepter and power. The fact that before the occurrence of the Eagle's claws in the paws in the paws, starting from the Eagle on the Marble Plate of the Ksropotami Monastery in Athos (Byzantium, is 4,51-453), gradually squeezed, as if in the hope of having to grab Power and Scepter, thereby symbolizing the approval of the absolute monarchy in Russia.

In 1667, with the help of Laurentia, Hurlevich was given for the first time an official explanation of the Russian coat of arms: "The eagle two-headed eagle is the coat of arms of the Great Hosprey, Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, All Gorya and the Malya and Belya Russia of Russia, his royal majesty of the Russian kingdom , marked three Glues Kazan, Astrakhansky, Siberian Slavny Kingdom, conquering by God the stored and the highest royal majesty of the Milosive Hospital of the sovereign and the command ... On the Frenx the image of the heir; In the Pazzkteh, the Scepter and Apple, and are a graciousness of the sovereign, his royal majesty of the autocrat and owner. " As you can see, the description gives a new interpretation of the elements of the coat of arms. It is dictated by diplomatic considerations and should indicate the greatness of Russia.

"From Russia's Russia to the Empire of the Russian." Shishkin Sergey Petrovich, Ufa.

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Many already know that the emblem of Ukraine is no no "Rüric sign", but Khazar Tamga. But where did it come from. Khazara, this is the Turkic people who accepted Judaism and the Jewish priests who were called Kogan. They secretly dedicated to the Khazar ruler of Bulan, and formed the ruling elite with him, giving their daughters for his approximate warriors. Koganov had his own special gesture that they blenged their followers - the fingers stretched out like a trident.

This gesture repeated with its form of the head of the tire (TRUZUB). Later, the ruler of Khazaria himself began to be called Cagan - and the state became kaganat. Kagan performed a ritual role, because he had a blessing and luck on all Khazar. If Kagan was a cult figure, then his minister - Beck was headed by the real political and military authorities. In his submission, there was a garrison of various mercenaries, which were supposed to provide the dictatorship of the Khazar Jewish tip over the enslaved population, including the Slavs. Under Prince, Svyatoslav Igo Khazar Kaganate was reset, and his capital Sarkel was destroyed. In a thousand years, the descendants of Khazar are trying to take a revenge, making Dnepropetrovsk with their capital. It helps them in this American Khazarka Nulland (on her husband's surname Kagan).

Tamga (Sign of Property) Kaganov occurred from the gesture of the blessing and the letters of the tire. Now all these characters returned to New Khazaria - Ukraine. And the leader of the Freedom Party Chauvinist Oleg Taignibok (Fotman) and his owner - oligarch Calomaoisky bless their mercenaries on the Gesthell "Kagan gesture".

Myth about the coat of arms of Ukraine

Let's once again remember more what it is and what can be proud of ...

Ancient Russian nation or ancient Russian ethnos - a single ethnocultural and social community, which, according to a common historiographic concept, was formed from East Slavic tribes in the process of ethnogenesis in the ancient Russian state during the X-XIII centuries. Within the framework of this concept, it is believed that all three modern East Slavic people - Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians - arose as a result of the gradual decay of the ancient Russian nation after the Mongolian invasion on Russia. The concept of ancient Russian nationality, spoken on one old Russian language, has both its supporters and opponents.

Rurikovichi signs - heraldic signs that used old-Russian princes to denote ownership of certain items. Depicted on the stamps, seals, coins of Rurikovich. Unlike the noble coat of arms, such emblems belonged not to the whole family or family, but were personal signs: every prince had his own "coat of arms."

As a rule, on coins kiev princes There are figures that resemble the launched letter "P", to which the "processes" from the bottom or in the middle, as well as points, crosses, etc., the same signs could look different, depending on the subject on which they were depicted . Thus, the princess emblems on the seals were shown schematically, in the most simplified form, whereas on the coins the same symbols had many additional ornamental elements.

The heraldic signs of the Old Russian princes reached us not only in the form of images on coins and seals, but also on suspensions, rings, weapons, etc. For these finds, you can not only trace the evolution of the princely symbols of ancient Russia, but also try to restore their origin.

The use of cyzuben and trident images brings closer signs of Rurikovichi with complex royal coat of arms of the Bosporian kingdom, the main elements of which were also these characters. On the connection of the Bosporian and Old Russian Princely Emblems, the preferential use of milk is as the basis of the composition of the coat of arms.

Picking Falcon - the symbol of Rurik, the founder of the city of Novgorod and the prince of the prince, who later became the royal, Dynasty Rurikovich.

Another point, bringing closer to the emblems of the Old Russian princes with the coat of arms of the Bosporian kings, is the hereditary nature of their development. As mentioned above, the princely "coat of arms" of ancient Russia were personal signs that were not transmitted by inheritance, but, as well as the symbols of the Bosporian kingdom, who had a single base in the form of a bubbin, to which each ruler was added (or from which was carried) elements in the form of of different kind "Processes", curls, etc.

Among the "coat of arms" of the Old Russian princes, there were also complete analogues of the emblems of the Bosporovsky rulers. For example, a personal sign of Yaroslav Wise on the belt plaques found in the forecast and in the vicinity of Suzdal, almost completely coincides with the collap of the Poltava region, made in the VII century VII-VIII century, made in the VII century-VIII century. Both the other image resembles a trident.

Such signs (doubles and tridents) were widely used on the territory of the Khazar kaganate as the symbols of the Supreme Power - they were Tamgs of the robust. It was a continuation of the Sarmato-Alanian tradition of using such signs, ascending to the times of the Bosporian Kingdom

Twisted and trident tamga are known in VIII - IX centuries. In the Khazar world on the details of the belt headset (Podorovsky burial ground), in the form of graffiti on stone blocks and bricks of fortresses (Sarkel, Mayutskoy, Semikarakorskoye, Khumarinsky settlement), in the form of pottery stamps on the vessels (Dmitrievsky burial ground). Perhaps in ancient Russian environment, such signs got exactly from Khazaria, as well as the title "Kagan", perceived by the first Russian princes.

In 1917, after the October Revolution, when new states began to create new states on the territory of the former Russian empire, Prince Vladimir's trident was proposed by the historian Mikhail Grushevsky as a national symbol of Ukraine. The status of a small coat of arms of the Ukrainian People's Republic was received by Vladimir's personal sign on March 22, 1918 as a result of the resolution of the Central Rada. In the future, this symbol was used with some changes and additions to Ukrainian state formations created in the period from 1918 to 1920. With the establishment of the Soviet power in Ukraine, the trident lost his state statusBut continued to be used by the organizations of Ukrainian nationalists, as well as, with the addition of the cross to the prong, as the component of the coat of arms proclaimed in 1939 by the Carpathian Ukraine. In 1941, he was used by the Ukrainian State Board

After the liquidation of the USSR in 1991, the decision of the Supreme Council of Ukraine dated February 19, 1992, Trident was approved as a small state emblem of Ukraine. In accordance with Article 20 of the Constitution of Ukraine of 1996, the main element of the Great State Emblem of Ukraine is the sign of the Princely State of Vladimir Great (Small State Coat of Arms of Ukraine) "(which, despite the state status of this decision, is some historical stretch: as mentioned above," The emblem "Vladimir Saint was only a personal symbol, like other Rurikov's emblems of that time).

You can remember in connection with this and such an image:

The opening of the Khazar graphics has contacted the Don Cossacks. Mining construction material For its buildings, they disassembled the walls of ancient fortresses. Some of the first finds of the Khazar graphics were discovered on several of the settlers of the left bank of Don (Sarkel, Right-Bank Tsimlyanskaya, Mayutskaya, Semikarakorskaya) at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Generic Tamga in antiquity was a scalar symbol associated with the patron saint of the family (family). The symbol of the genus was put on bricks from which the walls of houses and fortresses were erected. When the brick is represented into the wall, the generic seal was hidden from the eyes finally. Thus, granting to understand the future generations of the true owner of the settlement (home ownership).

Thus, the haharkaya Tamga is nothing but a stamp. It also meets the mention of him as a trident of Yaroslav Novgorodsky, but the essence of the same, the very first mention of the image belong to Khazaras.

To give today any interpretation of the Khazar duzubtsu and the trident at best is unpromising. How the curiosity was considered different versions Deciphering the reverse side of the first Russian coins Authors of many domestic labor on medieval coins - against a trident. As they wrote, assumptions replace each other: from the Norman cap to a schematic pigeon - the Holy Spirit.

Therefore, at present in the scientific world, the opinion was established that the sign could be Tamg. By itself, the fact of imitation is not something special. In the early shears of German peoples (for example, Vandalov), the mint types, usually imitating Rome (sulk in a wreath, Victoria, holding the crown), an image of the horse's head can be carried on the back side. In the early Anglo-Saxon coins you can see a snake or dragon explained by the consequence of the ancient local beliefs in which the monstrous wotan (Vodan-One) played an important role.

Then, after the adoption of Christianity in Russia, a cross appears on the coins of Vladimir on the Khazar Tagge, and the extent that Christianity was strengthened, and the victory over Khazaria became history, magazine signs disappear from use on the coins of Russia.

This coincided with time when the title of Russian ruler "Kagan" stopped used and was replaced by "Prince"; And as the state of the Russians is complete and stated in the international arena, it ceased to use. In any case, by the beginning of the XIII century. The system of tickles in the signs of Igorevich comes down, which means the cooling of the princes to these alien signs.

Here is such a coin ...

There is such a discussed opinion about the first pictures: