When man began to use plants biology. Plants have been used by humans as early as the Paleolithic

People have been using plants since time immemorial. At first, they only collected parts of plants in the wild, and then, when they became sedentary, they also began to cultivate them, and thus agriculture appeared.

Various applications of plants

Plants play an extremely important role in human life. V different parts planets, regardless of each other, people have learned to cultivate plants and use them to satisfy their needs. According to the field of application, plants can be divided into several main groups, such as edible, collected for obtaining building materials, paints, threads, for use in medicine, etc.
The most widely cultivated plants are those that are eaten. They form the basis of the diet for humans. Common agricultural plants include species such as:

Wheat;
Corn;
Potato;
Cotton;
Mango.

These and many other plants are cultivated in different regions of the planet and constitute a large percentage of imports for those countries in whose territories they can grow. Different parts of plants are eaten, such as fruits, roots, leaves, seeds, etc.

The use of plants in medicine

A separate topic is the use of plant parts for medicinal purposes. People knew that certain species were beneficial for health years ago. For example, in Chinese medicine, a huge number of plants are used to treat a wide variety of diagnoses. Interestingly, some of them are considered poisonous and you can use them in very limited quantities: only in this case are they healing.

Many medicinal plants grow in central Russia. These include, for example, the famous plantain, which stops bleeding, helps with minor wounds and injuries. Plants such as raspberries, lime blossom, pharmacy chamomile, rose hips and many others are also used for recreational purposes. However, it is worth taking them on your own with caution, since they often cause allergic reactions.

Tikhomirova Anastasia Pavlovna

Man has long enjoyed a significant number of wild plants... They brought him firewood; served as material for the construction of dwellings and pens for animals; man made fishing tackle and hunting implements from plants; he built boats and rafts, wove mats and baskets, prepared various household and ritual decorations; he fed animals and birds with plants, dug up roots and collected fruits for food and medicine. A man took refuge in the forests from bad weather, hid from enemies and predatory animals. In a word, the whole life of primitive man was associated with plants. And the more diverse was the world of plants that surrounded man, the more widely he used plant resources for his needs.

Subsequently, when man began to grow some of the plants useful to him near his dwellings, that is, he began to engage in agriculture, he laid the foundations of plant growing, although he continued to use the gifts of the wild.

Currently, mankind continues to widely use plants for their needs. At the same time, the natural vegetation cover is gradually changing. Forest areas are decreasing, treeless spaces are increasing, some plants that were once widespread on Earth disappear and do not recover. Although this process of destruction of the original natural vegetation is gradually progressing, nevertheless, there are still many plant species that continue to be of great economic importance for human life.

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Plants in the history of mankind In 1157 AD. the Chinese emperor Jen Tsu ordered a new work on the formopoeia. During his lifetime, more than 1000 plant species were described.

1492 Columbus leaves Spain in search of a western route to India. From the New World, he brings to Europe a new grain crop - corn and other plants. During his second expedition in 1493, Columbus brought sugar cane to Santo Domingo. The settler Agvilon reports that he harvested rich sugarcane crops on his site, obtaining sweet juice from it. In 1516, the first sugar made from cane was sent to Spain. Shortly thereafter, Portugal began importing sugar from Brazil. Sugarcane could become driving force slave trade.

Columbus also brought pineapple and paprika to Spain, which are spicier than in the Caucasus. This pepper was introduced in Spain in 1493, has been known in England since 1548, and has been cultivated in Central Europe since 1585. Columbus also brought cucumbers and other vegetables to America.

1497-98 Vasco da Gamma opened a trade route for Portugal to India through the Cape of Good Hope, bypassing Western Asia. This deprived Venice of its monopoly on the sugar and spice trade.

1500 Beans, native to America, became famous in Europe. At the same time, it was brought to Spain from South America yam (sweet potato), which later came to China, India, Malaysia, where it became widespread.

1505 The first black slaves are brought to America. The slave trade began to develop actively due to the fact that labor was required on the sugar cane and cotton plantations in the New World.

Rice was cultivated in China 7,000 years ago. A significant place in the diet of the ancient Chinese was also occupied by cabbage, the diet of which was no less than ¼.

For 9000 years, flax is known in Syria and Turkey. Apparently, it was he who was here the main material for the production of fabrics.

In the Middle East, 10,000 years ago, people cultivated wheat and barley. At that time, barley was the daily food of man. Archaeologists have discovered the first flour-grinding stones.

Excavations at Shanidar Cave (Northern Iraq) indicate that at that time, about 50,000 years ago, local people ate chestnut seeds and walnut fruits.

Sorghum was already grown in North Africa 5,000 years ago.

4,000 years ago (2000 BC), millet was already grown in North Africa.

1519 in his circumnavigation Magellan set out to explore new trade routes. Three years later, only 18 out of 250 people and one ship out of five returned from this expedition. But they brought with them 26 tons of cloves, bags of nutmeg and citrus fruits, and sandalwood. The proceeds more than covered all the expenses of the expedition.

Pigafett, floating with Magellan, wrote: "In the Moluccas, we found cloves, ginger, sago palms, wood that is like bread" The cannibals on the island did not consume any part of the human body, except for the heart, which they soaked in lemon or orange juice.

1516 Bananas were brought to the New World from Africa.

1514 The Alliance became the first European to reach China by sea. In China, the Portuguese discovered oranges, fruits from India and Ceylon.

1521 Cortez lands in Mexico. His soldiers are introduced to the spices and vanilla of the Aztecs.

1532 Francesco Pizarro landed in Peru when, four years later, the Spanish Conquista in Peru ended. Potatoes have become a common and cheap food for soldiers and sailors.

Man has long enjoyed a significant number of wild plants. They brought him firewood; served as material for the construction of dwellings and pens for animals; man made fishing tackle and hunting implements from plants; he built boats and rafts, wove mats and baskets, prepared various household and ritual decorations; he fed animals and birds with plants, dug up roots and collected fruits for food and medicine. A man took refuge in the forests from bad weather, hid from enemies and predatory animals. In a word, the whole life of primitive man was associated with plants. And the more diverse was the world of plants that surrounded man, the more widely he used plant resources for his needs.

About 300 - 500 thousand higher plants and many lower ones grow on the globe. Of this number, in plant growing practice, a person uses more than 2500 species of higher plants. However, as noted by N.I. Vavilov, 99% of the entire cultivated area is only about 1000 species.

With the development of agriculture, the area occupied by cultivated (and domesticated) plants is constantly growing. However, the global stock of cultivated plants remains constant. except cultivated plants, man uses many wild, mainly woody, plants, as well as a variety of perennial herbaceous species... A significant number of wild plants found in forests or living in treeless spaces (in tundra, meadows, steppes, prairies, savannas) are used by humans for other purposes. He uses juicy fruits and nuts to obtain food products, extracts essential oils and various aromatic substances, obtains coarse and fine fiber from leaves and stems, makes tapping for the extraction of rubber, gums and resins, collects raw materials used to obtain various medicinal substances.

The richest in useful plants are countries with a tropical climate. They grow least of all at the extreme limits of the continents adjacent to the poles of the Earth: there are only 400 - 450 species. The entire vegetation cover of our planet can be conditionally divided into territories covered with forests and treeless spaces. Forests on the globe, covering more than 4,000 million hectares and concentrated mainly in the northern hemisphere, have the largest number of useful plants(map 5).

A significant number of plant species used by humans live in arid (treeless) areas: in steppes and prairies, savannas and semi-deserts, as well as in thickets of various shrubs. Treeless spaces are also characteristic of the arctic tundra and highlands. And there is different kinds useful plants with practical applications in human life (Map 6).

Depending on how wild useful plants are used, they can be roughly divided into the following main groups:

1) wood-producing plants (firewood, lumber, timber, poles, sleepers, piles, plywood, wood chips, etc.);

2) plants that serve to obtain a variety of substances used in various industries industry and medicine;

3) plants used to obtain fresh and canned food;

4) plants that provide fresh and processed green mass used for animal feed;

5) plants used for decorative and landscaping purposes, as well as for creating protective coatings soil;

6) plants that find complex use depending on their inherent properties and characteristics.

Different plants are used either in whole or in parts: trunks of trees and shrubs and their bark, roots and rhizomes, tubers and bulbs, stems and leaves, flowers and inflorescences, fruits and seeds, galls on leaves and growths on the trunks (burls), pollen and spores, juice and various secretions (accumulations of resins, gums, etc.). It is very difficult to enumerate all the areas of application of plants, however, we can talk about medicinal and technical, food and fodder, rubber and gutta-percha plants, mucous and gum-bearing plants, oily and essential oil plants, tanning and dyeing plants, fibrous and braided plants, etc.

Many areas of application of plants over time and in connection with the development of technology and industry gradually change or lose their importance. For example, due to the receipt of many cheaper synthetic materials(artificial rubber, synthetic resins, artificial fiber, etc.) some of the useful plants have either ceased to be of interest to humans altogether, or have received a new application.

Among the wild useful plants in the world, the most important are the various tree species(maps 7 and 8), whose wood is used in increasing quantities in many sectors of the economy. The countries of the northern hemisphere produce mainly coniferous timber, and the southern hemisphere - hardwood.

The most economically significant conifers (Map 9) include a variety of spruce trees that often form forests. These are common spruce (Picea abies), common in Scandinavia, Northern Europe, the European part of the USSR and Siberia; Sitka spruce (P. sitchensis), found in Canada and the USA (in Alaska); white spruce (P. canadensis) and red spruce (P. rubra), typical of Canada and the USA; black spruce (P. mariana), available in Alaska. Pines are in second place. Of these, it is necessary to note the common pine (Pinus sylvestris), which is widespread in the north. Western Europe, in the European part of the USSR and Siberia; Banks pine (P. banksiana), which forms forests in Canada and the United States; yellow pine (P. ponderosa), typical of the United States; cedar pine (P. sibirica), which forms the basis of the so-called Siberian cedars B, and others.

To obtain timber for various purposes, the following types of larch are used (Map 10): European larch (Larix decidua), which is located in Europe; American larch (L. americana), found in Canada and the United States; Siberian larch (L. sibirica), distributed mainly in Siberia; Daurian larch (L. daurica) and other species of this genus. Fir species also have some economic importance: balsam fir (Abies balsamea), growing in Canada; Siberian fir (A. sibirica), which forms forests in Siberia, Altai and Sayan Mountains, as well as other species.

Other conifers include western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Canadian hemlock (T. canadensis), mountain hemlock (T. mertensiana), common in Canada and the USA (in Alaska); Pseudotsuga taxifolia, typical of Canada and the United States; the sequoia (Sequoia sempervirens), found in the United States, and the nutcan cypress (Chamaecyparis nootkaensis), found in Canada. Of the conifers, the distribution areas of which are located to the south, one can indicate a number of pines that form forests in the south of Central America (Pinus palustris, P. virginiana), in southern Europe (P. cembra, P. pinaster, P. pinea, etc.), and also found in Cuba (P. caribaea), in Asia Minor (P. halepensis), etc.

The Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana), which lives in the Caucasus, is also of economic importance; the Lebanese cedar (Cedrus libani), which forms forests in the mountains of Lebanon; the Himalayan cedar (C. deodara), characteristic of the Himalayas; cunningamia lanceolate (Cunninghamia lanceolata), found in East Asia; species of juniper (Juniperus), forming mainly sparse forests in the Caucasus, southern Europe and in the countries of Central and Western Asia, as well as many other tree species.

As well as conifers practically valuable timber is produced by a variety of deciduous species. They are suppliers of soft and hard, colored and colored, heavy and light timber.

Of the deciduous woody plants with the greatest value, we note the various types of oak: English oak (Quercus robur), characteristic of European countries (Map 11); red oak (Q. rubra), found in the United States; white oak (Q. alba) and chestnut oak (Q. prinos), common in the United States; chestnut-leaf oak (Q. castaneifolia), which lives in the Talysh mountains (South Transcaucasia) and on the slopes of Elburse (Iran); Georgian oak (Q. iberica), characteristic of Transcaucasia, and many other species of this genus.

Except for oaks, practical significance have species of beech (Fagus), ash (Fraxinus), linden (Tilia), maple (Acer), birch (Betula), etc.

In world trade, a variety of colored woods are in great demand, used to obtain furniture and decorative plywood. This is a mahogany, such as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), found in South America; green Tree(Ocotea roiaci), also found in South America; ebony(species of the genus Diospyros) supplied by countries in Africa and East Asia; teak tree (Tectona grandis) - an inhabitant of the tropical forests of East Asia, etc.

Among the woods with high hardness, various varieties of ironwood should be noted, for example, the wood of the Persian Parrotia (Parrotia persica), which forms forests in Talysh and on the slopes of the Elburs ridge (Iran). Hardwoods are produced by Phoebe porosa, found in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, and by boxwood (Buxus sempervirens), found in southern Europe, North Africa and the Caucasus (Map 12). The wood of the boxwood is used for a variety of crafts and is known as the "Caucasian palm". One of the lightest woods is balsa (Ochroma lagopus), found, for example, in Mexico and Bolivia. Balsa wood was used by T. Heyerdahl for making the Kon-Tiki raft.

Many of the listed coniferous and deciduous trees are not only used for harvesting construction and ornamental wood, but also serve as sources of other various products and substances. Conifers produce wood and paper pulp, cellulose, artificial wool; from hardwood - cork, rubber and gutta-percha, resins and gums, essential and fatty oils, organic acids and sugars, tanning extracts and coloring pigments, etc. The best cork is obtained from cork oak (Quercus suber), which forms forests in the Mediterranean countries and cultivated in several countries in Europe and North Africa. Cork is also produced by the velvet tree (Phellodendron amurense), which is common in the forests of the Far East and Northeast China; kielmeyer (Kielmeyera coriacea), which lives in Brazil (Amazon basin), and others.

The most famous rubber plants are Brazilian Hevea (Hevea brasiliensis), which grows in the tropical forests of Brazil and is widely cultivated in several countries of the tropical belt of the world; castilloa, or caucho (Castilloa), originating from South America, whose rubber was used to impregnate raincoats in Brazil, Ecuador and Peru; balata (Manilkora sp.), growing in Colombia and Venezuela and serving as a source of rubber special purpose; various ficuses (species of the genus Ficus) that live in a number of tropical countries of the world; gutta-percha tree (Eucommia ulmoides) native to East Asia (China); species of euonymus (Euonymus) from Europe that produced gutta-percha, now replaced by synthetic plastic substances, and others.

To obtain valuable resins, which are widely used in the production of varnishes, copal tree (Copaifera demensei) is used, which gives copal; callitris, or sandarak tree (Callitris guadrivalvis), which lives in the forests of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco and produces sandarak; hymen (Hymenaea courbaril), common in Brazil and Venezuela, from the bark of which copal resin is obtained, as from Copaifera; shorea, or sal (Shorea robusta), which forms island forests in India and gives valuable resin, etc.

The most important gum-bearing plants are the tragacanth astragals (genus Astragalus from the Tragacantha section), which form tragacanths in a number of countries of Central and Western Asia, as well as on the Balkan Peninsula. The most valuable gum tragacanth is considered to be a product obtained in Iran, Syria and Turkey and which is exported. Gums are also given by many fruit trees(cherry, plum, apricot, peach), elaeagnus, etc. Gum-like substances are obtained from some seaweed.

Many wild plants serve as a source of various aromatic substances, which are used as raw materials in the production of soap, perfumery products, as well as products used in Food Industry and medicine. The most valuable of them (except for cultivated pink geranium, Kazan-Lyk rose, clary sage, lemon sorghum, etc.) numerous species of families of umbelliferae, labiate, asteraceae (wormwood), etc., growing in different parts of the Earth.

Fatty (edible and technical) oils are widely used all over the world. The most important wild fatty oil plants include many conifers, oil-rich seeds (nuts) of which give various cedar pines(Pinus sibirica, P. koraiensis and P. cembra, P. pinea); the fruit of the olive tree (Olea europaea), which is associated with the Mediterranean countries (Map 13). Fatty oil is also extracted from walnuts (Juglans regia), which grows wild in Central Asia, the Caucasus, as well as from other species of this genus living in the countries of East Asia, Central and South America. Valuable edible oil obtained from the Brazilian nut (Bertoletia excelsa), found in the forests of Brazil; "paradise nut" (Lecythis sp.), common in Brazil and Guiana; cariocar, or pekia (Caryocar sp.), growing in Brazil; the oil palm (Elaeis guinensis), which grows wild in Tropical Africa and is cultivated in many countries of the world, and many other plants. The best industrial oil is obtained from tung (Aleurites cordata and A. fordii), which grows wild in East Asian countries (China, Japan).

A very valuable raw material used in the tanning-extractive industry is obtained from the bark and wood of many oaks (Quercus), bark common spruce and willow (Salix), as well as from the roots of some herbaceous perennial plants (Polygonum coriarium, P. alpinum, etc.), which form thickets in the mountains of Central Asia and partly Europe. The world-wide tanning raw materials are the beans divi-divi (Dibidibia coriaria), which is widespread in Colombia and Venezuela; quebracho white, or quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho blanko), growing in Brazil; quebracho red (Schinopsis sp.), found in Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and Bolivia; the black mangrove (Avicennia marina), found in the mangroves of South America; red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), which forms mangroves in several tropical countries of the world; eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus), predominantly large trees that make up the forests of Australia; Australian acacias (Acacia), the bark of which contains many tannins; Walloon oak (Quercus aegylops), found in the countries of Western Asia, North Africa and Southern Europe and provides valuable raw material for tanning.

Dyeing plants are adjacent to tanning plants, which continue to have some economic importance. Of these, let us name the log tree (Haematoxylon campechianum), which grows in Central America and the Antilles; dye chlorophora (Chlorophora tictoria), which is found in South America; brazilletto (Quilandina), which lives in the forests of Brazil; indigonosku (Indigofera tinctoria), found only in culture in Italy, India, Sri Lanka, China and Indochina, as well as in Egypt and South America. Many dye plants were once used in carpet production in Iran, Afghanistan, and also the Caucasus. Among edible dye plants, annatto (Bixa orellana) and turmeric (Curcuma) should be mentioned.

Various medicinal plants used in European, American and oriental medicine... The history of their use is 5-7 thousand years old, and the number of used species reaches 12 thousand. Of the most important, we mention the cinchona tree (Cinchona succirubra), which grows wild in Brazil; ginseng (Panax gunseng), which grows in the forests of the Far East and China; snake rauwolfia (Rauvolfia serpentina), characteristic of the undergrowth of the tropical forests of East Asia; pilocarpus (Pilocarpus pennatifolius), common in the forests of South America; belladonna, or belladonna (Atropa belladonna), found in the forests of Europe, in Asia Minor, in the Caucasus; licorice (species of the genus Glycyrrhiza), which forms thickets in Central Asia, the Caucasus, the European part of the USSR, Siberia and other places; lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) growing in the forests of Europe, the European part of the USSR (Map 15); adonis (Adonis vernalis) growing in the steppe zone of Europe and the European part of the USSR (Map 14), etc.

In addition to the listed plants, which are of economic importance in a number of countries of the world, we will mention fibrous plants (for example, Agave sisalana), wicker (various bamboos), insecticidal, food, aromatic, fodder, melliferous, as well as decorative (park, garden and indoor ), ground cover, etc.

All these plants, together with the main cultivated and cultivated species, constitute the plant wealth of the world flora.

Plants are a source of oxygen on Earth, are very important in the formation of the climate and, in general, make human life comfortable. Hundreds of years ago, plants were a material for the construction of dwellings, they were used for food, firewood was harvested from trees, tools for everyday life and hunting were made. Nothing has changed to this day. How does a person use plants in his life? Reading books, buying leather goods, some do not even realize that all these are products of the plant world. Russia is the richest country not only in natural resources, but also in the diversity of vegetation. Mosses, lichens, almost all types of deciduous trees - all this property can be seen in the vastness of the vast country.

All plants can be conditionally subdivided into types, depending on the areas of application. Some plants are used for the preparation of firewood and for production. building materials, others are food products (vegetables, fruits), others are used in pharmaceutical and chemical industry(resin, tar), the fourth subspecies belongs to animal feed. Do not forget about the plants that flaunt on our windowsills. A person uses them for decorative purposes to please the eye.

Connection man-plants very strong. A person carries both a permissive influence and a constructive one. Industrial growth rates are making themselves felt. Hectares of forest are being cut down, some plant species disappear altogether. But fortunately vegetable world has the ability to replenish. In place of the felled tree, a new one will grow, although this will take many years. But it is plants that are the source of vitamins, microelements, so necessary for the human body. ethnoscience full of recipes based on vegetable oils. The composition of many medicines includes the roots and stems of plants.

You can also assess how animals affect plants. Animal world diverse, its representatives have different effects on the flora. Some insects, such as caterpillars, ants, can cause damage to an entire forest. Caterpillars are able to leave a tree with absolutely no leaves. May beetle larvae feed on plant roots, thereby destroying them. But on the other hand, you can see the positive effect of insects on vegetation. For example, the process of pollination or seed transfer is the merit of butterflies, bumblebees, bees. Although the wind is involved, insects definitely do their part.

How do plants adapt to external conditions in different latitudes of our vast Motherland? In the process of evolution, plants "learned" to adapt to different weather and climatic conditions. This was reflected in their appearance. For example, in hot climates, plants have small leaves. How did thorny plants come about? This all happened through the process of evolution. The leaf has transformed into a thorn due to lack of moisture. Shedding leaves is one of the ways a plant survives. No leaves - no life, all processes freeze, the tree goes into hibernation.

Plants (Latin Plantae or Vegetabilia) are studied by the science of botany, for the 21st century, scientists have more than 320 thousand plant species, most of which belong to flowering plants (about 280 thousand species), the number of plants increases every year, new species are constantly discovered.

What would our planet be like without plants?

The role of plants both in nature and in life and economic activity a person can hardly be overestimated. Due to the process of photosynthesis that takes place in the green leaves of plants with the participation sunlight oxygen is formed, which is vital for all inhabitants of the earth's surface. Plants are the richest source of vitamins and minerals, an irreplaceable element of trophic food chains, a producer of various organic substances in nature from inorganic raw materials. If there were no plants in nature, then there would be no animals, no man himself, and the planet itself would look like a lifeless desert, there would not even be soil and no landscape diversity created by plant groups. A person should appreciate and understand the role of plants in his life, because without them he simply would not exist, planting and caring for small sprouts of green life, we become cleaner and kinder, we join the mysteries of nature and the universe.

Photosynthesis as a great cosmic process that makes our planet habitable

One of the most important functions of green plants is the production of oxygen during photosynthesis. The leaves of green plants contain the pigment chlorophyll, which, under the influence of sunlight, separates the water drawn by the roots from the soil into hydrogen and oxygen (photolysis process). Also, carbon dioxide absorbed by plants in the presence of chlorophyll and without the obligatory participation of sunlight reacts with water, forming glucose and oxygen (the process of reducing carbon dioxide). Combining the resulting glucose with sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds obtained from the soil, plants generate proteins, fats, starch, various vitamins and other complex compounds necessary for their further life.

What else useful plants give nature

The rate of photosynthesis depends on the intensity of light, the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and the ambient temperature. The resulting О 2 is partially emitted into the atmosphere, and partially goes to the respiration of the plants themselves. Plants annually emit up to 510 tons of oxygen into the atmosphere, they maintain its constant gas balance until it becomes breathable. Rising to the upper atmosphere, oxygen turns into ozone and becomes part of the ozone layer, which protects our planet from harmful UV radiation from the Sun.

Every year, plants produce up to 170 billion tons of organic matter, most of which is produced by terrestrial plants. With the help of plants, the upper fertile layer of the Earth is formed, called the soil, they provide in it a constant circulation of minerals, which is so necessary for its fertility.

Plants, due to the fact that they return 90% of the moisture that the land evaporates to the atmosphere, significantly soften the Earth's climate and form temperature regime planets. By absorbing carbon dioxide, they reduce the so-called greenhouse effect, although a person, as a result of his economic activities (burning fuel and cutting down large areas of humid equatorial forests), is trying to reduce all efforts of the “lungs of the planet” to zero.

The vegetation, covering the ground with a dense carpet, protects it from drying out, creates a milder, humid climate, the roots keep the soil from weathering and erosion, and prevent the appearance of ravines and landslides. Plants release specific phytoncides into the air, which are detrimental to pathogenic bacteria, and are the first important step in the trophic food chains.

Man and Plants

Plants play a huge role in human life, because besides the fact that they are sources of oxygen necessary for breathing, they are used by humans for food (cereals, vegetables, legumes, fruits of trees, essential oil crops, sugar-bearing plants), they are used to make medicines , clothes, at home, they serve as raw materials for industrial production paper, paint, rubber and other various useful substances.

Plants are an irreplaceable source of vitamins and minerals, a deficiency of which can lead to human development serious illnesses... In animal husbandry, fodder crops are used as food for animals, in large cities they absorb excess carbon dioxide, serve for sanitary and hygienic purposes, absorbing harmful substances from the air, ionizing it and moisturizing it.