The most dangerous production facilities in Russia. Finds (List) of harmful industries and professions

Harmful production Usually the cause of long, gradually occurring changes in the body - chronic diseases. The legislation of the USSR seeks to more fully regulate the technical conditions that d. B. Subordinates harmful production. In the question of special benefits for workers harmful productions Individual character (so-called "" compensation of harm ") legislation takes a detailed profession as a basis. The legislation of the USSR on harmful processes is based mainly on the code of labor laws and is regulated mainly by Narkomrtrud (NKT) of the USSR, and in some of its part there are also NKTs of the Union republics. The implementation of these laws and orders is mandatory for all employers without exception, regardless of the nature of the enterprise (private, cooperative or state), the violator is responsible in criminal procedure. NKT also regulates purely technical rules Devices and content of industrial enterprises in harmful production. "All enterprises and institutions should make the necessary measures to eliminate or reducing harmful working conditions, prevention of accidents and the content of the workshop in proper sanitary and hygienic state, according to general and special mandatory decisions on the individual industries published by Narkomrtrud." The list of these decrees is published. In addition to the decrees covering mainly wholes, the NPT published a number of decisions that have the goal of combating specifically with the most dangerous professional poisons.

Of great importance in the sense of the struggle with various hazards of production has the so-called. preliminary supervision, i.e., the desire to implement the basic requirements of labor protection even before the enterprise is lined up, and thus avoiding the assumptions of such main construction and technical defects, which subsequently turns out to be extremely difficult, and sometimes it is impossible. According to the code of labor laws, no enterprise is not m. Open, put into the course or translated into another building without the sanction of labor inspection and sanitary and technical supervision bodies. All industrial construction projects (construction, reorganization and re-equipment of industrial institutions and all auxiliary institutions for workers located on the territory of the enterprise) before approving them in the subject to the authorities, d. Equipped - in part related to the special requirements of this production, in the field of occupational health, safety and fire safety measures - the conclusions of the relevant NKT bodies.

On the basis of the approval of the projects of new industrial construction and capital conversion of enterprises, labor protection authorities make a conclusion through our representatives in special meetings at hozergans (having the right to pre-receive projects for a detailed study).

A special group of workers' protection of workers in harmful production is made of material compensation, if the elimination of harmful working conditions is impossible for technical reasons.

One of the main ways to protect the health of working on harmful proceedings is to reduce the working day, because, due to this measure, it is smaller in contact with special professional harm, and, therefore, and undergoes less danger regarding purely occupational diseases. For a number of years working time In harmful production, it was reduced; In the production sectors, especially heavy and harmful to health, a short-term working day is installed, according to the lists and standards established by the NKT based on the following signs: 1) for professions that are constantly contacting by the nature of work with poisons under conditions that may cause chronic or acute poisoning (lead, mercury, arsenic, phosphorus, benzol and its derivatives, nitro compounds and other poisons); 2) for professions related to continuously increased nervous voltage (telephone, radio, etc.); 3) for work in compressed and sparse air (caisson, diving, fly, etc.); 4) for individual professions related to the work under the ground under special stress, harm to health or danger; 5) for work at high temperature in continuation of at least half of the normal working day; 6) for work on open air with a particularly low temperature; 7) In exceptional cases, with a permanent stay of workers in an atmosphere, saturated with a large amount of harmful dust (dry point in porcelain production, when working on unprotected sandblasting machines etc.). When establishing a reduced working day, on the basis of the above paragraphs, the combination of the listed harms of among themselves is also taken into account, as well as a combination with particularly severe physical stress. So, for example: Almost all underground workers are included in the lists in the lists, 8 types of work (ch. Way on casting and smelting copper ores and copper, lead, zinc, arsenic and silver); In the metalworking industry - about 20 professions (in particular - grinders and grinders with a dry way, therators, all professions in contact with mercury, arsenic and lead compounds); by chemical industry - more than 50 professions (in particular - with acid furnaces, in the manufacture of nitrite, chrome and lead salts, with a dry point on porcelain factories, in glass guttah, different types works in the production of inorganic paints, etc.). A four-hour working day is installed in the production of copper, during sowing and packaging, sugar and gurta, in the production of sugarders; Three-hour working day - in the cubic department of lead plants Belil. Further, our legislation since 1918 has established additional leave for working in harmful production. A detailed list of professions giving the right to additional vacation, carefully revised together with economic bodies and professional unions, was reissued by the NKT USSR on June 28, 1923.

Additional vacation is available: 1) for persons constantly contacting through the nature of the poisons, under conditions that can cause chronic acute poisoning or other functional disorder; 2) for persons whose work is associated with continuously increased nervous voltage, as well as voltage of view and hearing; 3) for work in compressed and sparse air; 4) for certain categories of workers working underground; 5) for working at high temperatures; (30 ° without high humidity and 25 ° with high humidity) when workers spend at such a temperature for more than half of the working day; 6) for working in closed rooms, with a constant allocation of a large number of harmful dust, not removed by the appropriate devices; 7) for working in refrigerators, with a permanent stay at temperatures below 0 °; 8) for persons whose work is associated with frequent blown of closed parts of the body; 9) For people, in which there is a combination of several elements of harm, as well as the combination of these harm with particularly severe physical stress, although each of these harms is separately not so significant to give the right to additional leave.

According to the labor legislation of the USSR, workers of harmful industries receive some more purely material advantages. In the first place there is a special protective clothing, as well as masks and respirators. Under special protective clothing ("overalls") only such objects are understood that are issued for the actual protection of a worker from one or another professional harm (and not to save their own clothing of working) and in the general general purpose of work not in home clothing (this principle was applied during the period Military communism, when each worker was issued a set of clothes and even linen). The list of professions giving the right to receive overalls, and the name of the subjects to be issued, indicating the timing of their socks, is established by the Special Decisions of the USSR NKT for all production. The issuance of workwear is regulated mainly from the subject party. The right to receive overalls and safety subjects established for a particular profession also applies to students working in the same conditions with the working professions. Established by working workwear is the property of an enterprise, institution or economy and is used by workers and employees only with the direct performance of their work. Further, according to the special lists of professions developed by the NKT, the workers whose work is associated with pollution in the process of work not only the face and hands, but also the whole body, as well as with the danger of the transfer of home infection, is issued to the soap house; Regardless of this, enterprises are particularly harmful or with dirty work during washbasins should be in sufficient quantity Soap for washing workers during work and at the end of them. Finally, in a number of harmful industries, working professions that are associated with the possibility of acute or chronic poisoning by professional poisons are issued milk in the amount of 0.615 liters (1 bottle) per person per person. In addition to all listed activities, the Code of Labor Laws provides the NKT and its local authorities the right to establish in particularly harmful industries and enterprises a mandatory preliminary inspection of all workers' applicants or individual groups (women and adolescents), as well as their periodic re-evidence. On this basis, the NCOMCTRUD and Narc Complete RSFSR issued a decree on mandatory periodic regular medical examinations of persons working in some particularly harmful industries. The introduction of this event should significantly increase the fight against professional harm and prevent the development of more serious diseases Workers employed in harmful production.

Harmful production, serving the cause of specific professional diseases and affecting the overall health of individual professional groups, have often increased mortality, early disabilities and more intense, relatively with the entire population, the arms of this working team by various diseases. The influence of harmful proceedings may affect the fact that diseases encountered under normal conditions under the influence of certain professional conditions proceed in more sharp or in special, peculiar forms, certain elected systems and organs are affixed, and also give more than usual, the number of unfavorable Exodues. So, it is known that intoxication, infections, as well as other diseases of the "wear" nature associated with the weakening of the strength and functional activities of various parts of the body, are easier and the most strongest are those organs that are in a state of permanent overvoltage or chronic overwork. Further, harmful production can contribute or, more correctly, to identify such violations of health or pathological conditions, which are associated with congenital or acquired weakness, less resistance or other defects of individual organs or systems, and, however, in other conditions, this state is not It would be found in the form of clearly pronounced diseases. The most striking example of this group of cases are various occupational skin diseases, when the effects of external moments of production nature (poisons, irritating substances, moisture, etc.) only identify special pathological sensitivity of the skin to different points of an external nature. Myopia, according to modern views, also requires a special comparatively unstable state of lens, but not all that are predisposed to the development of myopia, it takes place in reality. Statistics with no doubt about persuasive proves the close relationship between the relative amount of short-sighted in various professions, on the one hand, and the need to strain their eyesight in conditions professional work, as well as the conditions for lighting the workplace, on the other.

Further, harmful production (high temperature, poisons, dust, etc.) significantly weaken the resistance of various organs with direct external influences, as well as in relation to infections. IN lately The medical literature provides a number of data obtained both on the basis of experiments made on animals and as a result of clinical observations and a special in-depth laboratory study of the impact on workers of various harm; These data show that under the influence of poisons or even fatigue, the ability of the whole organism as a whole to resist infectious diseases and is strongly weakened by t. n. "Protective" properties of blood, with which the sick organism is usually struggling with the introduced microbes. Harmful production, being one of the factors of the impact on the body of the external environment, of course, extremely rarely acts quite isolated; Usually they are closely intertwined with other influences of the social environment (wage, dwelling, food, life, sexual life, etc.). In some cases, the profession entails both those or other features of a purely social nature from among the above (acute housing needs of seasonal workers, alcoholism in individual professions, non-marketability of sexual life in seafarers, etc.).

A thorough study of harmful production gives first of all the opportunity to establish relationships and the relationship between the labor and health of various professional groups. This is carried out in two ways. On the one hand, the doctors (primarily sanitary inspectors of labor protection) are studying under a special angle of view of labor and production processes (the compilation of the Sanitary characteristics of detailed professions on a special card developed by NKT in 1920); In addition to the labor protection bodies, an in-depth laboratory study of a sanitary situation is carried out to accurately quantify individual harm in various industries, shops and even individual workshops of various enterprises (characteristics of meteorological conditions, an accurate determination of the amount of dust and vapor in air, measuring the intensity of radiant energy, etc. P.). On the other hand, the clinic carefully examines typical professional diseases, and the sanitary statistics of labor establishes their influence on the general health indicators of the proletariat (physical development, mortality, disability, incidence, etc.). Statistical data on professional mortality in Holland (1908-11) show that overall mortality in general (standard, i.e., calculated in such a way as to eliminate the unequal distribution in various professional groups), as well as mortality in certain ages and individual types of diseases, give oscillations that reach up to 250%. Of some interest is the Russian statistics of Professor Vigdornchik, who compared certain harmful production with the results of the development of disability materials in Leningrad (data 1918-1919). The table below shows how much each worker loses on average annual units of labor, depending on the working conditions in harmful production (the degree of disability).

The table shows that inhalation of lead dust entails a loss due to early disabilities, almost two times greater than inhalation of inorganic dust. If this is added to this that the loss of free professors calculated on the same method for the disabled professors of free professions is equal to 3 years, and for home owners, even 1,84 years, the importance of certain harmful production will become even clearer. Determination of harmful industries in various types of work, finding out the paths and methods of their impact on the living organism and the study of their consequences make it possible to establish the degree of harmful production for the health of the proletariat, to schedule ways to fully eliminate or practically permanently permanently rehabilitation of harmful production and, as a last resort, - necessary compensation workers.

The number of harmful production is very large, and their character is very diverse; It is completely impossible to list them (it is enough to indicate that the number of one only professional poisons reaches several tens). To get a general idea of \u200b\u200bharmful production, it is enough to familiarize yourself with the general classification (the hazard group is not included here). Depending on the nature of the occurrence, harmful proceedings should be divided into three main groups: 1) related to the workflow, 2) related to the production process (object, instruments and labor product) and 3) related to the external situation of labor and production.

The harmfulness associated directly with the labor process includes: 1) excessive labor duration; 2) excessive intensity of labor (excessive load or excessive speed); 3) long-term forced monotony of body position (standing, sedentary); 4) voltage of the locomotor unit (bundles, joints, tendons, etc.) and isolated muscle groups (for example, excessive load of individual muscles in loaders or hammers, reinforced walking, fast small and monotonous movements of brushes or fingers when working packs, packers and t. n.); 5) Central voltage nervous system and higher mental functions; 6) strong emotional impacts (for example, telephones, stenographers, representatives of higher intellectual professions, at the chauffeur, pilots, etc.); 7) the voltage of the respiratory organs (glass windows, musicians on wind instruments, speakers, etc.); 8) the voltage of the senses (vision, hearing, etc.).

To the group of harmful industries associated with production processThese are primarily:

A. Mechanical impact on working implements, object or labor product: 1) friction or pressure on the body surface, causing either atrophy, or hypertrophic changes, or inflammatory insulated processes (bones, muscles, mucous bag, leather); 2) shaking the body caused by the instrument used (for example, working with a pneumatic hammer, drill, etc.), or a semission of the floor, which produces work (for example, in weaving workshops), or by the movement of the place of work (for example, at the chauffeurs , car trades, locomotive machinists, etc.); 3) industrial dust acting on respiratory organs (in particular, on the lungs), on the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, etc., first - mechanically mechanically; If dust also wears a poison, acting chemically, then it is at the same time harmful and mechanical and chemical; 4) Intensive sound effects - the effect of noise, purely mechanically active on the hearing body by both air and bone transmission of sounds, which should be distinguished from much less harmful active voltage of the hearing organ (the latter refers to the heading and to the tension of the senses).

B. Further, a group of harms, united by a single hygienic principle under the general name of the "meteorological factor". These include: 1) abnormal air temperature (excessively high, unusually low, unevenly distributed, sharply fluctuating); 2) the abnormal state of air currents (excessive air movement, complete stagnant immobility, frequent shift of both); 3) excessive humidity or dryness of air; 4) adverse combinations of temperature, humidity and air movement. A similar classification of meteorological harm seems to be the most appropriate, for it strictly distinguishes the individual most harmful moments regardless of the place where the work occurs. Indeed, it is hardly possible to consider how many authors make it harmful production in the open air, or underground, or above the water, for every place of work serves as a source of the main harms listed above.

B. Following this, a group of harm is due to the impact on the body of other types of energy: 1) electric current and 2) rays: a) infrared, or thermal (affecting the body in this case not by pre-heating air, but by direct radiation, such as, for example, when working smelting furnaces, in steam hammer, in Gutte, in Gornov, etc.); b) the visible part of the spectrum, or light rays (direct effects - in connection with the production process, for example, when weaving and casting metal, when working in fiberglass furnaces, etc., and not as a result of irrational lighting); in) ultraviolet rays (in filming, with acetylene and electric welding, etc.); d) x-rays; d) radium rays, etc.

These include harmful production, acting on the body by chemical path: 1) caustic and irritants acting on the tissue directly at the point of contact (acid, alkalis, various solvents, etc.), and 2) providing a general poisoning effect on the body after Penetrating them into the bloodstream.

Finally, follow some of the hazards associated with sources that are organized by themselves, being alive creatures. In these cases, we are dealing with the harmfulness characterized by the biological impact method. These include: 1) the danger of bites and bruises of animals and people (in workers on slaughterhouses, shepherds, ministers of laboratories and zoological gardens, veterinary doctors, personnel psychiatric hospitals etc.); 2) a siberia infection when working with wool and rag; 3) the danger of infection with skin diseases when collecting and processing rags and in sewing workshops; 4) tuberculous and general infection in individuals in contact with the corpus material; 5) Glice disease (Ankylostomiasis) in miners; 6) Syphilis infection with doctors, glass-powders, cormilitz, etc.

The recent group of harm is the impact of a general sanitary situation of labor associated with not so much with the production process itself, as with the working room device or the characteristics of the place of work (at least the latter and it was characteristic of certain labor processes). These include: 1) insufficient air cubature per worker (excessive recurrence of workers in one room); 2) lack of natural light or defects in the field of lighting (work in complete darkness, for example, in kinolaborators, work with excessive intensive lighting, for example, in a cinema reader, work with insufficient lighting, with excessive brightness and brightness, with a sharp difference in illumination within working area etc.); 3) a heating defect; 4) Other defects of the device and content, premises. Finally, such harm as an adverse effect should also be attributed. atmospheric conditions When working outdoors (the effect of rain, wind, weather, etc.) and abnormal atmospheric pressure - as low (when working in high atmospheric layers, for example, in the mountains in the mining of stones and ores, during flights, etc. ), as well as elevated (for example, when working in caissons, during diving works, etc.).

We do not take a bad planet that gave us life, feeds us and gives all means for existence. A person is very often trying to turn his habitat in a rapid garbage. And usually it turns out. Forests are cut down and animals are destroyed, the rivers are polluted with poisonous drains, and the oceans turn into trash dumps.

Some cities in which we live are similar to the illustration of the horror movie. They have multicolored puddles, stiff trees and air saturated with poisonous emissions. People in such cities live long, children are sick, and the smell of exhaust gases becomes the usual aroma.

Our country does not differ in this regard from other industrial countries. Cities where chemical or any other harmful production is developed, are a sad sight. We accounted for a list for you, which entered the dirtiest cities of Russia. Some of them can be said that they will endure real ecological disaster. But the authorities have no business before, and the locals seem to have already accustomed to live in such conditions.

For a long time the dirtiest city of Russia Dzerzhinsk was considered in the Novgorod region. In this village earlier, chemical weapons were made, it was closed for the surrounding world. For decades such activities in the soil, so much of different chemical rubbish has accumulated that the locals rarely live up to 45 years. However, we make our list, based on the Russian counting system, and it takes into account only harmful substances in the atmosphere. Soil and water into account are not accepted.

Opens our list the city, which all its short history is firmly associated with metallurgy, heavy industry and the reinforcement of the first five years. The city has a Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine - the largest similar company in Russia. It is on his share a large part of harmful emissions, which poison the life of citizens. In total, about 255 thousand tons of harmful substances fall in the urban air every year. Agree, a huge number. The factory has numerous filters, but they have little, the concentration in the air of nitrogen dioxide, soot exceeds the norm several times.

At the ninth place of our list there is another Siberian city. Although Angarsk is considered quite prosperous, but the ecological situation is sad here. The Chemical Industry is extremely developed in Angarsk. It is actively recycled by oil, many machine-building enterprises, they also harm nature, and in addition, a plant is located in Angarsk, which is engaged in the processing of uranium and spent fuel from nuclear power plants. Neighborhood with such a plant has not added anyone to anyone. In the urban air, 280 thousand tons of poisonous substances fall each year.

At eighth place there is another Siberian city, in the atmosphere of which 290 thousand tons of harmful substances fall annually. Most of them are ejected by stationary sources. However, more than 30% of emissions fall on cars. Do not forget that Omsk is a huge city with a population of more than 1.16 million people.

The industry began to grow rapidly in Omsk after the war, as dozens of enterprises from the European part of the USSR were evacuated. Now in the city a large number of Enterprises of ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and mechanical engineering. All of them pollute urban air.

This city is one of the centers of Russian metallurgy. Many of the enterprises have outdated equipment and seriously poison air. The largest metallurgical enterprise of the city is the Novokuznetsky Metallurgical Combine, it is also the main air pollutant. In addition, the region is quite developed by the coal industry, which also gives many harmful emissions. Residents of the city consider the bad environmental situation in the city - one of the main problems.

In this city, the largest metallurgical plant in Europe (NLMK), which throws a huge amount of pollutants into the air. In addition to him, there are several more large enterprises in Lipetsk, which contribute to the deterioration of environmental conditions in the settlement.

Every year 322 thousand tons of various harmful substances fall in the city air. If the wind blows from the side of the metallurgical plant, then a strong sulfide smell is felt in the air. True, it should be noted that in last years The company has certain steps to reduce harmful emissions, but there are no results yet.

Asbestos

In the fifth place of our list dirty cities of Russia There is a Ural settlement. How it becomes clear from the name of this city, it is mined and processed asbestos, and also produce silicate brick. Here is the world's largest plant, which mines asbestos. And it was these enterprises that led the city to the edge of the ecological catastrophe.

Every year more than 330 thousand tons of hazardous substances are emitted into the air, most of these emissions fall on stationary sources. 99% of them fall on one enterprise. You can also add that asbestos dust is very dangerous and can cause cancer.

In this city there are chemical and metallurgical giants: "Cherepovets Nitrogen", Severstal, Severstal-Metiz, Ammophos. Every year, they emit about 364 thousand tons of substances dangerous to the air. The city is very large, the number of respiratory, heart and cancer organs.

The situation is particularly worsening in spring and autumn.

At the third place of our list is the city of St. Petersburg, in which there are no large industrial enterprises or especially harmful industries. However, it is true here: in the city a very large number of cars and most emissions are exhaust gases of cars.

Road traffic is incorrectly organized in the city, cars are often idle in traffic jams, poisoning air. Motor transport accounts for 92.8% of all harmful emissions in the air of the city. Every year, 488.2 thousand tons of harmful substances fall into the air and it is much more than in the cities with the developed industry.

In second place in terms of environmental pollution is the capital Russian Federation - Moscow city. There are no large and hazardous industries, do not produce coal or heavy metals, but every year about 1000 thousand tons of harmful substances are thrown into the air in the air of a huge metropolis. Cars are the main source of these emissions, their share accounts for 92.5% of all harmful substances in the Moscow air. The air of the car is particularly strongly polluted during the many hours of standing in street traffic jams.

The situation worsens every year. If the situation is developed further, then soon it will be impossible to breathe in the capital.

In the first place of our list the most polluted cities in Russia, with a very large margin is the city of Norilsk. This settlement, which is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, has been the leader among the most disadvantaged in terms of the ecology of Russian cities. This recognizes not only domestic experts, but also foreign environmentalists. Many of them consider Norilsk a zone of ecological disaster. In the past few years, the city is included in the leaders the most contaminated areas on the planet.

The reason for this situation is quite simple: the city is located in the city Norilsk Nickel, which is the main polluter. In 2010, 1,923,900 tons of harmful waste were thrown into the air.

Studies conducted several years ago showed that the level of heavy metals, hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid exceeds the safe level several times. In total, the researchers counted 31 harmful substances, the concentration of which exceeds the permissible norm. Plants and living creatures slowly die. In Norilsk, the average life expectancy is ten years less than the average country.

The dirtiest city in Russia - video:

According to statistics, in Russia, more than twelve million people work in industrial production, of which almost half carry out their work in harmful production. Harmful conditions in enterprises are those conditions that are able to harm health, reduce performance and lead to the risk of poisoning. Diseases arising in the course of work may have consequences in the future, including such consequences that include the risk of birth of not healthy children.

Hazardous factors of hazardous industries

Production factors that are considered harmful are divided into two types:

1. Harmful factors in production;
2. Harmful factors during the employment process.

In turn, production harmful factors divided into:

1. Physical. These include high or low temperatures, dust, noisy production and so on.
2. Chemical. The factors of this species include inhalation of harmful substances or gaspace.
3. Biological. Biological factors include risks of infection with various microorganisms and dangerous infections. As a rule, such professions include workers from a medical or veterinary field.

During the employment process, harmful factors also arise. These include elevated nervous or physical exertion.

List of harmful industries and professions

Production and professions with harmful working conditions are very much and their list is too huge to list it in this article. However, you can briefly consider it. The list of harmful industries and professions was published in 1974 with subsequent changes and additions, until 1991.

Naturally, this list includes production with severe working conditions.. It is mountainous labor activity, in particular, salt, slate, mica, graphite, oil and coal, and various production in the field of metallurgy and coke-chemical work.

The list of harmful industries and professions is official document that provides additional benefits and compensation For workers of harmful production.

Harmful production

The list of harmful production is also great as list of professions on such industries. These include the following manufacturing enterprises:

1. Cement;
2. Changelite products;
3. Reinforced concrete products;
4. Thermal insulation materials;
5. Soft roof;
6. Glasses and glass products;
7. Musical instruments;

1. Textile and light industry;
2. Food industry;
3. Printing;
4. Communication;
5. Rural and national economy;

Transportation enterprises:

1. Railway;
2. Automotive;
3. River;
4. Nautical.

Benefits and compensation preferred by workers in harmful production

The legislation of the Russian Federation provides for the following rights for workers dangerous professions:

1. Break for rest, as well as a reduction in the working day;
2. Individual defense, milk and medicinal nutrition;
3. Medical examination at the employer's account;
4. Increased pension due to preferential experience.

Making a choice in favor of a harmful profession, it is necessary to weigh everything "for" and "against". Despite the benefits provided, it is worth remembering about the harmful effects on your body and health in general.

On September 29, 1957, the first radiation accident in production happened in the USSR. PE occurred in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40 (Ozersk) at the Chemical Combine "Mayak". The explosion occurred in tanks for radioactive waste, which was built in the 1950s.

This reservoir contained about 80 cubic meters of highly radiant nuclear waste. As a result of the cooling system failure, an explosion occurred. Radioactive particles were thrown into a height of 1-2 kilometers. Within 10-11 hours, radioactive substances fell out 300-350 km in the northeast direction from the explosion site.

In the zone of radiation pollution, the territory of several enterprises of the Mayak plant, military town, a fire station, a colony of prisoners and further territory of 23,000 square meters, was the territory of several enterprises. km with a population of 270,000 people in 217 settlements of three regions: Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk and Tyumen. Chelyabinsk-40 himself did not suffer. 90% of radiation contaminants fell out on the territory of the Chemical Combine "Lighthouse", and the rest was dissipated further.

On this occasion, SmartNews amounted to a list of the most dangerous industries in Russia.

Production of chlorine

This substance is extremely important raw materials in the chemical industry. It is necessary for the production of many organic and inorganic substancesand also actively used in pharmaceutical. The annual consumption of chlorine in the world is calculated tens of millions of tons.

But Chlorine has one unpleasant feature - he is extremely poisonous. First world War It was applied for the first time as a combat poisoning substance. If the gas inlet is in light, there is a burn of lung fabric and choking. It has an irritating effect on the respiratory tract already at a concentration in the air about 0.006 mg / l.

For this reason, any enterprise producing or using chlorine in its processes can carry a potential threat. Of course, there are unprecedented security measures in such industries, but the fact of the accident may not be excluded. In addition, chlorine is transported daily throughout the country in huge railway tanks.

The largest plants for the production of chlorine are concentrated in Volzhzhsky federal District. The plants of the Kaustik enterprise are located in Sterlitamak and Volgograd, and the capacity of Sur-Neftekhim OJSC and Soda-Chlorat are located in Dzerzhinsk and Berezniki, respectively.

Video

Video: Rianovosti on YouTube

Chlorine poisoned in Georgia lying under droppers

Ammonia production

Everyone is widely known as a sharp and suffocating the smell of aqueous solution of this substance in the water - amazing. Ammonia is a very valuable and important raw material for organic chemistry and fertilizer production. Therefore, its production is traditionally very high all over the world. At the same time, one tenth of all world ammonia factories is in Russia.

However, ammonia in large concentrations is very dangerous for humans. When the content of ammonia in air in an amount of 280 mg / m3, the respiratory tract irritation occurs, and in an amount equal to 490 mg / m3, the eyes be hurt. It is worth the ammonia to act on a person at a concentration of 1.5 g / m3, as the toxic pulmonary swelling begins. In addition, this gas has a neuro-paralytic effect.

In Russia, the top of the largest producers of ammonia are "Tolyattiazot", NAC "Nitrogen" and "Acron". Their plants are located in Tolyatti, Novomoskovsk and in Veliky Novgorod, respectively.

Video

Video: Ntdrussian on YouTube

Ammonia leak in Ukraine: 5 dead

Benzol production

Benzol is widely used in industry, as the feedstock for the production of drugs, various plastics, synthetic rubber, dyes. Although benzene is part of crude oil, on an industrial scale it is synthesized from its other components.

For a person, benzene is a huge danger, as it has toxic and carcinogenic properties. Moreover, negative consequences, depending on the dose, may occur almost instantly, and they can come through many years.

At very high concentrations - almost instant loss of consciousness and death within a few minutes. If the human body is exposed to the long-term effects of benzene in small quantities, the consequences can also be very serious. In this case, chronic poisoning benzene can cause leukemia and anemia.

The main manufacturers of this substance: Sibur-Neftekhim (Nizhny Novgorod region) and Nizhnekamskneftekhim (Nizhnekamsk).

Disposal of nuclear fuel

All nuclear reactors operate on TVelah - fuel elements. They are rods containing "tablets" from uranium compound. Before they are not placed in the reactor, they do not represent any danger.

But after the fuel generates its resource, its radiation level rises repeatedly. Fuel cells begin to heat independently large temperatures. Therefore, after extracting from the active zone of the reactor, it is kept from 2 to 5 years in a special exposure pool. Then the cooled rods are buried in special grains. They are in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Tomsk, Ulyanovsk and Tver regions.

In the spent fuel rods, in addition to uranium, and another heavy metal - plutonium-239. It generates a radioactive background with a radius of several centimeters. Even a piece of fabric can be protected from such radiation. But the hit of just one millionth of the gram of this substance in the body can be fatal. It is postponed in lungs, liver and bones. And almost certainly causes cancer. The half-life of this radioactive metal is 24,110 years. And iodine-129, which is also contained in nuclear waste, - 16 million years.

Last week, the Ministry of Environment in the State Environmental Protection Name called the city of Russia with the most dirtiest air. Krasnoyarsk, Magnitogorsk and Norilsk were the most dangerous to accommodation with cities. In total, Russia has 15 of the most contaminated territories, which, according to environmental evaluations, are most adverse from the point of view of primarily atmospheric air and waste accumulation.

On the black list of the most dirtiest cities, Norilsk, Lipetsk, Cherepovets, Novokuznetsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Bratsk, Novocherkassk, Chita, Dzerzhinsk, Mednogorsk and Asbest.

Krasnoyarsk called the "environmental disaster zone"

Alas, but today the Krasnoyarsa is literally choking in emissions. The reason for this is the active work of industrial facilities, plants and vehicles.

Krasnoyarsk, being the center of the East Siberian Economic Area, belongs to major industrial and transport cities, its environmental situation is in an extremely intense state. Over the past year, the ecology of this millionth city has deteriorated even more. Within the framework of a special project "Practical Ecology" in this Siberian city, an analysis of the environmental situation was carried out.

The study of pollution was performed using air sampling. If in 2014 only 0.7% of these samples had excess, then in 2017 this figure rose to 2.1% - that is, 3 times. Sounds frightening. In the same report, by the way, it is also said about the increase in the number of cancer patients in the city of about 2.5% per year. And by the end of 2017, this number can reach 373 patients per 100 thousand inhabitants.

Magnitogorsk, the most ecologically unfavorable city of the Urals

The unfavorable state of atmospheric air in the city determines emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, the main source of which, of course, is OJSC Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine. The city of Magnitogorsk, whose city-forming enterprise has become an industrial giant, is constantly included in the priority list of cities of the Russian Federation with the highest levels of contamination of atmospheric air on benzapiren, nitrogen dioxide, surgelion, phenol.

Norilsk: Environmental crisis in extreme cold weather

This city, which in the 30s built prisoners of the Gulag, can be called a place for extreme. Norilsk with a population of over 100 thousand people is in the frosty Siberian Arctic. The maximum temperature in the summer can reach 32 ° C, and the minimum in winter is below -50 ° C. The city, whose economic framework is the mining industry, completely depends on imported food. The main industry is the extraction of precious metals. And precisely because of the production of metals, Norilsk became one of the most polluted cities in Russia.

Norilsk continues to enter the triple the most dirtiest Russian cities, even though after the closure of the nickel plant in June 2016 harmful emissions The atmosphere decreased by a third. This enterprise, located in the historical center, was the oldest asset of Nickel, and it accounted for 25% of the entire pollution of the region. The company annually threw about 400,000 tons of sulfur dioxide into the air. This made Norilsk the main pollutant of the Arctic and one of the ten most dirtiest cities of the planet according to Greenpeace.

Lipetsk

Ecology in Lipetsk leaves much to be desired. A significant part of the residential building is located on the right bank of the Voronezh River, while the building of the Metallurgical Combine is on the canopy of the left bank. Thanks to the wind rose with the predominance of the winds of the northeastern destination, some areas of the city are discomfort.

According to official data, more than 350 thousand tons of pollutants fall into atmospheric layers annually. This is more than 700 kilograms per capita. The greatest exceeds have indicators for heavy metals, dioxins, benzapyrene and phenol. The main source of pollution is the Novolipetsky Metallurgical Combine.

Cherepovets

Cherepovets is a city with developed industrial productionthat, of course, directly affects the environmental situation. Moreover, it is impossible to single out the area, which would be relatively free from industrial pollution, - absolutely all areas feel the influence of industrial zones.

Residents of the city are often feeling nasty smell Industrial emissions, more often than others, brush their windows from black plaque and watch a multi-colored smoke that comes out daily from the plants. In the spring and autumn, the ecological situation in the city is somewhat worsening, which is associated with weather conditions that reduce the dispersion of harmful components, which contributes to their accumulation in the atmosphere.

Novokuznetsk

This is another industrial Russian city, in the center of which is the metallurgical plant. It is not surprising that the ecological situation here is characterized as unfavorable: especially serious air pollution. 145 thousand vehicles were registered in the city, the gross emission into the atmosphere was 76.5 thousand tons.

Nizhny Tagil has long been in the list of cities with the most contaminated harmful substances by air. The maximum allowable value of benzapiren in the atmosphere of the city is exceeded 13 times.

Omsk

In the past, the abundance of enterprises led to numerous emissions into the atmosphere. Now, 58% of air pollution in the city falls on motor vehicles. In addition to the pollution of urban air, problems in the state of the Ecology of Omsk adds the deplorable state of water in the rivers Om and Irtysh.

Chelyabinsk

In Industrial Chelyabinsk, a fairly high level of air pollution is recorded. But this situation is also complicated by the fact that the third of the year in the city of Channel. In hot weather over Chelyabinsk, it was possible to observe the result of the activities of the Electrode Plant, the Chelyabinsk GRES, CHAMK and several Chelyabinsk CHP. The share of power plants accounts for about 20% of all fixed emissions.

Dzerzhinsk

The real threat to the ecology of the city remains deep burials of waste of harmful industries and the sludge lake (called the "White Sea") with the waste of chemical production.

Bratsk

The main sources of air pollution in the city are the fraternal aluminum plant, ferroalloy plant, CHP and a fraternal timber-critical complex. In addition, every spring and summer there are regular forest fires, which last from two weeks to four months.

Chita

Three years in a row, this city falls into anti-RECTING. The regional center ranks second in the country after Vladivostok by the number of cars per capita, which is one of the sources of air pollution within the city. In addition, there is a problem of pollution of urban reservoirs.

Mednogorsk

The main environmental pollutant is the Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant, which throws into the air a large amount of sulfur anhydride, during sedimentation over the soil of the forming sulfuric acid.

Novocherkassk

The air of Novocherkasska is the dirtier in the region: every year the city stably enters the list of places with the most polluted atmosphere. There are no blind emissions here, often the wind from the industrial zone blows on the living.

Asbestos

In the city of Asbest, 25% of the world of asbestos chrysotile is mined. This fibrous mineral, known for heat-resistant and at the same time carcinogenic properties, is prohibited in most european countries. Around the clock in a giant career, 12 km long in Asbesta mined "Stone Len" for the production of asbestos-cement pipes, insulating and building materials, half of which is exported to 50 countries. Local residents do not believe in harm asbestos.