Old Slavonic language. The history of the origin of the Old Slavonic language. Creation of an Old Slavonic language based on a living Slavic dialect of the 9th century, possibly a dialect of the Solunian Slavs. Two types of the oldest alphabet: Cyrillic and Glagolitic, their sources of origin.

Morphology: general overview of the noun (categories of gender, number and case, types of declension); verb (categories of number, voice, mood, tense, type of change by conjugation).

Syntax: word order in a sentence, basic constructions.

The concept of the Old Slavonic language

The Old Church Slavonic language is the oldest literary language of the Slavs. This is the earliest written processing that has come down to us, written confirmation of Slavic speech. One of the dialects of the South Slavs, the Solun (South Macedonian) dialect, became the dialect basis of the Old Slavonic language. The first monuments of Old Slavonic writing date back to the 2nd half of the 9th century. (60s of the 9th century). They represent both translations from the Greek liturgical books, and later untranslated, original works. Since the Old Church Slavonic language had a sound system, grammatical structure and vocabulary close to other Slavic languages, it very quickly spread in the Slavic countries as the language of church, scientific, and partly fiction. All other Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwere fixed by writing much later (the oldest surviving Russian written monuments date back to the second half of the 11th century; Old Bohemian - to the 13th century; among the surviving Polish monuments, the oldest are from the 14th century). Thus, the Old Church Slavonic language in some cases makes it possible to represent Slavic sounds and forms at their most ancient stage of development.

The Old Slavonic language came to Russia at the end of the 10th century (988) in connection with the adoption of Christianity as a language of church writing.

At present, the Old Church Slavonic language is dead: it is neither spoken nor written. The disappearance of the Old Slavonic language as a living one took place early, not later than the 11th century, and is explained by the fact that, being close to the languages \u200b\u200bof those Slavic peoples among whom it was widespread, it itself was so exposed to the influence of the spoken languages \u200b\u200bof these peoples that it lost its original quality and finally disappeared like a language. However, his disappearance did not happen instantly. More and more elements of folk colloquial Slavic speech penetrated into church-religious literature. The type of Russian literary language, which was based on the Old Church Slavonic language, is called the Church Slavonic language of the Russian version.

For a long time the Church Slavonic language was a supra-ethnic language, fulfilling the functions of a church-religious language. In Russia they knew him, they studied him, but for the Russians he was not native. Scientists explain the preservation of the Church Slavonic language in Russia up to the time of Peter the Great by the needs of the church and cultural traditions.

Slavic alphabets

The oldest surviving Old Slavic alphabets are written in two alphabets - Glagolitic and Cyrillic.

The Cyrillic alphabet later became the basis for the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian and Serbian alphabet. The Glagolitic alphabet fell out of use and survived only in Croatia in church use (until the 17th century it was used there for secular purposes).

The question of the emergence of the two Slavic alphabets and their mutual relationship has long occupied scientists. Old Slavonic monuments testify that two very different alphabets existed already in ancient times.

The Czech scientist I. Dobrovsky believed that the Cyrillic alphabet was the more ancient alphabet and that it was it that was compiled by Constantine. As for the Glagolitic alphabet, in his opinion, it arose around the XIV century. in Croatia. He explains its emergence as follows: the Roman Church in the areas that were under its jurisdiction persecuted everything that testified to the connection with Byzantium, i.e. with the Greek church. And since the Cyrillic alphabet, based on the Greek script, clearly spoke of this connection, it was replaced by a verb in order to preserve the worship in the Slavic language.

In 1836, the Slavic philologist V. Kopitar discovered in the library of Count Klotz an ancient manuscript written in Glagolitic. According to paleographic data, it was much older than those manuscripts that were still known and dated no earlier than the XIV century. This discovery led to a revision of the previous point of view on the origin of the Slavic alphabet. V. Kopitar put forward a hypothesis about the comparative antiquity of the Glagolitic alphabet in comparison with the Cyrillic alphabet.

Further discoveries in this area confirmed the point of view of V. Kopitar.

The following says about the greater antiquity of the Glagolitic alphabet:

The Glagolitic alphabet is poorer in the number of letters, and, therefore, the Cyrillic alphabet is a more perfect alphabet.

The oldest linguistic monuments are written in verb (for example, Kiev leaflets, Zograf and Mariinsky gospels).

There are many manuscripts written in Cyrillic on parchment with washed off verb, but no manuscripts written in verb after washed off Cyrillic.

All this gave reason to believe that the more ancient alphabet created by Constantine was Glagolitic. Cyrillic originated in eastern Bulgaria during the reign of Tsar Simeon (893-927), i.e. when the Christian religion had long been adopted there, but the divine service was performed by Greek priests in the Greek language. Tsar Simeon wanted to oppose Byzantium not only state power, but also cultural power. To protect the independence of Bulgarian culture from unnecessary encroachments by Byzantium, it was necessary to introduce divine services in the Slavic language. But the Greek priests had a hard time mastering the Glagolic alphabet. Therefore, it was necessary to make a compromise solution: to replace the verb language with another alphabet, similar to Greek. It is believed that the disciple of Methodius, Presbyter Constantine, formed this new Slavic alphabet based on the Greek alphabet. Later, the Slavic scribes began to identify the presbyter Constantine with the first teacher Constantine - Cyril, and the alphabet he invented began to be called by the name of the second - Cyrillic.

Cyrillic

Each letter in both alphabets had its own name. Some letters were also used in numerical meaning, i.e. used in the meaning of numbers. Above the letter that was used in the meaning of the digit, there was a titlo sign ~, and dots were written on the sides: - 3, - 80, etc.

Glagolitic

And in that, and in the other alphabet there were superscript, or diacritical, distinctive marks.

Noun

The noun in Old Church Slavonic and Synodal Church Slavonic is characterized by grammatical categories gender, number, case. Grammatical category of gender represented by three large groups: masculine, feminine and neuter. This category is expressed semantically (males and females), morphologically (inflections, specific suffixes) and syntactically (agreement with adjectives, participles, generic pronouns, numerals, past tense verbs). Grammatical category of number represented by three forms of a single (about one object), dual (about two or paired objects) and plural (about objects more than one) number. The category of number is defined by different grammatical paradigms and differences in agreement for singular, dual and plural. In the Old Church Slavonic language there are groups of words singularia tantum, that is, words used only in the singular (and others) and pluralia tantum, that is, words used only in the plural, etc.), which are closely related to the category of collectiveness. Collective nouns denoted a collection of objects and were very often used instead of plural forms of nouns: Case category represented by seven forms of the singular (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, local, vocative), three forms of the dual (nominative \u003d accusative \u003d vocative, genitive \u003d local, dative \u003d instrumental) and six plural forms (nominative \u003d vocative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, local). The case category helps to express the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence or utterance. A special place is occupied by the vocative case, which is outside syntactic relations and performs the function of address. The grammatical category of animation in the Old Church Slavonic language is absent. Instead, here is presented category of person... It inconsistently covers male nouns in the singular and is expressed through the homonymy of the accusative and genitive cases, as well as through the use of the inflections –ovi, –evi in \u200b\u200bthe dative singular :). Depending on the paradigms that form nouns when changing in numbers and cases, it is customary to distinguish six types of declension in the Old Slavonic language. First type of declensionform feminine nouns and words denoting males. In the nominative singular, these words have. In the Proto-Slavic language, these nouns had the determinative suffix * ā or * jā. Nouns have hard or soft stems, which determine the choice of one or another inflection. In the paradigm of nouns based on a back-lingual consonant, the alternation "back-lingual / sibilant" before a vowel of diphthongic origin is relevant.

Old Slavonic feminine and masculine nouns with an ancient stem in * ā

The second type of declension form hard and soft masculine nouns that end in the nominative singular -ъ, -ь, -и, as well as nouns of the neuter gender with a hard and soft base, having inflection in the initial form. In the Proto-Slavic language, these words had a determinative suffix * ŏ, * jŏ. Just as in the first declension, the dependence of the choice of flexion on the hardness or softness of the base is traced; for nouns based on a back-lingual consonant, alternations "back-lingual / sibilant" before vowels are relevant and and of diphthongic origin, as well as "back tongue / hissing" before a front vowel.

Old Slavonic masculine and neuter nouns with an ancient stem on *ŏ

The third type of declension form masculine nouns with an ending in the nominative singular -ъ: In the Proto-Slavic language, these nouns had a determinative suffix * ŭ.

Old Slavonic masculine nouns with an ancient stem ending in * ŭ

Fourth type of declension form masculine and feminine nouns ending in the nominative singular –Y: The stem of these nouns is semi-soft. In the Proto-Slavic language, they had a determinative suffix * ĭ.

Old Slavonic masculine and feminine nouns with an ancient stem on *ĭ

IN fifth type of declension nouns of all kinds were included. In the Proto-Slavic language, their stem ended in a consonant, in the Old Slavonic language these are masculine nouns with the suffix -en- (), feminine nouns with the suffix -near-nouns of the neuter gender with the suffixes -es- -yat- and -en- By the same declension in the plural, masculine nouns changed with the suffixes -ar (b), -anin (b), -tel (b):.

Old Church Slavonic nouns of all genders with an ancient consonant stem

Finally, feminine nouns with an ancient stem * ū form sixth type of declension... Compared to what we observed in the Proto-Slavic language, the number of words here has decreased.

Old Slavic feminine nouns with an ancient stem ending in * ū

In the Synodal Church Slavonic language, the system of declension of nouns was simplified, since by the middle of the 17th century the grammar of the Slavic languages, including the grammar of the Russian language, had changed. In place of the six declensions, oriented towards the ancient use of the name, four types are distinguished in the Synodal Church Slavonic language. Masculine nouns with old stems in * ŭ and * ĭ in the new Church Slavonic language have the same paradigm with the words of the old stems in * ŏ. Nouns with the old consonant stem and * ū also have one paradigm

Verb

Verb and verb forms

In the Old Church Slavonic language, the verb has conjugated (personal) and non-conjugated (impersonal) forms. The infinitive forms of the verb are the infinitive, supine and inflected participles. The infinitive is formed by the suffixes Supin, or the infinitive of the goal, it is formed by the suffix of the participles denote an action or state as a sign of an object. In the Old Church Slavonic language, there are nominal and pronoun forms of participles. The actual participles of the present tense are formed with the help of suffixes: the valid participles of the past tense - with the help of suffixes; present passive participles - using suffixes - eat-, -them-: passive past participles - using suffixes –Н-, -en-, -t-: Old Church Slavonic participles are inclined like full and short adjectives. All other verb forms are conjugated, that is, they change according to persons (1, 2, 3) and numbers (singular, dual, plural). In the Old Church Slavonic language, based on the present tense, verbs distinguish two main (thematic) types of conjugation and one additional (non-thematic), in accordance with which the verbs were changed.These types of conjugation are inherited from the Old Slavic language from the Proto-Slavic language and are somehow represented in all modern Slavic languages.

Russian language and literature, 1974 .-- 432 p.
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g $ q7. The real participles of the present tense in the Old Church Slavonic language were formed from the verb - j "frTv of the foundations of the present tense WITH THE HELP of suffixes -persons И ^

The suffix -lui 11- was attached to the stems of the I conjugation,

^ T1k to the basics of the present tense 1-III types: from dog-zhtk - nbS-zhf-i1 (compare Russian church-Slavic nes-uch-a), from Eer-zht - ver-lir-i (Russian church-Slavic ber -usch), from zpduut

zimshri (Russian Church Slavic knowing), from writing-zht - pnsh-zhf-i (Russian Church Slavic writing) IT etc.

The suffix -Air- was attached to the stems of the II conjugation and non-thematic verbs, that is, to the stems of the present tense IV and V types: from d "od-at - d * od-Af-i (cf. Russian Church-Slavic course -shch-th), from id-at - id-af-i (that is, "eating"), etc.

The verb ErKiTi formed a real participle of the present tense with the suffix -lyr- (and not -Aip-) from the stem с-жтъ - С-Жф-и (cf. Russian Church Slavic with-uzh-aya) With the suffix -Aip- from this verb, b ^ іш-аці-и was formed - the only participle of the future tense.

# 298. The actual participles of the present tense were declined according to the type of nominal stems on * jo, (in agreement with the names of masculine and neuter gender) or according to the "type of stems on * ja (in agreement with the names of the feminine P ° yes) - ^ At the same time, in the nominative in the singular case of masculine and neuter genders, the spicy suffix was absent (gvr "Y," zilia, uodA); in the nominative plural

1 As examples of real participles, here and in § 302 the feminine nominative singular will become boring.

* Likewise, nlіЖфИ ("having") - from the verb ilg!; Ti - ИЛЖТЪ "Under the influence of these formations with the suffix -Жф-, one can occasionally find participles from other non-thematic verbs. So, in the Zograf gospel “we go ¦¦zhshtem (Mm-, XXVI) - instead of the expected--dAshte / M от (from bctW - YD-A" GK).

293 of the masculine gender had the ending -e (and not -i, as in the bases on the masculine p.): VbrZhfb, ЗНАІЖfb, uODAfЄ, etc. ): vєrzhiri, zchaіzhі | іi, uodAїri, etc. - the rest of the case forms of real participles completely coincided with the corresponding case forms of nouns such as ozhk, polk (see declension tables in § 149-150), Itoniid (see declension table for page 167). For example, when coordinated with masculine nouns:

Number, case Finishing Samples "
hold zshut uodAt
Unit h. them. p. Vin. p. Rod. p. Dat. n. Tv. r Local n. (s, s)! 1 -a<*¦ ,у 3 -емъ 5 G BeprKI вержфк вержфіа вержірю вержірклік вержфи ЗІМІА знаїжірк знліжір» зм<ижі|ио 3NA№l|lKAtk ЗИАІЖфМ уОДАфк Х-ОДАфИ Х-ОДАфЮ Д*0ДАІ|йШк Х-ОДАфИ
Mn. h. them. p. Vin. n. "Gender. Dat. n. -e-e-e -em, etc.- to the top of the shipyard verzhirk VbrZhfKLI-K ak leg (see ZIMGZhire ZNLIZhfIA ZNAIZhfk SHdIiRipKAtrK table on the page udaf DANA 170)

§ 299. In the Proto-Slavic language, the real participles of the present tense were formed with the help of the suffix * -nt-, which was attached to the stem of the present tense by means of a thematic vowel (* o or * /). Thus, the participle from the verb ver-zht was formed: * ber-0-nt\u003e * beront ~\u003e * berUtit\u003e * bёgi\u003e ge-p-hi ("taker") (im. Пд.ч. male or Wed p.) - in the final closed syllable * o intensified labialization and lengthened, giving * y, which in Slavic languages \u200b\u200bchanged in [s] and after the loss of final consonants (iodine influence of the tendency to build a syllable according to the principle of increasing sonority) turned out to end of a word; Wed praslav * lebrgy with ancient ind. (wine p.) bharantam, Greek. cpepovxa, lat. ferentem.

In type IH stems, the subject * o after * j, as usual, changed to * e (see §80): * znajont\u003e * znajent\u003e znajen\u003e old-glory. .-SiKHA - "knowing" (im. N. Singular. Male. Or Wed), cf. Russian knowing. The same result was found for Type IV stems, which were combined with the * -nt- suffix by a thematic * i: * xoaird\u003e

\u003e * xodin\u003e staroslav. D "ODA" - "walking" (im. N. Unit. H, male. Or Wed. p.), Wed Russian. Walking.

Non-thematic verbs had the masculine or neuter nominative singular forms under the influence of thematic verbs: sy (from szht.) - as ver |, nesy, etc .; ida (from idat), in "bda (from k-bdat" to), ddda (from dadat) - as

woda, love.

§ 300. When declining real * participles, the * -nt- suffix in the Proto-Slavic language was complicated by the nominal stem * jo (for male and middle p.) Or * ja (for female. P.).

So, for example, in the genitive singular of the masculine or neuter gender, the nominal suffix * jo and the corresponding case ending were added to the participial suffix: * b6ront-jo-s, where in the closed syllable * on\u003e [q], a * tj\u003e

\u003e, i.e. * ber0ntjos\u003e Old Church. g. erlies. Likewise: ^ najontjos\u003e staroslav. zilshrga, * xodintjos\u003e staroslav. \\ -odaі | іi etc.

The other case forms of Active participles developed in a similar way (the origin of the endings is the same as for nouns).

In the Slavic phonetic system of prehistoric time, there were no long consonants. If the same consonant formations were encountered, then the length was lost through dissimilation or through simplification of groups of phonemes. These changes were caused mainly by the tendency to build a syllable in ascending sonority.

1.Simplification of a group of acclaims ending in a fricative-less sonorous noisy acc .:

Two fricats, one in sonority, merged into one. * Ss\u003e (s): carried * nessъ\u003e * nesъ\u003e nesъ.

- * ps\u003e (c): * opsa\u003e wasp

- * ks\u003e * kx\u003e (x)

2. Simplification of consonant groups by the method of formation. If there were two plosive-plosive consonants identical at the place of formation, then the previous stop changed to a fricative one, which led to the formation of a fric + stop group:

- * tt\u003e (st): * pletti\u003e weave

- * dt\u003e * tt\u003e (st): * vedti\u003e * vetti\u003e lead

3. If two occlusives that were different in the place of formation were next to each other, the group was simplified - the previous occlusive was lost:

- * pt, * bt\u003e (t): * dolbtod\u003e dlato (chisel)

- * bn, * pn, * tn, * dn\u003e (n): * (sun) gubnonti\u003e sgyyn6ti

- * skn\u003e (sn): * blisknonti\u003e blsn6ti.

- * tm, * dm\u003e (m): * dadmi\u003e lady

The tendency towards intrasyllabic syngharmonicity. Phonetic processes caused by this tendency.

The tendency towards the convergence of adjacent sounds within a syllable on the basis of their front or back articulation (i.e., the convergence of the articulation of consonants in the vicinity of the next vowel, the vowel by its characteristics (row, rise) influenced the previous consonant), i.e. syllabic syngharmonic law(regressive phenomenon). Under the influence of this trend, the following changes occurred: 1) a change in consonants in the vicinity of j(softening), 2) transient softening of the posterior palate consonants * g, * k, * xbefore vowels of the front row h and and of diphthongic origin (+ III palatalization). This trend led, in particular, to the emergence of soft consonants and the development of the hard / soft opposition in the consonant system.

As a result implementation of trends 1 and 2 in the Proto-Slavic language of the late period, not only nasal vowels and consonants appearedbut and the sound structure of the word was significantly transformed.: bro-t, d-n.

Vocal phoneme system Xia. Relationship between Xia and rTsia in the field of voice phonemes.

		front
				non-labialized	labialized
		i, b[and]			/ , = [y]
	nasal
		ý [e], b [b]		B [b]	J [about]
		Ê [ĕ]		F [ a]

The system of vowels Xia inherited from the Proto-Slavic. Vowels varied in quality and quantity of signs. Quality signs:

Row, place of formation

Nasality / non-nasality

Labiality

Number of signs: duration of sound.

Long: sounds u, s, u, e n, o n, Ê, a

Short: e, o

Reduced (ultra-short): b, b

The most important feature of the phonetic the STSLA system was opposed front vowels and non-front vowels ... The front and non-front vowels had a different effect on the preceding consonants. Front vowels were used only after a soft and semi-soft accord ..

Vowels of incomplete education: b, b

Full vowels: all others

The relationship of Xia and rTsya in the field of voice phonemes.

The early praslav voice, being transformed, gave similar results in Xia and Qia, while the differences are due to later changes in the front row voice system:

-Ê in Qia there was a voice of the upper-middle rise and was pronounced as a closed sound (e) or diphthong (ie). Later in p Qia Ê coincided with ý of the middle rise.

5 - middle-lower rise

6 in east-slav. mid-top floor.

6 and 5 lost their nasality.

Ultra-short b and b. Positional exchange b and b (strong and weak positions, tense y and as positional variants b and b)

b and b are independent vowels that formed a syllable. Unlike the rest of the vowels, they were pronounced with an incomplete exhalation and therefore were called the voice of incomplete education.

The terms reduced, super-short voices express the praslav quantity of the relationship. In Xia and Qia, the differences have lost their phonological significance, which determined the fate of b and b. The process of the fall (loss) of reducers is already reflected in the most dramatic monuments.

The fate of the reducer. depended on a strong or weak position in the word. The nature of the position is determined in sequence from the final syllable to the initial, taking into account the stress in the word form.

Weak positions:

At the end of a complex word: fruit

Before a syllable with a vowel of complete education: sna, old

Before a syllable with a strong reducer: zhrits

Strong positions:

Before a weakly reduced syllable: OLD

In monosyllabic words: тъ, сь

Under stress: snъ, tscha

If b and b were after a smooth m / d according to, they were always in a strong position.

In a weak position, b and b could be lost, and in a strong position they clear up into vowels of the full form: b\u003e o, b\u003e e

Comparative table of the Glagolitic, Cyrillic and Greek alphabets

Glagolitic	Cyrillic	Greek. alphabet	Sound	Glagolitic	Cyrillic	Greek. alphabet	Sound
Ⰰ	A	α	a	Ⱇ	F	φ	f
Ⰱ	B	β	b	Ⱈ	X	χ	x
Ⰲ	IN	—	in	Ⱌ	C	—	c
Ⰳ	D	γ	r	Ⱍ	H	—	h҆
Ⰴ	D	δ	d	Ⱎ	Sh	—	w҆
Ⰵ	E	ε	e	Ⱋ	U	—	sh҆t
Ⰶ	F	—	f҆	Ⱏ	B	—	(ep)
Ⰷ	Ѕ	ζ	∂͡з	Ⱏ Ⰹ, ⰟⰋ	S, bi	—	s
Ⰻ	AND	—	and	Ⱐ	B	—	(eh)
Ⰹ Ⰺ	І	ι	and	Ⱑ	Ѣ	—	(yat)
Ⰼ	Ђ	—	r҆	Ⱓ	YU	υ	yu
Ⰽ	TO	κ	to	—	Ꙗ	—	ja
Ⰾ	L	λ	l	—	Ѥ	—	je
Ⰿ	M	μ	m	Ⱔ	Ѧ	—	e̯
Ⱀ	H	ν	n	Ⱗ	Ѩ	—	je̯
Ⱁ	ABOUT	ο	about	Ⱘ	Ѫ	—	Ԛ
Ⱂ	P	π	p	Ⱙ	Ѭ	—	jԚ
Ⱃ	R	ρ	r	—	Ѯ	ξ	cop
Ⱄ	FROM	σ, ς	from	—	Ѱ	ψ	ps
Ⱅ	T	τ	t	Ⱚ	Ѳ	ϑ	t
Ⱆ	Ѹ, ꙋ	—	at	Ⱛ	Ѷ, Ѵ	υ	and
Ⰸ	Z	—	s	Ⱉ	Ѿ	ω	about

ABC

letter	name	pronunciation	features of use
A, a	az	[a]
B, b	beeches	[b]
In, in	lead	[in]
R, r	verb	[g]	а҆́гг҃лъ [angel] but a҆ggel [aggel] - excl.
D, d	good	[d]
E e є	there is	[e]	e - there is a simple written in the middle and end of a word; є - there is an anchor written: 1) at the beginning of a word: є҆naturè, є҆face : 2) in the middle of the word to distinguish the plural forms. and dv. numbers from forms units. numbers: oѿverzi dvєri (plural, B.) - wed: ou҆́ door (unit, R.); 3) at the end of R. p. plural 1 sq. soft type: kravb ; 4) in Im. plural noun-x 1 sc., ending in -: her: Pharisee
F, f	live	[f]
Ѕ, ѕ	evil	[h]	Found only in words: ѕver, ѕvѣѣdà, ѕѣ́лїе, ѕlò, ѕмі́й, ѕѣлѡ̀ and also in words derived from them: ѕvzditsa
Z, z	earth	[h]
And, and	like, and- octal	[and]	and - and-octal written before consonants: imѧ, face

letter	name	pronunciation	features of use
Ї, ї	and- decimal	[and]	ї - n-decimal written: 1) before vowels: і҆erey, Їisꙋ́съ ; 2) before consonants in some Greek words: хїтѡ́нъ, і҆рмо̀съ ; 3) in two Slavic words: vїno and мі́ръ (in meaning "Created world"). Distinguish world - higher, higher and мі́ръ - earthly, fallen
K, k	how	[to]
L, l	people	[l]
M, m	think	[m]
H, n	our	[n]
Ѻ, ѻ, oh	he	[about]	about - o-narrow or polish used only in the middle and end of a word: word ; ѻ - o-wide: 1) at the beginning of a word: ѻ҆́chi, ѻ҆nà ; 2) after the prefix: message ; 3) as part of a compound word: many readings ; 4) in the word: Їѻrdan
N, n	rest	[P]
P, p	rtsy	[R]
C, c	word	[from]
T, t	firmly	[t]
Oh, oh, ꙋ	uk	[y]	oU - onik written at the beginning of a word: educator ; ꙋ written in the middle or at the end of a word: way, є҆mꙋ̀

letter	name	pronunciation	features of use
F, f	firth	[f]	used in a number of Greek words in place of the Greek letter φ: felѡn
X,	dick	[x]
Ts, Ts	tsy	[c]
H, h	worm	[h]
W, W	sha	[w]
U, u	shta	[u]
b	ep	has no sound	Used to indicate the hardness of the previous consonant: ѡ҆bѧѧтїе . Sometimes replaced by the icon ̾ (erok): ѡ҆b̾ѧtye
s	ery	[s]	Sometimes used to distinguish from plural. and dv. hours from units h .: na son gѧdꙋshch s mb ; (plural D.p.) dꙋsham our s mb ; (plural D.p.)
b	er;	has no sound	Used to indicate the softness of the previous consonant: sꙋdba
ѣ	yat;	[e]	Spelled according to etymology in some roots and endings, as well as in the suffixes of the excellent degrees of adjectives: пѣнїе, honest
U, u	yu	[Yu]
Ꙗ, ꙗ	i, az- yoti- wired	[I]	It is written at the beginning of a word. Exceptions: ѧ҆language - in the meanings "body part", "speechless" (but: ꙗ҆language in the meaning of "people"; pronoun: ꙗⷤ (VP, pl. Or dv.ch.) - "them").
Ѡ, ѡ Ѽ, ѽ	omega	[about]	ѡ written: 1) in prefixes and prepositions ѡ-, ѡб-: ѡ҆purity, ѡ҆ grѣсѣ́хъ, ѡ́бъ́ти 2) in words borrowed from Greek. language in place of Greek. letters ѡ (omega): kanѡn, sіmѡn; 3) at the end of adverbs and adverbial words,

letter	name	pronunciation	features of use
			answering the question as?: ꙗⷯkѡ, so, prayer. 4) in the middle of the word distinguishes plural. and dv. number from unit: lawlessness my (I. p., Pl.), Compare: ѿ my lawlessness (R.p., singular); 5) in borrowed proper names: Msei. ѽ especially inscribed in interjections “Ѽ!”, “Le!”: Ѽle a terrible sacrament!
Ѿ, ѿ	from	[from]	Used in prepositions and prefixes: ѿtpꙋschaeshi, ѿt me
Ѧ, ѧ	yus small	[I]	It is written in the middle and end of a word: alĺk. For exceptions see letter ꙗ Sometimes used to distinguish plurals from forms singular: dꙋ́шы ourѧ
Ѯ, ѯ	xi	[ks]	Used only in Greek. borrowed words in place of the Greek. letters: ѯ: Aleѯandr
Ѱ, ѱ	psi	[ps]	Used only in borrowed words in place of the Greek. letters: ѱ: ѱалѡ́мъ
Ѳ, ѳ	fita	[f]	Used only in borrowed words in place of the Greek. letters Θ ѳimїamъ
Ѵ, ѵ ѷ	izhitsa	[and]	Used only in loan words. [and] - if there is a sign above it ѵ҆, ѵ́, ѷ, Mѡѷsei, ѵ҆ссѡ́пъ; [in] - if there is a letter in front of it a or є and there are no superscripts above it: Pavel

Church account

numbers	simple	composite
		drawing up a number	examples
1-19	Units: 1 - a҃ (united) 2 - in҃ (two) 3 - d (three) 4 - d҃ (four) 5 - є҃ (five) 6 - * (six) 7 - h҃ (seventh) 8 - and҃ (ósem) 9 - ѳ҃ (nine) 10 - і҃ (ten)	1 + 10 = 11 a҃ + і҃ \u003d а҃і (unity + ten \u003d one ten)	11 - а҃і (one ten) 12 - in (two ten) 13 - g҃і (thirteen) 14 - d҃i (four ten) 15 - SI (five ten) 16 - ѕ҃і (six ten) 17 - zi (seven ten) 18 - and (osmnastyat) 19 - SI (nine ten)
20-99	Dozens: 20 - k҃ (twenty) 30 - l҃ (three ten) 40 - m (fourty) 50 - n҃ (fifty) 60 - ѯ҃ (sixty) 70 - ѻ҃ (seventy) 80 - n҃ (o'cmty) 90 - h (ninety)	20 + 1 = 21 k҃ + a҃ \u003d k҃a (twenty + unity \u003d twenty one)	21 - k҃a (twenty one) 32 - BGN (thirty two) 43 - mg (fourty three) 54 - n҃d (fifty four) 65 - ѯ҃є (sixty five) 76 - ѻ҃ * (seventy six) 87 - p҃z (about seventy seventh) 98 - ch҃i (ninety-seven)

numbers	simple	composite
		drawing up a number	examples
100-900	Hundreds: 100 - p҃ (one hundred) 200 - c҃ (two hundred) 300 - t҃ (three hundred) 400 - y҃ (four hundred) 500 - f҃ (five hundred) 600 - x҃ (six hundred) 700 - ѱ҃ (seventy) 800 - ѡ҃ (ossemsot) 900 - c҃ (nine hundred)	100 + 20 + 1 = 121 p҃ + k҃ + a҃ \u003d pk҃a (one hundred and twenty one)	232 - sl҃v (two hundred thirty two) 456 - un҃s (four hundred fifty six) 705 - ѱ҃є (seventy five) 909 - c҃ѳ (nine hundred nine)
1000 — 1 000000000	1000 - ≠ a҃ (thousand) 2000 - ≠ in҃ (two thousand) 3000 - ≠ g҃ (three thousand) 10000 - ≠ і҃, (ten thousand, tma) 40,000 - ≠ m҃ (fourty thousand) 100,000 - ≠ p҃, (legion, ignoramus) 900000 - ≠ c҃ (nine hundred thousand) 1 000 000 - ≠ ≠ p҃, ≠ ≠ a҃, (leodr) 10 000000 — (lies) 100 000000 — (deck) 1000 000000 — (tma themes)	1000 + 900 + 90 + 9 = 1999 ≠ a҃ + c + h҃ + ѳ҃ \u003d ≠ acch҃ѳ (one thousand nine hundred and nine nosto nine)	2345 - ≠ wtm҃ є (two thousand three hundred fourty five) 10345 - ≠ ітм҃ є (ten thousand three hundred fourty five)

Appendix 1. Composite digits are written in the order of naming numbers: dvanádesyat \u003d in , fifty six \u003d n҃s

Appendix 2. When forming numbers with a zero value, 0 in a digit is omitted: 104 \u003d p҃d

Appendix 3. In composite numbers, the title sign is always placed above the second digit from the end: 104 \u003d ≠ в҃і, sl҃в, врм҃е

Appendix 4. Translation of the chronology from the Creation of the world to the modern chronology (from the Nativity of Christ):

year from the Creation of the world — 5508 = ?

For example: 6506 — 5508 = 998

≠ ѕф҃ѕ - 5508 \u003d ≠ Цч҃и

Appendix 5.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Units	a҃	in҃	r҃	d҃	є҃	ѕ҃	h҃	and҃	ѳ҃
Dozens	і҃	to҃	l҃	m҃	n҃	ѯ҃	ѻ҃	n҃	h҃
Hundreds	p҃	with҃	t҃	y҃	f҃	x҃	ѱ҃	ѡ҃, ѿ҃	c҃

Appendix 6.

Superscripts

sign		titles	features of use
Accents:	́	oxia (spicy stress)	1. is placed over a stressed vowel at the beginning and middle of a word: create 2. is placed over a stressed vowel at the end of a word, if after it there is another word that does not have its own stress ( bo, whether, same, mѧ, mi, tѧ, ti, sѧ, si, us): bzh҃e, bzh҃e, my wonmi
	̀	waxia (stupid stress)	placed in a word ending in a stressed vowel: say you (excl. see above)
	̑	chamber (lightweight stress)	helps to distinguish plural forms. and dv. numbers from forms units. numbers: king (I. unit) - king (plural R.) king (unit R.) - king (dv.I or R.)
Aspiration:	҆	scandal (simple aspiration)	placed over a vowel at the beginning of a word: a҆llilꙋїya (does not have a sound, because it is borrowed from the Greek language, where such signs had no pronunciation)
Aspiration + stress	҆́	iso	put in words starting with a stressed vowel: ѻ҆́н, а҆́зъ
	҆̀	apostrophe	put in words consisting of one vowel sound: є҆̀ (local it - Wed V.), yu (local - Zh.V.)
Titlo (abbreviation)	҃	simple titlo	used to abbreviate words for sacred concepts. Wed: бг҃ъ (The God) — god (idol); а҆́гг҃лъ (angel, reads [angel]) - a҆ggel (fallen Angel, reads [aggel])
		letter titles
	ⷣ	good-titlo	btsⷣa (Mother of God)
	ⷢ҇	verb titlo	єѵⷢ҇ljee (Gospel)
	ⷪ҇	he titlo	prⷪ҇rok (prophet)
	ⷬ҇	rtsy-titlo	imⷬ҇k (name)
	ⷭ҇	word-titlo	crⷭ҇t (cross)

Sometimes in Slavic texts you can find the quotation mark: ꙾Ѻ҆nagri꙾ . "Quotes" is a footnote mark. At the bottom of the page is the interpretation of an incomprehensible word: Wild ѻ҆sly

Words under titles

а҆́гг҃лъ - angel	єѵⷢ҇ljee - Gospel	prⷭ҇nѡ - ever
a҆rkhagg҃l - archangel	imⷬ҇k - name	prⷭ҇tol - throne
a҆p҃l, aptⷭ҇ol - apostle	і҆erⷭ҇lim - Jerusalem	prrⷪ҇ok - prophet
бг҃ъ - The God	і҆i҃l - Israel	rzhⷭ҇tvò - Christmas
bzh҃e - God	і҆i҃съ - Jesus	sp҃s - Spas
bl҃g - benefits	crⷭ҇t - cross	st҃ъ - Holy
bl҃zhen - blessed	kn҃z - prince	stele - saint
goodness - piety	forehead - love	companion - a priest
btsⷣa - Mother of God	mr҃іа - Maria	wed - heart
vl҃ka, vlⷣka - Lord	mt҃r - Mother	word - glory
vlⷣchtsa - Lady	mt҃i - Mati	sn҃ъ - A son
dominion - dominion	mlⷭ҇t - mercy	to destroy - passion
sunday - Sunday	mlⷭ҇rdie - mercy	trⷭ҇t - Trisvyat
where - Lord	mlⷭ҇tynѧ - charity	trtsa - Trinity
where day - Lord	mlⷣnets - Baby	trⷪ҇chen - ternary
gdⷭ҇in - lord	mercy - wisdom	оу҆чн́и́къ - student
wherever - domination	mch҃nik - martyr	ou҆cht҃el - Teacher
where - sovereign	mtsⷭ҇ъ - month	хрⷭ҇то́съ - Christ
gl҃ъ, gl҃golъ - verb	nb҃o - sky	tsr҃i - King
two - Virgo	nbⷭ҇ny - heavenly	crⷭ҇tvo - Kingdom
dual - virginity	nn҃ѣ - now	church —

.
Subjunctive (subjunctive) served to express the intended action, which the speaker considered conditioned and desired. It was a complex form in the Old Church Slavonic. It was formed by a combination of the past participles in -л and the personal forms of the aorist verb to be. In the most ancient elders. monuments in the formation of the subjunctive mood, the auxiliary verb was used in a special form, similar to the aorist: bim (1 l. singular), bi (2 and 3 l. units), bim (1 l. pl.) , biste (2 liters of plural), b6 (3 liters of plural) Duality. the number of this form is not attested by monuments.
Nominal forms of the verb (infinitive, supin, participle)

Named such verb forms are called, which, along with the verb categories of the form, voice, tense, are characterized by the grammatical features of the name. Nominal verb forms include: participles, infinitive, supin. These nominal forms retained varying degrees of connection with the verb: the participles retained the form, voice, the ability to control V.p. direct addition (transitivity), partly time. Retained the infinitive: appearance, transition. Supin has only a species category. By participles - verbal formations, characterized by both verb categories and morphological and syntactic features of adjectives: change in gender, number and case (declension), as well as use both in short and in full form (short form is primary). As in modern Russian, there were real and passive participles in the STSL language. Passive participles were also subdivided into present and past tense.

The infinitive and supin are the nominal forms of the verb. Nominal forms of the verb are called, which, along with the verb categories of the type, voice, tense, are characterized by the grammatical features of the name. Nominal verb forms include: participles, infinitive, supin. These nominal forms retained varying degrees of connection with the verb: the participles retained the form, voice, the ability to control V.p. direct addition (transitivity), partly time. Retained the infinitive: appearance, transition. Supin has only a species category.

The infinitive is one of the nominal forms of the verb, which has lost the nominal change, but retained the syntactic function of the name. The infinitive is formed from the stem of the infinitive + personal ending -ty Functions of the infinitive: 1) be an indirect complement to the verb (not befitting li and you $ have mercy); 2) the infinitive of the verb is often found next to modal verbs: start, though $ ty, im $ ty (And early5 c5 deny c5); 3) with the verb BEING, with this verb he had the meaning of obligation, necessity or possibility; 4) in the role of an object with a noun or adjective (imam n6 railway6 iziti and view$ ty $ - I need to go and see him). Supin is an unchangeable verb formation. Formed from the stem of the infinitive + suffix –тъ- (know-тъ, yes-тъ, type $ -тъ). If the supin was formed from the stem to a back-lingual consonant (r, k, x), then under the influence of infinitive formations in this case it ended with –j- instead of –ktъ- (* pek-ti - pejь; rejь, mojь). Historically, supine is a frozen form of wine. a noun with a stem ending in * -ŭ type son: * tŭn\u003e * tŭ\u003e тъ. Supin was used with verbs of movement to indicate the purpose of movement. In this case, the supin was formed from the stems of the transitive verb. Consequently, in the sentence, supin ruled over the name, which was in the form of genus.

Formation and declension of the participles

Participles - verbal formations, characterizingwhich are both verb categories and morphological and syntactic features of adjectives: change in genders, numbers and cases (declension), as well as use both in short and full forms (short form is primary). As in modern Russian, there were real and passive participles in the STSL language. Passive participles were also subdivided into present and past tense. The formation of a joint venture at present: stem verb. present time. + thematic vowel (-o, -e, -and -) + suffix -m- + ending (b). -o-and - added a suffix to verbs of 1 conjugation: nes-6m - nes-o-m-b, ved-6t - ved-o-m-b, zn \\ tb - zn-e-m-b. Thematic -i- attached a suffix to verbs 2 conjugations: view- $ тъ - view-and-m-b. Past tense JV formation: stem infinitive + suffix (-н-, -t-) + ending (b). The suffix -n- was attached to the stems of the infinitive on f, z: zb-a-ty - zb-a-n-b; The suffix -t- was used in the formation of participles from the stems of the infinitive on the nasal or voice of diphthongic origin: n $ -ti - n $ -t-b. The suffix -en- was added if the stem ended in a consonant: brought

–. Valid present participles... Formation: the base of the present tense + 6 \\ (for 1 conjugation) / 5 \\ (for 2 sp.) + Endings. Declination: nominal (short) forms change according to the type of nominal stems: m.r., Wed. - * jŏ; r. - * jā. Pronouns (full) participles changed in the same way as adjectives. Valid past participles... Formation of forms: the stem of the infinitive + -ъш (if the stem is on a sogl or the suffix –i -) -, -vsh- (if the stem is on a vowel, except ––) + endings. Declination: Nominal (short) forms change according to the type of nominal stems: m.r., s.r. - * jŏ; r. - * jā. Pronoun (full) participles changed in the same way as pronominal forms of adjectives.
The main members of the proposal, ways of expressing them.

The subject is usually expressed in Xia im by the case of noun or pronouns. However, the subject may not exist, since the personal places of the 1st and 2nd person could be omitted. Often, the pronoun of the neuter plural number acts in the function of the sub-it. If the function of the mean-it was the noun collective (people, grad), then it was possible to agree predicate with subject in sense, i.e. the predicate had the plural form. Personal pronouns are upotr in the function of sub-it in those cases when the speaker needed to emphasize the character.

The predicate in Xia could be simple and complex. In addition to the main predicate, expressed by the personal forms of the verb, there was a secondary predicate, expressed by the short forms of the participle action.

A compound predicate consisted of a linking verb and a nominal part. The verb-bundle of being was used only in the past and present tense. In the nominal part, noun (there is), adjectives and participles, usually in a short form (z'van b6deshi. The nominative part of the compound predicate agreed in case with the subject.

The structure of word combinations in Xia (prepositional and non-sentence control, constructions with double cases).

Management is a type of relationship that characterizes the dependence of the noun on the verb, as well as on the arc name. Distinguish between prepositional and non-propositional control. Non-propositional is considered primary. It is quite common in Xia to have a non-propositional date case with verbs of movement, indicating the direction: shedshi domoi (going up to the house). like are opposed to prepositional: take me away.

Prepositional constructions apply to the administration of lat and gender as well as with other meanings. Date case of the address without a preposition: speech to work, the verb кън’ему.

When specifying a location in space, cases with an unprejudiced local case are quite rare: enter the temple $.

The peculiarity of the Old Slavic syntax is a construction with indirect cases that were in a double dependence. Was shaken off with verbs indicating the transition of a person or object to another state. The name indicating the state into which a person or object is transferred was consistent in the case with the noun denoting this person or subject. Thus, revealing the content of the action expressed by the verb, the name was simultaneously associated with the object of the action. The most common constructions in the texts with the "second accusative", which characterized the action of transitive verbs: va lvatca chlov4kom.

In addition to constructions with the second accusative, there are constructions with the "second genitive" and "second dative": it is not even more important.

Dative self-construction

In Old Church Slavonic texts, the participle turnover is very common, which constituted a relatively independent unity in semantic sense; he characterized the circumstances (time, reason, condition, etc.) of the action specified in the sentence to which he adjoined. The main element of this independent participle turnover was addition, expressed by a noun or pronoun in D. p., and a participle agreed with it(usually real) along with dependent words. Such a separate participial turnover is usually called "dative independent", thus emphasizing its formal feature (the DP of the main elements) and relative semantic independence. In modern RYa, the turnover is usually translated by an adverbial clause, when translating the addition in D.p. is transformed into a subject, and a participle into a simple verb predicate of a subordinate clause.

Usually the adverbial meanings of the "dative self" are not differentiated. So, in the sentence “just the same emou in the gates, ouzr4 and drouga4, the“ dative independent ”- just the same emou in the gates - can also be understood as an indication of the coincidence of action in time ( When (or while) he was leaving the gate, he was seen by another), and as an indication of a causal relationship ( Since he left the gate, another saw him). Sometimes, however, the context definitely indicated either for temporary or causal value "Dative self".

An addition to the turnover could have been absent if the actor was mentioned and did not raise doubts; participle in the turnover is required. But usually the subject of the "dative self" did not coincide with the subject of a sentence complicated by this construction. The turnover may not have a subject, in which case it will correspond to an impersonal sentence.

Features of a complex sentence and transmission of someone else's speech

In Xia there were complex and complex sentences, although non-union complex pre-expressions are also known.

The following unions were mainly used: i-in the connecting and connecting meaning; a - a connecting and adversarial meaning; but, n, both in an adversarial meaning; whether-or, whether-and, whether-a- in the separating meaning.

Types of subordinate clauses: Definitives are attached using pronouns and adverbs; Explanatory (additional), used with verbs of speech and perception, are joined using the conjunction zko and relative pronouns and adverbs. Subordinate actions are joined using conjunctions zko, zskin. -with the help of unions zane (zanezhe), pone (ponezhe), zko, bo, for. Subordinate goals-conjunctions zko, yes (in negative pre-s - union food). Conditional - conjunctions a \\ e, or, tgda. Subordinate clauses - slaves to the idea, idige, otk6d6, zmo, kamo. Subordinate tense - conjunctions tgda, kygda, until, donzhe, otnelizhe. Despite the ambiguity of some unions, a fairly differentiated system of subordinate unions has developed in Xia.

Foreign speech in Xia was transmitted in 2 ways: through direct and indirect speech. In direct speech, the narration was conducted from 1 person (s) Indirect speech had its own characteristics. This is a subordinate clause that was placed with a verb with the meaning of speech activity. There were no rules for syntactic design and there was no clear boundary. A subordinate clause with indirect speech is introduced by the conjunction zko. Subordinate clause in Xia , unlike Russian, the narration is from 1 person, and not from 3.
Features of word formation of different parts of speech.

In their word-creation, Slavic translators mainly used affixes, the meaning of which was determined during the period of the senior scribes. Primary prasslav polysemantic affixes, for example, nominal suffixes r, l, t, k, etc., derivatives with which are widely represented in glory to languages, including Xia: da-rb - from da-ti, zhi-r-b - from life, by-l-l - from being and others. are not used in the creation of new words, apparently because in the above formations they were no longer isolated during the creation of the oldest translations. Suffixes derived from primary:in book-literary word creation are more common. They are divided into two groups: the names of persons (by occupation, profession, etc.) and the names of abstract concepts. Face names:from the suffix -k- suf -ts- (b), -ik- (b), -its- (a) .: gn-bts-b, sorcerer, source, ouchenmk, zhitnitsa, virgin. -Tel-: publisher, parent. Innoyaz by origin suf -ar- (s): tax collector, goalkeeper, fisherman. -Yn-: masters, slaves. (Meaning of nationality and territorial affiliation). meekness, fierceness, mercy, greatness, righteousness, quietness, nakedness-gagota, righteousness-righteousness. was, treachery, cunningness. Word addendum.lzhiv, flattering, (quality), grad'sk, merciful (relative), ionin, adamov (qualities). The word of the verb. drive, cook. Prefixes: 1) have lost their real meaning, 2) have not lost. With gram meaning: for, oh, about, by, s, oh: zaiti, sn-iti. With meaning: na-lagati, do-iti , vn-iti, from-iti, from-iti, once-dazti, With an abstract meaning: from-biti, viz-date, pro-iti, pr4-iti,. Synonyms appeared: great-velii.