The use of phraseological units in literary works are examples. Phraseological turns in literature. Need help with a topic

Phraseology comes from two Greek words: "phrasis" - expression and "logos" - teaching. Separate expressions are called phraseological turns or phraseological units. “Phraseological turns,” writes N.M. Shansky, “consist of certain, always the same words, closely related to each other as parts of a whole and arranged one after another in a strictly established order.” In phraseology, one cannot arbitrarily replace words, because in it they lose their semantic independence. This can be confirmed by the fact that such expressions use words that are not clear to everyone. They say, for example, to get into a mess. What is a slip? The word vprosak came from the words v and prosak, which was the name of the camp for twisting ropes. Hence the meaning of the expression: getting hair into such a camp was very unpleasant.

Scientists pay much attention to the classification of phraseological units. They categorize them differently:

by source of origin (etymological research, profession, literary source);
by origin (borrowed and native Russian);
by existence (in book or colloquial speech).

Phraseologisms can be conditionally divided into five groups: 1) separate words of the Russian language; 2) free phrases of Russian speech; 3) Russian proverbs; 4) phraseological units of the Russian language; 5) foreign language phraseological units.

From combinations of individual words, phraseological units arise quite often. You can recognize them by an unusual combination of words, for example: brains on one side, a man in a case, a soul wide open. In combinations of the soul wide open (cf. the door wide open), brains on one side (cf. hat on one side), the figurative nature of the meanings of the words wide open, sideways is well understood. The expression of the soul wide open defines the character of a person who does not hide his thoughts, “opens his soul” to people.

The largest number of phraseological units is formed on the basis of free phrases that are often found in speech. For example, the head is often compared to a bowler hat, hence the transfer to a free combination of bowler hats brews a new meaning - "the head understands someone."

Many phraseological units arose on the basis of proverbs. Usually, a part of a proverb becomes a phraseological unit, for example, from the proverb “I ate a dog, but choked on my tail”, a phraseological unit arose - I ate a dog. This proverb is used in relation to a person who has done something very, very difficult and stumbled over a trifle. And the phraseological unit ate the dog - in relation to a person who has acquired a great skill in something, knowledge.

Phraseological units of the Russian language also often become the basis for the formation of new phraseological units. They have two varieties: phraseological units with the same meanings: feed breakfast, → feed promises, and phraseological units with a new meaning: look away - “look away”, → look away → “distract someone, trying to hide something” .

Borrowed phraseological units are formed on the basis of phraseological units of other languages. For example, a phraseological unit is borrowed from the French language: to have a grudge against someone - to be dissatisfied with someone, to be offended by someone; harbor resentment, anger, hatred. From the English language - blue stocking - "a woman who has lost her femininity, engaged only in scientific affairs."

An important feature of phraseological units is the presence in it of at least two main stresses to prevaricate - to be insincere, to be hypocritical; to act, to act against conscience, contrary to one's convictions. N.M. Shansky writes: "Phraseological turnover is a reproducible linguistic unit of two or more stressed words, integral in its meaning and stable in its composition and structure."

Phraseologisms, like individual words, form synonymous, antonymic, homonymous, paronymic series.

Synonymous phraseological units are based on the same image, although the variants may differ in some words. For example, “diligently, diligently” - tirelessly, rolling up his sleeves, sparing no effort, up to a sweat, in the sweat of his face.

Phraseologisms-antonyms characterize the phenomenon on the one hand, but oppositely. So, a person can be defined by his height: from a mile away from Kolomna (“very tall”) - you can’t see from the ground (“very low”). According to its appearance, reflecting the state of health: blood with milk (“healthy look”) - they put it more beautifully in a coffin (“sickly, bad look”).

If there is no connection between different meanings of phraseological units consisting of the same words, then these phraseological units are recognized as homonyms. For example: let the rooster go - “falsely sing” and let the rooster go - “set fire”.

Among the phraseological units of the Russian language, along with phraseological synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, phraseological paronyms also take place. Phraseological paronyms are characterized by the fact that they do not coincide (as with synonyms), are not opposed (as with antonyms), their appearance (shell) does not overlap (as with homonyms). In the language, this manifests itself in the form of the impossibility of matching values. For example: swallow the tongue - “be silent, stop talking”, swallow the tongue - “very tasty”.

The phraseological units used in the modern Russian language have different origins. One of them originated in the distant past. For example: like water off a duck's back - nothing excites, touches, nothing works.

The origin of this expression is not known to everyone. This is not a simple saying, but part of an ancient spell.

It used to be that healers, pouring “slanderous water” over the patient, said: “Like water off a goose, thinness from our (child’s name)” (that is, a disease). And they believed that all sorts of misfortunes would “escape” from the patient in the same way that, without stopping, water rolls off goose feathers.

Each craft in Rus' left its mark in Russian phraseology, so phraseological units associated with the profession appeared. From carpenters, the phraseologism clumsy work originates - rough (as if done with an ax) work.

Previously, clumsy work was called a simple product made with an ax. An ax is a cutting tool. Carpenters worked for them. And since our country is rich in forests, carpenters have always had a lot of work. The "clumsy work" of Russian carpenters can be judged by the huts, which were cut down "without a single nail" and have been standing for more than a hundred years. Intact and God's temples, set in the Russian North (in Kizhi).

Other phraseological turns are connected with mythology. For example: Achilles' heel - the weak side, the most vulnerable spot of someone.

In Greek mythology, Achilles is one of the most powerful and brave heroes.

The myth about him tells that the mother of Achilles, the sea goddess Fedita, wanting to make her son invulnerable, dipped the boy into the waters of the sacred river Styx. She held his heel (heel), and the heel was his only weak spot. It was there that he was mortally wounded by the arrow of Paris.

Also a satisfying description, the classification was given by academician Vinogradov. This classification was based on the principle of the degree of soldering of components. According to this feature, he divided all phraseological units into three groups:

phraseological fusions; its components are inextricably linked and the meaning of a phraseological unit is not derived from the semantics of its constituent words: red maiden (too timid, shy, young man); golden company (tramps, declassed elements of society);
phraseological units; the components of unity are also closely merged, but there is some motivation for the meanings: hothouse plant (a weak, pampered person); free bird (free, independent person).
phraseological combinations; these are the most free phraseological units, in which only one word is not free (has limited compatibility). Purge beast [rogue] - a cunning, dexterous person, a rogue, a rogue. The snake is under the deck, the bag is a bag - a person who easily changes his place of residence.

N.M. Shansky singles out another fourth group - phraseological expressions (they are semantically articulated and consist of words with a free meaning).

Phraseologisms are bright and expressive means of language. They give speech liveliness, figurativeness. They help to expose enemies, reveal the true meaning of events. The bulk has an estimated value, that is, it expresses a positive or negative characteristic of a person or object.

For example, phraseological units-antonyms, through the sleeves - carelessly, badly, somehow; rolling up his sleeves - sparing no effort, a lot and diligently. This expression originated in those distant times when the Russians wore clothes with very long sleeves: for men they reached 95 cm, and for women they were even longer - 130-140 cm.

It was inconvenient to work with the sleeves down, as they are very in the way. Hence the expression slipshod. And vice versa, in order to work comfortably, the sleeves had to be rolled up.

There are also many phraseological units that characterize both industriousness and laziness: tirelessly, bend your back, from dawn to dusk; beat the buckets, sharpen the laces, count the crows, etc.

There are phraseological units expressing an emotional assessment of a person’s individual qualities or his position in society: the phraseological unit milk on the lips has not dried up expresses, for example, an assessment of a person’s life experience, and the turnover of one’s own shadow is afraid - an assessment of an individual psychological appearance, certain character traits (timidity, fearful alertness) .

The external appearance of a person is contrasted by growth and health. Skin and bones, more beautifully put in a coffin, living relics, barely a soul in the body, in which only the soul is kept - a face like a poppy color, wider across itself, blood with milk; Kolomna verst, fire tower, get a sparrow - you can’t see it from the ground, two inches from the pot. Contrasted in phraseological units and internal personality traits. On my mind - the soul is wide open; seven spans in the forehead, a bright head - neither fish nor meat, a holey head; he won’t go into his pocket for a word - he took water in his mouth; passed fire, and water, and copper pipes - a greenhouse plant.

A contrast is possible in terms of attractiveness (like a picture, you will lick your fingers) and unattractiveness (no skin or faces; a tattered cat, a wet chicken).

The assessment of the internal appearance of a person covers a very wide and diverse sphere of conceptual content, which includes an assessment of the intellectual development of a person, his life experience, moral qualities and forms of behavior. So the assessment of intellectual development is divided into a high level of intellectual development, mental abilities of a person and a low level of intellectual development: seven spans in the forehead, a head cooks, a head on his shoulders, a bright head, he won’t get into his pocket for a word - without a king in his head, brains on one side, a garden head, cannot connect two words, there are not enough stars from the sky, not all houses, etc.

Evaluation of life experience: “great life experience” - a grated kalach, an old sparrow, an old poisoned wolf, knows all the moves and exits, knows how much a pound is dashing; “a little life experience”: a yellow-mouthed chick, young-green, milk on the lips did not dry out, did not smell gunpowder.

Evaluation of the relationship between the individual and the surrounding team is also very diverse and selective. Who are the white crow, the scapegoat, the fifth wheel in the cart, on the side of the fire? The basis for such an assessment is both social factors and individual personality traits: “low social status” - swims shallowly, small fry; “high social position” - a high-flying bird, an important bird, flies high, lift it higher, you can’t reach it with your hand. Wealth can also be the basis for the assessment: rowing with a shovel, like (as if, as if) rolling cheese in butter, a golden bag - and poverty: naked like a falcon, not a penny for the soul, the wind whistles in your pockets, barely making ends meet.

Estimates of the individual qualities of a person are usually figuratively associated with ideas about certain qualities of animals of a particular species. So, the hare is a symbol of cowardice, the wolf is greed, the bear is clumsiness, the fox is cunning, the snake is cruelty, deceit, the elephant is cumbersome. That is why the composition of phraseological units includes animalistic components, which are the names of animals of a particular species: a snake, a ladybug, a tattered cat, a shot sparrow, a wolf in sheep's clothing, an elephant in a china shop, a bear service.

A wolf in sheep's clothing is a hypocrite who hides his bad intentions under the mask of virtue.

The wolf is one of the most prominent figures among animals. How many fairy tales, stories, proverbs and sayings about him are composed! “We are talking about a wolf, but he is towards”, “To live with wolves - howl like a wolf”, “wolf appetite”, “Feet feed a wolf”. The meaning of these expressions is clear.

The expression "wolf in sheep's clothing" originated from the Gospel: "beware of false prophets who come to us in sheep's clothing, but inside they are ravenous wolves." You can contrast this expression with the proverb: "Sheep's tears will be shed to the wolf."

In the phraseological units that characterize a person, "color" vocabulary is also introduced. Many phraseological units are used in works of fiction and journalism.

For example, the expression white crow belongs to the ancient Roman poet Juvenal. A white crow is a person who is sharply different from others. Most often these are talented, gifted, incomprehensible people, and therefore do not fit into the general philistine way of life.

White crows, as you know, do not exist, and therefore the people who are called white crows look at least strange; they are not like everyone else:

Phraseological turns occupy a significant place in the literature. The Russian writers Griboedov and Krylov especially enriched our speech with winged words. Lines from the comedy "Woe from Wit" and Krylov's fables have become winged and entered our colloquial and literary speech along with folk proverbs and sayings, and phrases from them are stable phrases - phraseological units. Among them there are those that characterize a person or his feelings and sensations, relationships with the outside world and people. Here are some of them that have become proverbs and sayings. Bypass us more than all sorrows and lordly anger and lordly love; my custom is this: signed, so off your shoulders; sin is not a problem, rumor is not good; blessed is he who believes, he is warm in the world; and the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us; read not like a sexton, but with feeling, with sense, with arrangement; I would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve; the legend is fresh, but hard to believe, but who are the judges?; familiar faces; moderation and accuracy; the hero is not my novel; a million torments; reason contrary to the elements.

The greatest connoisseur of the Russian word, I. Krylov enriched our literary language with many figurative expressions that have become proverbs and sayings that characterize a person, his qualities, emphasize his advantages and disadvantages much easier than any evidence, explanations, comparisons, conclusions.

Who does not know Krylov's fables? But perhaps the most famous is the fable about the Dragonfly and the Ant:

She comes to the Worker Ant to ask him to feed and warm her until spring. To which Ant replies:

Like, you can’t live for today. And the people about the same thing: "Prepare the sleigh in the summer, and the cart in the winter." Dragonfly jumpers are people who are carefree, frivolous, careless, one-day butterflies.

Now let's talk about the expression helpful bear. It arose from Krylov's fable "The Hermit and the Bear":

This maxim is followed by a story about the friendship of the Bear with the Hermit. They spent whole days together. Once Hermit lay down to rest and fell asleep. The bear chased the flies away from him. He drove the fly off his cheek, she sat on his nose, then on his forehead. The bear, taking a heavy cobblestone, guarded the fly and

From the fables of Krylov, the expression monkey labor came to us in the meaning - completely useless work. The expression monkey labor quickly became winged, became widespread both in oral speech and in journal journalism. In the modern literary language, the jokingly ironic expression monkey labor has practically lost its connection with its fabled source and is used by us as a designation for vain, useless, deliberately troublesome labor, any fruitless and aimless activity.

We often use the popular expression: "Stay with nothing", and rightly consider it taken from the fairy tale of A.S. Pushkin. In "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" there are these words:

Phraseologisms are often used as a means of expression on the pages of newspapers. They give the newspaper text a certain strength, help create imagery. Phraseological units are able not only to express the corresponding thought more capaciously, but also to convey the attitude, assessment. For example, the proverb to crush water in a mortar conveys more expressiveness, evaluativeness than the free phrase “to engage in empty business” corresponding to it.

Language is a living connection of times. With the help of language, a person realizes the role of his people in the past and present. Here is how I. Bunin wrote about it:

The words of I. Turgenev sound like a testament to all generations: “Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property handed down to us by our predecessors…. Treat this powerful weapon with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to work miracles!

Phraseologisms are living witnesses of the past, their knowledge enriches our mind, makes it possible to better comprehend the language, to use it more consciously. The richer the vocabulary of a person, the more interesting, brighter he expresses his thoughts. Mastering phraseology is a necessary condition for a deep mastery of the language, its secrets and richness.

The time comes when schoolchildren begin to study what phraseological units are. Their study has become an integral part of the school curriculum. Knowledge of what phraseological units are and how they are used will be useful not only in the lessons of the Russian language and literature, but also in life. Figurative speech is a sign of at least a well-read person.

What is a phraseological unit?

Phraseologism - with a certain content of words, which in this combination have a different meaning than when these words are used separately. That is, a phraseological unit can be called a stable expression.

Phraseological turns in the Russian language are widely used. The linguist Vinogradov was engaged in the study of phraseological units, to a greater extent thanks to him they began to be widely used. Foreign languages also have phraseological units, only they are called idioms. Linguists are still arguing whether there is a difference between a phraseological unit and an idiom, but they have not yet found an exact answer.

The most popular are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be found below.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologisms have several important features and characteristics:

Phraseologism is a ready language unit. This means that a person who uses it in his speech or writing retrieves this expression from memory, and does not invent it on the go.
They have a permanent structure.
You can always pick up a synonymous word for a phraseological unit (sometimes an antonym).
Phraseologism is an expression that cannot consist of less than two words.
Almost all phraseological units are expressive, they encourage the interlocutor or the reader to show vivid emotions.

Functions of phraseological units in Russian

Each phraseological unit has the same main function - to give brightness, liveliness, expressiveness to speech and, of course, to express the author's attitude to something. In order to imagine how much speech becomes brighter when using phraseological units, imagine how a humorist or writer makes fun of someone using phraseological units. The speech becomes more interesting.

Styles of phraseological units

The classification of phraseological units according to style is their very important feature. In total, there are 4 main styles of set expressions: interstyle, bookish, colloquial and colloquial. Each phraseological unit belongs to one of these groups, depending on its meaning.

Colloquial phraseological units are the largest group of expressions. Some believe that interstyle and vernacular phraseological units should be included in the same group as colloquial ones. Then there are only two groups of set expressions: colloquial and bookish.

Differences between book and colloquial phraseological units

Each style of phraseological units differs from each other, and book and colloquial phraseological units demonstrate the most striking difference. Examples: not worth a penny and fool fool. The first stable expression is bookish, because it can be used in any work of art, in a scientific and journalistic article, in an official business conversation, etc. Whereas the expression " fool fool" widely used in conversations, but not in books.

Book phraseological units

Book phraseological units are set expressions that are much more often used in writing than in conversations. They are not characterized by pronounced aggression and negativity. Book phraseological units are widely used in journalism, scientific articles, fiction.

During it means something that happened a long time ago. The expression is Old Slavonic, often used in literary works.
pull the gimp- the value of a long process. In the old days, a long metal thread was called a gimp; it was pulled out with tongs from a metal wire. The thread was embroidered on velvet, it was a long and very painstaking work. So, pull the gimp It's a long and extremely boring job.
Play with fire- to do something extremely dangerous, "to be on the cutting edge."
Stay with your nose- to be left without something that you really wanted.
Kazan orphan- this is a phraseological unit about a person who pretends to be a beggar or a patient, while having the goal of gaining a benefit.
You can't ride a goat- so a long time ago they talked about girls who, on holidays, jesters and buffoons could not cheer in any way.
Bring to clean water- expose in committing something impartial.

There are a lot of book phraseological units.

Interstyle phraseological turns

Interstyles are sometimes called neutral colloquial, because they are neutral from both a stylistic and an emotional point of view. Neutral colloquial and book phraseological units are confused, because interstyle ones are also not particularly emotionally colored. An important feature of interstyle turns is that they do not express human emotions.

Not a drop means the complete absence of something.
Play the role- somehow influence this or that event, become the cause of something.

There are not very many interstyle phraseological turns in the Russian language, but they are used in speech more often than others.

Colloquial phraseological turns

The most popular expressions are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be very diverse, from expressing emotions to describing a person. Colloquial phraseological units are perhaps the most expressive of all. There are so many of them that it is possible to give examples ad infinitum. Colloquial phraseological units (examples) are listed below. Some of them may sound different, but at the same time have a similar meaning (that is, be synonymous). And other expressions, on the contrary, contain the same word, but are bright antonyms.

Synonymous colloquial phraseological units, examples:

All without exception, the meaning of generalization: all as one; both old and young; from small to large.
Very fast: in an instant; did not have time to look back; in a moment; couldn't blink an eye.
Work diligently and diligently: tirelessly; up to the seventh sweat; roll up your sleeves; in the sweat of your face.
Proximity value: in two steps; be at your side; hand over.
Run Fast: headlong; what is strength; at full speed; what is urine; in all shoulder blades; from all legs; only heels sparkle.
Similarity value: all as one; everything, as in the selection; one to one; well done to young man.

Antonymic colloquial phraseological units, examples:

The cat cried(few) - Chickens don't peck(a lot of).
Nothing is visible(dark, hard to see) - At least collect the needles(light, clearly visible).
Lose your head(bad thinking) - Head on shoulders(reasonable person).
Like a cat with a dog(warring people) - Do not spill water, Siamese twins; soul to soul(close, very friendly or
two steps away(beside) - For distant lands(long away).
Soar in the clouds(thoughtful, dreaming and unfocused person) - Keep your eyes open, keep your eyes open(attentive person).
scratch your tongue(talk, gossip) - swallow tongue(to be silent).
Mind Chamber(clever man) - Without a king in my head, live in someone else's mind(stupid or reckless person).

Phraseologisms examples with explanation:

american uncle- a person who very unexpectedly helps out of a financially difficult situation.
Fight like a fish on ice- do unnecessary, useless actions that do not lead to any result.
Beat the thumbs- idle.
Throw down the gauntlet- to enter into an argument with someone, to challenge.

The phraseology of the Russian language is a treasury of folk wisdom, it, like in a mirror, reflects the Russian national character, features of the national worldview.

Phraseologisms are very often used in prose and poetry, they create originality, creative individuality of the style of writers. Phraseologisms convey the subtlest semantic and emotional shades, characterize a person and his actions, briefly and succinctly describe various life situations, form a picture of the writer's world, reveal the ideological and moral features of the work.

The section "Phraseological units in Russian literature" is devoted to the use of phraseological units in the works of Russian writers, whose work is studied in the middle and senior levels of the school. The cycles of textbooks on literature of the publishing houses "Enlightenment", "Balass", "Buddy Bust", "Mnemosyne", "Russian Word" were chosen as the basic ones.

The target audience

The material will be of interest to a wide range of readers, including students of secondary and higher educational institutions, teachers, teachers of philological faculties.

Building a dictionary entry

The dictionary entry contains a phraseological unit in its original form, stylistic marks and indications of an emotionally expressive characteristic: ironic, dismissive, solemn, sublime, disapproving, contemptuous, outdated, playful, bookish, colloquial.

The following is the context - a fragment of the text in which phraseological units are used, in italics. The author and title of the work are indicated. The illustrative material is the literary and journalistic texts of modern authors (from the end of the 20th century to the present), showing the use of phraseological units in living Russian speech.

Dictionary entry structure

Accepted abbreviations

Note

We would like to draw your attention to the fact that large works in middle-level textbooks are often published in abbreviated form. In this case, comments are offered only to the amount of text that is presented in the textbook. The works studied at the senior level are commented on in full.

Many phraseological units came to England from USA. They refer to intralingual borrowings. Some of these phraseological units were once created by American writers and are widely used in modern English speech.

The creators of many revolutions are known.

W. Irving: the almighty dollar - "almighty dollar" (usually used ironically); a Rip Van Winkle - "Rip Van Winkle", a retarded man (named after the hero of the story of the same name who slept for twenty years).

E. O "Connor: the last hurrah - "last hurrah"; ~ swan song (usually about the last election campaign, or about a politician who ends his stormy political career. By the name of the novel).

F. Cooper: the last of the Mohicans - the last of the Mohicans (according to the title of the novel). The Mohicans are an extinct tribe of North American Indians. The popularity of Cooper's works contributed to the introduction into the English language of phraseological units related to the life of the Indians: bury the hatchet - make peace, make peace, end hostility (the Indians buried a tomahawk in the ground when making peace); dig up the hatchet - start a war (the Indians had a custom before starting hostilities to pull out a tomahawk buried in the ground); go on the war-path - enter the path of war, be in a warlike mood.

G. Longfellow: ships that pass in the night - fleeting, random meetings ("Tales of Wayside Inn") (comparison: they dispersed like ships at sea). The popularity of the expression is also associated with its use as the title of one of the novels of the writer Beatrice Harraden (1893).

J. London: the call of the wild - “call of the ancestors”, “call of nature” (according to the title of the novel); the iron heel "iron heel", imperialism (after the title of the novel).

M. Mitchell: gone with the wind - disappeared without a trace, sunk into the past (the expression became popular after the publication of M. Mitchell's novel "Gone With the Wind") and the film based on this novel was created by the English poet E Dawson (1867 - 1900).

J. Howe: the grapes of wrath - grapes of wrath (turnover is first found in J. Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic" (1862), owes its popularity to J. Steinbeck's novel of the same name).

The number of phraseological units borrowed from American fiction is not as great as the number of phraseological units created by English writers. But, it should be noted that the above Americanisms have the most vivid imagery and increased expressiveness in comparison with the statements of English writers.

French fiction made a significant contribution to the phraseological fund of modern English. Many works of French writers have been translated into English and are still very popular in England. In this regard, one should single out such French writers as: Francois Rabelais, Jean-Baptiste Molière, Jerome d'Angers, La Fontaine and others.

You can give examples of phraseological units created by French writers and most used in modern English (all the following phraseological units, borrowed from French fiction, are translations and presented in English - in their original form, these phraseological units are not used in modern English speech):

Appetite comes with eating - appetite comes with eating (the expression is first found in the essay “On the Causes” (1515) by Jerome d'Angers, Bishop of the city of Le Mans; popularized by Francois Rabelais in Gargantua and Pantagruel);

Buridan "s ass - Buridan's donkey (about a person who does not dare to make a choice between two equivalent objects, equivalent decisions, etc.) (The 14th-century French philosopher Buridan is credited with the story of a donkey who died of hunger, as he did not dare to make the choice between two identical bundles of hay. This story was allegedly given by Buridan as an example in the discussion of free will. The phraseological unit an ass (or a donkey) between two bundles of hay goes back to the same story; castles in Spain - castles in the air (expression associated with the medieval heroic epic, the heroes of which, the knights, received in their personal possession the castles in Spain that had not yet been conquered);

For smb."s fair eyes (or for the fair eyes of smb.) - for the sake of someone's beautiful eyes, not for the sake of his merits, but for his personal disposition, for nothing, for nothing (an expression from the comedy by J. B. Molière "Simply");

Let us return to our muttons - let's return to the topic of our conversation (an expression from the medieval farce of Blanche about the lawyer Patlen, later the infinitive to return to one "s muttons arose through reverse formation);

To pull smb."s (or the) chestnuts out of the fire (for smb.) - to pull chestnuts out of the fire for someone; it is pointless, at the risk of working for the benefit of another (in La Fontaine's fable "The Monkey and the Cat" - the monkey Bertrand makes the cat Raton drag chestnuts out of the fire for himself). The expression to make a cat "s paw of smb is associated with the same fable. - to make someone your obedient instrument - to rake in the heat with the wrong hands).

It should be noted that the number of phraseological units borrowed from French fiction into English is not large, but despite this, they are often used by English writers to enhance imagery and are widespread in modern English speech.

Phraseological borrowings from German and Danish fiction few. Only a few writers from Germany and Denmark replenished the English phraseological fund with "winged" expressions. Here are examples of these phraseological units:

Speech is silvern, silence is golden - “the word is silver, silence is gold”; the proverb is first found in the German writer Thomas Carlyle: As the Swiss Inscription says: Sprechen ist silbern, schweigen ist golden (speech is silvern, silence is golden) ("Sartor Resartus");

Storm and stress - "storm and onslaught" (a trend in German literature of the 70-80s of the XVIII century); period of anxiety, excitement; tension (in public or private life), impetuous onslaught (German: Sturm und Drang - after the title of F. Klinger's play);

Between hammer and anvil - between the hammer and the anvil (according to the title of the novel (1868) by the German writer F. Shpilhagen);

The emperor has (or wears) no clothes - the king is naked (an expression from the fairy tale of the Danish writer G.H. Andersen "The King's New Dress", 1837);

An ugly duckling - “an ugly duckling” (a person unfairly assessed below his merits, which appear unexpectedly to others; according to the title of the fairy tale by G.Kh. Andersen about an ugly duckling that grew up and became a beautiful swan).

In modern English, there are only a few phraseological units borrowed from Spanish fiction. In this regard, one of the most famous Spanish writers, Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra, who became famous throughout the world with his work Don Quixote, should be singled out. Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra is the author of the following idioms:

The knight of the Rueful Countenance - (book) Knight of the Sad Image, Don Quixote (Spanish: el Caballero de la triste figura. So Don Quixote was called by his squire Sancho Panza);

Tilt at windmills - fight with windmills, “quixotic” (Spanish: acometer molinos de viento. The battle with windmills is one of the episodes in the novel Don Quixote).

Currently, there are many phraseological units of Spanish origin in English, but only those phraseological units that are given above have literary roots.

Also in English there are phraseological units associated with Arabic artistic literature. From the tales of the Thousand and One Nights, several expressions came into the English language:

Aladdin "s lamp (book) - Aladdin's magic lamp (a talisman that fulfills all the desires of its owner). Phraseologism to rub the lamp is associated with the same tale - easy to fulfill your desire;

Alnascharn "s dream (book) - empty dreams, fantasizing (in one of the tales of the Thousand and One Nights it is said about Alnashar, who bought glassware with all his money and put them in a basket, but, dreaming about how he will become rich, and angry with his future wife, he hit the basket and broke all the glass);

The old man of the sea - a person who is difficult to get rid of, get rid of, an obsessive person (a hint of an episode in one of the tales, which tells how Sinbad the Sailor could not get rid of the old man who sat on his shoulders);

An open Sesame - "Sesame, open!" - a quick and easy way to achieve something (the magic words with which the door to the cave of robbers was opened in the fairy tale "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves").

The fact that some expressions borrowed from Arabic folklore have become phraseological units of the modern English language testifies to the metaphorical and expressive nature of these phraseological units. Similar concepts exist in other languages of the world, in this case we can talk about the internationality of phraseological units borrowed from Arabic literature.

Writers turn to the phraseological riches of their native language as an inexhaustible source of speech expression. In artistic and journalistic speech, phraseological units are often used in their usual phraseological form with their inherent meaning. The introduction of phraseological units into the text is due to the desire of the authors to enhance the expressive coloring of speech. For example: "" "" Volga "" together with its dashing drivers seemed to have fallen through the ground "". (From the newspaper). The imagery inherent in phraseological units enlivens the narration, gives it a playful, ironic coloring.

Humorists and satirists especially like to use phraseological units; they appreciate colloquial, stylistically reduced phraseology, often resorting to a mixture of styles to create a comic effect: "" ... Settled down and let's poke your nose into every crack. Oh, and he is a master of intrigues ... "" (From the newspaper).

A vivid stylistic effect is created by the parodic use of book phraseological units, often used in combination with stylistic lexical and phraseological means: "" ... called for black gold miners to get their hands on, green miners unbelted ... "" (From the newspaper).

It is important to emphasize that in all these cases phraseological units are used in their traditional linguistic form with their inherent, well-known meaning.

The very nature of phraseological units, which have a clear imagery, stylistic coloring, creates the prerequisites for their use in expressive and, above all, in artistic and journalistic speech. At the same time, the writer does not introduce anything fundamentally new in the use of phraseological units; he draws expression from a ready-made national source.

The aesthetic role of phraseological means is determined by the imagery and emotionality inherent in them, as well as the author's ability to select the necessary material and introduce it into the text. Such use of phraseological units enriches speech, serves as an "antidote" against speech clichés.

However, the possibilities of using phraseological units are much wider than their simple reproduction in speech.

The phraseological richness of the language comes to life under the pen of talented writers and publicists and becomes a source of new artistic images, jokes, and unexpected puns. Artists of the word can also treat phraseologists as "raw materials", which are subject to "creative processing".

As a result of the phraseological innovation of writers and publicists, original verbal images arise, based on "beaten" set expressions. Creative processing of phraseological units gives them a new expressive coloring, enhancing their expressiveness. Most often, writers transform phraseological units that have a high degree of lexical stability and perform an expressive function in speech. At the same time, the modified phraseological units retain the artistic merits of the common ones - figurativeness, aphorism, rhythmic-melodic orderliness.

Often phraseological units are introduced into the text without changing their meaning and form. In this case, the authors use the absolute expressive means of Russian phraseology - figurativeness, expressiveness, emotionality.

Journalists often use phraseological units in different synonymous rows. Favorite technique - gradation - stylist. The figure is in such an arrangement of words and phrases, in which each subsequent contains an increasing meaning or emotionally expressive meaning, due to which an increasing impression is created by the word or phrase. For example: slanders, talks nonsense, mixes with fables. (Ryabchikov).

An effective technique for introducing phraseological units into the text is an antithesis, that is, using them in an antonymous series, for example: "" The point is not which side to go on, but where to go and on what - in a laid-down carriage of the past or a locomotive of the future "". was formed on the basis of: ""you can't go anywhere in the carriage of the past"". Gorky ""At the bottom"". The opposition is built on the antonymy of the words "past" and "future".

The most striking and valid technique is the use of antonyms-opposites. Two antonymous stable phrases, that is, phraseological units with the opposite meaning. For example: ""Such a tight budget is needed to bring England to its knees," says Jackinson.

When introducing stylistically contrasting phraseological units into the text, the following cases are possible:

Stylistic contrast of two or more phraseological units;

Stylistic contrast of phraseologism and phrasal environment;

Stylistic contrast of phraseologism and the word introduced into its composition;

Stylistic contrast when replacing a word, as part of a phraseological unit.

For example: ""But having exposed the secrets of the Madrid court, Obolensky overlooked what was happening under his very nose." here the use of a book phraseological phrase: "" the secrets of the Madrid court "" and a colloquial phraseological word: "" under the very nose "".

One of the tricks of the comic is a stylistic contrast created by a combination in a narrow context of book winged expressions and officially business clerical words. One of the stylistic contrasts seen is the combination of obsolete words and colloquial phraseology. For example: "" A year later, the auditors were surprised to find that in the new field, Matar managed to break more firewood than before. The description of his new deeds barely fit on 20 pages of the act "". (Prokhorov).

An even better means of creating a comic is stylistic antonymy, built on the opposition of the colloquial and gentle coloring of phraseological units included in the context.

For example: "" America found out that its hero jumped out of the window in what his mother gave birth to in her armored car "". (Bolshakov).

The sharpest stylistic contrast arises when combining in a narrow context slang phraseological units and words of a purely book vocabulary. This technique is widely used in the international feuilleton, allowing the authors to sharply express their attitude towards negative characters. For example: "'For Ruth, the trip of his father could have pleasant consequences if Tarvey stopped dragging the rubber.'" (Shatrov).

Phraseological units have potential expressive qualities, which allows writers to creatively process different aspects of phraseological units: meaning, form (lexical state, morphological and syntactic structures), compatibility with other words, and the like. Phraseological units are most often subjected to individual stylistic processing, which is easily explained by their metaphorical nature. With such processing, a punning combination of a phraseological unit and the corresponding free phrase occurs; for example: ""She makes an elephant out of a fly and then sells ivory"". (Malenovsky).

Context is very important both for the creation of a pun and for its perception by the reader. Sometimes the authors create detailed pictures based on the simultaneous perception of a connected and free combination of words, as part of a phraseological phrase.

Very often, writers resort to changing the structure of a phraseological phrase, spreading its sentences related to a particular word in stable phrases. For example: "" You gradually saturate hardened individualists with energy and it is no longer possible to say that one grave will correct the socially rich "". (M. Gorky). This allows you to concretize the generalized, broad meaning of the phraseological unit, apply it to a specific situation. For example: Mark ordered to strike a class war with a golden calf, and a bull that had grown up. (Mayakovsky).

The opposite technique is the reduction of phraseological turnover. But since it is among the common ones, the reader can easily fill in its missing part. For example: "" Your Sobakevich in tight-fisted maid and footman "". (Chekhov).

One of the ways of individual stylistic processing of phraseological units is to replace one of the words that make up a stable phrase with another word. For example, Saltykov - Shchedrin, for satirical purposes, creates for satirical purposes, creates a master of bloody deeds: ""... Your torment, about world-eaters and bloody deeds of the master, is universal torment, knowing no bounds"".

An interesting technique is the antonymous replacement of words in the structure of a phraseological combination, for example: "" In the bad old time, a seedy noble family lived in this building "". (Ryabchikov).

The most radical method of processing phraseology is its change, which leads to the creation of an essentially new phrase based on the existing one, for example, on the basis of the phraseologism ""shoulder to shoulder"", was created ""wing to wing"". this author's neologism is motivated by the context.

The author can express his attitude to the fact by replacing a neutral word in the composition of a phraseological unit with its emotionally colored synonym, for example, "lay hands on"; Zorin replaced the neutral words "hand" with the vernacular, emotionally rich "paw" "thus increasing evaluativeness phraseological turnover.

Sometimes writers use more complex techniques for processing phraseological units; for example: "" We sleep early on cheap laurels, we still live on the advances of readers worked out by us "". (M. Gorky). Here, the phraseological unit "" regale on one's laurels "" has been changed (satisfied with the success achieved). The introduction of the word "cheap" leads to the perception of this phraseological unit in a specific literal sense. And the introduction of ""to sleep"" (instead of the high ""to regale") gives a bright negative emotionally expressive coloring.

One of the methods for creating a comic effect is the collision in the text of words and a phraseological combination that has the same word in its composition, for example: Often the throne is occupied by kings "" without a king in their head "". (Ryabchikov).

The real method of creating the comic is the method when the word extracted from the composition of the stable turnover, then serves to create the author's neologisms. The humorous sound is based on the collision of a word that has a phraseologically related meaning with its synonym in free use, for example: "" Indeed, if you think about it, then with a sweet paradise in a hut ... But with a sweet paradise in a hut, comrades, it is possible if the sweetheart is in a hut registered and listed in the hut book ... "" (Ilf and Petrov). Here the feuilletonists form the neologism "hut book" by analogy with the word "house book".

An effective pun is based on the use of two phraseological units that have a common word in their composition. The convergence of the same words included in different phraseological turns is a striking means of creating a comic, for example: "" ... Both in Chicago and in Atlantic City, young people were cleansed of falsehood, burned bridges behind them and refused to worship what they burned "". here the use of the stable phrase "" burn bridges behind you "" and the winged expression "" And I burned everything I worshiped, worshiped what I burned "". (from a poem by Turgenev, put into the mouth of Mikhalevich - the protagonist of the "" Noble Nest "").