The history of the appearance of Russian names

The history of the appearance of Russian names

The science of proper names is called onomastics. This term is associated with the Greek word onoma - name.

The names of people are part of the history of peoples. They reflect the life, beliefs, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. Any word that a person was called by was perceived by those around him as his personal name, and, therefore, any word could become a name. Thus, a personal name (in the Old Russian language - reklo, name, nickname, name, nickname, naming) is a special word that serves to designate an individual and is given to him individually in order to be able to contact him, as well as talk about it with others.

There are three stages in the history of Russian personal names.

1. Pre-Christian, in which original names were confessed, created on East Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language.

2. The period after the baptism of Rus', where the church began to plant, along with Christian religious rites, foreign names borrowed by the Byzantine church from different peoples of antiquity.

3. A new stage that began after the Great October Socialist Revolution and was marked by the penetration of a large number of borrowed names into the Russian nomenclature and active name creation.

Before the introduction of Christianity in Rus', personal names were nothing more than nicknames given for one reason or another. In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. They hid their names from their enemies, believing that knowing the name alone was enough to harm someone.

Old Russian nicknames are of great interest. They reveal the richness of the Russian folk language. Old Russian names, nicknames, were varied. For example: Pervak, First, Second, Vtorak, Tretyak (this name was one of the most common), Third, etc. We meet direct descendants of these names - surnames: Pervov, Tretyak or Tretyakov, etc. Or such names - Chernysh, Belyak, Belaya, etc. - data on the color of hair, skin. Names were also assigned according to other external signs - height, physique, character, and time of birth. Many nicknames were given on separate occasions and occasions. Among the ancient Russian names were those that have survived to this day - Vadim, Vsevolod, Gorazd, Dobrynya, Zhdan, Lyubava.

After the introduction of Christianity in Rus', the so-called calendar names entered into the practice of naming. They have become an integral part of the Russian language, part of the history of the Russian people. We call them calendar now conditionally, since during the entire time of their existence they were given to people according to church calendars. The official planting of Christianity in Rus' began in the 10th century. During the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Christianity became the state religion. Prince Vladimir of Kyiv, who was looking for a strong ally, made an alliance with Byzantium. One of the conditions of this union was the adoption of the Christian religion by Russia. In 988, Vladimir himself was baptized and began to introduce a new religion in Rus'. The Christianization of the population of Rus' and the obligatory rite of baptism was accompanied by the naming of people with new Christian names. The adoption of new names by the Russian population was slow.

There was a custom in the old days:
They took the baby to church. There,
In the old days of the holy calendar, pointing a finger,
Pop gave names by day.
If you were born on the day of Yefim,
It is named after that.
But if on the day of Jerome,
That - you like it, you don't want it - Jerome!
M.Vladimov

However, only pre-Christian names have been preserved in history, which we still have today, they got into the Russian language at the beginning of the 2nd millennium through the preachers of the Christian religion, most of whom were southern Slavs: they had Christianity much earlier than in Rus'.

In the first years after the October Revolution, the bulk of those born were given old names. After the end of the civil war, changes took place - they began to arrange church weddings less often, and they carried out the required civil registration of newborns.

The era of the new lexicon
Bursting into the speech of workshops and villages,
Amphilochia went to the revolutionary committees,
Adelaide to the Komsomol.
They are in tune with the era
Named October:
Dawn, Idea, Pioneer,
Revmir, Revput and Diamat!
M.Vladimov

Currently, abbreviated forms of names are very common. Abbreviated forms are used in a variety of situations, with the exception of official ones. Abbreviated names are so short that they often turn out to be consonant with several full names, and vice versa, several abbreviations can correspond to one full name. For example:
Agrafena - Agasha - Gasha - Granya - Grunya - Pear - Fenya;
Alexander (a) - Ara - Arya - Alya - Alik - Xana - Xanya - Aleksanya.

What's wrong in the eyes
The rains are slanting
Asya, Stasya, Nastenka,
Daughter Anastasia?
Just life is fantasy
Three matrekhs accommodated:
Asya, Stasya, Nastenka,
Everyone is Anastasia.
I. Snegov

Since there are numerous variants of the same names, it is necessary to distinguish between official and informal forms of naming people. In the Russian language, almost all forms of names varied, both church and secular, but secular ones - in a much wider range.

At baptism, the name of the child was recorded in the registration book (such books were kept in all churches), while usually following the spelling of that calendar or some other liturgical book that was available in this church. Upon receipt of a metric or certificate of birth (and they were issued not by the church, but by special civil institutions - in the cities of the consistory, in the villages of the volost clerk), the name was not rewritten letter by letter, but most often as requested by the parents or as the clerk considered it necessary. Serious legal significance was not attached to the discrepancy between the records of the name in the church book and in the metric; the main option was still the church one, and the spelling of the name could be additionally checked by the date of birth of the person named and the day of the angel that correlated with it.

Since earlier documents (passport, metrics, certificate, baptismal record, etc.) included different variants of names (both in church and in their secular form), all of them can be called passport, official, documentary, despite a number of spelling and pronunciation differences. In folk dialects, many names were subjected to significant alterations (Evdokia - Evdokeya - Avdotya through the unstable version of Avdokya), but since these forms also got into documentary records, they also have to be considered official.

In informal situations - at home, among friends - people are called by informal abbreviated forms of names. They have developed in everyday life for everyday use, since full names are sometimes cumbersome and inconvenient when communicating in the family, and especially among children and adolescents. (Ekaterina - Katya, Maria - Masha, etc.).

Today, parents do not know the problems when choosing a name for their child - you can name the child the way mom and dad like. But before, everything was not so simple, and when naming, strict rules had to be observed. How names were chosen in pagan Rus', what changed after Christianization, why Razin was called Stenka - read in our material.

Choosing a name for a child is the embodiment of the emotions of parents

In ancient Rus', parents showed great imagination when they thought about what to name their child. Before Christianization, this could be done independently, because the name could reflect anything, depending on the mood of the parents.

They waited a long time for a child, and when, finally, an heir appeared, they called Zhdan. The second child was born in the family, and he was naturally called Vtorak. If the baby was cheerful, noisy, playful - why not call him Zabava or Noisy. During the birth of the baby, frost crackled on the street - that's the little name, Frost. The names of the months were often used, for example, Traven, and this is nothing more than May in Old Slavonic.

Anything could be encrypted in the name, for example, parents really wanted their child to be rich, strong, famous, so they named him Yaroslav, which can be translated as bright, strong, energetic. It happened that a child was called an ugly name, for example, Dislike or Neustroy, and not because they did not expect him or did not want to, but in order to drive away evil spirits who would not be interested in a child with such a dissonant name.

Nicknames

Nicknames arose in Rus' a very long time ago, even when the country was not Christian. The imagination of the people was inexhaustible, there were a lot of nicknames, but the most common ones were used most often. You could get them for anything, for a profession, for a strange appearance, for some habits.

For example, if a person was called a Blacksmith, it immediately became clear who he works for. Having met a peasant named Silent, one could not think about his character. A person named Malyuta would certainly wish to be taller.

Interestingly, during the life of a person could have several nicknames.

There were also protective nicknames. In ancient times, people believed in corruption and the evil eye, and an uninteresting and, by today's standards, offensive name helped protect against this. For example, Spite is an example of a defensive nickname.

After Rus' became Christian, nicknames began to be added to the main name of a person. You should not think that only commoners were fond of this, no, it is enough to recall Ivan Kalita or Alexander Nevsky. In the future, nicknames became the basis for surnames that are familiar to modern man. By the way, Peter I was an ardent opponent of nicknames, who banned them in Russia.

Names in honor of saints

After the arrival of Christianity, the inhabitants of Rus' began to receive new names: children were named after Christian saints. To replace the usual names, such as Zhdan or the Brave, new ones came - Kirill, Fedor, Barbara. Today they are familiar to the ear, and during the reform of Vladimir the Great, people had difficulty getting used to their new names.

In the XIV-XVI centuries, at birth, a child was given not only a public Christian name, but also a direct one, in honor of the saint whose day was celebrated. From historical examples: Vasily III, whose direct name was Gabriel. His son, Ivan the Terrible, had the direct name of Titus. More examples of double names, that is, a combination of a pagan and a Christian name at the same time: Vladimir-Vasily Monomakh and Yaroslav-George the Wise.

Christian names

With the development and strengthening of Christianity, ancient Slavic names were used less and less. Even a special list was compiled, including forbidden pagan names. When typography appeared in Rus', great importance began to be attached to the spelling of the name.

And the Rurikovich had to go through the Christianization of names. Basil is considered the first Christian name in Rus', it was received at baptism in Constantinople by Kyiv Prince Vladimir the Great in 988. The canonized names Boris and Gleb were the sons of Vladimir, but at baptism the children were not called that at all, but Roman and David.

During the time of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, an onomasticon also appeared. This is a list of names given to a newborn at his baptism. The name was chosen according to the calendar, and the priest himself did it. Today, such names are called calendar names, because church calendars are used to select them. The lists contained only the names of saints, therefore, having been born, the child, along with the name, received a heavenly patron.

If we continue the theme of the Rurik dynasty, it must be said that there were two categories of names in it, two-basic Slavic - Ostromir, Svyatoslav, Yaropolk, and Scandinavian - Igor, Gleb, Olga. In those days, a special status was attached to each name, for example, the above-mentioned could only be worn by persons with a grand ducal title. Now it seems strange, but only in the XIV century such a restriction was lifted. If the names borrowed from Scandinavia were extremely popular among the princely families, then among the common people they were quite rare.

The name was passed from the older generation to the younger, if the grandfather died, then his name should not have been lost, it was assigned to the newborn grandson.

Ivan, Vanyushka

The most common name in Rus' is Ivan, it is believed that before the October Revolution every fourth peasant was called that. If you ask any foreigner what Russian names he knows, the answer will be unequivocal - Ivan. This name is associated with the history of the expression "Ivan, who does not remember kinship." When the police caught vagrants who did not have passports, they were most often called Ivans.

Sovereigns began to be called Ivans from the time of Ivan Kalita, the name was used until 1764. This year, Ivan VI died and it was forbidden to call the royal babies that way in order to avoid trouble.

Diminutive names were common in Rus' in the 16th-17th centuries. Usually they were pronounced in a derogatory tone, therefore they were assigned to state criminals. Suffice it to recall Emelka Pugachev or Stenka Razin. If a person applied to a higher authority, then he had to call himself a diminutive name, for example, “I am addressing you, Vaska, the royal serf.”

Today, diminutive names can express completely different emotions, such as love or tenderness. Although, some concepts of antiquity are still preserved. It is unlikely that a respected and respectable person will be called Petka, most likely his name will be pronounced as Peter or, in extreme cases, Petya.

Do you have a middle name?

Patronymic in Russia confirms the connection of a person with his father. Initially, it did not sound like it does today, but, for example, "Vladimir, Petrov's son." Only noble people were allowed to add the ending "ich" to the patronymic. This was, of course, permissible for Rurikovich, because Svyatopolk was called Svyatopolk Izyaslavich.

The rulers of Russia treated the patronymic very reverently, the endings "ov" and "ovich" were strictly fixed in special documents, for example, under Peter I it was a table of ranks, under Catherine II - bureaucratic painting. The end of the patronymic denoted the social affiliation of a person. Patronymics began to be used most actively from the 19th century, and for peasants, permission for patronymics was obtained after the abolition of serfdom. Today it is very difficult to imagine a person who does not have a patronymic, this tradition has become so firmly established in our lives. In addition, the presence of the same names and surnames makes the use of patronymics necessary.

If before the October Revolution the church assigned a name to a person, then after the coup, anyone could do it. A massive invasion of Vladlenov, Vilenov and Vilov (short for Vladimir Ilyich Lenin), Kimov (short for the Communist International of Youth), Trudomirov (labor + peace) and other wonderful names began. The peak of fantasy can be considered the ornate female name Dazdraperma, which means "Long live the First of May."

Today, the fashion for familiar names, Ivan, Maria, Lyubov, Vladimir, is returning to Russia. But some people are still sophisticated when choosing a name for the baby. Only now it is not Industrialization, International or Energy, but obscure invented constructions, or names of idols, actors and singers, as well as favorite names from films, books, comics.

Of great interest to everyone who is interested in history is the story of who they were.

Shuvalov Vyacheslav, group MSP-502

Who was your great-grandfather in Rus'?

Ask for your last name!

Who is Kuznetsov's great-grandfather?

He was from a family of blacksmiths,

Father's father's father.

Goncharov's great-grandfather knew

Pottery wheel and clay.

At Degtyarev - tar drove,

In the tar he hunched his back.

Perhaps young Stolyarov

And with a chisel will not cope,

But my great-grandfather was from joiners,

He was a master grandfather.

Pilshchikov was friends with the saw,

Crumpled Kozhemyakin skin,

I went to the attacks of the Warriors,

Streltsov also fought.

Surnames are simple.

Look closely and you will see them

History of Russia.

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State Budgetary Professional Educational Institution of the Moscow Region "Lukhovitsky Agrarian and Industrial College"

Research project on the topic:

"Russian names and surnames"

I've done the work:

Shuvalov Vyacheslav, group MSP-502

Supervisor:

teacher of Russian language and literature

Evergetova Valentina Stepanovna

Lukhovitsy 2017

Explanatory note.

Research project in the Russian language on the topic:

"Russian names and surnames"

Completed: Shuvalov Vyacheslav

City: State budgetary professional educational institution of the Moscow region

Lukhovitsk Agro-Industrial College

Project Manager:Evergetova V.S., Russian language teacher

Subject: Russian

Objective of the project : The purpose of my work: to study the history of the origin of names and surnames, to find out the meaning of my name and my surname.

Tasks:

- where did the names come from;

- find out the origin of the word "surname";

- find out how this or that surname arose and what it means;

- to study the history of origin and the meaning of your surname;

– to study the history of origin and the meaning of your name.

Research methods:

– study of literature on the subject of interest;

- work with the Internet.

Based on this, I have determined the following research objectives:

1. Describe how a surname affects a person;
2. Describe how a name affects a person.

Working methods and techniques:reading and analysis of scientific literature.

Plan:

1. Introduction 4
2. Main part 7

2.1. The mystery of the origin of names 7

2.2. History of Russian calendar names 9

2.3. Variants of the origin of Slavic names 12

2.4. Alien Names 13

2.5. Namecreativity after October 15

2.6. Russian personal name 18

2.7. Patronymic formations 19

2.8. Surnames 20

2.9. Distribution of surnames by geographic regions 22

1. Conclusion 30
2. References 31

Introduction.

Who was your great-grandfather in Rus'?

Ask for your last name!

There are Kuznetsov in every class,

Who is Kuznetsov's great-grandfather?

He was from a family of blacksmiths,

Father's father's father.

Goncharov's great-grandfather knew

Pottery wheel and clay.

At Degtyarev - tar drove,

In the tar he hunched his back.

Perhaps young Stolyarov

And with a chisel will not cope,

But my great-grandfather was from joiners,

He was a master grandfather.

Pilshchikov was friends with the saw,

Crumpled Kozhemyakin skin,

I went to the attacks of the Warriors,

Streltsov also fought.

They sound like music, like poetry,

Surnames are simple.

Look closely and you will see them

History of Russia.

I chose the topic "Russian names and surnames", as I was interested to know how the names of mine and those of my friends are interpreted. Working on this topic, I set myself the task of finding out how and when some surnames were born, to find the history of Russian calendar names, variants of the origin of Slavic names, to find out the distribution of surnames by geographic regions, when patronymics began to be used instead of a name, to determine ways surname formation.

In all eras, names have played a significant role in the communication of people.

The science that studies the history of names, their origin, evolution and meaning is called anthroponymy. It employs psychologists, historians, astrologers, theologians and philologists. They study the relationship between name and personality. This connection is not simple and often even mysterious.

Unfortunately, the ancient Russian written monuments, which are the main source for the study of anthroponymy, recorded it only from the 11th century, that is, at the time when Christianity was already accepted in Rus', and Christian ones poured in from Byzantium, or, as they are called, calendar, names - ancient Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Aramaic, ancient Persian, ancient Egyptian in origin, incomprehensible and unusual for a Russian person, but obligatory at baptism.

There are three stages in the history of Russian personal names:

• pre-Christian, when original names were used, created on East Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language;
• the period after the introduction of Christianity in Rus', when the church began to plant, along with Christian religious rites, foreign names borrowed by the Byzantine church from various peoples of antiquity;
• a new stage that began after the Great October Socialist Revolution and was marked by the penetration of a large number of borrowed names into the Russian nomenclature and active name creation.

The power of the name is mysterious, inexplicable. Some names are forgotten for decades, and even for centuries, sinking to the bottom of the River of Time, others emerge from its dark fatal depths...

“In love, we repeat the beloved name and call on the beloved through his name. And we pray and curse through the names, through the pronunciation of the name. And there are no limits to the life of a name, there is no measure for its power. The world is created and sustained by name and words. Every living being bears a name. Peoples live by name and words, millions of people move from their place, the deaf masses of the people advance towards sacrifice and victory. The name has conquered the world."

A person walks along the path of life: he rejoices, mourns, cunning, acts as a hero, acts evil, repents - everything happens in a long century. But now his earthly term is over. The body decays in the earth or is incinerated in fire, the soul is scattered throughout the Universe. What about the name? The name slumbers like a bird in the family nest, patiently waiting for the chosen one, the baby. So he appeared in the light of God, announced his arrival with a desperate cry - and the bird-name flies into his cradle, embraces the chosen one with wings for a whole life, as the Moon embraces the Earth with its mysterious light.

The connection between personality and name is vast and mysterious. Name - character - destiny! - this triad has not only an earthly, but also a cosmic beginning, for it is connected with time and space. It is no coincidence that each name has its own zodiac sign and its own planet. And even your own specific numerical expression! As long as the Earth is alive, human names will live.

Main part.

The mystery of the origin of names.

The names of people are part of the history of peoples. They reflect the way of life, beliefs, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. Our country is multinational, and each of the peoples inhabiting it has its own wonderful names.

In order for any name to appear among a given people, certain cultural and historical conditions are necessary. Therefore, many names bear a vivid imprint of the corresponding era.

Before the introduction of Christianity in Rus', personal names were very similar to nicknames given for one reason or another. In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. They hid their names from their enemies, believing that knowing the name alone was enough to harm someone.

Old Russian names are of great interest. They reveal the richness of the Russian folk language, show the breadth of imagination, observation and sharpness of the Russian person, his kindness and sociability, sometimes rude simplicity and causticity when it comes to moral vices or physical shortcomings.

Early Slavic totemism is a belief in the divinity of individual plants and animals, obviously, mainly those that played a special role in the life of our ancestors. Direct evidence of this side of their spiritual life has not been preserved; the names should aid the study of this historical fact.

The atheist Ivan, a Rusak among Russians, does not even suspect that in Hebrew he is “God’s messenger”, and the name of his portly, loud-voiced wife Glafira in the language of Ancient Greece sounds like “refined, refined”. Pelageya, arguing hoarsely with her neighbor Marina, whose name is more beautiful, is unaware that they are actually namesakes: Pelageya is “sea” in Greek, Marina is in Latin.

The history of each name developed in a special way. Some names lived a long, complicated life before reaching our time, others appeared quite recently. A colossal number of names of Russian people is known to us only from written records: they disappeared, having lived for centuries, or, on the contrary, having existed for a very short time, meeting in isolated cases.

For many centuries, children were traditionally named after their ancestors (fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers), in connection with some domestic or religious events that were repeated at different times. And so the same names were passed down from generation to generation, the original reason for their appearance was gradually forgotten, they lost their former meaning. But by studying such names and comparing them with the common nouns of the modern and Old Russian language, it is often possible to restore, at least presumably, why they once appeared in the world. Any word that a person was called by was perceived by those around him as his personal name, and, therefore, any word could become a name.

Thus, a personal name (in the Old Russian language also - reklo, nickname, name, nickname, naming) is a special word that serves to designate an individual and is given to him individually in order to be able to contact him, as well as speak about him with others.

Many centuries ago, when our ancestors still worshiped pagan gods - Perun, Yarovit - no one thought about human names. Whatever word comes to mind, that was the reward for the baby. So there wereWolf, Ravine, Dobrynya, Long, Oxygen, Failure, Golokhrebetnik, Bast Saber, Neumyvaka, Sturgeon, Crane, Tongue, Moshna etc.

History of Russian calendar names.

The second, very long period in the history of Russian names came after the introduction of Christianity, with which the so-called calendar names entered the practice of naming. They have become an integral part of the Russian language, part of the history of the Russian people.

We call them calendars conditionally, since during the entire time of their existence they were given to Russian people according to church calendars, in which they were distributed over all days of the year.

The history of Russian calendar names is no less interesting than the history of Old Russian ones. It reflects the interaction of the Russian folk language and Church Slavonic, the official language of the Russian Orthodox Church. This was manifested in numerous spelling transformations of personal names, in the struggle of ancient Russian "pagan" names for their existence, in the adaptation of "Christian" names to the conditions of the Russian language environment. Christian names, according to church traditions, were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of this religion. But these same names belonged in antiquity not only to those persons, real or mythical, whom the church honored, but also to thousands of other people - representatives of those peoples from whose language these names are borrowed.

The official adoption of Christianity in Rus' took place in 988, when Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich baptized the inhabitants of Kyiv. During his reign, Christianity became the state religion. The adoption of Christianity was dictated by the need to strengthen the princely power and the internal unity of the ancient Russian state.

The Christianization of the population of Rus' and the obligatory rite of baptism was accompanied by the naming of people with new Christian personal names, the lists of which were transferred by the Byzantine Christian church with religious rites. They got into the Old Russian language not in translations, but in genuine foreign-language sounds, absolutely incomprehensible and alien to Russian people. Many names of ancient Russians exactly correspond in translation to those names that came from Byzantium.

The adoption of new names by the Russian population was very slow. The majority of Russian people, even after the rite of baptism, continued to name their children in their own way, according to custom, right up to the 17th century, i.e. in Russian.

With Orthodoxy came the names of ancient Jewish, ancient Roman, ancient Greek. They entered everyday life slowly: people were afraid to part with the old way of life, therefore they usually gave both pagan names and Orthodox ones. So they wrote: "Prince George, called Putyatoy ". Or: "Posadnik Athanasius, born Vladimir Varvarin". Or: “Pop Ivanchishche, that is, Boleslav ". Moreover, everyone also had a secret name ( advertising ), two or three relatives knew him, no more. This name was used in spells for love, for hunting luck, for fighting, against sorcery.

When Orthodoxy prevailed, babies began to be named according to the holy calendar, most often without giving parents a choice. But then continuous inconsistencies began: what was euphonious in Byzantium was not perceived by us, for example:Simororoza, Babnody, Herimon,Prosiria, Perepetua, Pistimon… What tricks did our ancestors use to avoid such sound monsters! And as it turned out already in our times, they were absolutely right. It turns out that people with dissonant names are several times more prone to cardiovascular diseases, mental complexes, it is more difficult for them to succeed, they are more likely to end up in prison or commit suicide.

Saints - a list of church holidays and saints in calendar order - formed as a separate book no earlier than the 15th century. They contained about 9 thousand names, most of which are now firmly forgotten. Yu. Liverovsky's poem clearly narrates about the process of naming according to the holy calendar:

There was a custom in the old days:

They took the baby to church. There,

Pointing your finger at the pages of the saints,

Pop gave names by day.

If you were born on the day of Yefim,

It is named after that.

But if on the day of Jerome,

That - you like it - you don't want it - Jerome!

Among the calendar names there are widely known, and there are rare, unfamiliar ones. The term "church names", sometimes used in everyday life, is incorrect, since these names have a long history associated with the history of peoples that existed long before the advent of Christianity. Personal names placed in church calendars were collected by the Christian church at the beginning of our era. They are nothing more than the names of people of various ancient peoples who died a martyr's death for the Christian religion and were canonized by the Christian Church as saints.

The Russian Orthodox Church, selecting names for the official list that came into use at the end of the 19th century, was guided not by the names that existed then, but only by the names of those historical and mythical figures who had merit in the Christian religion.

Variants of the origin of Slavic names.

But there were also primordially Slavic names that were given to childrenaccording to external signs and natural properties: Bogdan, Bozhen, First, Second, Love.

There is an opinion that among the Old Russian names there were at least two types: family, that the child received at birth:Kid, Luban, Bryka, Smile, and out-of-family which adult independent people were called outside the home:Turner, Novosel, Muromets(many of these names can be recognized in modern surnames).

Among intrafamily names met

numeric names, reflecting the order of appearance of children in the family: Pochinok, Tretiak;

a number of names reflected the characteristics of the kids:Lyubik, Belyay, Piskun; separate the names characterized the time of the birth of the child:Veshnyak, Metelitsa;

attitude of parents towards the birth of a child:Zhdan, Nezhdana, Nechay.Particularly interesting amulets names . Faith in the power of the word prompted the Slavs to give children "bad" names in order to deceive evil spirits. They will come for the baby, and he - Sold, or Sloppy, Besputa. There was a custom to give the names of good people - it was believed that in this way one could convey a happy fate.

Many names in antiquity arose from epithets and additional names of various deities, as well as from their allegorical names, which were used at a time when the main and main name of the deity was forbidden to pronounce.

Foreign names.

In our multinational country, where languages ​​and names of dozens of nationalities and nationalities live side by side, we constantly encounter such a phenomenon when a language adapts borrowed names to itself in the same way as foreign common nouns. The names, which fully corresponded to the phonetic and grammatical requirements of the Russian language, have not changed. But there were very few of them.

Most of the newcomers felt themselves in the Russian language, as in a Procrustean bed: they were not only cut off the ends and beginnings, not only pulled out, they were changed in other ways, adapting to the “Procrustean bed” of the new language for them. And only those of the foreign names that underwent changes either in phonetics (in sound) or in morphology survived in Rus'.

In this process of adaptation, vowels at the beginning of names were especially affected. Once upon a time, for example, a borrowed Varangian name underwent a transformation Helga . The Eastern Slavs did not distinguish in it as a special sound the initial X . The vowel sound, which turns out to be in this case (if we discard X ) at the beginning of the word, they turned into O. So it appeared in place of the borrowed Helga Russian Olga . In connection with phonetic changes, already in the Old Russian language, new forms from names in G appeared:Yuri, Egoriy, Egor from George.

In some cases, there was a disappearance of sounds in difficult-to-pronounce combinations of consonants; in others, on the contrary, consonants appeared between two vowels.

The endings of the names have also changed. In female names, endings were approved-a, -i (-ia), even if they were not originally in the borrowed names. Sometimes only these endings distinguished them from male names. So, next to the men'sPaul, Theodore, Julius, Julianused female namesPaul, Theodora, Julia, Juliana.

And some of the names-a just migrated from male to female:Alla, Zina, Inna, Rimma,were anthroponyms for men, - apparently, their form, ending helped them to move to women's names - a .

Names now knownAnton, Artem, Makarrecorded in the lists of calendar names with the ending–y: Anthony, Artemy, Macarius.In popular pronunciation, they lost it-y.

For a long time one can enumerate the vicissitudes of the fate of the borrowed names that came to Rus' with Christianity. However, it is already clear that the Russian language did not remain passive in relation to them, it let them into its composition, subjecting them to its own laws, changing them.

The ability of names to change in accordance with the characteristics of the language into which they penetrated, was the actual language reason for the approval of borrowed names.

How often do foreign names penetrate the Russian language? In general, rarely. Such a phenomenon as with calendar names, when hundreds of them poured into Rus', was no longer observed. Yes, and they entered the folk language in such a modified form that we can talk about a completely new personal name: new, proper Russian names were created on the basis of borrowed ones.

So it turns out that the Russian language, like all other languages, comes into contact with foreign names in different eras, but only some of the names penetrate into it, and even then usually undergoing processing.

At the beginning of the 19th century, non-calendar names were rarely used; by the end of the 19th century, their number increases, but their percentage in the Russian name book is very small.

Namemaking after October.

A new name-creation began in our country right after the October Revolution, when the separation of church and state took place and parents received the right to name the child whatever they wanted, bypassing church canons. It was like a river that overflowed its banks, broke through all the restraining dams and raged in a cheerful spring flood.

In the names created, people sought to reflect the revolutionary events: the names created byby the name of the revolutionary months : November, October, May, November, October, Maya. Popular were the names that aroseas a result of various abbreviations: Revdit (revolutionary child)

by first letters of words– Kim (Communist Youth International), Or (October Revolution),

by first syllables– Krasarma (Red Army), Donara (daughter of the people). There were names andfrom truncated words: Roar - revolution, Lucius - revolution, Engel - Engels.

Many names echonames and surnames of leaders revolutions: Vilen, Vladlen, Ninel(read from the end), Budyon.

In a number of names The first stages of industrialization are captured: Martin, Tractor, Bow, Ram(revolution, electrification, mechanical engineering);

signs of a new reality: Lagshmiwara (Schmidt's camp in the Arctic), Myuda (International Youth Day).

Among the new anthroponyms were names, formed from common nouns without any grammatical changes of these words, without special suffixes or endings:Star, Rocket, Spark, Victory, Revolution, Poem, Novella, Dawn, Will, Lyre, Freedom, Era, Labor,Peace, Genius, Radiumand others. This method of forming names was known in the ancient Russian period. With the advent of calendar names, it gradually disappears, after the revolution it is reborn again. But now the vocabulary for names is used in a special way. There are no more namesdata on the names of animals, birds, fish(Hare, Raven, Ruff ). Most often, abstract nouns are taken for names, associated in meaning with the revolution, with the construction of a socialist society. Revolution is a change of worldview. A lot can be said, for example, by the names that appeared in Russia after October 1917:

Vector - great communism triumphs

Vilyur - Vladimir Ilyich loves Russia

division - the cause of Lenin lives

Izil - fulfill Ilyich's precepts

Lentrosh– Lenin, Trotsky, Shaumyan

Oyushminalda–OttoYurievich Schmidt on an ice floe

Pores– remember the decisions of the congress

Stator - Stalin triumphs

Tamil - tactics of Marx and Lenin

Woodruff - I'm with Lenin and Krupskaya

If the new names were similar in form to the old ones, easily entered the declension system, they could establish themselves in the language, but if not, they had to part with them. The Russian language made even greater demands on male names: they had to form a patronymic, that is, end in–vich and –vn(a). Names that looked like strangers in the patronymic system had to be abandoned.

In the 1920s, when many old ideas were being radically broken, the traditional Russian name book also underwent significant changes (since 1924, the State Publishing House (GIZ) published personal names (old calendar, foreign borrowings, as well as Old Russian ones) in tear-off and desktop calendars, which were published in large numbers). It includes the names of revolutionaries and thinkers of previous eras: Jeanne - in honor of the French folk heroine Joan of Arc, Marat - in honor of Jean Paul Marat, a figure in the French bourgeois revolution of the late 18th century, one of the main inspirers of its progressive wing - the Jacobins; Inessa - in honor of a prominent figure in the international communist movement, Inessa Armand; Arthur and Gemma are the names of the heroes of the Voynich novel "The Gadfly", dedicated to the national liberation struggle in Italy in the first half of the 19th century; Spartacus - in honor of the leader of the Roman slaves who rebelled in 74-71 BC. e., and other names of heroic personalities known from history and literature.

In the 1920s and 1930s, many of these new borrowings spread:Rose, Jadwiga, Greta, Jeanne, Louise, Harry, George, Georges - are recorded in these years as full official names. This is understandable: a new life began, parents wanted the fate of their children, born under Soviet rule, to be unlike the difficult fate of people before the revolution. I wanted life to be beautiful, and they tried to give beautiful names to children, not like the old, boring ones, from the holy calendar. Borrowed names were distributed through literary works and theatrical productions.

Russian name.

The Russian personal name was in constant motion: some names appeared, spread, others disappeared. In each epoch, anthroponyms were very popular, widespread and, conversely, very rare.

Modern female full names in Russian end mainly in-a, -ya (-iya, -ya):Hope, Julia, Anastasia, Daria.Male full names mostly end in a solid consonant or-ay, -ey, -oy: Peter, Pavel, Alexey, Nikolay. Ending -a rarely in male names ( Nikita ). Women's full names are easily declined according to the 1st declension, like common nouns of the feminine gender (wall, army), and male ones - according to the 2nd declension, like common nouns of the masculine gender (stump, oak).

Speaking about the future of names, it should be mentioned that in many countries the machine construction of personal names already exists. For example, in Sweden, where the supply of personal names is very limited, there are advisory lists of new names and surnames, from which everyone can choose new ones.

The names do not remain indifferent and the stars. If the human body is a part of the universe, then one of the connecting threads is the name. Most likely, according to connoisseurs of horoscopes, the name is one of the components of a person's destiny programmed by the genetic code and something else. Some scientists argue that the name affects the character and even health.

In Rus', several centuries ago, there were more than three hundred male names (more precisely, the Lives of All Saints for 1916 contains 863 male and 232 female names). I think that if all original names lived, we would have more original people.

patronymic formations.

Naming a person by the name of his ancestors in the male line is calledpatronymic, and these special names themselves - patronymics (from the Greek Patros - father + him - name). At a certain stage in the development of society, in the conditions of the growth of individual clans, it was very important to know who whose son or grandson, from whose clan or house comes from.

patronymic formations,from which later developedsurnames and patronymics, have been known to Russians since ancient times, long before the adoption of Christianity. And Yaroslavl and Zhitomir , known today as city names, were possessive forms that answered the question whose? The sons of Prince Yaroslav were called Yaroslavichi, Yaroslav's daughter Yaroslavna . In the lists of Russian ambassadors in 945, some names already have patronymics.

middle name for centuries became a kind of chivalry at the Russian court. By decree of Catherine II, only members of the first five classes of the table of ranks had the right to use the patronymic on–vich; (in the army, this corresponded to the ranks of major general and above). Grades six through eight were only allowed to use patronymics in English.–ov and –in. Classes from ninth to fourteenth (in the army from the rank of captain and below) were not allowed patronymics.

The use of a patronymic instead of a given name (a tradition that has remained to this day) is found already in the 10th century: Pretich , governor of Kyiv (968) The wife of Prince Igor entered history and literature as Yaroslavna, although her name was Euphrosyne.

Since the 13th century, the faces of the upper strata of society among Russians have not been called by just one name. In the history of the social development of every nation, there comes a time when the mere name of a person is not enough. It is required to clearly define the place of a person in society. Different nations went to this goal in their own way. The Romans, for example, had four types of names: personal, generic, nickname and additional nickname.

Surnames.

Is it possible to live without a surname now? Communicating with relatives, acquaintances, a person, of course, does without a surname. One name is enough here, sometimes a first name and patronymic, nicknames. But one has only to go beyond this narrow circle of people, as one cannot do without surnames. They are not only written down in documents, but are constantly used in live speech in schools, institutes, and institutions.

The word surname appeared in Russian only in the Petrine era. The formation of surnames (although this word was not used then) in Rus' dates back to the XIV - XV centuries (in those days there was such a name - grandfather ). But the prototypes of surnames can also be found in birch bark Novgorod letters. At the beginning, the surnames appeared among the boyars and nobles, then among the townspeople. Last of all, the surnames of the peasants appeared. The “naming” of the Russian people lasted for several centuries, and in each region in a special way. For example, princely ones appear in the XIV century from the names of appanages. They have been registered with the "eminent merchants" since the 16th century. But the bulk of the population since ancient times had the so-called "street" surnames (as neighbors down the street called each other).

With a large approximation, it is possible to divide by the method of formation all the surnames intoprofessional, geographic, alias, nicknames.

Thanks to surnames, thousands of words of the living Old Russian language, ancient names and concepts have come down to us. You just need to look at them. Deciphering the names, you learn the customs, traditions, prohibitions of your ancestors, in a word - you look in the mirror of history. The most exciting activity!

Surname word non-Russian in origin. In ancient Rome, a familia was a family that included slaves in addition to relatives. From the Latin language, this word came to many modern European languages ​​\u200b\u200bwith the same meaning - family (only without slaves, without people not related by family ties): family - in English, familie - in German, famille - in French. Apparently, in the 18th century this word with the same meaning appeared in Russian.

Family names, partly similar to modern surnames, are already found in ancient times. Already from the end of the XIV - XV centuries, documents have come down to us, indicating the transfer of naming from generation to generation. True, this applies so far only to noble princely, boyar families. The documents repeatedly mention the princes Obolensky, Golitsyn, Belsky, Saburov, Morozov, Shuisky. But this is with the "powerful of this world." And when did surnames arise for most of the population of Russia: among peasants, humble townspeople? It turns out that in different places, representatives of different segments of the population, this process was not the same. In the north and northeast of Russia, where there were many state peasants who did not belong to individual landowners, but paid taxes directly to the royal treasury, surnames were officially approved earlier than where there were more serfs.

Almost every calendar and Old Russian name gave rise to dozens of surnames. Surnames also appeared from female names, mainly those that were widespread in the old days among the peasantry:Mankin, Manin, Manyukhin, Maryin, Marin, Manyushin, etc.

But the bulk of the surnames were given male names, because. the head of the family throughout all those centuries when surnames were formed was a man. His naming became family.

There are a huge number of surnames from common nouns in Russian. Scientists believe that it is almost impossible to compile a complete dictionary of all Russian surnames of various eras. In the Russian language, various forms of the formation of surnames are presented in:-ov, -ev, -in, -y,

–sky, –enko, –vich, –ets, –sk, –itin, –anin etc.

Distribution of surnames by geographic regions.

Surnames are no less informative than our genes. What can Russian surnames tell about the gene pool? And how to connect them with genes? The fact is that many surnames are “tied” to a certain territory. So the ending "glasses" is more common in the southwestern regions, "th" and "their" - in the north and south, but absent in the center, etc. And since surnames (as well as genes) are inherited, from father to son, then their “geographical” frequency can be a marker for studying the gene pool of the population living in a certain area.

Specialists of the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, studying the gene pool of the Russian people, supplemented their molecular genetic studies with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This helped to compile a complete list of truly Russian surnames by region of the country.

First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames were collected in all regions. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified a total of 250 so-called all-Russian surnames. And here is a surprise. We used to think that the most common surnames are Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov, but it turns out - Smirnov. It turns out that now Russia rests on it.

In general, in the eastern, western and central regions of the country, such surnames as Lebedev, Kuznetsov, Sokolov, Ivanov, Vinogradov, Kozlov, Vasiliev, Petrov, Novikov are more common.

But in the north - Khromtsov, Bulygin, Ryabov, Chernousov and Bobretsov, in the south - Goncharov, Shevchenko, Kolesnikov, Bondarenko, Tkachenko.

And one more surprise: in both "peculiar" regions, Popov came out on top.

The geographic range of some surnames is interesting. So, there are many Nikitins in the south of the Pskov and Novgorod regions, and the Kovalevs live very compactly in the Bryansk and Smolensk regions. The picture is different with the Kuznetsovs - they are distributed over a wide range, but the zones of their predominance and almost complete absence alternate.

And here's what happened to the Ivanovs. Since the surname is made from the name of John - the most frequent in the calendar, it could be expected that its bearers are evenly settled throughout Russia. But research data showed that there are areas, for example, in the south, where the Ivanovs practically do not live, but the northwest and, to a lesser extent, the northeast, are, one might say, their patrimony. But the Petrovs are most often found in the northwest, but they are almost absent in Tver and neighboring regions.

Why do you need to know your roots?

In Rus', it was considered good manners to know one's family tree up to the seventh generation: the son knew not only his father, but also his grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather. The genealogical tree of the family, artistically decorated in a beautiful frame, always hung in the most prominent place in the homes of noble people and was a source of special pride for their family.

It is necessary to study the history of your family, it is she who brings up pride in belonging to her family, her family name, the desire to become the same as her grandfathers. Everyone who learns about the past of their loved ones feels like a part of a large and reliable whole, he plunges into a kind and grateful atmosphere, which is necessary for his normal development.

In preschool childhood, a sense of responsibility towards the memory of their ancestors begins to form. Moreover, the desire "not to upset the mother", "not to disgrace one's surname, one's family" is a more effective deterrent than any punishment.

And for parents, the study of the past can tell what inclinations and talents their children may have, along which path it is better to direct them.

A disdainful attitude towards one's ancestors is evidence of a low level of self-awareness of the individual. Alas, such an attitude was formed in our society as a result of a disapproving attitude towards genealogy during the years of Soviet power and the lack of education in this direction now.

In the family, the upbringing of the individual is carried out. The result of this upbringing largely depends on how the family relates to its history, to its traditions, to its ancestors. Keeping people interested in their ancestry is very important. It is necessary to study your pedigree in order to look to the future with confidence. The study of the history of one's family contributes to the spiritual growth of the individual, the strengthening of the family and the self-awareness of the nation as a whole.

From time immemorial, knowledge of one's family tree was considered a matter of honor, respected and supported. On examples from the history of the family, they studied the general history, on acquaintance with the life of their ancestors, they learned what a worthy life is, what a feat is, what character traits were in the family, what achievements, what values ​​were passed on, how many generations kept their faith. They got acquainted with the geography of the family, where they were born and lived, what they owned, with whom they were friends, where they studied. The history of the family was collected, and recorded, and transmitted.

At present, few people have studied the history of their kind. The most important thing is to start creating it, to collect it bit by bit, in order to restore the continuity of generations. The concept of “rootless” as “homelessness” must go out of our lives, because the family is one of the main legacies that a child receives from birth. He is the heir, he is the continuation of the family.

It is also very important to accept, love your family, your relatives, know them, show patience, care and attention to them, the need for this lives in the subconscious. In the old days they knew - where you can’t resist yourself, the family will hold.

When succession and dignity in honor are strong in the family, then a sense of pride in the family strengthens strength, “raises” the bar of purposefulness and achievements.

Boris Vasiliev said: “You are a green leaf on the tree of life, not a dead birth certificate. And let's remember, otherwise we just won't understand who we are...”.

You can study the history of a country from books, or you can study it from the history of a kind, which is much more interesting, since some kind of personal involvement in certain historical events and processes is also revealed. It's only at first glance we just live. In fact, we live in historical time, in a certain historical epoch, and we participate in the general historical process, which our descendants will explore and evaluate.

My surname is Shuvalov.

Several versions of the origin of my last name.

Version #1

The surname Shuvalov is derived from the nickname Shuval. Most likely, it is of Turkic origin. Researchers identify several words that could serve as the basis for this nickname: the Nogai “shuval” - “kul, bag”, the Tatar “shuval” - “chimney” and the Turkic name Shavval (from the name of the tenth month of the Muslim lunar year). However, it is possible that this nickname has Russian roots. In this case, it could be formed from the noun "shuvar" (as marsh plants were called in the west of Rus'), or from the verb "shuvat" - "to scold, exhort, appease, scold."

Shuvalov is one of the oldest Russian surnames (it has been noted in documents since 1565); was widely known in the 18th century. and then belonged to major statesmen and military figures, scientists, writers.

Among the famous owners of the surname are Count Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov (1710–62), a participant in the palace coup of 1741 and the actual head of the government under Elizabeth Petrovna; Count Petr Andreevich Shuvalov (1827–89), in 1866–74 chief of the gendarme corps and head of the Third Section, the closest adviser to Alexander II; Count Pavel Andreyevich Shuvalov (1830–1908), Russian statesman, diplomat, infantry general, in 1885–94 ambassador in Berlin, supporter of rapprochement with Germany. Shuval, eventually received the surname Shuvalov.

Version #2

To find out the meaning of the speaking surname SHUVALOV, it is not necessary to bow to the Italians, and even more so to the Turks! These languages ​​are a hopelessly distorted craft from the mighty matrix of the ancient language of the founders of our KIND! The path to truth is always rocky, but this is life. The great letter Ш - (ША) - is for all the enemies of sha - that is, protection from evil. And further - AT THE SHAFTS - that is, at the fortress. After a "small" study of the basics of the native language and literacy, we easily "remember" that we lost a solid sign with foreign "help", as well as the remaining 1201 letters of the native alphabet. Read (read): SHUVALOV - the defender (warrior) stands firmly at the walls of ancestral memory! And I wish that for my namesakes. Sincerely, Shuvalov.

My name is Vyacheslav.

The name Vyacheslav appeared in Ancient Rus'. It was formed due to the merger of the words "vyache" (more), "glory" (glory). It means in translation “one who has gained great fame.” The origin of the name It in the old days had other forms: Vecheslav, Vyaceslav. Thus, the name Vyacheslav origin and meaning is quite interesting. In part of the Slavic languages, it is written a little differently today: Wenceslas, Vaclav. The abbreviated form of the name Slava is found in most female names (Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Vladislav, Miroslav), which allows us to talk about their commonality. In ancient Rus', many names were popular that contained the stem "glory". What else is interesting about the origin of the name Vyacheslav? With the advent of Christianity, it was no longer given to boys at baptism. Although after the death of Vyacheslav Czech, a prince who was worried about the Christian enlightenment of his native people, this name again gained popularity. It is worth noting that at the same time, the energy of the name makes its bearer a friendly, straightforward and active person.

A bit of history. As mentioned above, the name Vyacheslav has an Old Russian origin. Initially, it was secular (not ecclesiastical). After the canonization of Vyacheslav Czech, it fell into the category of baptismal. Vyacheslav became a prince at the age of 18. He had the glory of a just and wise ruler. According to history, the prince built churches and put a lot of effort into the Christian enlightenment of the people. At the same time, he himself was a peace-loving person who revered the clergy, to which he called others. The history of the origin of the name Vyacheslav does not end there. After the death of the prince, this name lost its popularity, they were not called children until the 19th century. Only during the reassessment of values, cultural and spiritual in particular (in the Renaissance), the name again became popular. But then he was chosen for a newborn son exclusively by the "cream" of society. Although it eventually penetrated into various sectors of society, becoming incredibly popular. In total, there are six saints named in the Orthodox Church. They were all distinguished by piety and true faith. What else can be said, considering the origin of the name Vyacheslav? It is worth noting that among the celebrities who wear it, a large number of athletes, creative people.

It is worth remembering at least Vyacheslav Nevinny and Vyacheslav Tikhonov - actors, as well as fashion designer, artist Vyacheslav Zaitsev, hockey players Vyacheslav Bykov, Vyacheslav Fetisov, etc. If you look at these people, the secret of the name becomes clear, and also what it means for a person: all of them achieved great success and became known for their hard work and talent.

I made out the origin of the name Vyacheslav. What does it mean for a boy? Little Slava is a hardy, strong child. He has excellent health, therefore, his parents will be right if they give him to any sports section. The owner of this name reacts very sharply to injustice from an early age. If he fails to stand up for his peers, whom stronger children offend, he loses his temper, becomes aggressive.

Adult Vyacheslav also does not tolerate injustice. If this man finds that the boss is biased towards him, he will quit his job without hesitation. Having cooled down a bit and let off steam, Slava will repent of his deed. The origin of the name Vyacheslav and his character are equally interesting to many. It is worth noting that such a person is conceited, he always strives to occupy a leading position.

A man with this name has nothing against competition, on the contrary, it motivates him, makes it possible to overcome life's difficulties. Although sometimes a person loses faith in himself, becomes passive and apathetic. At these moments, he, more than ever, needs the support of his family. Slava is an endearing, friendly man. He does not like it when one of the people close to him swears. The owner of this name tries to maintain a trusting, warm relationship with everyone. If he decides to stop communicating with someone, he will do it categorically. Vyacheslav does not remember evil, he is able to forgive and will never harm his offender.

The man named so is sociable and cheerful. He is strong mentally and physically. But from time to time Slava loses control over himself - at these moments he easily succumbs to bad influence. Although Vyacheslav is a representative of conservatism, a law-abiding citizen who adapts to innovations with difficulty. Vyacheslav needs money only to create comfort around him. The owners of this name rarely become rich, although they earn enough. Such a man is hardworking. If necessary, he immediately rolls up his sleeves and gets to work. He is no stranger to physical labor.

Conclusion.

Every day we hear, read, pronounce or write dozens of names and surnames of our friends, relatives, classmates or complete strangers. This is connected with the most important social function of names and surnames. The most common surname in Russia now is Smirnov, and the surname Kuznetsov is in third place in terms of prevalence.

In the process of work, I got acquainted with the different stages of naming Russian people: I learned what a long and complex life lived names, nicknames, patronymics, surnames, before they came down to us; how many secrets are connected with their origin and existence; how the history of the origin of names helps in studying the history of our country, the history of the Russian language.

As you know, names are part of the history of not only the people, but also the family. The names reflect the beliefs, aspirations, traditions, way of life and character of people. The role of a name in a person's life is great. It is born with him. It dies to be reborn.

We inherited natural and historical monuments from our ancestors, and their future fate is determined by our attitude towards them. We need to preserve the material and spiritual values ​​accumulated by generations of people. And Russian surnames and names are an encyclopedia of Russian life, history, ethnography. They keep and will always keep in their foundations the memory of events, objects, phenomena characteristic of those eras when they were created, from the most ancient to the latest.

List of used literature

1. Barashkov VF Surnames based on calendar names / VF Barashkov // Anthroponymy. - M.: Nauka, 1970. - S. 110-114.
2. Ganzhina I. M. Dictionary of modern Russian surnames. - M.: Astrel, AST, 2001. - 672 p. - ISBN 5-271-00127-X, ISBN 5-237-04101-9.
3. Nikonov V. A. Dictionary of Russian surnames / Comp. E. L. Krushelnitsky; foreword R. Sh. Dzharylgasinova. - M .: School-Press, 1993. - 224 p. - ISBN 5-88527-011-2.
4. Systems of personal names among the peoples of the world: Sat. Art. - M.: Nauka (GRVL), 1989.
5. Superanskaya A.V., Suslova A.V. Modern Russian surnames / Ed. ed. corresponding member Academy of Sciences of the USSR F. P. Filin - M .: Nauka, 1981/1984. - 176 p. - (Literary criticism and linguistics). - Extra, shooting gallery, 100,000 copies. (reg.)
6. Unbegaun B. O. Russian surnames = Russian surnames / Per. from English: L. Kurkina, V. Neroznak, E. Squires; total ed. B. A. Uspensky. - M., 1989. - 448 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 5-01-001045-3 (Reg.)
7. Unbegaun B. O. Russian surnames = Russian surnames / Per. from English; total ed. B. A. Uspensky. - 2nd ed., corrected. - M.: Progress Publishing Group, 1995. - 448 p. -50,000 copies - ISBN 5-01-004266-5 (super)
8. Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: A popular etymological dictionary. - 5th ed. - M.: Flinta,The science

   Origin The word "surname" is of Latin origin. In the Roman Empire, it denoted a community consisting of a family of masters and their slaves. In the general case, a surname is a hereditary generic name that indicates a person's belonging to a particular genus.

   The formation of surnames Most often, surnames are formed from personal names through possessive adjectives. Russian surnames often have suffixes - ov / -ev, -in, from the answer to the question "whose?".

   The formation of surnames The difference is purely formal: - ov was added to nicknames or names with a hard consonant (Bogdan - Bogdanov, Mikhail - Mikhailov) -ev to names or nicknames with a soft consonant (Ignatius - Ignatiev, Golodyai - Golodyaev), -in to the bases on - a, -i (Erema - Eremin, Ilya - Ilyin).

   The formation of surnames Another group of Russian surnames was formed from the names of settlements, church holidays and the names of saints with the help of the suffix and the ending -sky / - tsky (Ilyinsky, Rozhdestvensky - from the Ilyinsky, Christmas Church, Makovetsky - the owner of Makovets, Gorsky - the owner of the Mountains).

   The structure of a surname A surname consists primarily of a root stem (having or having had some lexical meaning in the past), but may also include prefixes, suffixes and endings. The basis of the surname often comes from a personal name or a nickname that carries one or another lexical meaning. Prefix and ending Family prefix. family ending

   WHERE DOES MY SURNAME COME FROM? My surname is Shuvalov. Several versions of the origin of my last name. Version No. 1 The surname Shuvalov is formed from the nickname Shuval. Most likely, it is of Turkic origin. Researchers identify several words that could serve as the basis for this nickname: the Nogai “shuval” - “bag, bag”, the Tatar “shuval” - “chimney” and the Turkic name Shavval (from the name of the tenth month of the Muslim lunar year

   WHERE DOES MY SURNAME COME FROM? However, it is possible that this nickname has Russian roots. In this case, it could be formed from the noun "shuvar" (as marsh plants were called in the west of Rus'), or from the verb "shuvat" - "to scold, exhort, appease, scold."

   WHERE DOES MY SURNAME COME FROM? Version No. 2 To find out the meaning of the speaking surname SHUVALOV, it is not necessary to bow to the Italians, and even more so to the Turks! These languages ​​are a hopelessly distorted craft from the mighty matrix of the ancient language of the founders of our KIND! The path to truth is always rocky, but this is life. The great letter Ш - (ША) - is for all the enemies of sha - that is, protection from evil. And further - AT THE SHAFTS - that is, at the fortress.

   WHERE DOES MY SURNAME COME FROM? After a "small" study of the basics of the native language and literacy, we easily "remember" that we lost a solid sign with foreign "help", as well as the remaining 1201 letters of the native alphabet. Read (read): SHUVALOV - the defender (warrior) stands firmly at the walls of ancestral memory! And I wish that for my namesakes. Sincerely, Shuvalov.

   Shuvalov - one of the oldest Russian surnames Shuvalov - one of the oldest Russian surnames (it has been noted in documents since 1565); was widely known in the 18th century. and then belonged to major statesmen and military figures, scientists, writers.

   Shuvalov - one of the oldest Russian surnames Among the famous owners of the surname are Count Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov (1710–62), a participant in the palace coup of 1741 and the actual head of government under Elizabeth Petrovna; Count Petr Andreevich Shuvalov (1827–89), in 1866–74 chief of the gendarme corps and head of the Third Section, the closest adviser to Alexander II;

   Shuvalov - one of the oldest Russian surnames, Count Pavel Andreyevich Shuvalov (1830–1908), Russian statesman, diplomat, infantry general, in 1885–94. ambassador in Berlin, supporter of rapprochement with Germany. Shuval, eventually received the surname Shuvalov.

   HISTORY OF MY NAME My name is Vyacheslav. The name Vyacheslav appeared in Ancient Rus'. It was formed due to the merger of the words "vyache" (more), "glory" (glory). It means in translation “one who has gained great fame.” The origin of the name It in the old days had other forms: Vecheslav, Vyaceslav. Thus, the name Vyacheslav origin and meaning is quite interesting. In part of the Slavic languages, it is written a little differently today: Wenceslas, Vaclav.

   HISTORY OF MY NAME The abbreviated form of the name Slava is found in most female names (Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Vladislav, Miroslav), which allows us to talk about their commonality. In ancient Rus', many names were popular that contained the stem "glory". What else is interesting about the origin of the name Vyacheslav? With the advent of Christianity, it was no longer given to boys at baptism. Although after the death of Vyacheslav Czech, a prince who was worried about the Christian enlightenment of his native people, this name again gained popularity.

   HISTORY OF MY NAME What else can be said considering the origin of the name Vyacheslav? It is worth noting that among the celebrities who wear it, a large number of athletes, creative people. It is worth remembering at least Vyacheslav Nevinny and Vyacheslav Tikhonov - actors, as well as fashion designer, artist Vyacheslav Zaitsev, hockey players Vyacheslav Bykov, Vyacheslav Fetisov, etc. If you look at these people, the secret of the name becomes clear, and also what it means for a person: all of them achieved great success and became known for their hard work and talent.

   THE HISTORY OF MY NAME Little Slava is a hardy, strong child. He has excellent health, therefore, his parents will be right if they give him to any sports section. The owner of this name reacts very sharply to injustice from an early age. If he fails to stand up for his peers, whom stronger children offend, he loses his temper, becomes aggressive.

   THE STORY OF MY NAME Adult Vyacheslav also does not tolerate injustice. If this man finds that the boss is biased towards him, he will quit his job without hesitation. Having cooled down a bit and let off steam, Slava will repent of his deed. The origin of the name Vyacheslav and his character are equally interesting to many. It is worth noting that such a person is conceited, he always strives to occupy a leading position.

   HISTORY OF MY NAME Vyacheslav is an endearing, friendly man. He does not like it when one of the people close to him swears. The owner of this name tries to maintain a trusting, warm relationship with everyone. If he decides to stop communicating with someone, he will do it categorically. Vyacheslav does not remember evil, he is able to forgive and will never harm his offender.

   HISTORY OF MY NAME Vyacheslav is a law-abiding citizen. Vyacheslav needs money only to create comfort around him. The owners of this name rarely become rich, although they earn enough. Such a man is hardworking. If necessary, he immediately rolls up his sleeves and gets to work. He is no stranger to physical labor.

   THE HISTORY OF MY NAME The connection between personality and name is vast and mysterious. Name - character - destiny! - has not only an earthly, but also a cosmic beginning, for it is connected with time and space. It is no coincidence that each name has its own zodiac sign and its own planet. As long as the Earth is alive, human names will live!

   Literature Barashkov VF Surnames based on calendar names / VF Barashkov // Anthroponymy. - M.: Nauka, 1970. - S. 110-114. Ganzhina I. M. Dictionary of modern Russian surnames. - M.: Astrel, AST, 2001. - 672 p. - ISBN 5-271-00127-X, ISBN 5-237-04101-9. Nikonov V. A. Dictionary of Russian surnames / Comp. E. L. Krushelnitsky; foreword R. Sh. Dzharylgasinova. - M .: School-Press, 1993. - 224 p. - ISBN 5-88527-011-2. Nikonov V. A. Geography of surnames / Ed. ed. S. I. Brook; foreword R. Sh. Dzharylgasinova. - 3rd ed., stereotypical. - M.: KomKniga, 2007. - 200 p. - ISBN 978-5-484-00762-2. Systems of personal names among the peoples of the world: Sat. Art. - M.: Nauka (GRVL), 1989.

   Superanskaya A.V., Suslova A.V. Modern Russian surnames / Ed. ed. corresponding member Academy of Sciences of the USSR F. P. Filin - M .: Nauka, 1981/1984. - 176 p. - (Literary criticism and linguistics). - Extra, shooting gallery, 100,000 copies. (reg.) Unbegaun B. O. Russian surnames = Russian surnames / Per. from English: L. Kurkina, V. Neroznak, E. Squires; total ed. B. A. Uspensky. - M., 1989. - 448 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 5-01-001045-3 (reg.) Unbegaun B. O. Russian surnames = Russian surnames / Per. from English; total ed. B. A. Uspensky. - 2nd ed., corrected. - M.: Progress Publishing Group, 1995. - 448 p. -50,000 copies - ISBN 5-01-004266-5 (superobl.) Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: A popular etymological dictionary. - 5th ed. - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2004. - 240 p. - ISBN 5-89349-216-1, ISBN 5-02-002782-0.; - 6th ed., corrected. - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2004. - 240 p.

   Thank you for your attention!

Where do Russian names come from

Let's talk about the usual Russian names. What do they mean? Where do they come from? Most modern Russian names were borrowed in the 10th century AD from Byzantium along with the Christian religion. These names were legitimized, recorded in special books - "saints" and declared "real", "correct". After the introduction of Christianity in Rus', it was allowed to give names only through the church (at baptism). The "saints" also included some names of common Slavic origin, which arose long before the baptism of Rus', in that era when the Slavic community did not break up into tribal groups, from which separate Slavic peoples subsequently formed. These common Slavic names(Vladimir, Yaroslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod...) and some Scandinavian names(Igor, Oleg ...) were usually not given to ordinary people and were considered "princely" names. Only at the end of the last century these names were revived by the Russian intelligentsia. Their use expanded significantly after the revolution. At the same time, such ancient common Slavic names as Stanislav, Mstislav, Bronislav, adopted by other Slavic peoples, came into life.

A special place in their origin is occupied by the names Faith, Hope, Love. The Greeks did not have such names. Nevertheless, in Greek traditions there were symbolic figures of Faith (Pistis), Hope (Elpis) and Love (Agape), but they were not given to people as names. Obviously, when compiling the Russian church name book, the names of these symbolic figures served as the basis for creating the names of Vera, Hope, Love from the verbal material of the Russian language. This type of borrowing, when a word is created in another language from its linguistic material, according to the model of one language, is called tracing paper in linguistics, and the very process of such borrowing is called caling.

Where did they come from Byzantine names, which formed the basis of the Russian "saints"? The Byzantine Greeks collected the best, of course, from their point of view, names of all those peoples with whom they maintained trade and cultural relations. Along with the names of ancient Greek origin, they used ancient Roman and Hebrew. As separate inclusions in the list of Byzantine names, there are ancient Persian, ancient Egyptian, Chaldean, Syrian, Babylonian ...

If we begin to consider the canonical names according to the meaning of the words from which they originated, we will immediately notice their own features in them.

For example, almost all names of ancient Greek origin emphasize good moral and physical qualities in people. Here are the meanings of some of them: Andrew - courageous; Nicephorus - victorious; Tikhon - happy; Agatha is beautiful; Sofia is wise.

Our new book "Name Energy"

Oleg and Valentina Svetovid

Our email address: [email protected]

Where do Russian names come from

Attention!

Sites and blogs have appeared on the Internet that are not our official sites, but use our name. Be careful. Fraudsters use our name, our email addresses for their mailing lists, information from our books and our websites. Using our name, they drag people into various magical forums and deceive (give advice and recommendations that can harm, or lure out money for magical rituals, making amulets and teaching magic).

On our sites, we do not provide links to magical forums or sites of magical healers. We do not participate in any forums. We do not give consultations by phone, we do not have time for this.

Note! We are not engaged in healing and magic, we do not make or sell talismans and amulets. We do not engage in magical and healing practices at all, we have not offered and do not offer such services.

The only direction of our work is correspondence consultations in writing, training through an esoteric club and writing books.

Sometimes people write to us that on some sites they saw information that we allegedly deceived someone - they took money for healing sessions or making amulets. We officially declare that this is slander, not true. In all our lives, we have never deceived anyone. On the pages of our site, in the materials of the club, we always write that you need to be an honest decent person. For us, an honest name is not an empty phrase.

People who write slander about us are guided by the basest motives - envy, greed, they have black souls. The time has come when slander pays well. Now many are ready to sell their homeland for three kopecks, and it is even easier to engage in slandering decent people. People who write slander do not understand that they are seriously worsening their karma, worsening their fate and the fate of their loved ones. It is pointless to talk with such people about conscience, about faith in God. They do not believe in God, because a believer will never make a deal with his conscience, he will never engage in deceit, slander, and fraud.

There are a lot of scammers, pseudo-magicians, charlatans, envious people, people without conscience and honor, hungry for money. The police and other regulatory agencies are not yet able to cope with the increasing influx of "Cheat for profit" insanity.

So please be careful!

Sincerely, Oleg and Valentina Svetovid

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It is not known for certain when exactly proper names were separated into a separate group. But already in 280-205. BC. the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus mentioned names as a separate group. Nowadays, there is a whole science called anthroponymy, which studies the names of people, their structure, emergence, development and functioning in society. The names themselves are called the term anthroponyms.

People have always given each other names or nicknames that have accompanied them all their lives. No one knows how it started, but there are many legends and legends about it. According to one version, since the time when the Higher Mind gave people the ability to speak, it was believed that every word gave power over the object or phenomenon that it means. All people wanted to have power. Then the priests came up with other names for everything in the world, and many languages ​​arose. The original language was hidden from ordinary people and forgotten. The names met the same fate. Many peoples of the world have such legends about the appearance of different languages.

Now people began to invent names for themselves. In some cultures, it was believed that knowing the true name of a person could harm him. Therefore, people were often given two names. One was used in the family circle, and the other was given for general use. In ancient times, people believed that the name affects the fate of a person and is not just a word. Different peoples used this knowledge in different ways.

For example, in some tribes of India and Africa, it was customary to give repulsive and unfavorable names, since it was believed that an unsightly name would scare away evil spirits. It was believed that a person should not tell his true name to anyone except his parents. And in India, a person learned his real name only on the day of his majority from communication with spirits or through meditation. Often these names could not even be pronounced, since they were not familiar to us, but consisted of a mixture of images and sounds.

In ancient Greece, it was customary to name children after gods and heroes. But naming a child by the name of God was rather dangerous, as it could hurt them, so many names appeared that came from those epithets that praised the Gods. So the names Victor (winner) and Maxim (greatest) appeared. These epithets praised Zeus in their prayers. Also appeared the name Laurus (from the laurel wreath worn by Mars) and Stefan (crowned).

It was very popular to give children the names of Gods who did not belong to the ruling elite of Olympus. Names such as Apollo, Maya, Muse, and Aurora are still in use today. In Christian countries, it was also customary for children to be named after saints.