IODINE (Iodum, I) - a chemical element of the VII group of the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev; refers to halogens. J. actively influences the metabolism, which is closely related to the function of the thyroid gland; in the human body it is contained in the form of inorganic iodide and a component of thyroid hormones and their derivatives. Elementary Y., inorganic and organic compounds Y. are used as medicines and as reagents in laboratories, including in clinical diagnostic.

J. opened in 1811 Courtois (B. Courtois) and got its name for the color of the vapor (Greek, iodes similar in color to violet, purple).

The main fiziol, the value of J. consists in its participation in the function of the thyroid gland (see). Insufficient intake of Y. leads to dysfunction of the gland, its hyperplasia and the development of goiter. In terms of its importance for the vital activity of the organism, J. belongs to the true microbial elements. The body of an adult contains 20-30 mg of Y., and approx. 10 mg - in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland captures inorganic compounds Y. from the blood flowing through it, and the organic compounds Y. formed in it enter the blood from the thyroid gland - hormones (thyroxine, triiodothyronine). The blood of a healthy person contains 8.5 ± 3.5 μg% iodine; of this amount, 35% is in the blood plasma (up to three quarters - in the form of organic compounds J.). With hyperthyroidism, the content of I. in the blood can increase to 100 ^ μg%. An increase in the concentration of I. in the blood is also noted during pregnancy and in some diseases you burn. With hypothyroidism, the content of I. in the blood can sharply decrease, mainly due to its organic compounds.

It is generally accepted that a person should receive at least 50-60 mcg Y. per day. However, many researchers believe that to ensure the optimal activity of the thyroid gland and the normalization of the body's vital activity, significantly larger amounts of I. are required (200 μg per day or more). Radiobiol. studies have shown that in the body of a healthy person, up to 300 μg of thyroxine (see) and triiodothyronine (see) are catabolized per day, while 50 μg of iodine is excreted in the urine.

Elementary Y. is easily and quickly absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes, and in a vaporous state through the lungs. The speed of absorption of elementary J. from went. - kish. the path is subject to significant fluctuations, since it largely depends on the quality composition of food. The proteins and fats contained in it bind elemental Y. and slow down its absorption in the intestine.

Iodides, in contrast to elementary Y., penetrate through the skin to a much lesser extent, but are better absorbed from went. - kish. path. For other pharmacokinetic properties (distribution, deposition and excretion from the body), iodides do not differ from elementary Y.

From Y.'s blood it easily penetrates into various organs and tissues; Y. content in tissue fluids does not exceed 1 / 3-1 / 4 of its content in blood plasma. In addition, Y. is partially deposited in lipids.

The most significant part of the absorbed Y. (up to 17% of the administered dose) is selectively absorbed by the thyroid gland. Y. entering the thyroid gland undergoes oxidation and is included in the biosynthesis of hormones.

In significant quantities, I. is accumulated in the organs that excrete it from the body (kidneys, salivary glands, etc.). In tertiary syphilis and tuberculosis, Y. also accumulates in foci of specific lesions (in gums, tuberculosis foci), which is possibly due to their high lipid content.

Isolation of Y. from the body is carried out by hl. arr. kidneys (up to 70-80% of the administered dose) and partially - by excretory glands - salivary, milk, sweat, glands of the gastric mucosa (see Iodine metabolism).

In nature, J. is widespread almost everywhere; it is found in all living organisms, water, mineral waters, minerals, and soil.

It contains little in the earth's crust (3-10-5 wt.%). Industrial quantities of I. are found in the waters of oil fields and in the sediments of saltpeter.

There is a certain pattern in the distribution of Y. in the atmosphere, water, and soils. Its greatest amount is concentrated in sea water, air and soils of coastal districts. In the same districts, the highest Y content is noted in plant products - cereals, vegetables, potatoes, and fruits, and in animal products - meat, milk, and eggs. Relatively much Y is found in the meat of some marine fish and oysters. Y. are especially rich in seaweed and sponges. There is a lot of J. in fish oil (up to 770 μg%).

The dependence of the content of I. in the environment on the content of organic matter in the soil is noted, which is of great importance for the emergence of foci of endemic goiter (see. Goiter endemic). The content of I. in 1 liter of drinking water is on average 0.2-2.0 μg. >

The supply of the organism of Y. is greatly influenced by the loss of Y. in food products during their storage and culinary processing (table).

Table. LOSS OF IODINE IN FOOD DURING CULINARY (HEAT) PROCESSING (after I.N. Goncharova)

	Raw product (iodine content in μg per 100 g of product)	Boiled product		Fried product
Shelled peas
Buckwheat
Wheat flour
Wheat rolls
Potato

Physical and chemical properties

J. represents dark gray crystals with a violet metallic luster, t ° pl 113.6 °, t ° bp 185.0 °. When heated slowly, Y. evaporates (sublimes) with the formation of violet vapors, which have sharp specific halls.

J. is soluble in most organic solvents, much worse in water. J. exhibits negative and positive valence, however, compounds in which J. is positively valency are unstable and almost never occur in nature.

The main valences of Y .: -1 (iodides), +5 (iodates) and +7 (periodates), also known compounds Y. with a valency of +1 (hypoiodites). Biol, activity and antiseptic properties of J. possesses only in a positive valence form.

It does not directly interact with many elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur), and reacts with some elements only at elevated temperatures (hydrogen, silicon, and many metals). Of non-metals, it easily reacts with phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, bromine. J. compounds are widely used in organic synthesis. The source of industrial production of J. is the water of boreholes; in addition, Y. is obtained industrially from the ash of some seaweed. Laboratory methods for producing iron are based on the oxidation of I - ions; chlorine compounds, for example, ferric chloride, are most often used as oxidants.

Toxic properties of iodine

With hron, intoxication with Y. bunks or its compounds (iodism), as well as with bromism, catarrhal phenomena are observed from the mucous membranes (lacrimation, runny nose, cough, salivation, etc.), nausea, vomiting, headaches, acne. In contact with the skin, J. may cause dermatitis. In severe cases, it is possible to develop a specific skin lesion - iododerma (see). In cases of poisoning with free J., there is a brown color of the tongue and mucous membrane of the mouth, the exhaled air has a specific smell of J., there is a burning sensation in the mouth and in the upper parts of the go. - kish. tract, salivation, headache, laryngeal edema, epistaxis, rash, albuminuria, hemoglobinuria are noted. After poisoning for a long time, weakness, reduced body resistance.

Iodine medications

Y.'s medicinal products have unequal toxicity. The most toxic among them are preparations of elemental Y. Iodides are much less toxic. With hypersensitivity to Y., in response to the introduction of his drugs, allergic reactions of varying severity develop (urticaria, Quincke's edema, etc.). Signs of acute poisoning with drugs I. are collapse, hematuria, fever, vomiting, excitement of c. n. with. In severe cases, anuria, depression of c develops. n. N of page, pulmonary edema. When taking elemental Y. preparations inside in toxic doses, there are also signs of irritation and brown coloration of the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx; development of laryngeal edema is possible. Vomit when taking elementary Y. inside have a brown or blue (if starch is present in the stomach contents) color.

First aid

The patient must be transferred to clean air and ensure complete rest.

Warming of the body, immediate inhalation of oxygen is necessary. Sodium thiosulfate is introduced in the form of inhalations of 5% solution and intravenously 30-50 ml of 10-20% solution. Inside, prescribe an abundant drink of flour broth, liquid starch paste, activated carbon in an aqueous suspension, milk (but not with iodoform poisoning!), Mucous broths, 5% sodium thiosulfate solution (2-4 glasses), alkaline water, mouthwash, throat and nose 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate, gastric lavage with 1-3% solution of sodium thiosulfate, which converts elementary Y. into less toxic sodium iodide. In case of poisoning with any drugs J. also appoint saline laxatives and symptomatic therapy.

The maximum permissible concentration in the air of the working area is 1 mg / m 3.

Precautions when working with iodine or its preparations: the use of industrial filtering gas masks, rubber gloves, aprons, shoes; thorough sealing of the equipment. In case of contact with the skin, wash the affected area with alcohol and solution of soda.

For the qualitative detection of iodine, starch paste is used. Starch paste and 1 - 2 drops of chlorine water are added to the test material; in the presence of J., the liquid turns blue, which disappears when heated and reappears when cooled; Y can also be detected when benzene, gasoline or chloroform is added to the test tube with the test material, with the addition of chlorine water to them. When the test tube is shaken, the liberated free Y. passes into the solvent layer, staining it in a violet color characteristic of Y.

The quantitative determination of iodine is carried out by titrating the test solution with silver nitrate in the presence of an indicator (see) or by titrating such a solution in an acidic medium with sodium thiosulfate in the presence of starch paste.

Forensic chemical research for the presence of J. carried out on biol, a material alkalized with caustic soda. The sample treated in this way is burned, a solution of sodium nitrite is added to the ash, acidified with sulfuric acid and shaken with a small amount of chloroform, the layer of which, in the presence of J., turns purple or pink, depending on the amount of chloroform. In stains on clothes and other objects, Y. is found using starch paste. A spot containing Y., when moistened with starch paste, turns blue. The quantitative determination of Y. in the biomaterial is carried out in the ash of the test material, the released Y. is titrated in an acidic medium with 0.1 N. or 0.01 N. solution of sodium thiosulfate in the presence of an indicator - starch paste.

Radioactive iodine

Natural J. consists of one stable isotope with a mass number of 127. There are 24 known radioactive isotopes of I. with mass numbers from 117 to 139, including two isomers (121M I and 126M I); 12 radioactive isotopes of Y. have second and minute half-lives, 8 - hour, 3 - half-life from several days to 2 months. and one (129 I) with a half-life of several tens of millions of years.

In medicine, four radioisotopes Y are used: 123 I (T1 / 2 = 13.3 hours), 125 I (T1 / 2 = 60.2 days), 131 I (T1 / 2 = 8.06 days) and 132 I ( T1 / 2 = 2.26 hours). The first of them and in general the first of artificial radioactive isotopes began to be used in medicine and found a wide wedge, the use of iodine-131 (later also iodine-132), but then in radio diagnostics (see Radioisotope diagnostics) these isotopes began to be gradually replaced by radiopharm. preparations with iodine-123 (for in vivo research) and with iodine-125 (ch. sample for in vitro radioimmunochemistry).

Iodine-131 can be obtained in two ways: by separating uranium fission products from a mixture and from tellurium irradiated with slow neutrons. The first path was used in the initial period of organizing the mass production of radioisotopes, but then it was abandoned. To obtain iodine-131, the nuclear reaction 130 Te (n, gamma) 131 Te is usually used, followed by the decay of tellurium-131 ​​and its transformation into iodine-131. When natural tellurium is irradiated with neutrons, its various isotopes are formed (with mass numbers 127, 129 and 131), which, by beta decay, are converted into isotopes of I., respectively: into stable 127 I, very long-lived 129 I (the activity of which is negligible ) and 131 I. Iodine-131 decays with the emission of a complex spectrum of beta radiation, the main two of its five components have maximum energies E beta = 0.334 MeV (7.0%) and E beta = 0.606 MeV (89.2%), and the component of the spectrum with the highest energy has E beta = 0.807 MeV (0.7%). The spectrum of gamma radiation from 131 I is also complex and consists of 15 lines (including gamma radiation from daughter 131M Xe), the main of which have energies E gamma = 0.080 MeV (2.45%); 0.284 (5.8%); 0.364 (82.4%); 0.637 (6.9%) and 0.723 (1.63%). The intensity of the remaining gamma lines is fractions of a percent. In preparations of 131 I, there is always a small genetic admixture of radioactive 131M Xe, which, in turn, through an isomeric transition from T 1/2 to 11.8 days, is converted into a stable isotope of 131 Xe.

Iodine-132 is formed as a result of the beta decay of the parent isotope 132 Te (T1 / 2 = 77.7 hours), which is released from a mixture of uranium fission products. For this purpose, specially prepared uranium targets are irradiated in a nuclear reactor for 6-10 days. Due to the small half-life of 132 I, with some exceptions, it is not sent to consumers directly, but the isotope generator 132 Te -> 132 I is used for this purpose. -rogo as needed and wash out 132 I at the place of its use. Iodine-132 also decays with the emission of a complex five-component spectrum of beta radiation with maximum energies E beta = 0.73 MeV (15%); 0.90 (20%); 1.16 (23%); 1.53 (24%); 2.12 (18%) and gamma radiation, consisting of 11 lines, the main of which have an energy of E gamma = 0.52 MeV (20%); 0.67 (144%); 0.773 (89%); 0.955 (22%); 1.40 (14%).

Iodine-125 is obtained by a chain of nuclear reactions by irradiating a xenon target in a reactor: 124 Xe (n, gamma) 125 Xe -> 125 I (electron capture). Taking into account the low density of gases and the low content of 124 Xe in natural xenon (0.094%), to increase the yield of 125 iodine, xenon is irradiated in a liquefied state, as well as in its solid compounds (eg, XeF 2). 125 I decays by electron capture (electron capture - 100%), with the emission of gamma radiation with an energy of E gamma = 0.035 MeV (6.8%), as well as characteristic X-ray radiation of tellurium with energies Ex = 0.027 MeV (112%) and Ex = 0.031 (24%).

Iodine-123 can be obtained at a cyclotron by irradiating, for example, antimony with helium ions or tellurium with deuterons or protons, as well as in splitting reactions with high-energy protons (0.5-1 GeV). However, for honey. the use of iodine-123, these reactions are not convenient enough, since undesirable impurities of other radioisotopes Y are simultaneously formed (with mass numbers 121, 124, 125, 126), which increase the radiation exposure during radiodiagnostic procedures. Iodine-123 with a high radionuclide purity and a fairly good yield is obtained by irradiating natural hydrogen in a cyclotron with protons in the energy range of 60-70 MeV according to the reaction 127 I (p, 5n) 123 Xe -> 123 I. In this case, the resulting xenon-123 chemically separated from the target material (in this case, the impurities of all the formed isotopes of Y are also separated), and after a short exposure, 123 Xe turns into 123 I. Iodine-123 decays by electron capture (electron capture - 100%) and emits gamma radiation, consisting of 14 lines, the main of which has an energy of E gamma - 0.159 MeV (82.9%). The intensities of each of the other lines of the gamma spectrum range from hundredths to one percent. In addition, the decay of 123 I produces characteristic X-ray radiation of tellurium with an energy of Ex = 0.028 MeV (86.5%).

Measurement of the total and volumetric activity (radioactive concentration) of drugs with the mentioned radioisotopes Y. is usually made by their gamma radiation; for relative measurements using an ionization chamber or a spectrometer, exemplary radioactive solutions and spectrometric gamma sources are used (see Exemplary Emitters). When measuring the activity of the short-lived isotope 132 I, an exemplary 137 Cs source can be used.

Radiopharm. drugs (RFP) with Y isotopes are produced in various dosage forms. More than 30 radiopharmaceuticals labeled with different isotopes of Y, primarily sodium iodide, have found widespread therapeutic and diagnostic use. This drug is available for honey. use in the form of an isotonic injection solution containing radioiodine without an isotopic carrier, as well as in gelatin capsules for oral administration. Radioactive sodium iodide is used for diagnostic purposes, Ch. arr. to determine the functional state and scan the thyroid and salivary glands, study iodine metabolism, as well as for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis, thyrotoxic goiter and metastases of thyroid cancer. In radiodiagnostic studies, the patient is injected with 5-50 μcuries of 131 I, 125 I and 20-200 μcuries of 132 I.

A complex of various organoiodine preparations with radioisotopes Y.: iodo-hippuran, iodobenzoic acid, rose Bengal, diiod-trust, triombrin, bilignost, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, vegetable oils, human serum albumin, micro- and macro-albumin aggregates, gamma globulin, etc. allows to carry out also radiodiagnostic researches of cardiovascular, hepatobiliary systems, kidneys, lungs, went. - kish. tract, blood, bone and brain, etc. In these studies, the patient is usually injected from 5 to 50, and in some procedures - up to 200-400 mccurie of radioiodine.

Nuclear-physical parameters of 123 I - relatively short half-life (13.3 hours), absence of corpuscular radiation, optimal for detection by gamma cameras, the energy of the main gamma radiation (0.159 MeV), low radiation load on the patient during radiodiagnostic examination [for example, with the intravenous administration of sodium iodide 123 I, the absorbed dose in the thyroid gland is 60 and, accordingly, 100 times less than with the introduction of the same amount (in terms of activity) of the drug containing 125 I sludge and 131 I - cause a wider prospect of using 123 I in vivo in comparison with preparations of other radioisotopes I. For carrying out radioimmunochem. long-lived 125 I is the most convenient and widely used for studies with labeled I.

Different isotopes of Y. have different radiotoxicity, from medium to high. At the workplace without sanitary-epid permission, services can simultaneously use drugs with 125 I and 131 I activity up to 1 mccurie, from 132 I - up to 10 and 123 I - up to 100 mccurie.

Iodine preparations

Among the iodine preparations used in honey. practice, distinguish: 1) preparations containing elementary (free) J., - solution of alcohol iodine, solution of Lugol (see. Lugol's solution); 2) drugs capable of releasing elementary I., - iodinol (see), iodoform (see), calcium-iodine; 3) drugs dissociating with the formation of iodine ions (iodides) - potassium iodide and sodium iodide; 4) preparations containing strongly bound iodine - iodolipol (see), bilitrast (see) and other radiopaque substances (see); 5) radioactive preparations J.

Elementary Y. has pronounced antimicrobial properties. By the nature of the antimicrobial action, Y. is identical to other halogens (chlorine, bromine ", but due to its lower volatility, it lasts longer. Preparations capable of releasing elementary Y. (iodoform, etc.) have an antimicrobial effect only upon contact with tissues and microorganisms that cause recovery bound Y. to elementary.In contrast to elementary Y., iodides are practically inactive in relation to the bacterial flora.

For preparations of elementary Y., a pronounced local irritating effect on tissues is characteristic. In high concentrations, these drugs have a cauterizing effect. The local action of elemental Y. is due to its ability to precipitate tissue proteins. Preparations that split off elementary Y. have a much less pronounced irritating effect, and iodides have local irritating properties only in very high concentrations.

The nature of the resorptive action of the preparations of elementary Y. and iodides is the same. The most pronounced effect in the resorptive action of drugs Y. have on the function of the thyroid gland. In small doses (the drug "mikroyod") Y. drugs inhibit the function of the thyroid gland (see. Antithyroid drugs), and in large doses they stimulate, participating in the synthesis of its hormones.

The effect of Y.'s preparations on metabolism is manifested by the intensification of dissimilation processes. In atherosclerosis, they cause a certain decrease in the concentration of cholesterol and beta-lioproteins in the blood; in addition, they increase the fibrinolytic and lipoproteinase activity of blood serum and slow down the rate of blood coagulation.

Accumulating in syphilitic gum, Y. promotes their softening and resorption. However, the accumulation of I. in tuberculous foci leads to an increase in the inflammatory process in them. Excretion of Y. by the excretory glands is accompanied by irritation of the glandular tissue and increased secretion. In this regard, Y. preparations have an expectorant effect and stimulate lactation (in small doses). However, in large doses, they can cause depression of lactation.

J.'s preparations are used for external and internal use. Externally apply hl. arr. preparations of elementary Y. as irritants and distractions. In addition, these drugs and drugs that split off elementary Y. are used as antiseptic agents.

Inside, J.'s preparations are prescribed for hyperthyroidism, endemic goiter, tertiary syphilis, atherosclerosis, hron, mercury and lead intoxication. Iodides are also prescribed internally as expectorants.

Contraindications for internal and parenteral use of Y. preparations are pulmonary tuberculosis, kidney disease, hemorrhagic diathesis, pregnancy, some skin diseases (pyoderma, furunculosis) and hypersensitivity to Y.

Potassium iodide(Kalii iodidurn; syn.: Potassium iodide, Kalium iodatum). Colorless or white cubic crystals or odorless white fine crystalline powder, salty-bitter taste. Let's dissolve in water (1: 0.75), alcohol (1: 12) and glycerin (1: 2.5). Refers to J.'s preparations from the number of iodides.

Used for the treatment and prevention of endemic goiter, with hyperthyroidism, syphilis, eye diseases (cataract, etc.), pulmonary actinomycosis, candidiasis, bronchial asthma and as an expectorant.

The drug is prescribed orally (in solutions and mixtures) at the rate of 0.3-1 g per dose, 3-4 times a day after meals. With tertiary syphilis, it is prescribed in the form of 3-4% solution for 1 table. l. 3 times a day after meals. With actinomycosis of the lungs, 10-20% of the drug solution is used for 1 table. l. 4 times a day.

Intravenous administration of potassium iodide solutions is contraindicated due to the depressing effect of potassium ions on the heart (see Potassium).

Method of production: powder, tablets containing 0.5 g of potassium iodide and 0.005 g of potassium carbonate. Store in well-sealed orange glass jars.

Potassium iodide is also available in the form of special tablets "Antistrumin" used to prevent endemic goiter. Tablets contain 0.001 g of potassium iodide.

Assign 1 tablet 1 time. in Week. With diffuse toxic goiter - 1 - 2 tablets a day 2-3 times a week.

Calcium one(Calciiodinum; synonym: calcium iodine-begenate, sayodin) - a mixture of calcium salts of iodine-begenic to-you and other iodized fatty to-t. Large yellowish, oily to the touch powder, odorless or with a slight odor of fatty substances. Practically insoluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol and ether, easily soluble in warm anhydrous chloroform. Contains at least 24% Y. and 4% calcium.

It is better tolerated than inorganic drugs Y .: does not irritate the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, practically does not cause iodism.

Used for atherosclerosis, neurosyphilis, bronchial asthma, dry bronchial catarrh and other hron, diseases for which treatment with drugs J.

Assign inside 0.5 g 2-3 times a day after meals, crushing the tablet well. Treatment is carried out by repeated courses of 2-3 weeks duration. from 2 weeks breaks between individual courses.

Release form: tablets of 0.5 g. "Store in well-sealed dark glass jars.

Sodium iodide(Natrii iodidum; synonym: sodium iodide, Natrium iodatum). Flavourless white crystalline powder, salty taste. It damp in the air and decomposes with the release of I. Soluble in water (1: 0.6), alcohol (1: 3) and glycerin (1: 2). Aqueous solutions of the preparation are sterilized at 100 ° for 30 minutes. or at 120 ° for 20 min. According to the properties and indications for use, it corresponds to potassium iodide.

Assign inside 0.3-1 g 3-4 times a day. Unlike potassium iodide, the drug can be administered intravenously. If necessary, a 10% solution of sodium iodide, 5-10 ml, is injected into the vein every 1-2 days. In total, 8-12 infusions are prescribed for the course of treatment.

Release form: powder. Store in well-sealed orange glass jars in a dry place.

Sodium iodide and potassium iodide are part of the anti-asthma medicine according to Traskov's prescription (Mixtura anti asthmatica Trascovi).

Alcohol iodine solution 5%(Solutio Iodi spirituosa 5%; syn.: Iodine tincture 5%, Tinctura Iodi 5%, sp. B). Contains: iodine 50 g, potassium iodide 20, water and 95% alcohol equally up to 1 liter. Transparent liquid of red-brown color with a characteristic odor.

It is used externally as an antiseptic agent, for example, for the treatment of the operating field (see Grossikha method) and the surgeon's hands, for toilet and surgical treatment of wounds, and also as an irritating and distracting agent. Inside used for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as in the treatment of syphilis. For the prevention of atherosclerosis appoint 1 - 10 drops 1 - 2 times a day in courses of 30 days 2-3 times a year. For the treatment of atherosclerosis, 10-12 drops are prescribed 3 times a day. When treating syphilis - from 5 to 50 drops 2-3 times a day. The drug is taken in milk after meals.

Children over the age of 5 are prescribed 3-6 drops 2-3 times a day. The drug is not prescribed for children under 5 years of age.

Higher doses for adults inside: single - 20 drops, daily - 60 drops.

Release form: in orange glass flasks of 10, 15 and 25 ml; in ampoules of 1 ml. Store in a dark place.

Alcohol iodine solution 10%(Solutio Iodi spirituosa 10%; synonym: iodine tincture 10%, Tinctura Iodi 10%, sp. B). Contains: iodine 100 g, 95% alcohol up to 1 d. The liquid is red-brown in color with a characteristic odor. When water is added to the preparation, a fine-crystalline precipitate of J.

According to properties, indications for use (except for the treatment of syphilis) and dosage, it corresponds to 5% alcohol solution of iodine. The drug is not prescribed for children inside.

Higher doses for adults inside: single - 10 drops, daily - 30 drops.

Release form: in orange glass flasks of 10, 15 and 25 ml. Store in a dark place. The drug is prepared for a short period of time (up to 1 month) and released only on special requirements.

The use of iodine in microscopic examinations

Y. in microscopic technique is used as a fixative, as a reagent for glycogen, amyloid, starch, cellulose and alkaloids, is a part of decalcifying and macerating liquids, etc. Dominici methods). R-rum J. in 70% alcohol, sometimes with the addition of potassium iodide, process pieces of tissue and sections after fixation in sublimate mixtures; at the same time, hardly soluble sediments of mercury carbonates and phosphates are removed from the tissues; the remains of Y. are then removed by washing in 0.25% solution of sodium thiosulfate. Lugol's iodine solution (see Lugol's solution) is used for staining microorganisms by the Gram method, for staining blood fibrin, for detecting certain pigments (carotenoids), fatty substances, etc. Glycogen stains Y. brown, amyloid - in various shades of brown and brownish red. In addition, in gistol, technology (see. Histological research methods) use various compounds Y. (iodine to-that, iodic acid sodium and potassium, ammonium iodide, etc.) and dyes containing Y.

Bibliography: Glycoproteins, ed. A. Gottschalk, trans. from English, part 2, p. 222, M., 1969; Levin V. I. Obtaining radioactive isotopes, p. 190, M., 1972; Mashkovsky M.D. Medicines, part 2, p. 89, M., 1977; Mkrtumova NA and Staroseltseva LK The degree of iodination and iodoamino acid composition of thyroglobulin in diffuse toxic goiter, Probl, endocrine, and hormone therapy., Vol. 16, No. 3, p. 68, 1970; Mokhnach V.O. Iodine and problems of life, L., 1974, bibliogr .; Rachev RR and Eshchenko ND Thyroid hormones and subcellular structures, M., 1975, bibliogr .; Turakulov Ya.Kh., Babaev T.A. isaatov T. Iodoproteins of the thyroid gland, Tashkent, 1974, bibliogr .; The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, ed. by L. S. Goodman a. A. Gilman, L., 1975; Radioactive pharmaceuticals, ed. by G. A. Andrews a. o., p. 217, Springfield, 1966, bibliogr.

L. K. Staroseltseva; V.V.Bochkarev (glad., Biol.), V.K.Muratov (pharm.), Ya. E. Khesin (hist.).

X district scientific and practical conference of students

"Step into the Future"

Research

Study of the content of iodine

in the body of students and products

food consumed by them

Completed:

Krylova Yulia, student of grade 9,

MBOU SOSH village Oktyabrskoe

Asfandiyarova Ilvina

10th grade student

MBOU SOSH village Oktyabrskoe

Supervisor:

Chemistry teacher MBOU SOSH village Oktyabrskoe

Iskhakova Rufina Uralovna.

2008-2009

Table of contents

Introduction 3 p.

Chapter I. You need iodine

1. Literature review

1.1.1. A bit of history 5 pp.

1.1.2. The discovery of iodine. 5 p.

1.1.3. Interesting Facts. 6 p.

1.1.4. Physical properties of iodine. 6 p.

1.1.5. Chemical properties of iodine. 7 p.

1.1.6. Distribution of iodine.

1.1.7. The main functions of the thyroid gland. 8 pp.

1.1.8. Diseases associated with a lack of iodine. 9 pp.

1.1.9. Sources of iodine. Replenishment of iodine in the body. 11 p.

1.1.10. Iodine in medicine. 12 p.

Chapter

2.1 Research methodology

2.1.1. Study of the dynamics of the growth of the number of diseases in the village. Oktyabrskoe

(according to the Sterlitamak district hospital). 13 p.

2.1.2. A hands-on study of products grown on

the territory of the Oktyabrskaya village, for the presence of iodine. 13 pages

2.1.3. Test for iodine in school students with. October method

iodine mesh. 14 pp.

2.1.4. Student survey to identify consumption

Products containing iodine. 14 pp.

2.2. results

2.2.1. The results of studying the dynamics of the growth in the number of diseases

thyroid gland with. Oktyabrskoe. 15 pages

2.2.2. The results of a test for iodine in schoolchildren with. Oktyabrskoe

by the iodine grid method. 15 pages

2.2.3. The results of the questionnaire survey of students in order to identify

consumption of products containing iodine. 16 p.

2.2.4. Results of practical product research,

grown on the territory of the village of Oktyabrskoye, on

the presence of iodine. 16 p.

2.3. conclusions

2.3.1. Conclusions on the study of the dynamics of growth in the number of diseases

The thyroid gland in the village. Oktyabrskoe. 17 pp.

2.3.2. Conclusions from practical product research,

Grown on the territory of the village. October, for the presence of iodine. 18 pages

2.3.3. Conclusions on the test for iodine in schoolchildren with. Oktyabrskoe. 18 pages

2.3.4. Conclusions on the survey of students. 18 pages

Conclusion 19 pages

Bibliographic reference 20 pages

Application 21 pages

Introduction

The role of the endocrine system in the body is very important. For almost 100 years, endocrinologists have been fighting thyroid diseases, but, nevertheless, in recent years (according to the Ministry of Health), the number of dispensary patients has increased by almost 70%. Therefore, this problem interested me and I chose this topic, because I think it is the most urgent for the population of our village.

Currently (according to the district hospital) in our village there is an increase in the number of diseases associated with the thyroid gland. Due to the fact that our village is in the zone of iodine deficiency (which is explained by the proximity to the city of Sterlitamak, where there are large factories), it is important for my fellow villagers to consume enough iodine so that the body can function normally. This is one of the most important indicators that affect the future generation of our village.

Research hypothesis there was an assumption that the students of our school experience iodine deficiency.

Purpose of the study: to substantiate theoretically and experimentally verify whether our hypothesis is correct. In order to achieve the set goal, I set myself the following tasks:

study the literature on this issue;

to hold a conversation with the chief physician of the district hospital Gareyev R.Sh .;

conduct a study among students in order to find out if they have enough iodine in their body;

conduct a survey of students in order to find out if they consume products containing iodine;

examine some vegetables for the presence of iodine;

analyze all the results, draw conclusions and make recommendations.

Research object were students from the first to eleventh grades MBOU SOSH s. Oktyabrskoye, Sterlitamak district.

Subject research the problem of iodine deficiency among the students of our school and the population of the village has become.

Research methods: observation, analysis of the literature, chemical experiment, questionnaires, conversation with the chief physician Gareev R.Sh.

Research base became a school chemical laboratory MBOU SOSH village Oktyabrskoye, Sterlitamak district.

The practical meaning of work is that in our time the number of negative factors is increasing all the time, so a person needs to quickly adapt to new conditions. Complex physiological mechanisms, including the endocrine system, are responsible for the adaptability of the organism. In this case, hormones help a person. But they are not able to be produced without a sufficient amount of trace elements, in particular - iodine.

Therefore, the normal functioning of the endocrine system is very important for the body, especially in our area, where not only adaptation, growth, basic metabolism are important for residents, but it is also important to prevent disturbances in the activity of the gland.

In my work, I considered such important issues as the role of iodine in the body, diseases caused by iodine deficiency and methods of their prevention. And this, in turn, will help you take care of your health.

Work structure consists of a reference, two chapters, conclusions and conclusions, a list of references, an application.

Chapter 1. Iodine you need

1.1 Literature review

1.1.1. A bit of history

Item Description.

Iodine is a chemical element of the VII group of Mendeleev's periodic system. The atomic number is 53. The relative atomic mass is 126.9045. Halogen. Of the naturally occurring halogens, it is the heaviest, unless, of course, you count the radioactive short-lived astatine. Almost all natural iodine consists of atoms of one - a single isotope with a mass number I 127 , its content in the earth's crust is 4 * 10 -5% by weight. Radioactive iodine I 125 formed during natural radioactive transformations. Of artificial isotopes of iodine, the most important are Iodine I 131 and iodine I 133 ... they are mainly used in medicine.

I2 - halogen. Dark gray crystals with a metallic sheen. Volatile. It dissolves poorly in water, well - in organic solvents (with a purple or brown color of the solution) or in water with the addition of salts - iodides. Weak oxidizing and reducing agent. Reacts with concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids, metals, non-metals, alkalis, hydrogen sulfide. Forms compounds with other halogens.

The elemental iodine molecule, like other halogens, consists of two atoms. Iodine - the only one of the halogens - is solid under normal conditions. Beautiful dark blue iodine crystals are most similar to graphite. A clearly pronounced crystalline structure, the ability to conduct electric current - all these "metallic" properties are characteristic of pure iodine.

1.1.2 Discovery of Yoda.

The end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries were marked by incessant wars in Europe. It took a lot of gunpowder and therefore a lot of saltpeter. The production of nitrate took on unprecedented proportions, along with ordinary plant raw materials, seaweed was also used. They found a new chemical element.

One of the French saltpeter was the chemist and industrialist Bernard Courtois (1777-1838), he was a very observant person. It is believed that this is what helped him in 1811 to become the discoverer of the new chemical element Yoda. One day he noticed that a copper boiler, in which the liquor obtained from fucus, kelp and other brown algae was evaporated, quickly collapsed, as if some kind of acid was corroding it. Courtois decided to find out what was the matter. Having precipitated and removed the sodium salt from the solution, he evaporated the solution, found potassium sulfide in the boiler and, in order to decompose it, added concentrated sulfuric acid to the precipitate - and then purple smoke appeared. Courtois repeated the experiment, this time in a retort, and shiny black lamellar crystals settled in the receiver of the retort.

Sodium iodide from algae interacts with sulfuric acid to release iodine I 2 ; at the same time sulphurous gas is formed - sulfur dioxide SO 2 and water:

2NaI + 2H 2 SO 4 = I 2 + SO 2 + Na 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O

When cooled, the iodine vapor turned into dark gray crystals with a bright luster. Courtois wrote: “The mother liquor solution obtained from algae contains a fairly large amount of an unusual substance. It is easy to isolate: for this, it is enough to add sulfuric acid to this solution and heat the mixture in a retort ... The new substance is deposited in the receiver in the form of a black powder, which, when heated, turns into vapors of a magnificent violet color ”.

The name of the new element was given in 1813 by the French chemist Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) for the violet color of its vapor (“Yodos” in Greek means “violet”). He also received many derivatives of a new element - hydrogen iodide HI, Iodic acid HIO 3 , Iodine (V) oxide I 2 O 5 , iodine chloride ICl other. Almost simultaneously, the elementary nature of Yoda was proved by the English chemist Gamphry Davy (1778–1829).

1.1.3. Interesting Facts.

The content of iodine in human blood depends on the season: from September to January, the concentration of iodine in the blood decreases, from February a new rise begins, and in May – June the iodine mirror reaches its highest level. These fluctuations have a small amplitude, and they still remain a mystery;

Eggs, milk, fish contain a lot of iodine from food products; there is a lot of iodine in seaweed, which is commercially available in the form of canned food, dragees and other products;

The first iodine plant in Russia was built in 1915 in Yekaterinoslavl (now Dnepropetrovsk); received iodine from the ashes of the Black Sea algae phyllophora; during the years of the First World War, 200 kg of iodine were produced at this plant;

If a thundercloud is "sown" with silver iodide or lead iodide, then instead of hail, snow crumbs are formed in the cloud: the cloud sown with such salts sheds rain and does not harm the fields.

1.1.4. Physical properties of iodine.

The density of iodine is 4.94 g / cm3, melting point 113.5 ° C, boiling point 184.35 ° C. The molecule of liquid and gaseous iodine consists of two atoms ( I 2 ). Noticeable dissociation I 2 2I is observed above 700 ° C, as well as under the action of light. Already at ordinary temperatures, iodine evaporates, forming a sharp-smelling purple vapor. With weak heating, iodine sublimes, settling in the form of shiny thin plates; this process serves for the purification of iodine in laboratories and in industry. Iodine is poorly soluble in water (0.33 g / l at 25 ° C), well - in carbon disulfide and organic solvents (benzene, alcohol), as well as in aqueous solutions of iodides.

1.1.5. Chemical properties of iodine.

Chemically, iodine is quite active, although to a lesser extent than chlorine and bromine. With light heating, Iodine interacts vigorously with metals, forming Iodides.

Hg + I 2 = HgI 2

Iodine reacts with hydrogen only when heated and not completely, forming hydrogen iodide.

I 2 + H 2 = 2HI

When dissolved in water, iodine partially reacts with it;

I 2 + H 2 O = HI + HIO

In hot aqueous solutions of alkalis, Iodide and Iodate are formed.

I 2 + 2KOH = KI + KIO + H 2 O

3KIO = 2KI + KIO 3

When heated, iodine interacts with phosphorus:

3I 2 + 2 P = 2PI 3

Iodine easily reacts with aluminum, and water is the catalyst in this reaction:

3I 2 + 2 AL = 2ALI 3

Adsorbed on starch, iodine stains it dark blue; it is used in iodometry and qualitative analysis for the detection of iodine.

Iodine vapors are poisonous and irritate the mucous membranes. Iodine has a cauterizing and disinfecting effect on the skin. Iodine stains are washed off with solutions of soda or sodium thiosulfate.

1.1.6. Distribution of iodine.

The average iodine content in the earth's crust is 4 * 10 -5% by weight. In the mantle and magmas and in the rocks formed from them (granites, basalts), iodine compounds are dispersed; deep-seated iodine minerals are unknown. The history of iodine in the earth's crust is closely related to living matter and biogenic migration. The processes of its concentration are observed in the biosphere, especially by marine organisms (algae, sponges). The main reservoir of iodine for the biosphere is the World Ocean (1 liter contains on average 5 * 10 -5 grams of iodine). From the ocean, iodine compounds dissolved in drops of seawater enter the atmosphere and are carried by winds to the continents. Areas remote from the ocean or fenced off from sea winds by mountains are depleted in iodine. iodine is easily adsorbed by organic matter in soils and sea silts. When these silts are compacted and sedimentary rocks are formed, desorption occurs, part of the iodine compounds passes into groundwater. This is how the iodine-bromine waters used for the extraction of iodine are formed, which are especially characteristic of the regions of oil fields (in some places, 1 liter of these waters contains over 100 mg of iodine).

Iodine is a trace element necessary for animals and humans. The absorption of iodine by plants depends on the content of iodine compounds in the soil and on the type of plants. Some organisms (so-called iodine concentrators, for example, algae - fucus, kelp, phyllophora, accumulate up to 1% iodine, some sponges - up to 8.5% (in the skeletal substance spongin). Algae that concentrate iodine are used for its industrial production. Iodine enters the animal body with food, water, air. The main source of iodine is plant products and feed. Absorption of iodine occurs in the anterior parts of the small intestine. The human body accumulates from 20 to 50 mg of iodine, including about 10 - 25 in the muscles. mg, in the thyroid gland normally 6 - 15 mg.With the help of radioactive iodine ( I 131 and I 125 ) it was shown that in the thyroid gland iodine accumulates in the mitochondria of epithelial cells and is part of the all - and monoiodotyrosines formed in them, which condense into the hormone tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine). Iodine is excreted from the body mainly through the kidneys (up to 70 - 80%), milk, salivary and sweat glands, partly with bile.

The daily requirement for iodine in humans and animals is about 3 μg per 1 kg of body weight (increases with pregnancy, increased growth, cooling). The introduction of iodine into the body increases the basal metabolism, enhances oxidative processes, and tones the muscles.

The human body not only does not need large amounts of iodine, but also with surprising constancy maintains a constant concentration (10 -5 - 10 -6%) of iodine in the blood, the so-called iodine mirror of blood. Of the total amount of iodine in the body, about 25 mg, more than half is in the thyroid gland. Almost all the iodine contained in this gland is part of various derivatives of tyrosine - the thyroid hormone, and only a small part of it, about 1%, is in the form of inorganic iodine I - .

Large doses of elemental iodine are dangerous: a dose of 2–3 g is lethal. At the same time, ingestion in large doses is allowed in the form of iodide.

In medical practice, organoiodine compounds are used for X-ray diagnostics. The rather heavy nuclei of iodine atoms absorb X-rays. With the introduction of such a diagnostic agent into the body, extremely clear X-ray images of individual areas of tissues and organs are obtained.

1.1.7. The main functions of the thyroid gland.

The thyroid gland consists of two oval bodies with a total weight of 25-30 g, located on both sides of the lower part of the larynx and trachea.

In experiments with radioactive iodine (I 131), it was established that already 2 hours after administration, its bulk is found in the thyroid gland. Of the total amount of iodine in the body (50 mg), 10-15 mg are in the gland, which gives reason to consider the thyroid gland as a depot of iodine. Moreover, a relationship was found between the absorption of iodine by the gland and the degree of its activity. If the accumulation of iodine in the gland is slow, this indicates its decreased activity, and a high degree of absorption - about the hyperfunction of the gland. Carrying out such a study is used in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases.

The daily requirement for iodine for a person is 1.5 * 10 -4 - 3.0 * 10 -4 g and is covered by water and food, of which the richest in iodine are eggs, fish, fresh vegetables. For children and pregnant women, the need for iodine is slightly increased. Iodine is excreted from the body by the kidneys and salivary glands.

When the level of hormone production changes, serious diseases develop. A hypofunction of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) or its atrophy at a young age leads to the development of cretinism, which is manifested by a growth retardation, and then its arrest (dwarf growth), a violation of the proportional development of body parts, mental retardation. A similar condition of the gland in adults is manifested by edema of the mucous membranes of myxedema. This disease is characterized by edema associated with water retention in tissues, a decrease in metabolism, obesity, general weakness, and a senile appearance even in young people.

Hypofunction caused by iodine deficiency in the body, against the background of a sharp increase in the thyroid gland associated with its deep degeneration, is called endemic goiter. In this disease, the size of the thyroid gland is significantly increased, it appears in the neck in the form of a goiter. This type of hypofunction is found in areas whose soils are poor in iodine, for example, in mountainous areas. For treatment, iodine preparations are used. However, it is more important to prevent the development of endemic goiter, which is achieved by iodization of water and food (salt, sugar)

Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) is manifested by the development of Graves' disease. Its main clinical symptoms are general emaciation, trembling of the limbs, exophthalmos (bulging), impaired cardiac and mental activity. In patients, the basal metabolism is sharply increased, a lot of nitrogen and creatine are excreted in the urine. Treatment of Graves' disease should be aimed at reducing the production of hormones by blocking the flow of iodine into the gland, for example, using urea derivatives. At present, the introduction into the body in small doses of the radioactive isotope of iodine I 131, which accumulates in the cells of the gland and, emitting Y-rays, causes local (limited) irradiation of the glandular tissue, is widely used. In some cases, surgical removal of part of the gland is indicated.

1.1.8. Diseases associated with a lack of iodine

Back in 1854, the Frenchman Chaten, an excellent analytical chemist, discovered that the prevalence of goiter is directly dependent on the iodine content in the air, soil, food consumed by people. Colleagues challenged the findings of Chaten; moreover, the French Academy of Sciences recognized them as harmful. As for the origin of the disease, then it was believed that 42 reasons could cause it - the lack of iodine did not appear on this list.

Lack of iodine in the beginning leads to only a slight increase in the thyroid gland, but, as it progresses, this disease affects many systems of the body. As a result, metabolism is disturbed, growth slows down. In some cases, endemic goiter can lead to deafness, cretinism ... This disease is most common in mountainous regions and in places far from the sea. For these reasons, iodine deficiency occurs in the body, which leads to various diseases. At the same time, an increased or decreased level of basal metabolism is the main indicator for the diagnosis of pathology in the activity of the thyroid gland. With hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, Graves' disease (named after the doctor who described this phenomenon) or hyperthyroidism develops. A sharp increase in metabolism is accompanied by an increased breakdown of tissue proteins, which leads to the development of a negative nitrogen balance. The most characteristic manifestations of Graves' disease are tachycardia, bulging (exophthalmos) and goiter, that is, an enlarged thyroid gland. Patients develop general depletion of the body, as well as mental disorders, increased fatigue, hand tremors, sharp sweating, and more.

Gland hypofunction (or its complete atrophy) in early childhood leads to the development of a disease called cretinism. (Appendix No. 3) In addition to stopping growth, specific changes in the skin, hair, muscles, a sharp decrease in the rate of metabolic processes, with cretinism, profound mental disorders are noted, secondary sexual characteristics are underdeveloped. The body is disproportionate in size: the head is too large, and the limbs are short. In this case, specific hormonal treatment does not give positive results.

Insufficient function of the gland in adulthood is accompanied by the development of myxedema (from the Greek myxa - mucus and oedemo - edema) (Appendix No. 3). This disease most often occurs in women and is characterized by a violation of water-salt, basic and fat metabolism. Patients have mucous edema, morbid obesity, a sharp decrease in basal metabolism, loss of hair and teeth, general brain disorders and mental disorders. The skin becomes dry, the body temperature drops. Blood sugar rises. All these phenomena are relatively easy to treat with thyroid medications.

In addition, another lesion of the thyroid gland deserves attention. This is an endemic goiter (Appendix # 3). The disease usually develops in people living in mountainous areas where there is not enough iodine in water and plants. This leads to the fact that the thyroid tissue is enlarged due to the proliferation of connective tissue. However, this does not lead to an increase in hormone secretion. In this case, the disease does not lead to serious dysfunctions of the body. Certain inconveniences are created only by an enlarged thyroid gland. Treatment in this case is reduced to the fortification of food with iodine, in particular table salt. Treatment of hyperfunction of the thyroid gland and, in particular, toxic goiter is reduced to the fact that all the gland is removed by surgery. Or 131 I and thyroxine antagonists are introduced, which inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Such substances, for example, include thiourea, thiouracil (or methylthiouracil). Also, thiocyanate and substances containing an aminobenzene group, as well as microdoses of iodine, have an inhibitory effect on the gland. Although the mechanism of action of such substances is far from fully understood.

The widespread occurrence of the disease can be judged even by the work of painting. One of the best portraits of Rubens "The Straw Hat". The beautiful woman depicted in the portrait has a noticeable swelling of the skin (the doctor would immediately say: the thyroid gland is enlarged). Andromeda in Perseus and Andromeda has the same symptoms. Signs of iodine deficiency are also seen in some people depicted in portraits and paintings by Rembrandt, Dürer, Van Dyck ... (Fig. 9).

It is interesting to note that the history of the therapeutic use of iodine goes back centuries. The healing properties of substances containing iodine were known 3 thousand years before this element was discovered. Chinese Code 1567 BC NS. recommends seaweed for the treatment of goiter.

Thanks to the inclusion of seaweed in their diet, the inhabitants of the northeastern province of China Mukden, despite the lack of iodine in this geographical area, did not suffer from endemic goiter. Emperor Kangxi took care of their health in due time. He instructed local residents to eat 5 tignes (2 kg) of seaweed per year. And now, for almost 2 thousand years, obedient Mukdenians have been unswervingly fulfilling the wise imperial decree.

The highest iodine content in algae:

– in dry kelp - 26-180 mg per 100 g of product

– in dry seaweed - 200-220 mg per 100 g of product

In sea fish and seafood, the iodine content reaches 300-3000 μg per 100 g of the product.

Also, a source of iodine for humans are: meat, milk, eggs, vegetables.

(Appendix No. 1)

1.1.9. Sources of iodine. Replenishment of iodine in the body.

Due to the greater or lesser lack of iodine in food and water, iodization of table salt is used, which usually contains 10 - 25 g of potassium iodide per 1 ton of salt. The use of fertilizers containing iodine can double and triple its content in crops. In addition to salt iodization, iodization of other products has been widely used in recent years. Iodine is added to some bakery products, milk, so-called dietary supplements "biologically active additives" containing iodine, such as iodine-active, Iodomarin, Cigapan, Klamin, and some others, are becoming more widespread. One of the most famous drugs for replenishing the iodine content in the body is "Iodine - active". We owe the appearance of this drug to Pavel Florensky. As an engineer, he was a tough and calculating realist. But from childhood he had a great passion for science. Pavel Florensky was 10 years old when he first read Faraday's book. And Michael became his idols for life. Florensky never had any doubts who discovered iodine, of course, Faraday! It is no coincidence that Florensky's last discovery was the formula of a unique iodine preparation capable of protecting a person from serious illnesses.

The discovery of the great Russian scientist is of planetary significance. After all, the problem of lack of Yoda worries citizens all over the world. Iodine deficiency affects about 1.5 billion people. Including in our country about 70% of the population suffers from iodine deficiency. Trouble, or rather a catastrophe, is raging on the planet. Due to the constant lack of iodine, people sometimes do not shine with intelligence, even adults. Such people are distinguished by their explosive nature, and therefore often fail at work and in their personal life.

Scientists at the World Health Organization have already unequivocally concluded that the IQ is directly dependent on the iodine content in the body. In our secrete application, such additives are very important since, in the soil, and, accordingly, in the products there is a very small iodine content. Therefore, in order to preserve the health and intellectual potential of the population, the lack of iodine must be replenished.

1.1.10. Iodine in medicine.

The antiseptic properties of iodine in surgery were first used by physician Buane. Oddly enough, the simplest dosage forms of iodine - aqueous and alcoholic solutions - were not used in surgery for a very long time, although back in 1865 - 1866. the great Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov used iodine tincture in the treatment of wounds.

Preparations containing iodine have antibacterial and antifungal properties, they also have anti-inflammatory and distracting effects; they are used externally for disinfecting wounds, preparing the operating field. When taken orally, iodine preparations affect the metabolism, enhance the function of the thyroid gland. Small doses of iodine (microroyod) inhibit the function of the thyroid gland, acting on the formation of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the anterior lobes of the pituitary gland. Since iodine affects protein and fat (lipid) metabolism, it has found application in the treatment of atherosclerosis, as it lowers blood cholesterol; also increases the fibrinolytic activity of the blood.

For diagnostic purposes, radiopaque substances containing iodine are used. With prolonged use of iodine preparations and with increased sensitivity to them, iodism may appear - runny nose, urticaria, angioedema, lacrimation, acne-like rash (iododerma). Iodine preparations should not be taken for pulmonary tuberculosis, pregnancy, kidney disease, chronic pyoderma, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria.

Chapter II. Experimental part.

2.1 Research methodology

2.1.1. Study of the dynamics of the growth of the number of diseases in the village. Oktyabrskoe (according to the Sterlitamak district hospital).

Sterlitamak district hospital was provided with information on the number of cases for the period from 2006 to 2008 (Appendix No. 5). This number was:

in 2006 - 17 people;

in 2004 - 24 people;

in 2005 - 31 people;

That is, during this period there is an increase in the number of diseases. This is quite a lot for our village, although as a percentage of the village population, this value is about 2%. But the dynamics, moreover, stable, is observed, therefore it is necessary to take additional measures to prevent iodine deficiency.

2.1.2. A practical study of products grown in the territory of the Oktyabrskoye village for the presence of iodine.

In the experimental part of our work, we conducted experiments that were able to show which products contain iodine. These products are grown on our land, so this experience will help you understand which products contain iodine and which ones can be used to prevent iodine deficiency.

purpose of work: determination of iodine in vegetables.

For the research, we used the following products: apple, beet, potatoes, carrots, pumpkin, tomatoes, and bell peppers. In addition, chlorine water was used to confirm the finding of iodine.

2NaI + Cl 2 = I 2 + 2NaCl (equation for the separation of iodine from product salts)

Released iodine can be detected using starch (blue color) or by shaking the solution with organic solvents, which acquire a red-violet color in the presence of iodine (Appendix No. 8).

Progress.

Grind the test products.

Grind 30 grams of product additionally in a mortar and add 30 ml of distilled water.

Pour the mixture into a flask of the appropriate size. Shake the flask for 5 minutes, separating the salts into the solution.

Let the solution settle for 10 minutes.

2 ml of each solution is placed in a test tube, 3 drops of chlorine water (aqueous solution of chlorine) and 1 ml of starch solution are added.

If brown staining is observed in the test tubes, then iodine is present in them.

2.1.3. Test for iodine in school students with. Oktyabrskoye using the iodine grid method.

A question arose before us: "Is it possible to independently determine whether there is enough iodine in one's own body or not?" Can! There are several ways. We used the method suggested B.A. Starozhuk and Test to determine iodine in the body.

Test to determine iodine in the body, you can use the following. In this case, iodine can be either ordinary or blue. Dip a cotton swab into an alcohol solution of iodine and draw three lines on the forearm before going to bed: a thin one, two times "fatter" and draw the thickest three times. If the first line disappeared in the morning, you are all right with iodine. If the first two have disappeared, pay attention to the state of health. And if there is not a single line left, you have a clear iodine deficiency.

Naturalist B.A. Starozhuk worked for 15 years on the study of the method of treating the thyroid gland with the blue iodine method. As a result of its activities, it offers a method for determining the level of iodine in the body. To do this, in the evening, an iodine net is applied to the inner thigh or lower abdomen. To do this, moisten a hygienic stick with a 3-5% alcohol solution of iodine and draw vertical and horizontal intersecting stripes on the skin so that you get a plate with 1 cm by 1 cm squares. Why such squares? It was calculated that this is an ideal geometric figure for even distribution of the applied liquid: it is absorbed quickly enough and acts effectively. But the main thing is to let the mesh dry.

So, if the iodine grid disappears after three hours - the body simply needs iodine, 6-8 hours - the lack of iodine is not so noticeable, after a day - iodine in the body is normal or even in excess. But even in this case, the iodine mesh will not hurt as an anti-inflammatory agent.

The test was carried out by the method proposed by B.A. Starozhuk and a test for determining iodine in the body. For students from grades 1-11 in the first lesson, an iodine net was made on the inner side of the arm. At each break, the results of the study were checked. The data has been logged. A conversation was held, and each student was given a leaflet with a methodology in order to do test and method Starozhuk B.A.... at home. Because when conducting this study, one important condition is met. Since the area with the applied iodine mesh is in the area of ​​contact between the skin and clothing, care must be taken to ensure that the mesh does not simply wear off, otherwise the test will show an incorrect result.

2.1.4. Questioning students in order to identify the consumption of products containing iodine.

The studied group of students was asked to answer one question of the questionnaire: "What foods do you consume most often?" A list of products with different iodine content was given, in which they had to put down the number of points.

The most frequently used product received the maximum number of points - 14, and the least popular - 1 (Appendix No. 6). The students had to determine the number of points for each product themselves.

2.2. results

2.2.1. The results of studying the dynamics of the increase in the number of thyroid diseases in the village. Oktyabrskoe.

At the beginning of our research, we studied the dynamics of the increase in the number of thyroid diseases in the village. October. The necessary data were provided to the Sterlitamak District Hospital (Appendix No. 5). These data reflect the picture of the increase in the number of cases from 2003 to 2006.

A disappointing picture is observed. If back in 2005 there were 17 cases, in 2006 - 24 people, then in 2008 - 31. That is, their number has increased. The adult population is currently 1600 people. The number of cases is almost 2%. This means that there is a tendency towards an increase in the number of thyroid diseases in our village. This, in turn, suggests that there is a problem of iodine deficiency for the population. And it is growing every year. And this affects the future generation of our village. To prevent a further increase in the incidence, preventive measures should be taken and the population should be educated about the importance of this problem.

2.2.2 Results of a test for iodine in schoolchildren p. Oktyabrskoe using the iodine grid method.

In our study, 171 people took part, starting with grade 1. 3 experiments were performed and the average was calculated. For reliability in students with signs of iodine deficiency, the experiment was repeated every week for two months. At the same time, in different age groups there was a different number of students with signs of iodine deficiency.

There is an increase in the number of cases of iodine deficiency among schoolchildren. The total number of students with possible iodine deficiency is 49 people. This is about 29% of the number of students in the school. Our view percentage is great. It is alarming that there is an increase in iodine deficiency not only at school, but throughout the village (see Appendix No. 4, No. 5).

On average, students have an average level of iodine in the body, which indicates the need to prevent iodine deficiency. Otherwise, it can develop into more severe forms.

It can be concluded that closer to puberty, the amount of iodine in the body decreases, moreover, this is accompanied by an increase in mental workload at school. Therefore, the largest number of students with signs of iodine deficiency from grades 7-9 is 21, which is 12.3% of the total number of all school students.

2.2.3. The results of a questionnaire survey of students in order to identify the consumption of products containing iodine.

After analyzing the results, we found out that the student needs more trace elements for the normal functioning of the body. For this, a questionnaire was conducted (Appendix No. 7).

Summing up the results of the questionnaire, it turned out that the students consume foods rich in iodine the least. Perhaps this tendency arises because not everyone can afford them or are simply not available in our area due to the remoteness from the sea and warm regions.

But potatoes, with an average of 14 points, became the most popular product, which is not surprising. This is the most common product in our area and without it, in principle, it is impossible to imagine your diet. The rest of the leading positions were taken by products that are also not rich in iodine (Appendix No. 6).

Products saturated with iodine, for example, cod liver, scored an average of 4 to 1 points, which indicates their "unpopularity" in the diet of the subjects. That is, our diet is rather poor in iodine. However, like the water we drink. Therefore, in such a situation, the issue of iodine deficiency is very acute. And since the most consumed food is not rich in iodine, its deficiency arises. Therefore, it is necessary to use biological active substances containing iodine. But before that, it is better to consult a doctor.

2.2.4. Results of a practical study of products grown in the territory of the Oktyabrskoye village for the presence of iodine.

As a result of product research (apple, beet, potato, carrot, 5-pumpkin, tomato, and bell pepper), the following results were obtained.

In test tubes, brown staining of varying intensity is observed:

In test tubes numbered 1,2,4,6 - brown staining;

In test tube No. 3 - weak staining (compared to the previous ones);

In test tube No. 5,7, almost no staining was observed

(Appendix No. 8)

2.3. conclusions

2.3.1. Conclusions on the study of the dynamics of the increase in the number of thyroid diseases in the village. Oktyabrskoe.

Having studied the data on the picture of thyroid gland diseases in our village, we can draw some conclusions:

the number of diseases is growing every year;

the population consumes little products containing iodine in large quantities;

the problem in our village is becoming more and more acute.

In addition, preventive work with the population should be carried out. It is necessary to educate people about the basics of a healthy lifestyle. To do this, you can use some recommendations:

Eat foods containing iodine (for example, seafood, vegetables, fruits, and others);

Taking dietary supplements to help you maintain iodine balance in your body

Remember that with strong boiling, iodine can be destroyed in an amount up to 50%;

But the most basic and most effective method is still to diagnose the amount of iodine in the body. You do not need to self-medicate, if you have signs of iodine deficiency, it is better to immediately contact a specialist.

Eat iodized salt.

When cooking, iodine is better preserved if:

Pour water so that it only covers the contents of the pan;

When cooking vegetables, dip them whole or coarsely into boiling water, or even better steam them, tightly closing the pan with a lid.

Strong boiling destroys 50% of iodine in meat and fish; 30% - in vegetables and fruits. Milk with prolonged boiling loses 25% of the mineral.

But, be that as it may, the simplest and most effective way to prevent iodine deficiency was the use of iodized table salt. Although you need to handle it skillfully:

when heated, iodine almost completely evaporates and therefore it is better to salt the dish not during cooking, but immediately before use;

iodized salt retains its healing properties only for 3-4 months after production, so you need to pay attention to the dates printed on the package;

you need to store such salt according to the rules: if it damp or is in an open salt shaker for a long time, iodine evaporates.

2.3.2. Conclusions on a practical study of products grown on the territory of the village. October, for the presence of iodine.

After conducting research, we have determined in practice the presence of iodine in certain foods. Since the coloration in cups 1, 2, 4, 6 is rather bright, this tells us that these products (apple, beet, carrot, tomato) contain iodine. Therefore, there was a qualitative reaction. In test tubes No. 3 7 (potatoes), the staining is less intense, because the iodine content in this product is much lower than in the previous ones. And in the other two test tubes # 5, 7 (pumpkin, bell pepper) iodine is present in very small quantities. Therefore, a qualitative reaction was practically not observed.

On the basis of this, one more conclusion can be drawn: in the village of Oktyabrskoye, the soils are not sufficiently rich in iodine, as a result of which there is also little of it in plant food. Therefore, when using such products, there may be a lack of iodine in the body. To avoid this outcome, you should take biological food supplements or foods that contain more iodine. For example, seafood.

2.3.3. Conclusions on the test for iodine in schoolchildren with. Oktyabrskoe.

The test showed that the majority of students have an average level of iodine in the body. Moreover, the peak of iodine deficiency occurs during puberty (students in grades 7-9), when the body is growing and developing intensively, so it needs more trace elements. But since there are not enough of them in food, there are deficiencies of various substances, including iodine. In addition, in high school, the mental load on students increases, which can also cause iodine deficiency.

2.3.4. Conclusions on the survey of students.

Based on these results, we found that iodine-rich foods were the least consumed by students. This suggests that this is one of the causes of iodine deficiency. Therefore, the question of thyroid diseases arising from iodine deficiency is very acute.

To prevent these problems, you can use the recommendations that were given above.

Having made conclusions, we realized that:

First, we should pay more attention to our diet;

Secondly, to use methods of prevention of thyroid diseases;

Thirdly, to use early diagnosis for finding iodine in the body.

Conclusion.

Through research, we have achieved our goal. We found out what effect the thyroid gland has on the development of the body. In addition, we studied various diseases associated with pathologies of the thyroid gland and with iodine deficiency. Based on this, we have compiled some recommendations for the prevention and prevention of thyroid diseases.

We also tracked the dynamics of the growth in the number of diseases caused by iodine deficiency in our village. Having drawn our conclusions, we realized that this problem is quite acute and is growing every year. Therefore, we should pay more attention to this problem, because everyone can face it.

We have introduced the methods available to all in our work. In the appendix, we have placed tables by which you can judge the presence of iodine in various products.

After carrying out practical work, we found out which products, grown on our soil, contain the most iodine. We also presented our findings in our own work.

This work helped us understand the importance and necessity of studying the problem of iodine deficiency. We have achieved our goal and therefore believe that our work has been done quite successfully, since we have discovered a lot of new and useful information. In addition, the work can be useful for teachers of chemistry and biology, in the work of methodological associations, when doctors work with potential patients in the local health care system. In addition, the novelty of the research in this area lies in the fact that such work has not been carried out in our village.

List of used literature.

Kazmin V. Iodine and iron for your health. Baro press, Rostov-on-Don, 2005

Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D. Biology. Human. 8th grade. "Bustard". Moscow, 2006

Busev A.I., Efimov I.P. Definition, concepts, terms of chemistry. "Education". Moscow, 1981

Slaybo W., Persons T. General chemistry. Moscow, 1979.

Petrovsky B.V. Brief Medical Encyclopedia. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989.

Satbaldina S.T. Chemistry grade 8-9. "Education". Moscow, 2005.

Chemistry. I get to know the world. Children's encyclopedia. Compiled by L.A. Savina Moscow "Astrel" 2003

Cyril and Methodius Encyclopedia; CD disc

http://doktor.ru/qa/gormon/48661/48668/qa.html?id=63631

Appendix No. 1

Iodine content in various products (mg).

Product

mg

Product

mg

Apricots

Gooseberry

Oranges

Onion

Eggplant

Carrot

Baton

3,6

Cucumbers

Grape

Sweet pepper

Cherry

Peaches

Green peas

Tomatoes

Pears

Radish

Melons

Salad

Strawberries (garden)

Beet

White cabbage

Cream

9,3

Potato

Plums

Semolina

Sour cream

7,7

buckwheat

3,3

Black currant

rice

1,4

Soy

8,2

millet

4,5

Cheeses

pearl barley

Cottage cheese

Pasta

2,6

Pumpkin

Butter

Beans

12,1

Cow's milk

Hazelnut

0,2

Wheat flour

1,5

Rye bread

5,6

Cocoa powder

Garlic

Potato

Milk chocolate

5,5

Kefir

Apples

Seafood

Fish, fish oil, mussels, shrimps, seaweed.

Vegetables

Beets, lettuce, spinach, tomatoes, carrots, potatoes, cabbage, onions, beans, garlic.

Fruits, berries, nuts

Persimmons, apples, grapes, cherries, plums, apricots, feijoa, strawberries, walnuts and pine nuts.

Cereals

Buckwheat, millet.

Dairy products

Cheese, cottage cheese, milk.

Appendix # 2

Main sources of iodine

Iodine content in food (μg per 100g of raw product).

Cod liver oil

350-700

cabbage

9,5

hake

160,0

Wheat rolls

9,5

pollock

150,0

millet

9,4

navaga

140,0

butter

9,0

Salted herring

77,0

liver

8,7

cod

60,0

beet

6,8

Pink salmon, catfish, ice, chum salmon

50,0

carrot

6,7

beans

12,8

potato

5,8

meat

11,4

milk

5,8

Shelled peas

10,5

Buckwheat

3,5

eggs

10,2

Wheat flour

9,7

Appendix No. 3

The appearance of the thyroid gland.

1 - thyroid cartilage;

2 - thyroid gland;

3 - trachea.

Diseases of the thyroid gland and their manifestations.

A group of people with cretinism.

A patient with a severe form of Graves' disease (left). On the right is the same patient a year after the operation (according to N.A. Shereshevsky).

The face of a child with iododerma: fused pustules are visible, ulcerated in the central part and covered with crusts.

Myxedema (after N.A. Shershevsky).

Appendix No. 4

Results of student research.

Class

Quantity

pupils

Number of students with signs of iodine deficiency

total

171

49

Appendix No. 5

The dynamics of growth in the number of thyroid diseases in Oktyabrskoye

for the period from 2005 to 2007 (according to the district hospital)

Appendix No. 6

Results of the survey,

Appendix No. 7

Application form "What foods do you consume most often?"

Full name ____________ class ___

Age_____

What foods do you consume most often?

The most commonly consumed product

gets the maximum number of points - 14,

least popular -1

products

scores

Potato

Meat

Sugar

Eggs

Milk

Carrot

Butter

Cabbage

Buckwheat

Beet

Beans

Salted herring

Pollock

Cod liver

Appendix No. 8

Research of products grown on the territory of the village. Oktyabrskoe,

for the presence of iodine.

Appendix No. 9

Test for the determination of iodine deficiency.

Do you feel like you have a lump in your throat?

Have any of your relatives suffered from thyroid disease?

Has your weight dropped recently without objective reasons?

Has your weight increased recently without objective reasons?

Has your appetite increased?

Have you lost your appetite?

Do you notice that you began to sweat more often?

Are you freezing lately, regardless of the weather?

Are your hands hot lately?

Do your hands or feet get cold regardless of the weather?

Are you vaguely anxious?

Do you experience drowsiness, sluggishness, constant fatigue?

Do you get an unpleasant shiver?

Is your heart rate getting faster?

Is your skin dry?

Has the stool become abundant?

Do you suffer from constipation?

If you answered yes to at least six questions of the test, it means that there is a lack of iodine in your body.

Beside Xenia

This work touches on one of the problems posed to us by modern life. Iodine is one of the vital trace elements and often enters the body in insufficient quantities.

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Municipal educational institution

"Klyuchevskaya secondary school number 1"

with. Keys, Delegatskaya street 5

Study of the effect of iodine on the human body

(research)

Completed by: Neighboring Xenia,

11b grade student

Head: Irina Petrovna Wiederspan,

Chemistry teacher

with. Keys 2010

1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………… ..1
2. The biological role of iodine ……………………………………………… ... 3
3. The biological role of the thyroid gland and its hormones ……………… ..4
4. Iodine in the human body ……………………………………………… .6
5. The body's need for iodine ………………………………………… .9
6. Imbalance of iodine in the body ………………………………………… ... 10
7. The concept of iodine deficiency diseases ……………………………… .11
8. Causes of iodine deficiency ………………………………………… ..14
9. Iodine and food ………………………………………………………… ..16
10. Iodine content in food (table) …………………… ..19
11. Practical work: determination of iodine content in salt ... ... ... ..... 20
12. Conclusion …………………………………………………………… ... 22
13. List of resources ………………………………………………………… ..23
14. Appendix …………………………………………………………… .24

1. Introduction.

Everyone knows iodine. Having cut a finger, we reach for a bottle of iodine, more precisely, with its alcohol solution. But not everyone knows how important the iodine content in our body is. Iodine is a very strong antiseptic. However, iodine does more than lubricate abrasions and scratches. Although iodine is only 25 mg in the human body, it plays an important role.

Target: Investigate and identify iodine deficiency problems

Tasks: 1) Conduct a literature review on the topic;

2) Reveal the presence of food products fortified with iodine;

3) Determine the iodine content in some foods

Nutrition;

4) Analyze:

A) assortment of food products from outlets c. Keys,

B) a range of prophylactic agents sold

Pharmacy chain with. Keys.

5) Draw conclusions.

Research objects:Food.

Research subjects:salt (table salt, iodized salt, sea salt).

Research methods: descriptive, analysis method, chemical experiment

At the beginning of the work, hypothesis: food products cannot provide a person with a daily dose of iodine.

Analysis of the scientific literature showed that in the Russian Federation there are no territories where the population would not be exposed to the risk of developing iodine deficiency diseases (IDD). In all surveyed regions, from the central regions to Sakhalin, the population suffers from iodine deficiency in the diet.

2. The biological role of iodine.

Iodine belongs to a group of substances that are constantly contained in living organisms, are included in the metabolism, are part of biologically active compounds and are irreplaceable.

The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands - they are called so because they release their hormones (biologically active substances) directly into the blood. Hormones, released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands, act on the tissues and target organs of the body, which are often located at a considerable distance from the place of their formation, through receptors (special cellular receptor structures). One of the most important glands of the endocrine system is the thyroid gland. She cannot work without enough iodine in her body, as it is an integral component of her hormones.

3. The biological role of the thyroid gland and its hormones

The small thyroid gland plays an important role in the body: it actively captures iodine from the blood, creates its reserves, forms and secretes thyroid hormones. There is no organ or system in the body that does not need them. They play an important role in the life of a person of any age, especially during intrauterine life and early childhood.

Thyroid hormones perform the following functions:

1. They regulate the processes of development, maturation, specialization and renewal of almost all body tissues, and they have a more pronounced effect on cell division than on their restoration. In this regard, they are extremely important for the laying and development of the fetal brain, the formation of the child's intelligence, the growth and maturation of the bone skeleton, and the reproductive system.
2. Provide normal energy metabolism (increase the number of mitochondria - cellular structures responsible for the energy supply of all biochemical reactions, stimulate the formation of energy and heat, increase tissue oxygen demand), and energy, as you know, is needed not only for performing mechanical work, but also for full-fledged metabolism in the cells of the body.
3. Affect the formation of more than 100 different enzymes - biological regulators of cellular chemical reactions.
4. Stimulates the formation of protein (anabolic effect), which leads to accelerated growth.
5. Participate in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats (increase the breakdown) and vitamins (for example, in the formation of vitamin A in the liver), regulation of water-salt balance, affect the exchange of calcium and magnesium.
6. In many metabolic processes, the action of other hormones, such as insulin, adrenaline and glucocorticoids, is enhanced.
7. Provide a complex of adaptive responses under stress conditions.
8. Reduces blood cholesterol levels.
9. They have a positive effect on the immune system (they stimulate the body's defenses, thereby exhibiting antimicrobial and antiviral effects).
10. They have a stimulating effect on the central nervous system.

Thyroid hormones have a longer lasting effect than most other hormones, so consistent levels of T3 and T4 are vital to the body. This is one of the reasons why they are stored in the gland and are ready to be excreted into the blood at any time.

The main biological role of iodine in the body is participation in the formation of thyroid hormones. Iodine is necessary for a person, without it, many processes are disrupted that ensure the normal state of the body.

4. Iodine in the human body

Let us consider in more detail how, where and in what quantities iodine accumulates in our body, how it is redistributed and what the accumulation of this element depends on.

In total, the human body contains from 20 to 35 mg of iodine. Its distribution in the body is very uneven: the least iodine is concentrated in the blood and kidneys, and most of all in the thyroid gland.

If we talk about the absolute values ​​of the iodine content in the human body, then it should be noted that about half of all iodine is in the thyroid gland (about 10-15 mg). It is rightfully called the iodine storage organ. A significant amount of the element is also found in skin, hair, nails, ovaries, prostate gland, pituitary gland, bile and salivary glands. The concentration of iodine in muscles can be 1000 times lower than in the thyroid gland.

Iodine enters our body mainly through the digestive tract. Inorganic iodine compounds (iodide salts) are found in food and water that we consume. They are absorbed practically along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract, but most intensively in the small intestine. Also, iodine intake occurs through the lungs, which is especially important in coastal marine areas. So, for example, in the English Channel a person receives up to 70 mcg of iodine through the lungs, and in the Black and Azov Seas - more than 100 mcg. 4000 liters of air passing through the lungs of a person in 12 hours contains 0.044 mg of iodine, a fifth of which is exhaled back. Small amounts of iodine pass through the skin.

Iodine in the human body is predominantly in organic form. A cells of the thyroid gland selectively capture iodides from the blood flowing through the gland and form organic compounds of iodine - hormones T4, T3 and the colloidal protein thyroglobulin, which is a reserve form of thyroid hormones and usually contains about 90% of the total amount of iodine present in the thyroid gland ...

The amount and ratio of various forms of iodine in the thyroid gland depend on many factors - on the rate of iodine intake, the presence of a certain class of substances that cause the development of goiter (goiters), which can disrupt the mechanism of trapping iodine, from some pathological conditions, as well as from genetic factors.

As for iodine, which is found in the blood, it should be said that its content is almost constant. The blood plasma contains 35% of the total amount of iodine in the blood, the remaining 65% are formed by blood cells. If you introduce a significant amount of inorganic iodine salts into the body with food, then its level in the blood will increase 1000 times, but after 24 hours it will return to normal. In the blood, iodine is present in organic and inorganic forms. During the day, 100-300 μg of hormonal iodide enters the bloodstream from the thyroid gland. The content of iodine in the blood with its normal intake into the body is about 10-15 μg / l, while the total extracellular iodine reserve is about 250 μg. Most of this reserve is iodine absorbed in the intestines.

The main excretion of iodine from the body occurs through the kidneys with urine (up to 90%). A small amount of it is excreted in the feces and very small amounts can be excreted in sweat, with milk in women (when breastfeeding), with saliva, with bile and through the respiratory tract.

Iodides continuously leave the body, and their replenishment also occurs continuously both from external sources (food, water, inhaled air) and internal (thyroid and salivary glands, gastric juice). These ongoing processes in the body maintain normal iodine levels.

The exchange of iodine in the thyroid gland and its relationship with thyroid hormones are one of the important moments of the body's work. The human thyroid gland must capture about 60 mcg of iodine per day to ensure an adequate supply of thyroid hormones to the body. The efficiency of the gland is provided by a dense network of blood vessels and the perfection of the mechanism for trapping iodine, the so-called iodine pump, which is an active transport mechanism.

5. The body's need for iodine

Iodine belongs to micronutrients (micronutrients): the daily requirement for it is only 100-200 mcg (1 mcg - 1 millionth part of a gram), and over a lifetime, a person consumes 3-5 g of iodine, which is equivalent to the contents of one teaspoon.

There is no unanimity among researchers about the amount of iodine we need. Some experts believe that a person's daily iodine requirement is about 50-60 mcg. Other experts refute this data, calling the figure 200 mcg.

There is evidence that the body's need for iodine is determined by body weight and is 2-4 μg per 1 kg of weight, which, for example, for an adult man can be 150-300 μg of iodine per day. A pathological condition of the thyroid gland requires a larger amount of consumed iodine, it can increase up to 400-500 mcg.

The daily iodine requirement depends on age and physiological condition (puberty, pregnancy and breastfeeding require an increase in the amount of iodine consumed). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the following daily doses of iodine (these standards were proposed in 1996):

1. 50 mcg for infants (first 12 months);
2. 90 mcg for young children (2 to 6 years old);
3. 120 mcg for school-age children (7 to 12 years old);
4. 150 mcg for adolescents (12 years and older) and adults;
5. 100 mcg for the elderly;
6. 200 mcg for pregnant and lactating women.

Despite this relatively recently approved and officially disseminated information, the staff of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) managed to develop a new version of the micronutrient supply standards only five years later. The studies carried out make it possible to come to the realization of the need for a significant increase in the daily intake of iodine, primarily at the prenatal stage of child development and at the age of up to 2 years (the brain and cognitive functions develop most intensively in the first two years). For this period of life, it is recommended to revise nutritional standards in the direction of doubling the daily dose of this microelement.

Throughout life, we "eat" at most one teaspoon of iodine, we need it in very small quantities, but our body needs it. The daily intake of iodine depends on gender and age, on the physiological state and ecological living conditions.

6. Imbalance of iodine in the body

Each of us realizes that we are all happy, healthy and contented only when everything and everyone is in harmony, both within us and outside. This should be strived for, it should be taken as the standard of life. Most often, we have an imbalance (balance): the balance of energy, the balance of macro- and microelements in our body, the balance of good and evil in the whole world. So, first of all, a violation of material balance, that is, the balance of various substances necessary and important for our body, is the main cause of all our ailments, ailments and serious diseases. This also applies to iodine. Both the lack and excess of this element lead to the appearance of various pathologies, and often irreversible changes in our body.

7. The concept of iodine deficiency diseases

Deficiency of iodine in the diet leads to a violation of the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the development of a number of conditions, united by the general term - iodine deficiency diseases. This term was introduced in 1983 on the recommendation of the WHO.

Iodine deficiency diseases are all pathological conditions that develop as a result of iodine deficiency and which can be prevented with normal iodine intake.

Iodine deficiency diseases combine not only the pathology of the thyroid gland, which has developed as a result of iodine deficiency, but also pathological conditions caused by the deficiency of thyroid hormones.

The body's need for iodine, on average, is 100-200 mcg per day, and over a lifetime, a person consumes only 3-5 g of iodine, which is equivalent

the contents of one teaspoon.

Despite such a small intake, the lack of iodine in the body

can lead to the development of serious diseases. The most common manifestation of iodine deficiency is endemic goiter. If the intake of iodine in the thyroid gland is insufficient to produce the required amount of thyroid hormones, then it increases in volume, thus striving, by increasing the number and size of thyrocytes, to increase the uptake of iodine and compensate for its lack.

However, over time, the compensatory capabilities of the thyroid gland dry up, and a deficiency in the production of hormones is formed - hypothyroidism.

The consequences of iodine deficiency depend on the age at which the body was deficient. The most severe consequences of iodine deficiency occur in the early stages of the body's development, starting from the prenatal period and ending with the age of puberty. During pregnancy, the mother's body is the only source of iodine for the fetus. Iodine easily crosses the placenta and is used for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

In conditions of even mild iodine deficiency, iodine losses increase significantly due to a number of physiological processes inherent in pregnancy. Iodine deficiency leads to insufficient production of thyroid hormones in the fetus.

Lack of thyroid hormones leads to irreversible dysfunctions of the brain in the fetus and newborn, leading to mental retardation and cretinism. The most critical period is between the second trimester of pregnancy and the third year after birth. Not only the brain of the child suffers from a deficiency of thyroid hormones, but also, according to the results of numerous studies, his hearing, visual memory and speech. In addition to extreme degrees, there are borderline mental disorders, the prevalence of which is difficult to assess. Against the background of even a moderate iodine deficiency, the mental abilities of the entire population decrease by an average of 10-15%, which poses a serious threat to the intellectual potential of the entire nation. According to WHO experts, iodine deficiency is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation.

Deficiency of thyroid hormones affects the fertility and vitality of the offspring. In women, reproductive function is impaired, the risk of miscarriage and intrauterine fetal pathology increases.

Deficiency of thyroid hormones leads to a delay in physical and sexual development. In conditions of iodine deficiency, the risk of developing any chronic disease increases by 24 - 45%.

In areas affected by radioactive contamination, iodine deficiency contributes to the accumulation of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland, which leads to an increased incidence of cancer of this organ.

Today, iodine deficiency diseases are among the most common non-infectious diseases in humans. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 2 billion of the world's inhabitants live in conditions of iodine deficiency. According to the Endocrinological Center (ESC RAMS), insufficient iodine intake poses a serious threat to the health of 100 million Russians and requires effective prevention measures.

8. Causes of iodine deficiency

Natural factors

The main natural sources of iodine are soil and soil water and, therefore, everything that grows on the earth, as well as seafood (algae, fish, marine animals).

Where the soil is poor in this trace element (taiga-forest non-chernozem, dry steppe, desert, mountainous zones), a significant part of the population suffers from iodine deficiency diseases.

Iodine is found in deep soil layers and is found in the contents of oil wells. In general, the older the soil surface and the more it has been exposed in the past to various destructive influences (for example, erosion), the less iodine it contains. The most iodine-depleted soils are in mountainous areas, which were exposed to frequent rainfall with water runoff into rivers. Glaciers also play an important role in the loss of iodine from the soil in these regions. Iodine deficiency is often observed in the valleys of large rivers.

In the coastal regions, the amount of iodine in 1 m 3 air can reach 50 μg, in areas remote from the ocean or fenced off from sea winds by mountains - 1-3 or even 0.2 μg. So, at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level, the air loses 62.5% of iodine, and 50% is lost already at an altitude of 707 m.

The movement of the atmosphere and some other conditions slightly change these data.

The return of iodine to the soil with rainwater occurs very slowly and in a relatively small amount compared to the previous loss. The iodine content in the soil varies considerably (on average, about 3x 10-4%) and is associated with the level of its freezing during the last ice age: when the glaciers melted, iodine from the soil was salted out to the levels below the fertile layer. Repeated washings entailed the formation of iodine deficiency in the soil. As a result, all plants growing on such soil have insufficient iodine content, and people and animals, which are completely dependent on food grown on this soil, develop iodine deficiency diseases. The iodine content in plants grown on iodine-depleted soils often does not exceed 10 μg / kg dry weight, compared to 1000 μg / kg in plants grown on soils without iodine deficiency. This leads to severe iodine deficiency in a significant part of the world's population living on subsistence or semi-subsistence farming. And this applies not only to African countries. Many residents of Russia also provide their living wage by harvesting crops from their backyard or summer cottages, where the soil can be fertile, but contain little iodine. This is one of the main reasons for the development of iodine deficiency.

The average content of iodine in plants is approximately 2 x 10-5% and depends not only on the content of its compounds in soils, but also on the type of plants. Some organisms (so-called iodine stores), such as algae (blister algae - Fucus vesiculosus, brown algae, kelp (seaweed), phyllophora), accumulate iodine up to 1% of the total weight, and some sea sponges (Spongia maritima) - up to 8.5-10% (in the skeletal substance spongin).

Anthropogenic factors

Iodine deficiency is also caused by some actions of human hands, including the destruction of the soil due to intensive agricultural work (destruction of vegetation when clearing the territory for planting, grazing livestock), cutting down trees.

Water, air and soil play an important role in the development of iodine deficiency diseases, but still the bulk of the trace element enters the body with food.

9. Iodine and food.

The best natural source of iodine is seafood, both plant and animal origin.

Nowadays, every informed person knows how much food, living environment affects his health, and tries to prevent the adverse effects of the external environment on his body.

No matter how much a person consumes food of plant and animal origin, it still lacks certain vitamins and microelements necessary for our body (including iodine). The use of modern food processing technologies, a large number of refined and low-quality products leads to the fact that the natural content of this most important trace element in them is significantly reduced. The situation is aggravated by the presence of the initial iodine deficiency in Russian nature.

So, the content of iodine in the body directly depends on how rich they are in the foods consumed in food: with them, a person can get about half of the daily dose of this element.

Seafood

1. Seaweed. One of the richest in iodine seafood is kelp, better known as seaweed. Kelp is a large brown algae that lives in the seas of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Since ancient times, the peoples living on their shores have used it as an excellent food product and as an effective means for the prevention and treatment of many diseases.

In kelp, depending on the type and time of collection, contains 50-70,000 mcg of iodine (an average of 0.3% of the total mass). Iodine is found in compounds with organic substances.

Seaweed gently, without explosions and stresses, returns our body to its former stamina and vigor, lost in conditions of iodine deficiency. However, in order to gain a daily dose of iodine, it is necessary to eat 100-200 g of kelp per day, which is more realistic for residents of Japan or Korea, but, unfortunately, difficult for most residents of Russia.

2. Fish: herring, flounder, cod, halibut, sea bass, tuna, salmon.

Sea fish contains about 70 mcg of iodine, and cod liver - up to 800 mcg. Eating only 180 g of cod will cover the body's daily need for iodine. There is a lot of this trace element in fish oil. The amount of iodine in fish oil can be as high as 770 mg. Children whose parents introduced it into the diet were protected not only from rickets, but also from iodine deficiency.

3. Scallops, crabs, shrimps, squids, mussels, oysters.

Note. Many people believe that additional iodine intake is not needed if the food contains a sufficient amount of fish, seafood, etc. This is not the case. If you do not live in coastal areas and seafood is not the main and constant component of your menu, then you are not insured against insufficient intake of iodine in the body.

Iodized products

Now iodized foods can be found in the store: salt, baked goods, dairy products, etc. In addition, bouillon cubes containing iodized salt have recently appeared. One bowl of soup, made from this cube, replenishes the daily intake of iodine.

A significant (compared to the rest of the majority) amount of iodine contains the following products:

1. Freshwater fish (the amount of iodine usually does not exceed 5-8 mg per 100 g fresh weight).
2. Cereals, milk, eggs, butter, beef.
3. Vegetables grown in iodine-rich soils, including: eggplant, onions and green onions, garlic, lettuce, sorrel, asparagus, spinach, radishes, beets, potatoes, carrots, and tomatoes.

4. Certain fruits and berries, including oranges, melons, grapes, strawberries, apples.

Still, the most reliable source of iodine is seafood and iodized salt.

It is possible to compensate for the daily need for iodine only through the additional inclusion in the diet of certain foods that are not specially enriched with iodine, but it is very difficult for several reasons:

1. you need to greatly modify your usual diet;
2. large financial costs;
3. the diet will not allow achieving the necessary strictly dosed intake of iodine, since its content in individual and differently prepared foods can vary significantly.

Regular use of iodine-containing products in food, saturation of your diet with them will significantly solve the issue of providing the body with a sufficient amount of iodine.

(per 100 g of edible part)

Product	Iodine (mcg)
Cereals: buckwheat unground wheat oatmeal Peas Beans Soy Bread: rye Orlovsky wheat flour of 2 grades Milk Cream Beef Beef liver Pork Chickens Ducks Chicken egg Perch Cod Hake Shrimps Potato Carrot Salad Beet Plum Grape Cherry Peach Apple Orange Walnuts Honey Tomato	3,3 4,5 4,1 5,1 12,1 8,2 5,6 3 5,6 16 9,3 7,2 6.3 6,8 5,6 4 20 145 130 33 110 5 5 8 7 4 8 2 2 2 2 3,1 2

11. Practical work.

Determination of iodine content in sea, table and iodized salt by titration.

A weighed portion of the test sample weighing 10 g was placed in a conical flask with a capacity of 250 ml 3 and dissolved in 100 g of distilled water. To the resulting solution was added with a graduated pipette 1 cm 3 sulfuric acid solution (1 mol / dm 3 ), pipette 5 cm 3 a solution of potassium iodide with a mass fraction of 10% was added, mixed, the flask was closed with a stopper and placed in a dark place for 10 min. After the specified time elapsed, the flask was removed and the contents of the flask were titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution (c (Na 2 S 2 O 3 5 H 2 O) = 0.005 mol / dm 3 ) until the color changes from yellow to pale yellow.

Experimental results (Fig. 1, 2, 3).

According to the results of this chemical analysis, iodized salt contains more iodine.

12. Conclusion.

The conducted research allows us to draw the following conclusions:

1. Almost the entire population of Russia suffers from iodine deficiency. The main measures for the prevention of IDD have become the consumption of iodized products, and the use of seafood in food.
2. In many outlets with. Keys available iodized salt.
3. The range of prophylactic agents sold by the pharmacy chain with. The keys are wide enough and satisfies the needs of the population.
4. Iodized bakery products in shops with. Keys are very rare, which does not allow the use of these products for preventive purposes.
5. Saltwater fish contains a certain amount of iodine, which makes it possible to use it as a prophylactic agent.

Based on these findings, recommendations can be made for consumers: use only iodized salt, which must be stored in tightly closed containers; it is advisable to use iodized foods as well as seafood in food. It must be remembered that these measures do not properly solve the problem of iodine deficiency, therefore, prophylactic drugs must be used after appropriate consultation with an endocrinologist.

13. List of resources.

1. Site of the clinic "Your Health"

Tasks: 1) Conduct a literature review on this topic; 2) Reveal the presence of food products fortified with iodine; 3) Determine the content of iodine in some food products; 4) Analyze: assortment of food outlets c. Keys containing iodine. assortment of prophylactic agents sold by the pharmacy chain with. Keys. 5) Draw conclusions.

The biological role of iodine: participates in the formation of thyroid hormones; affects the water-salt metabolism of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates; necessary to improve immunity

The biological role of the thyroid gland The small thyroid gland plays an important role in the body: it actively captures iodine from the blood, creates its reserves, forms and secretes thyroid hormones. There is no organ or system in the body that does not need them. They play an important role in the life of a person of any age, especially during intrauterine life and early childhood.

The body's need for iodine: 50 mcg for infants (first 12 months); 90 mcg for young children (2 to 6 years old); 120 mcg for school-age children (7 to 12 years old); 150 mcg for adolescents (12 years and older) and adults; 100 mcg for the elderly; 200 mcg for pregnant and lactating women.

Iodine deficiency:

Iodine deficiency diseases diffuse euthyroid goiter; nodular (multinodular) euthyroid goiter; nodular (multinodular) toxic goiter; functional autonomy of the thyroid gland; primary hypothyroidism (in areas with severe iodine deficiency).

Iodine and food Seafood: Seaweed; Fish (herring, flounder, cod, halibut, sea bass, tuna, salmon); Scallops, crabs, shrimps, squids, mussels, oysters; Iodized products: Salt; Milk, butter, meat, eggs; Some fruits (oranges, melons, strawberries, grapes, apples); Champignon.

Practical work. Determination of iodine content in sea, table and iodized salt by titration. Salt Staining Volume of sodium thiosulfate used for titration, ml. Iodized Bright yellow 30 Marine pale yellow 20 Cooking Barely noticeable yellow 5

Experiment Results Iodized Salt

Experiment Results Sea Salt

Experiment Results Cooking Salt

Conclusion Almost the entire population of Russia suffers from iodine deficiency. The main measures for the prevention of IDD have become the consumption of iodized products, and the use of seafood in food. In many outlets with. Keys available iodized salt. The range of prophylactic agents sold by the pharmacy chain with. The keys are wide enough and satisfies the needs of the population. Iodized bakery products in shops with. Keys are very rare, which does not allow the use of these products for preventive purposes. Saltwater fish contains a certain amount of iodine, which makes it possible to use it as a prophylactic agent.

Interesting Facts. The content of iodine in human blood depends on the season: from September to January, the concentration of iodine in the blood decreases, from February a new rise begins, and in May – June the iodine mirror reaches its highest level. These fluctuations have a small amplitude, and still remain a mystery; The first iodine plant in Russia was built in 1915 in Yekaterinoslavl (now Dnepropetrovsk); received iodine from the ashes of the Black Sea algae phyllophora; during the years of the First World War, 200 kg of iodine were produced at this plant; If a thundercloud is "sown" with silver iodide or lead iodide, then instead of hail, snow crumbs are formed in the cloud: the cloud sown with such salts sheds rain and does not harm the fields.

What is iodine alcohol solution for? We will talk about this in the presented article. You will also learn about how this medication works, what properties it has, what it contains and whether it has any side reactions.

Form, description, composition and packaging

An alcohol solution of iodine, the instruction of which is enclosed in a cardboard box, is a dark brown liquid. Such a drug goes on sale in ampoules of 1 ml, as well as in dark glass vials.

An alcoholic iodine solution of 5% contains potassium iodide in an amount of 20 g, iodine - 50 g, as well as distilled water and ethyl 96% alcohol in a ratio of 1: 1 (up to a volume of 1000 ml).

pharmachologic effect

How does iodine alcohol solution work? Elemental iodine is capable of exerting a pronounced antimicrobial effect. For such a drug (in small quantities), a local irritating effect is characteristic, as well as cauterizing properties (in higher concentrations).

The local action of iodine is due to its ability to precipitate protein tissues. Means that split off this elemental substance contribute to a less pronounced irritant effect. As far as they are concerned, they have a local irritating effect only at high concentrations.

Features of the drug

The principle of potassium iodide and elemental iodine is the same. But the most pronounced effects such drugs have on the thyroid gland. With a shortage of this element in the human body, iodides restore the disturbed synthesis of hormones (thyroid). If the content of this substance is normal, then they reduce the synthesis of thyroid hormones, and also reduce the sensitivity of the thyroid gland to the TSH of the pituitary gland and block its secretion by the pituitary gland.

An alcoholic solution of iodine can have a direct effect on metabolism, which is manifested by enhanced dissimilation processes. With a disease such as atherosclerosis, this drug causes a slight decrease in the concentration of beta-lipoproteins, as well as cholesterol in the blood. In addition, it increases the lipoproteinase and fibrinolytic activity of blood serum and slows down the rate of its coagulation.

After the accumulation of iodine in it, it contributes to their softening and complete resorption. It should also be said that a large amount of this element in tuberculous foci contributes to the intensification of inflammatory processes in them.

Excretion by excretory glands is directly related to irritation of glandular tissues and increased secretion. Such properties of the drug explain its expectorant effect, as well as the stimulation of lactation (in small doses). Although in large doses, this drug can, on the contrary, contribute to the suppression of lactation.

Pharmacokinetics

How does alcohol iodine solution affect the human body? The use of this agent (applied to the skin or mucous membranes) can cause burns (with large amounts of the drug and prolonged exposure).

After applying the drug to the mucous membranes or skin, about 30% of the drug is converted into iodides, as well as into active iodine.

An alcoholic solution of iodine is absorbed only partially. The absorbed part of the drug penetrates into organs and tissues, and then is selectively absorbed by the thyroid gland. It is excreted through the kidneys, sweat, mammary glands, and also through the intestines.

Indications for the use of iodine preparations

For what purpose can iodine alcohol solution be used? The use of this agent is indicated for the external treatment of infectious and inflammatory skin lesions (for example, with injuries, wounds), as well as with myalgia.

As for the local use of the mentioned drug, it is prescribed for wounds, atrophic rhinitis, chronic tonsillitis, purulent otitis media, infected burns, trophic and varicose ulcers, fresh chemical and thermal burns of the 1st and 2nd degree.

Can iodine alcohol solution be taken orally? The instruction says that such a use of the drug is possible, but only for the treatment of atherosclerosis and tertiary syphilis.

Contraindications for use

Which patients should not be prescribed an alcohol solution of iodine (2%, 5%, 1%)? According to expert reviews, this medication should not be used with a person's hypersensitivity to iodine.

As for oral administration of the drug, it is not prescribed for pulmonary tuberculosis, nephrosis, nephritis, adenoma (including the thyroid gland), acne, furunculosis, chronic pyoderma, urticaria and hemorrhagic diathesis.

Also, an alcohol solution of iodine (1%, 5%, 2%) should not be used by pregnant women and children under five years of age.

Instructions for use

How should I use a solution of iodine alcohol 5%? When applied externally, a cotton swab or tampon is impregnated with it, and then the damaged skin areas are briefly treated. If it is necessary to cauterize the existing wound, then iodine treatment must be carried out for more than 5-10 seconds (hold the cotton swab until the skin is slightly tingled).

The dosage for oral administration of this medication should be determined only by a doctor. The amount and frequency of taking the drug are selected individually and depend on the indications, as well as the age of the patient.

It should not be forgotten that quite often an alcoholic solution of iodine is used locally. Lacunae and supratonsillar space are washed with it. For this, 4-5 procedures are carried out with intervals of 2-3 days.

In order to irrigate the nasopharynx, the medication is used 2-3 times a week for 2-3 months. For instillation of the drug in the ear, as well as for rinsing it, iodine is used for 3-4 weeks.

It should be said that this medication is very popular in surgical practice. It is also used for burns. Gauze napkins are soaked in the solution, and then (as necessary) they are applied to the affected surface.

Side effects

Like any medication, iodine solution can also cause side effects. Their type and severity depend on the purpose for which the drug was used.

When applied topically, skin irritation may occur in patients. With prolonged treatment of the skin on large surfaces, iodism often develops (its symptoms are salivation, rhinitis, acne, urticaria, lacrimation and Quincke's edema).

When taking the medication inside, nervousness, skin allergic reactions, diarrhea (in persons over 40), tachycardia, excessive sweating and sleep disturbances may occur.

Compatibility with other products

Pharmaceutically, iodine solution is incompatible with ammonia solutions, essential oils and white sedimentary mercury (in the latter case, an explosive mixture is formed).

It should also be noted that an acidic or alkaline environment, pus in the blood and the presence of fat significantly weaken the antiseptic activity of iodine.

This medication is able to reduce the strumogenic and hypothyroidal effects of lithium preparations.

Price and reviews of the drug

Now you know what an alcoholic solution of iodine is. A doctor's prescription is not required when purchasing it. You can buy this medication for 50-60 rubles.

As for the reviews, there are a great many of them about the iodine preparation. An alcohol solution of this element is found in almost every home medicine cabinet. Most often, people use it for wounds and burns, as well as for a warming effect. In addition, this medication is often used for local treatment of a sore throat. For this purpose, a solution of iodine in the amount of a few drops is diluted with a glass of water, and then the lacunae are rinsed with it.

With regard to ingestion, this practice is very rare. Experts do not recommend taking iodine orally without consulting a doctor.

Most of us are unaware of the link between diet and chronic fatigue or insomnia. In fact, the body signals a deficiency of any vitamin or trace element with negative symptoms. Iodine is one of such important elements for the body.

Iodine is a trace element found in trace amounts in all tissues of the human body. This is the basis of all nutrition, since the cells need iodine to regulate their metabolism. When the body lacks iodine, people suffer from swollen glands in the throat, thyroid disease, increased fluoride toxicity, reduced birth rates, increased infant mortality, problems with blood sugar regulation, and mental retardation (with severe iodine deficiency).

Iodine deficiency in their mothers is very dangerous for newborns. Iodine is the only substance that neutralizes fluoride stored inside the body. This trace element can even protect against some radiation damage.

An enlarged thyroid gland - a goiter - not only looks unsightly (swelling in the neck). Iodine deficiency slows down all processes in the body: the digestive system becomes sluggish, nails grow slowly, skin and hair become dry and dull, tendon reflexes deteriorate, sensitivity to cold increases, and the pulse slows down. Iodine deficiency can lead to dullness of the personality, impairment of memory and attention, increased irritability due to fatigue and early apathy.

Iodine deficiency as a cause of the hypothyroidism epidemic

Lack of iodine in food, consumption of soy, exposure to fluoride are the main causes of the epidemic of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism commonly affects women, causing fatigue, weight gain, and even increasing the risk of cancer. Therefore, the external use of iodine at home is so popular. No toxicity is known when iodine is absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream.

What foods contain organic iodine?

Organic iodine is found in eggs, sea salt, cottage cheese, asparagus, garlic, beans, spinach, beef, and many other foods. Along with other useful minerals, iodine is found in large quantities in organic products.

A quick test at home for iodine in the body

Most people are deficient in iodine in the body. There is a simple home test that can be used to determine if there is a lack of iodine in the body. Here's a simple procedure:
1) Apply a standard 2% iodine solution to the abdomen area (draw a circle with a diameter of 5 cm), let it dry completely.
2) Check if the iodine stain disappears after 12 hours.

If iodine disappears within 12 hours, then the person has a deficiency of this trace element. This test works because the skin absorbs iodine at a rate that depends on the body's iodine content. The results of this quick test reflect the body's iodine content. Whenever a person is ill, iodine is absorbed transdermally (through the skin) especially quickly.

About additional use of iodine for Hashimoto's thyroiditis

There is a lot of conflicting information on the Internet regarding the use of iodine for individuals with Hashimoto's Hashimthyroiditis. Iodine is especially important in cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but overdose can destroy the patient's thyroid gland.

However, small amounts of iodine can actually help with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Problems usually occur in those patients who use potassium iodide supplements at home, as well as in those with low iodine levels in the body. The risk is significantly reduced with transdermal iodine use at home. Remember that application by application to the skin allows the body to better self-regulate the absorption of iodine.

If you are prescribed to administer iodine orally, it is best to simply purchase brown or red algae supplements from the pharmacy. It is the safest natural source of any iodine supplement. Sea fish is also an excellent source of iodine. Potassium iodide is not for everyone. Some people should be wary of iodine overdose. Therefore, potassium iodide should never be used by persons with Hashimoto's disease.

On the internal use of Lugol's solution at home

Lugol's solution is a special formula of iodine sold for topical use. And only charlatans can argue that the internal use of Lugol's solution is possible at home. Typically, these "healers" offer Lugol's solution as the gold standard for iodine to drink. His recipe: 5 g of chemically extractable iodine, 10 g of potassium iodide per 100 ml of distilled water. There are people who recommend drinking as much as 3 tsp. Lugol's solution a day! Allegedly, the internal use of this remedy allows you to cure and prevent countless diseases at home. In some cases, they even recommend giving Lugol's solution to young children.

Elemental iodine is very useful as a topical antiseptic. Applying iodine topically at home can also eliminate many of the health problems associated with iodine deficiency. However, elemental iodine can quickly become toxic when taken orally because overdose occurs. It is always safe to use organic iodine (found in red algae and fish). The effects of an overdose of elemental iodine can mimic central nervous system problems caused by known poisons. For example, a metallic taste in the mouth caused by arsenic poisoning. Remember: iodine is always toxic when taken orally in any quantity!

Symptoms of iodine toxicity: abdominal pain, cough, delirium, diarrhea, fever, metallic taste in the mouth, sore throat, difficulty urinating, seizures, shock, shortness of breath, stupor, excessive thirst, profuse vomiting and even ... death. The National Institutes of Health believes that Lugol's solution can be toxic (even its vapors are dangerous when heated!). In official medicine, there is a special term for the toxicity of oral administration of excessive doses of iodine - "iodism".

Some people specifically use iodine internally at home (and even give it to their children), believing that this trace element is safe, because iodine is added to salt and bread. This is actually not the case: some foods do add trace amounts of potassium iodide (but not iodine!). Potassium iodide somewhat helps to compensate for iodine deficiency. Although a safer form of iodide can be found in Lugol's solution, it is still dangerous in overdose (which can very easily happen at home!). Therefore, it is very dangerous and irresponsible to recommend this remedy for internal use at home.

It should be noted that iodine is much safe in combination with carbohydrates (bread, starch), which are able to neutralize it. Thus, even if iodine additives are present in bread, carbohydrates will neutralize it. Excessive carbohydrate intake in our diets is one of the many reasons why we are iodine deficient.

Safe use of iodine at home

Safe iodine supplements are red algae, which can be purchased in capsule form. Other marine plants contain toxins (like heavy metals). Baked fish is an ideal source of iodine. Pure potassium iodide can be used at home for those people for whom an overdose of this trace element is not dangerous (but you need to beware of unclean foods that contain sodium benzoate or even iodine additives). Patients with Hashimoto's disease should not take potassium iodine or other iodine supplements.

In most cases, potassium iodide, which is added to table salt, is not sufficient to compensate for iodine deficiency. Commonly used table salt at home is not sufficient to maintain optimal health. Naturally occurring iodine is present in pure sea salt thanks to natural minerals. But even healthy sea salt may not be effective enough for people with significant iodine deficiencies (which are caused by fluoride toxicity and other factors). The safest way to increase your iodine content in your body is to eat healthy seafood.

How to neutralize iodine poisoning?

To help with iodine poisoning, give the person milk, cornstarch, or flour; keep giving milk every 15 minutes. Starch (bread, flour, rice, potatoes and other carbohydrates) significantly neutralizes iodine. Activated charcoal is also beneficial for iodine poisoning. Do not give these substances if the patient has symptoms that make it difficult to swallow (such as vomiting, seizures, or decreased activity levels). Call an ambulance urgently.

Povidone iodine is also harmful

Avoid using povidone iodine at home. Povidone iodine is a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone and elemental iodine. The connection is similar to PVC plastic. The classic formula (water or alcohol, potassium iodide and iodine) is highly effective and also has fewer side effects. Pure iodine itself is a disinfectant. With the internal use of povidone, a number of side effects can occur.

Transdermal administration of iodine is equivalent to pumping it into the bloodstream. Cases of anaphylactic shock have been reported due to an allergy to the povidone in this iodine. It is considered hazardous because it causes breathing difficulties and irritates the eyes. For this reason, firefighters wear self-contained breathing apparatus when entering buildings containing the substance. There is also evidence that there is a link between PVC and cancer.

Therefore, never use iodine orally at home. This product is intended for external use. Lugol's solution and povidone iodine are also dangerous. Remember that the best sources of iodine to fight hypothyroidism are fish and red algae.