In which works there are phraseological units. Phraseologisms from works of art. Interstyle phraseological turns

Use of phraseological units in children's literature Author of the work: Nazarov Vsevolod Vladimirovich 4B grade, schools 26 Co-authors of the work: Bogdanova Ekaterina Pavlovna, Novikova Yulia Aleksandrovna, Grebennikova Alina Olegovna 4B grade, schools 26 Supervisor: Terentyeva Marina Vyacheslavovna primary school teacher 26

The term "winged words" denote short quotations, figurative expressions, sayings of historical figures, the names of mythological and literary characters that have become common nouns that have entered our speech from literary sources. Often this term is interpreted in a broader sense: it denotes folk sayings, sayings, all kinds of figurative expressions that have arisen not only from literary sources, but also in everyday life.

Phraseology is a special section of linguistic science, reflecting the richness of the expressive means of language. Historical events were reflected in Russian phraseological units, the people's attitude towards these events was expressed. The expression "here's to you, grandmother, and St. George's Day" arose in Russia after the enslavement of the peasants. The phraseological units of the Russian language reflected the attitude to human merits and demerits: "golden hands", "beats thumbs up."

The first feature of phraseological units is the accuracy with which a phraseological unit can characterize a phenomenon. Another feature of phraseology is imagery. The study of speech phraseology introduces us to the laboratory of the people - the language creator, and it is no coincidence that writers study it with such attention, who see excellent examples in Russian phraseology: the figurative expression of the phenomena of reality.

It is necessary to distinguish phraseological units from free combinations. In free phrases, you can replace one word with another: "a typographer is a good worker." In a phraseological combination, a phrase cannot be arbitrarily replaced, i.e. they have a constancy of lexical composition.

All phraseological units of the Russian language can be divided by origin into 2 groups: phraseological units of Russian origin and borrowed ones. Borrowed phraseological units are divided into borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic and borrowed from Western European languages. Old Slavic phraseological units: "a parable in the tongues", "throwing pearls in front of pigs." Phraseologisms borrowed from the Western European language: "blue stocking" (English), "" Pandora's box "", "" Augean stables "(ancient Greek)

Phraseological unity is a phrase in which "" the meaning of the whole is associated with the understanding of the inner figurative core of the phrase, the potential meaning of words "". For example, “hold a stone in your bosom”, “wash dirty linen in public”, “shot sparrow”.

Phraseological combinations - "when the integral meaning follows from the meaning of individual words" For example, you can say "fear takes", "longing takes" ", but you cannot say:" joy takes "," "pleasure takes" "and so like that.

Phraseological expressions - "" are stable in their composition phraseological turns, which consist entirely of words with free meanings "". For example, "labor success" "," "horseradish radish is not sweeter", "" higher educational institution "", and the like.

The phraseological composition is very rich "" Words about Igor's regiment. "For example, many specific expressions refer to wars and campaigns:" "Break a copy" "ie, join the battle;" "", "" seek to honor themselves, and to the prince of glory "", "to stand the paths." , I want to put my head on, but don’t drink helmets to Don "".

In the works of M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin, many phraseological units of church-book origin are used: "Babylonian pandemonium", "stumbling block", "" the sea of life.

Krylov's own fables, easily remembered, themselves became proverbs, entered the golden fund of folk speech. There are a lot of such proverbs and sayings from his fables in the Russian language: And the casket just opened (Casket), You are to blame for the fact that I want to eat (Wolf and Lamb), Ay, Moska! To know she is strong that barks at the Elephant (Elephant and Pug), And Vaska listens and eats (Cat and Cook).

The originality and originality of the language of the Tyumen writer P.P. Ershov is also manifested in the use of phraseological units with which the fairy tale The Little Humpbacked Horse is literally strewn, for example, “he didn’t hit the dirt with his face,” “he took me to my heart,” “doesn’t lead with his mustache,” “talk empty ”,“ flew like an arrow ”,“ the trail was cold ”,“ it was like rolling cheese in butter ”,“ slack-salt drives ”,“ lies like a dead man ”.

In the story of NN Nosov "Mishkina porridge" the phraseological unit "lick your fingers" is used so that the reader can feel the comic nature of the situation in which the boys are grief - cooks. And in the work "Blot" the phraseological phrase "sitting on pins and needles" reflects the student's state as well as possible.

The study and analysis of the works of S.V. Mikhalkov on the problem of research showed that the author uses phraseological combinations "with grief in half" in his works, phraseological expressions "conscience is clear", "by leaps and bounds", "beats like clock "for the emotional expression of the behavior of the heroes of the poems, for the subtle and fragile designation of their state of mind.

Phraseologisms exist in the language in close connection with the vocabulary, their study helps to better understand their structure, education for use in speech. Acquaintance with Russian phraseology allows us to better understand the history and character of our people. Historical events were reflected in Russian phraseological units, the people's attitude towards them was expressed.

Stable combinations have existed in the history of the language for a long time. Already in the eighteenth century, examples of phraseological units with an explanation could be found in collections of idioms, catchphrases, aphorisms, proverbs, although the lexical composition of the language had not yet been studied so closely. It was only with the advent of V.V. Vinogradov in science that the basis for the comprehensive study of stable phrases appeared. It was he who laid the foundation for the development of phraseology and called it a linguistic discipline.

The well-known linguist N.M. Shansk phraseological turnover presented as a fixed unit of language, reproduced in finished form and having two or more stressed components of a word character. In addition to lexical indivisibility, phraseological units also have a lexical meaning, they are often synonyms of words. As an example: "the right hand is a helper", "bite your tongue - shut up."

The use of phraseological units in Russian, examples with explanation

We use a variety of phraseological turns in our native speech imperceptibly for ourselves, due to the fact that they have become habitual since childhood. The most famous came to us from fairy tales, epics, folk legends, some from foreign languages. The original Russian can be attributed to the peculiar combinations that are found only in our native language and reflect the Russian way of life, traditions and culture. Let's try to understand the meaning with the following example and explanation. Bread was considered the main product in Russia - it managed to become a symbol of prosperity, good earnings. Therefore, the phraseological units: "to beat off someone's bread" or "to eat bread for free" are understandable only to Russian people.

Metamorphism and imagery are the main criteria of Russian phraseological units. It is the nationality inherent in the native language that allows you to understand stable phrases not at the level of speech, but at the level of the language model that you absorb with mother's milk. Even outdated phrases, the meaning of which has been forgotten, become understandable to us and those close to us due to their imagery. Below we will look at common examples of phraseological units with an explanation and their meaning.

Book and literary

The sphere of using literary speech is much narrower than colloquial or interstyle. Book phraseological units are used mainly in written sources and give a certain shade of solemnity, exaltation, and formality of action. Examples, explanations and meaning of book phraseological units are below:

- not to allow the case to be postponed for an indefinite period. Woolen cloth is meant by cloth, which used to cover the writing desk. If any paper or folder fell under the cloth, it means that it remained unsigned and did not go to work.
"Raise to the shield"- that is, to show honor, to respond with praise about someone. As an example, the winners in the old days were literally raised on a shield and carried high so that everyone could see and thank them.
"Write - it's gone." This is how they talk about a business that is obviously impossible to do due to the absence of certain conditions. In the nineteenth century, officials wrote in the expense book items on the receipt and consumption of goods. The embezzlers usually ordered their clerk to make a record of the loss of goods with the words “Write - it’s gone”. At the same time, the loss itself was appropriated to themselves.
"Was there a boy?"- in this way, extreme doubt about something is now expressed. The phraseological unit came from the novel by M. Gorky "The Life of Klim Smagin", which describes the scene of children's ice skating. When the guys fall under the water, Klim is the first to save the girl. Then he throws his belt to the boy, but, afraid that he might drown himself, he lets it go. While searching for a drowned child, Klim hears a voice saying the phrase: "Was there a boy, maybe there was no boy?"
"Kissy young lady"- speak so dismissively about a pampered girl who is absolutely not adapted to life. The turnover is taken from the story of N. G. Pomyalovsky "Meshchanskoe happiness".
"Bearish corner"- a remote settlement, a remote place. For the first time, the expression was used by P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky in the novel of the same name about one of the distant towns of Russia.
"Touch the inner core"- another book phraseological unit, the history of which goes back to the times when slaves were branded. Cauterization was a wild pain, especially when touching a healing wound. This turnover becomes relevant when the conversation touches on topics that cause mental anguish in the interlocutor.
"Scapegoat"- the one on whom the responsibility for someone else's fault is shifted. The phrase refers to literary phraseological units and has an ancient origin. The biblical tradition speaks of the rite of forgiveness. The priest laid his hand on an ordinary goat, as if transferring sins from man to animal, which was later driven into the desert.
"Like water off a duck's back"- nothing at all. The plumage of the goose is covered with a special lubricant that does not allow the bird to get wet. Water does not wet the wings of a goose. Thanks to this fat, it stays dry.

Examples of colloquial and borrowed phraseological units

Colloquial phraseological units are firmly entrenched in our speech. It is convenient for them to convey a thought to the interlocutor, especially when ordinary words are not enough for the emotional coloring of the phrase. Borrowed phraseological units are tracing-paper and half-words, taken from other languages, by literal translation of sayings. There are phraseological units that simply correlate in meaning with stable expressions in other languages. Examples of them: "white crow" sounds in English as "rare bird", and the expression "hang by a thread" is replaced by the combination "hang by a thread". Other examples of phraseological units with explanations and meaning:

"First among equals"- that is, the best or the leader. Borrowed from the Latin "Primus inter pare", which is literally translated. This title was borne by Emperor Augustus even before accepting his high title. Thus, his prestige was maintained.
"A good (funny) mine with a bad game"- that is, hide your worries and failures behind an external imperturbable look. In this case, "mine" - from the old Breton language is translated literally as "facial expression".
"What is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to a bull." The phrase was first uttered by Publius Terentius Afrom. It is used when it is necessary to suppress unfounded claims by indicating to the disputant his lower position.
"Eat a pound of salt"- a common colloquial phraseological unit. This is an example of a long life together. In the system of measures, poods are equated to 16 kg. To consume this amount of salt requires living together for a long time, during which people learn almost everything about each other.
"There is nothing for the soul"- so it is customary to talk about a poor person. According to popular beliefs, the human soul was located in a dimple in the neck. In the old days, it was also customary to store money and jewelry there. If there was nothing to hide in the dimple, it was believed that there was nothing “behind the soul”.
- that is, a light snack. The expression is a tracing paper from the French "tuer le ver", which has a literal translation - "drink a glass of alcohol on an empty stomach." It was assumed that alcohol, taken with a minimal snack, destroyed the worms in the body.
"The reins got under the tail"- a colloquial phraseological unit denoting the rash actions of someone. The expression was once used in the literal sense, and not figuratively, in relation to horses, in which, falling under the tail of the reins, caused pain and forced them to perform thoughtless actions.
"Nick down"- remember once and for all. In the old days, illiterate people carried tablets with them everywhere, on which they made memorial notes with notches. The "nose" in this case is not an organ of smell, but a wearable thing.

Medical and other professional expressions with explanation

Some phraseological units are taken from the oral speech of people of various kinds of professions. These include the following sentences with phraseological units:

"Shoemaker's Chest"- a medical term that has its own meaning and explanation. This is the name of the funnel chest. The lower part of the sternum in shoemakers, due to professional activity, is depressed inward, due to which the volume of the chest is significantly reduced.
- so they say about unproductive work. As an example: in the old days a pharmacist wrote just such a recipe right on the bottles with the potion. This meant that the treatment should be carried out slowly in order to have time to respond in time to the appearance of allergic manifestations. If for a patient such an approach is quite justified, then for a working person it is an indicator of laziness and indecision.
"Speak your teeth"- distract from the pressing problem with extraneous conversations. Unlike dentists, healers know how to remove pain for a while with conspiracies. At the same time, they do not treat the teeth themselves and the problem remains unresolved.
"Sit in the liver"- get bored, poison life. In ancient Russia, the liver was considered a repository of human life force. It was believed that a person who interferes with life takes free energy, and, therefore, sits in the liver and directly draws other people's strength from there.
"Holding breath"- that is, carefully, not missing even the little things. In medicine, in order to illuminate the chest for a correct diagnosis, you need to hold your breath for a few minutes. It is believed that a person holding his breath will receive the highest quality result.
"Roll up your sleeves"- to act diligently and energetically, while not sparing their own strength. If you remember, in the old days it was customary to wear clothes with long sleeves - for some, the length reached 95 cm. It was impossible to work in such clothes. To do something useful, you had to first roll up your sleeves, after which the matter was argued much faster.
"Down the sleeves"- lazily, slowly, without proper enthusiasm. This phraseological unit exists in contrast to the previous one and has a similar explanation. That is, the deflated long sleeves did not allow the job to be done properly.
"Wait for the weather by the sea"- to be inactive, to expect that the situation will be resolved by itself. This term came from the speech of sailors, who, before going fishing, always watched the weather and waited for a favorable period so as not to get into a storm.

Stable and neutral phrases and their meaning

Unlike colloquial phrases that are more figurative, phrases that do not have an emotional connotation are considered neutral. Examples of such phraseological units with an explanation and their meaning:

"Doesn't find a place for himself"- that is, he is worried. So they say about a person who is in a state of strong anxiety about someone.
"Without straightening the back"- means hard and persistent work. So they talked about the plowmen who worked in the field from morning to night.
- torment with requests and conversations about the same thing.
"To lose heart"- to completely lose faith in their own abilities.
"Looking at night"- that is, before dark, when public transport is no longer running and the risk of becoming a victim of bad circumstances increases. In addition, there are many examples that a person will not have time to do anything significant late in the evening, since the daytime resources of the body are exhausted.
"Stay with the nose" or fail. Examples of the use of the expression: when someone allows themselves to be fooled, they do not get what they expected. In the old days, the word "nose" meant a bow with an offering. "Nose" - that is, "brought". The rich usually came to officials with money, the poor carried a pig, chicken, eggs. The clerks for the offerings made decisions in favor of the one who brought the gifts. It was a bad sign that the official did not accept the "nose" if he was too modest. At the same time, the asking person remained with his gift, that is, “with his nose” and did not receive what he wanted.
"To wash the bones"- that is, gossip, gossip, analyze the actions of another person. It was once believed that a sinner with a curse hanging over him could come out of the grave in the form of a ghoul. To save him from the spell, it was required to excavate the grave and wash the bones with clean water.

In the above examples, we see that the appropriate use of phraseological units saturates our speech, allows us to make communication emotionally rich and interesting. Sentences with phraseological units add a "zest" to the conversation and are perceived by everyone as a completely natural element of speech that enhances its meaning.

"The use of phraseological units" - Phraseological units and their role in the Russian language. Choose synonyms for these phraseological combinations. Choose antonyms from another column for these phraseological units. Phraseologism. Relatives abroad. Name the phraseological unit, explain its meaning. The difference between phraseological units and free phrases. Which of the two phrases is a phraseological unit and why.

"Phraseological Lesson" - Complete the phraseological unit using words for reference. Recover Dunno's story using reference words. There, ten dogs bark at the nine knight-knights of the Nerezanykh. Cut your nose: today you have to work with your sleeves rolled up. Cow. Buy ... in a bag. Stuffed like in a barrel ... Mouse. At some point, words merge into indivisible phraseological combinations.

"Phraseologisms with plants" - Nutrients. Select from the data in brackets the words that are used in the given phraseological phrases. Hot pepper. Horseradish. Medicinal use of food plants. The values of phraseological turns. Sentence with phraseological units. Healing garden and phraseological units. Vegetables are healers. Peas. Continue the sentences.

"Features of phraseological units" - Finish phraseological units. Lay down arms. Dance to someone else's tune. Distribute phraseological units by area of use. Find antonymic phraseological units. Compose a short story. Demyanov's ear. Check yourself. The fourth is superfluous. Nick down. Singing praises. Correspondence between phraseological units and their meaning.

"Russian phraseology" - The scapegoat. Submit the pig. Phraseology. Greek catchphrases. Winged phrases. Peck your nose. Section of lexicology. After the rain on Thursday. Kazan orphan. Bosom friend. Set expressions. Know all the ins and outs. History of the language. Glory of Herostratus.

"Words-phraseological units" - Vocabulary. Baklusha. Supplement phraseological units. Mom cooks so delicious. Choose words-synonyms for phraseological units. Choose a phraseological unit for the illustration. Phraseologisms. Replace with phraseological unit. Continue. Continue the sentence. Acquaintance with phraseological units.

There are 21 presentations in total

Many phraseological units came to England from USA... They refer to intra-lingual borrowings. Some of these phraseological units were at one time created by American writers and are widely used in modern English speech.

The creators of many revolutions are known.

V. Irving: the almighty dollar - "almighty dollar" (usually used ironically); a Rip Van Winkle - "Rip Van Winkle", a retarded person (named after the hero of the story of the same name who slept for twenty years).

E. O "Connor: the last hurray -" the last hurray "; ~ swan song (usually about the last election campaign, or about a politician ending his stormy political career. According to the title of the novel).

F. Cooper: the last of the Mohicans - the last of the Mohicans (after the title of the novel). The Mohicans are an extinct tribe of North American Indians. The popularity of Cooper's works contributed to the introduction of phraseological units associated with the life of the Indians into the English language: bury the hatchet - to make peace, make peace, end enmity (the Indians buried a tomahawk in the ground when making peace); dig up the hatchet - start a war (the Indians had a custom before the start of hostilities to pull out a tomahawk buried in the ground); go on the war-path - embark on the path of war, be in a warlike mood.

G. Longfellow: ships that pass in the night - fleeting, chance encounters ("Tales of Wayside Inn") (comparison: ships parted like at sea). The popularity of the expression is also associated with its use as the title of one of the novels of the writer Beatrice Harraden (1893).

J. London: the call of the wild - "call of the ancestors", "call of nature" (after the title of the novel); the iron heel "iron heel", imperialism (by the title of the novel).

M. Mitchell: gone with the wind - disappeared without a trace, sunk into the past (the expression became popular after the publication of M. Mitchell's novel "Gone With the Wind") and the film based on this novel was created by the English poet E. Dawson (1867 - 1900).

J. Howe: the grapes of wrath (the turnover first occurs in the work of J. Howe "Battle Hymn of the Republic" (1862), owes its popularity to the novel by J. Steinbeck of the same name).

The number of phraseological units borrowed from American fiction is not as large as the number of phraseological units created by English writers. But it should be noted that the Americanisms given above have the most vivid imagery and increased expressiveness in comparison with the statements of English writers.

French fiction made a significant contribution to the phraseological fund of the modern English language. Many works of French writers have been translated into English and are still widely popular in England. In this regard, one should highlight such French writers as: François Rabelais, Jean Baptiste Moliere, Jerome d "Angers, La Fontaine, and others.

You can give examples of phraseological units created by French writers and most used in modern English (all of the following phraseological units borrowed from French fiction are translations and presented in English - in their original form, these phraseological units are not used in modern English speech):

Appetite comes with eating - the appetite comes with eating (the expression first occurs in the essay "On the Reasons" (1515) by Jerome d "Angers, Bishop of Le Mans; popularized by François Rabelais in" Gargantua et Pantagruel ");

Buridan "s ass - Buridan's donkey (about a person who does not dare to make a choice between two equivalent objects, equivalent decisions, etc.) (The French philosopher of the XIV century Buridan is credited with a story about a donkey that died of hunger, the choice between two identical armfuls of hay. This story was allegedly cited by Buridan as an example in reasoning about free will. The phraseological unit an ass (or a donkey) between two bundles of hay goes back to the same story; castles in Spain - castles in the air (expression associated with the medieval heroic epic, the heroes of which, the knights, received into their personal possession the not yet conquered castles in Spain);

For smb. "S fair eyes (or for the fair eyes of smb.) - for the sake of someone's beautiful eyes, not for the sake of his merits, but for personal disposition, for nothing, for nothing (expression from JB Moliere's comedy "The Coyote");

Let us return to our muttons - let's return to the topic of our conversation (an expression from Blanchet's medieval farce about the lawyer Patlen, later, by way of reverse education, the infinitive to return to one "s muttons arose);

To pull smb. "S (or the) chestnuts out of the fire (for smb.) - to pull chestnuts out of the fire for someone; it is pointless, at the risk of oneself, to work for the benefit of another (in La Fontaine's fable" The Monkey and the Cat "- Monkey Bertrand makes Raton the cat to drag chestnuts from the fire for himself.) The expression to make a cat "s paw of smb is associated with the same fable. - to make someone your obedient tool - to rake in the heat with someone else's hands).

It should be noted that the number of phraseological units borrowed from French fiction into English is not large, but despite this, they are often used by English writers to enhance imagery and are widespread in modern English speech.

Phraseological borrowings from German and Danish fiction are few. Only a few writers from Germany and Denmark have replenished the English phraseological fund with "winged" expressions. We give examples of these phraseological units:

Speech is silvern, silence is golden - "the word is silver, silence is gold"; the proverb is first encountered by the German writer Thomas Carlyle: As the Swiss Inscription says: Sprechen ist silbern, schweigen ist golden (speech is silvern, silence is golden) ("Sartor Resartus");

Storm and stress - "storm and onslaught" (current in German literature of the 70-80s of the 18th century); a period of anxiety, excitement; tension (in public or private life), a rapid onslaught (German Sturm und Drang - after the title of the play by F. Klinger);

Between hammer and anvil - between a rock and a hard place (after the title of the novel (1868) by the German writer F. Spielhagen);

The emperor has (or wears) no clothes - the king is naked (an expression from the tale of the Danish writer G. H. Andersen "The new dress of the king", 1837);

An ugly duckling - "an ugly duckling" (a person who is unfairly assessed below his merits, manifested unexpectedly for those around him; according to the title of the tale by G. H. Andersen about an ugly duckling who grew up and became a wonderful swan).

In modern English, there are only a few phraseological units borrowed from Spanish fiction... In this respect, one of the most famous Spanish writers, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, who became famous throughout the world for his work "Don Quixote", should be highlighted. Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra is the author of the following phraseological units:

The knight of the Rueful Countenance - (book) knight of the Sorrowful Image, Don Quixote (Spanish el Caballero de la triste figura. So called Don Quixote his squire Sancho Panza);

Tilt at windmills - fight with windmills, "quixotic" (Spanish acometer molinos de viento. The battle with windmills is one of the episodes in the novel "Don Quixote").

Currently, in the English language there are many phraseological units of Spanish origin, but only those phraseological units that are given above have literary roots.

Also in the English language there are phraseological units associated with Arab artistic literature. Several expressions have come into English from the tales of The Thousand and One Nights:

Aladdin "s lamp (book) - Aladdin's magic lamp (a talisman that fulfills all the desires of its owner). The phraseological unit to rub the lamp is associated with the same fairy tale - it is easy to fulfill your desire;

Alnascharn "s dream (book) - empty dreams, fantasizing (in one of the tales of" A Thousand and One Nights "it is said about Alnashar, who with all his money bought glassware and put them in a basket, but, dreaming about how he will become a rich man, and being angry with his future wife, he hit the basket and broke all the glass);

The old man of the sea - a person from whom it is difficult to get rid of, to get rid of, an obsessive person (a hint of an episode in one of the tales, which tells how Sinbad the sailor could not get rid of the old man who sat on his shoulders);

An open Sesame - "Sesame, open up!" - a quick and easy way to achieve something (magic words, with the help of which the door to the cave of robbers was opened in the fairy tale "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves").

The fact that some expressions borrowed from Arabic folklore have become phraseological units of the modern English language testifies to the metaphoricity and expressiveness of these phraseological units. Similar concepts exist in other languages of the world, in this case we can talk about the internationality of phraseological units borrowed from Arabic literature.

Phraseology comes from two Greek words: "phrase" - an expression and "logos" - teaching. Individual expressions are called phraseological phrases or phraseological units. "Phraseological turns, - writes N. M. Shansky, - consist of certain, always the same words, closely related to each other as a part of the whole and located one after another in a strictly established order." In phraseological units, words cannot be arbitrarily replaced, because in it they lose their semantic independence. This can be confirmed by the fact that in the composition of such expressions, words are used that are not clear to everyone. They say, for example, to be trapped. What's a mess? The word roped comes from the words v and prosak, so the camp for twisting the ropes was called. Hence the meaning of the expression: getting hair into such a camp was very unpleasant.

Scientists pay much attention to the classification of phraseological units. They classify them differently:

by source of origin (etymological research, profession, literary source);
by origin (borrowed and native Russian);
on being (in book or colloquial speech).

Phraseologisms can be conditionally divided into five groups: 1) individual words of the Russian language; 2) free phrases of Russian speech; 3) Russian proverbs; 4) phraseological units of the Russian language; 5) foreign language phraseological units.

From combinations of individual words, phraseological units arise quite often. You can recognize them by the unusual combination of words, for example: brains on one side, a man in a case, a soul wide open. In combinations of a shower wide open (cf. a door wide open), brains on one side (compare a hat on one side), the figurative nature of the meanings of words wide open, sideways is well understood. The expression of the soul wide open determines the character of a person who does not hide his thoughts, “opens his soul” to people.

The largest number of phraseological units is formed on the basis of free phrases that are often found in speech. For example, the head is often compared to a bowler hat, hence the transfer to a free combination of a bowler hat brews a new meaning - "someone's head understands."

Many phraseological units arose on the basis of proverbs. Usually a phraseological unit becomes a part of a proverb, for example, from the proverb “I ate a dog, but choked on its tail”, a phraseological unit arose - I ate a dog. This saying is used in relation to a person who has done something very, very difficult and stumbled over a trifle. And the phraseological unit ate the dog - in relation to a person who has acquired a great skill in something, knowledge.

Phraseological units of the Russian language also often become the basis for the formation of new phraseological units. They have two varieties: phraseological units with the same meanings: feed breakfast, → feed with promises, and phraseological units with a new meaning: avert your eyes - "look away", → avert your eyes → "distract someone, trying to hide something" ...

On the basis of phraseological units of other languages, borrowed phraseological units are formed. For example, a phraseological unit is borrowed from the French language: to have a grudge against someone - to be dissatisfied with someone, to take offense at someone; harbor resentment, anger, hatred. From the English language - a blue stocking - "a woman who has lost her femininity, engaged only in scientific affairs."

An important sign of phraseological units is the presence in it of at least two main stresses to bend the soul - to be insincere, to be hypocritical; to act, to act against conscience, contrary to one's convictions. NM Shansky writes: "A phraseological turnover is a reproducible linguistic unit of two or more stressed words, integral in meaning and stable in its composition and structure."

Phraseologisms, like individual words, form synonymous, antonymic, homonymous, paronymic series.

The synonym phraseological units are based on the same image, although the options may differ in some words. For example, "diligently, diligently" - tirelessly, rolling up your sleeves, sparing no effort, up to the seventh sweat, in the sweat of your brow.

Phraseologisms-antonyms characterize the phenomenon on the one hand, but in the opposite way. So, a person can be determined by his height: from a mile away Kolomna ("very tall") - not seen from the ground ("very low"). By its appearance, reflecting the state of health: blood and milk ("healthy look") - more beautifully put in a coffin ("sickly, bad look").

If there is no connection between the different meanings of phraseological units consisting of the same words, then these phraseological units are recognized as homonyms. For example: letting a rooster - "singing out of tune" and letting a rooster - "setting fire".

Among the phraseological units of the Russian language, along with phraseological synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, there are also phraseological paronyms. Phraseological paronyms are characterized by the fact that they do not coincide (as in synonyms), are not opposed (as in antonyms), their appearance (shell) does not overlap one another (as in homonyms). In language, this manifests itself in the form of the impossibility of coincidences of meanings. For example: swallow tongue - "be silent, stop talking", swallow tongue - "very tasty".

Phraseologisms used in modern Russian have different origins. One of them arose in the distant past. For example: like water off a duck's back - nothing excites, does not touch, nothing works.

The origin of this expression is not known to everyone. This is not a simple saying, but part of an ancient spell.

It used to be that the healers, pouring over the patient with "slurred water", said: "Like water off a duck's back, from our (name of the child) - thinness" (that is, illness). And they believed that all sorts of misfortunes would "run away" from the patient, just as water rolls down from goose feathers without stopping.

Every craft in Russia has left its mark on Russian phraseology, so phraseological units associated with the profession appeared. The phraseologism clumsy work - rough (as if done with an ax) work originates from carpenters.

Previously, clumsy work was called a simple product made with an ax. An ax is a chopping tool. Carpenters worked for them. And since our country is rich in forests, carpenters have always had a lot of work. The "clumsy work" of Russian carpenters can be judged by the huts, which were cut down "without a single nail" and have stood for more than a hundred years. Tsela and God's temples, erected in the Russian North (in Kizhi).

Other phraseological phrases are associated with mythology. For example: the Achilles' heel is the weak point, the most vulnerable point of anyone.

In Greek mythology, Achilles is one of the strongest and bravest heroes.

The myth about him tells that the mother of Achilles, the sea goddess Fedita, wishing to make her son invulnerable, dipped the boy into the waters of the sacred river Styx. She held his heel (heel), and the heel was his only weak point. It was there that he was mortally wounded by the arrow of Paris.

Academician Vinogradov also gave a satisfying description and classification. This classification was based on the principle of the degree of soldering of components. According to this feature, he divided all phraseological phrases into three groups:

phraseological adhesions; its components are inextricably linked and the meaning of the phraseological unit is not derived from the semantics of its constituent words: red maiden (too timid, shy, young man); golden company (tramps, declassed elements of society);
phraseological unity; the components of unity are also closely merged, but there is some motivation for meanings: a greenhouse plant (a weak, pampered person); free bird (free, independent person).
phraseological combinations; these are the most free phraseological units in which only one word is not free (it has limited compatibility). The blowing beast [rogue] is a cunning, dexterous person, a rogue, a rogue. The snake is undercoddle, the saddle bag is a person who easily changes his place of residence.

N.M. Shansky distinguishes a fourth group - phraseological expressions (they are semantically segmented and consist of words with free meaning).

Phraseologisms are bright and expressive means of language. They give liveliness and imagery to speech. They help to expose enemies, to reveal the true meaning of events. The bulk has an estimated value, that is, it expresses a positive or negative characteristic of a person or object.

For example, phraseological units-antonyms, carelessly, badly, somehow; Rolling up their sleeves - sparing no effort, a lot and diligently. This expression originated in those distant times when Russians wore clothes with very long sleeves: for men they reached 95 cm, and for women they were even longer, 130-140 cm.

It was inconvenient to work with the sleeves down, as they get in the way. Hence the expression slipshod. Conversely, to make it comfortable to work, the sleeves had to be rolled up.

There are also many phraseological units that characterize both diligence and laziness: tirelessly, bend your back, from dawn to dawn; beat thumbs, sharpen fritters, count crows, etc.

There are phraseological units expressing an emotional assessment of the individual qualities of a person or his position in society: the phraseological unit milk on his lips does not dry out, for example, an assessment of a person's life experience, and the turn of his own shadow is afraid - an assessment of the individual psychological appearance, certain character traits (timidity, fearful alertness) ...

The external appearance of a person in terms of height and health is contrasted. Skin and bones, more beautifully put in a coffin, living relics, barely a soul in the body, in which only the soul is kept - the face is like a poppy color, wider across itself, blood and milk; Kolomna verst, fire tower, get the sparrow - you can't see it from the ground, two inches from the pot. Contrasted in phraseological units and internal personality traits. On your mind - your soul wide open; seven spans in the forehead, a light head - neither fish nor flesh, a leaky head; he won't go into his pocket for a word - like he’s got some water in his mouth; passed fire and water and copper pipes - a greenhouse plant.

Possible opposition in attractiveness (like a picture, you will lick your fingers) and unattractiveness (neither skin nor face; torn cat, wet chicken).

Assessment of a person's internal appearance covers a very wide and varied sphere of conceptual content, which includes an assessment of a person's intellectual development, his life experience, moral qualities and forms of behavior. So the assessment of intellectual development is divided into a high level of intellectual development, mental abilities of the face and a low level of intellectual development: seven spans in the forehead, the head boils, the head on the shoulders, the light head, it will not climb into the pocket for a word - without a king in the head, brains on one side, the head is garden, cannot connect two words, there are not enough stars from the sky, not all houses, etc.

Evaluation of life experience: "great life experience" - a grated roll, an old sparrow, an old poisoned wolf, knows all the moves and exits, knows how much a pound of dashing; "A little life experience": the chick is yellow-mouthed, young-green, the milk on the lips has not dried up, and has not smelled gunpowder.

Evaluation of the relationship between the individual and the surrounding team is also very diverse and selective. Who are the white crow, the scapegoat, the fifth wheel in the cart, on the side of the heat? The basis for such an assessment is both social factors and individual personality traits: "low social status" - small swimmers, small fry; "High social status" - a bird of high flight, an important bird, flies high, lift it higher, you can't reach it with your hand. The basis for the assessment can also be wealth: rowing with a shovel, as if (as if) rolling cheese in butter, a golden sack - and poverty: naked like a falcon, not a penny, the wind whistling in his pockets, barely making ends meet.

Assessments of individual personality traits are usually figuratively associated with ideas about certain qualities of animals of a particular species. So, the hare is a symbol of cowardice, the wolf is greed, the bear is clumsiness, the fox is cunning, the snake is cruelty, deceit, the elephant is bulky. That is why the phraseological units included animalistic components, which are the names of animals of a particular species: a snake, a ladybug, a tattered cat, a shot sparrow, a wolf in sheep's clothing, an elephant in a china shop, a disservice.

A wolf in sheep's clothing is a hypocrite who hides his evil intentions under the guise of virtue.

The wolf is one of the most prominent figures among animals. How many fairy tales, stories, proverbs and sayings have been put together about him! "We are talking about a wolf, but he is going to meet", "To live with wolves - howl like a wolf", "a wolf's appetite", "Feet feed the wolf." The meaning of these expressions is clear.

The expression wolf "in sheep's clothing" arose from the Gospel: "Beware of false prophets who come to us in sheep's clothing, but inside they are ravening wolves." This expression can be contrasted with the proverb: "Sheep's tears will pour out to the wolf."

In the phraseological units that characterize a person, "color" vocabulary is also introduced. Many phraseological units are used in works of fiction and journalism.

For example, the expression white crow belongs to the ancient Roman poet Juvenal. A black sheep is called a person who is sharply different from those around him. Most often these are talented, gifted, incomprehensible people, and therefore do not fit into the general philistine way of life.

As you know, there are no white crows, and therefore people who are called white crows look at least strange; they are not like everyone else:

Phraseological turns occupy a significant place in the literature. The Russian writers Griboyedov and Krylov especially enriched our speech with winged words. Lines from the comedy "Woe from Wit" and Krylov's fables became winged and entered our colloquial and literary speech along with folk proverbs and sayings, and phrases from them as stable phrases - phraseological units. Among them there are those that characterize a person or his feelings and sensations, relationships with the surrounding world and people. Here are some of them that have become proverbs and sayings. Pass us by more than all sorrows and lordly anger and lordly love; my custom is: signed, off your shoulders; sin is not a problem, rumor is not good; blessed is he who believes, warmth to him in the world; and the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us; read not like a sexton, but with feeling, with sense, with consistency; I would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve; the tradition is fresh, but hard to believe, but who are the judges ?; all familiar faces; moderation and accuracy; the hero is not my novel; a million of torments; in spite of reason, in defiance of the elements.

The greatest connoisseur of the Russian word, I. Krylov, has enriched our literary language with many figurative expressions that have become proverbs and sayings, with which it is much easier to characterize a person, his qualities, emphasize his advantages and disadvantages than any evidence, explanation, comparison, conclusion.

Who does not know Krylov's fables? But perhaps the most famous is the fable about the Dragonfly and the Ant:

She comes to the Worker Ant to ask him to feed and warm her until spring. To which the Ant replies:

Like, you can't live for today. And the people are about the same: "Prepare the sled in the summer, and the cart in the winter." Dragonfly jumpers are called people of carefree, frivolous, careless, one-day butterflies.

Now let's talk about the expression “helpful bear”. It arose from Krylov's fable "The Hermit and the Bear":

This maxim is followed by a story about the Bear's friendship with the Hermit. They spent whole days together. Once the Hermit lay down to rest and fell asleep. The bear drove the flies away from him. He drove the fly off his cheek, it sat on the nose, then on the forehead. The bear, taking a weighty cobblestone, watched the fly and

From the fables of Krylov came to us and the expression monkey labor in the meaning - completely useless work. The expression monkey labor quickly became winged, spreading both in oral speech and in journalism. In modern literary language, the jokingly ironic expression of monkey labor has practically lost its connection with its fable source and is used by us as a designation of vain, useless, deliberately troublesome work, any fruitless and aimless activity.

We often use the catchphrase: "to stay at the broken trough", and rightly consider it to be taken from the fairy tale of A.S. Pushkin. The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish contains the following words:

Phraseologisms are often used as a means of expression on the pages of newspapers. They give the newspaper text a certain strength, help to create imagery. Phraseologisms are able not only to express the corresponding thought more succinctly, but also to convey an attitude, an assessment. For example, the proverb to pound water in a mortar conveys greater expressiveness and evaluativeness than the corresponding free phrase “to do empty business”.

Language is a living connection of times. With the help of language, a person realizes the role of his people in the past and present. Here is how I.Bunin wrote about it:

The words of I. Turgenev sound a kind of behest to all generations: “Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this heritage passed on to us by our predecessors…. Treat this powerful weapon with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it can perform miracles! "

Phraseologisms are living witnesses of the past, their knowledge enriches our mind, makes it possible to better comprehend the language, more consciously to use it. The richer a person's vocabulary, the more interesting and vividly he expresses his thoughts. Mastering phraseology is a prerequisite for profound mastery of the language, its secrets and wealth.