Larin illarion ivanovich. Marshal and Countess. Alone with an overwhelming task
Current page: 51 (total of the book has 115 pages)
Nikolay Alekseevich Kucherenko
KUCHEROV Stepan Grigorievich(13.8.1902–30.3.1973), military. - pestilence. activist, adm. (7/8/1945). In 1922 he joined the RKKF, in 1925 - in the CPSU (b). Graduated from higher education. military - pestilence. uch-shche them. M.V. Frunze (1926), special. courses of the command staff of the RKKF (1929), Military. - pestilence. Academy (1939), Higher. military Academy named after K.E. Voroshilov (1950). Since 1927 com. armored boats, dr. for armored boats of the Dnieper military. flotillas. In 1929, the flagship chemist Mohr. forces of the Caspian, since 1929 - the Black Seas. In 1939–40 the beginning. owls. military - pestilence. groups of the Baltic Front in Tallinn (Estonia). From Feb 1940 early. headquarters, from March 1940 com. military - pestilence. bases in Paldiski; member of the Sov. - fin. wars of 1939–40. Since Aug. 1940 to 7.3.1943 early. headquarters of the North. fleet; in Vel. Otech. He participated in the war in the hands of the forces of the fleet in the defense of the sea. coast, protection of owls. pestilence messages and violation of pestilence. enemy communications. 11.3.1943–30.8.1944 teams. Belomor. military flotilla. From 12.9.1944 beginning. Opera. ex. Ch. pestilence headquarters, from 21.4.1945 beginning. Ch. pestilence naval headquarters; supervised the development and implementation of a number of operations. Since 18.2.1946 teams. Caspian flotilla. From 1950 to the beginning. Faculty of Higher Education military academy named after K.E. Voroshilov. From 1953 to the beginning. Control. military - pestilence. study. institutions of the USSR Navy. Since 1963 prof. - Consultant of the Military Scientific Council. - pestilence. academy. Since 1967 in stock.
Stepan G. Kucherov
L
LAVOCHKIN Semyon Alekseevich(Aizikovich) (8/29/1900 - 6/9/1960), designer, general-m. Ing. - Aviation service (19.8.1944), twice Hero of the Socialist. Truda (21.6.1943, 20.4.1956), 4-time winner of the Stalin Prize (1941, 1943, 1946, 1948), part. - corr. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (from 20.6.1958). Heder's teacher's son. Graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. N.E. Bauman (1927). In 1918 he entered the Red Army. Member of the Citizens. war. In 1920 he was seconded to the Moscow Higher Technical School, while still studying, he began to work at TsAGI, from 1927 at the A. Richard's Design Bureau, then worked at the Bureau of New Structures (BNK), Central Design Bureau, L.V. Grigorovich, Design Bureau S.N. Lyushin and finally in Ch. ex. Aviation industry at A.N. Tupolev. In 1935–38, Ch. aircraft construction designer. From 1939 ch. designer of your own design bureau. Fighters LAGG-3 (1940; together with M.I.Gudkov and V.P. Gorbunov), La-5, La-5F, La-5FN were created under the leadership of L. His planes proved to be excellent, first of all in the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk. By 1944–45, the La-7 vehicle became the main vehicle for exterminating. aviation of the USSR. Most of the best aces of the owls flew on planes of the L. system. aviation, including I.N. Kozhedub. L. joined the CPSU only after the death of I.V. Stalin (1953). Since 1956, gen. Constructor of the United KB. The last production aircraft of L. was the La-15 fighter. Also, his design bureau was engaged in the development of missiles for air and missile defense systems. He died of a heart attack at the Sary-Shagan test site during tests of the Tempest intercontinental supersonic cruise missile.
Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin
LAVRENTYEV Anatoly Iosifovich(1904-1984), diplomat, ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary (14.6.1943). Since 1939 in the system of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, head. Zap. - the European department. From 25.9.1939 the plenipotentiary of the USSR in Bulgaria, from 13.6.1940 - in Romania. 06/22/1941 Romania declared war on the USSR. In 1941–43 he worked at TASS. In 1943 the head. 1st European, since 1943 - Middle East department of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR. Since March 1944, People's Commissar for Foreign. cases of the RSFSR. On 25/2/1946, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to Yugoslavia, from Aug. 1949 deputy. min. foreign affairs of the USSR. From 10/22/1951 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to Czechoslovakia, from 5/5/1952 - to Romania, from July 1953 - to Iran. In aug. 1956 recalled to Moscow and appointed expert consultant to the Commission for the publication of the Dipl. documents of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on which his diploma. career is over.
LAVRENTYEV Mikhail Alekseevich(6/11/1900–15/10/1980), mathematician, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1934), Dr. - mat. Sciences (1935), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (from 30.11.1946), Hero of Socialist. Labor (04/29/1967), 2-time Stalin Prize laureate (1946, 1949), Lenin Prize laureate (1958) and State. USSR Prize (1987). The son of prof. Graduated from Kazan Commercial uch-shche (1918), phys. - mat. Faculty of Moscow State University (1922). In 1921-29 he taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1927 he was sent to France for six months. Since 1927, assistant professor at Moscow State University. Since 1929 head. Department of Moscow. chem. - technological. in-that and art. Engineer Center. aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI). Since 1931 prof. Moscow State University. Since 1933 Art. scientific. employee Mat. in-ta them. V.A. Steklov Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1934 head. Department of Function Theory. Head of owls. schools of the theory of functions of complex alternating current. In 1939–41, the director. Mat. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. He carried out fundamental research on the theory of functions, the theory of differential equations and mat. physics. Created new directions in continuum mechanics. In Vel. Otech. war solved a number of problems related to artillery and military. - Ing. business. In 1945–48 he was vice-president. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1948-53 the head. Department of Moscow State University, at the same time. in 1950–53 dir. Institute of Precise Mechanics and Computer Engineering of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1951–53 and 1954–57, Academician-Secretary of the Department of Phys. - mat. Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1952, members Communist Party. In 1957–80, Dir. Institute of Hydrodynamics Sib. Branch (SO) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, simultaneously. 09/13/1957 - 11/27/1975 Vice President Academy of Sciences of the USSR, before. Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1961–76, a candidate for member. Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1962-66 he was a member, in 1966-70 he was vice-president. Executive Committee of the International. mat. union. In 1976–80 before. Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and applied mathematics.
Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentyev
LAVRENTIEV Petr Denisovich(29.12.1904-1979), production manager, engineer, Hero of the Socialist. Labor (16.9.1945). The son of a miner. Graduated from an aviator. Faculty of Kharkov Technological University Institute (1930). Since 1930 engineer, art. master, early. workshop at plant number 26 (Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region). In Feb. - Dec. 1938 participated in the Civil. war in Spain, aviation. Aircraft Maintenance Engineer. From 1939 ch. engineer, since 1940 - director. Rybinsk plant for the production of aircraft engines. In oct. 1941 the plant was evacuated to Ufa, where it was merged with factories No. 234, 451 and 219, etc. into a single plant No. 26, dir. to-rogo became V.P. Balandin, and L. took the post of chief. engineer. In 1946–47 and d. dir. Ufa engine building. plant, to-ry under his leadership, the first in the USSR mastered the production of new jet engines. In 1947–61, the director. plant number 24 (Kuibyshev). Since 1961 prof. and head. department of the organization of production of the Kuibyshev Aviation. in-that. In 1969–77 he taught at Moscow. Aviation in-those.
Petr Denisovich Lavrentiev
LAVRINENKOV Vladimir Dmitrievich(17.5.1919–14.1.1988), fighter pilot, twice Hero of the Sov. Union (1.5.1943, 1.7.1944), gene. - regiment. aviation (1971). The son of a peasant. Graduated from FZU. He worked as a carpenter at the same time. studied at the flying club. In 1940 he was drafted into the Red Army. Graduated from the Chuguevskoe military. Aviation uch-shche (1941), Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1948), Military. Academy of the General Staff (1954). Since 1941 instructor in the Chuguev military. Aviation uch-shche, in the Chernigov military. Aviation school. In the summer of 1942 he was transferred to the front, as part of the 651st he will destroy. the air regiment took part in the battles at Stalingrad. Shot down his first plane on 5.8.1942. From Oct. 1942 served in the 9th Guards. exterminate. air regiment, in 1944 com. squadrons; fought near Bataysk and Rostov-on-Don. Since 1942, member. VKP (b). 23/8/1943 rammed FW.189, landed by parachute in the territory occupied by the enemy, and was taken prisoner, on the way to the camp escaped. He distinguished himself in battles in the Crimea, Lithuania and East Prussia, including during the storming of Koenigsberg, as well as during the storming of Berlin. Since Aug. 1944 room 9th Guards. exterminate. air regiment. In total, during the war, L. made 488 sorties, took part in 134 air battles, personally shot down 35 enemy aircraft and 11 in a group. In 1945–46 com. air defense regiment, since 1949 - air divisions, in 1951 beginning. training center will destroy. air defense aviation of the USSR. Since 1955 teams. exterminate. air defense army aviation. Since 1962 1st deputy. teams., 1968–77 teams. 8th dep. Air Defense Army (Kiev). From 1977 to the beginning. headquarters - deputy. early Citizen defense of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1984 military. military consultant. Air Defense Academy A.M. Vasilevsky. Author of rep. "Without War" (1982), "Return to Heaven" (1983), etc.
Vladimir Dmitrievich Lavrinenkov
LAVRISCHEV Alexander Andreevich(1912-1979), diplomat, ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary (14.6.1943). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (1937). In 1937–39 he was a teacher of Marxism-Leninism and head. Department of Ivanovsky ped. in-that. In 1939 he was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. cases (NKID) of the USSR and appointed 1st secretary. embassy in Bulgaria. From 21.6.1940 plenipotentiary (since 1941 ambassador) in Bulgaria. Despite the fact that the country was an ally of Germany, she never declared war on the USSR. This is one of L.'s successes. In 1944–45, polit. advisor to the Allied Control Commission in Romania and later in Bulgaria. Participant of the Berlin (1945), Paris (1946) and other conferences. In 1945 the head. 4th European Department, in 1945–48 by the Department of the Balkan Countries of the NKID / USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1/23/1948 to 1/18/1954 Ambassador to Turkey. In Jan. - Aug 1954 head. 1st European Department of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 11.8.1954 to 18.1.1956 Ambassador to Democratic. Republic of Vietnam. Since 1956 he worked at Ying-those mezhdunar. economy and international. relationships.
LAGUTIN Pavel Filippovich(15.1.1896–31.1.1975), military. activist, general-l. (13.9.1944). In 1915 he was drafted into the army. Into the 1st world. fought the war in the West. front; com. platoon, sergeant major. In oct. 1918 entered the Red Army. He graduated from the refresher courses of the command staff of the Red Army (1920), Higher. tactical shooter. school of the command staff of the Red Army (1921), courses "Shot" (1927), Higher. academic courses at the Higher. military academy them. K.E. Voroshilov (1950). To Grazhd. fought the war in the North., North. - Zap., Yuzh. fronts; com. platoon, company. In 1921-26 and d. com. company, head. shooter. class, com. b-on the 24th Omsk infantry. schools of the Red Army. Since 1927 pom. com., com. shelf. From Sept. 1937 to Aug. 1938 early. of the command staff of the headquarters of Zakavk. IN. From Jan. 1940 early. course of the main Faculty of Military. Academy of the Red Army named after M.V. Frunze. From the beginning. Conducted. Otech. war from July 1941 com. 293rd (from 1.2.1943 66th Guards) rifleman. divisions, with a cut participated in the battles near Konotop, on the Kursk and Belgorod directions, Kharkov and Stalingrad battles. From Jan. 1943 deputy. teams. troops of the 21st (since April 1943, 6th Guards) Army. 31.7–8.8.1943 com. 23rd Guards. shooter. hulls; participant of the Battle of Kursk, Belgorod-Kharkov operation. 11/3/1943 sent for treatment in the hospital. From Apr. 1944 deputy. teams. 6th Guards. army; participant of the Belarusian, Siauliai, Riga, Memel operations, battles in Courland. 7–26.5.1945 com. 22nd Guards. shooter. housing. Since July 1945, deputy. teams. troops of the 25th Army (D. Vostok). Member of the Harbin-Girin operation. Since May 1950 Art. lecturer Higher military academy named after K.E. Voroshilov. From Feb 1953 in stock.
Pavel Filippovich Lagutin
LADYNINA Marina Alekseevna(11.6.1908–10.3.2003), film actress, nar. artist of the USSR (1950), 5-time winner of the Stalin Prize (1941, 1942, 1946, 1948, 1951). From a large cross. families. From 1923 she worked in rural areas. primary school teacher, participated in thin. amateur performances. In 1929, on a Komsomol ticket, she was sent to Moscow to enter the Faculty of Social Sciences, but entered GITIS. From the 2nd year she worked at the Moscow Art Theater, at the same time. starred in a movie. The first film work - the episodic role of a blind flower girl in the film "Prosperity" by Y. Zhelyabuzhsky (1931). In 1936 she met with I.A. Pyryev, a romance began between them, which ended in marriage. Pyriev shot L. in most of his films. In 1938, the film "The Rich Bride" was released, which made L. very popular. Naib. famous works of L.: the foreman of the women's tractor brigade Maryana Bazhan in the film Tractor Drivers (1939), Varya Lugina in the film Beloved Girl (1940), Glasha in the film Pig and Shepherd (1941), radio operator of the partisans. detachment Natasha in the film "Secretary of the District Committee" (1942), ch. role in the film "At six o'clock in the evening after the war" (1944), singer Natasha in the film "The Legend of the Siberian Land" (1947), prev. collective farm Galina Ermolaevna Peresvetova in the film "Kuban Cossacks" (1949) and others. She created the image of an ideal woman - a patriot and builder of socialism. Was one of the naib. popular and beloved actresses of the country during this period. In 1954 (after the release of the film "Trial of Fidelity") L.'s marriage with Pyryev broke up, after which her film career ended - after the divorce she did not star in any film, and Pyryev, using his authority, forbade other director to invite L. For some time she worked at the Theater-Studio of the Film Actor, then she was fired, rarely gave concerts. In fact, she lived in complete oblivion, in great need. Author of rep. "My creative path" (1949).
1st husband - I.A. Lyubeznov. The son of L. and Pyryev is Andrei Ivanovich Ladynin (born January 14, 1938). Graduated from Moscow. medium thin school (1957), directing department of VGIK (1962). The director, of his films, the most famous are: "Colonel Zorin's Version" (1978), "Last of all" (1981), "Five Minutes of Fear" (1985).
Marina Alekseevna Ladynina
LAZAREV Ivan Gavrilovich(26.1.1897-27.9.1979), military. activist, brigade commander (17.2.1938), general-l. tank troops (7.6.1943). In 1918 he joined the Red Army. Graduated from the Petrograd owls. art. courses (1918), Higher. art. school of command staff (1922), Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1929). To Grazhd. fought the war in the East. front, participant in operations against insurgents in Ukraine; com. art. batteries. After the war, com. art. batteries, pom. early headquarters art. regiment, teacher Voen. Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army named after I.V. Stalin, early. headquarters fur. brigades. In 1935–39 com. 16th fur. (22nd light tank) brigade. From Dec. 1940 room 1st, from March 11 to July 20, 1941 - 10th mech. buildings. In the beginning. Conducted. Otech. war participated in battles in the North. front, com. of the right combat area of the Luga Opera House. groups. His corps was almost completely destroyed in July 1941. Then he commanded the Narva and Slutsko-Kolpino groups of troops. From Sept. 1941 teams. 55th Army of the Leningrad Front. From Dec. 1941 deputy. gene. - Inspector Ch. armored vehicle control. Red Army - deputy. commander-in-chief for armored forces of the North. - Kavk. directions. 10.6–1.7.1942 com. 2nd, from 22/07/1942 - 11th, from 26/05/1943 - 20th tank corps. Participant of the Voronezh-Voroshilovgrad, Voronezh-Kastornenskaya, Kharkov operations, the Battle of Kursk, Donbass, Melitopol, Korsun-Shevchenko, Uman-Botoshansk operations. After the war, deputy. teams. 8th fur. army. Since Aug. 1947 beginning. Department of Military. - polit. academy named after IN AND. Lenin. From Feb 1958 in stock.
Ivan Gavrilovich Lazarev
LAZKO Grigory Semyonovich(6.9.1903–17.11.1964), military. activist, general-m. (22.2.1943). In 1925 he entered the Red Army. Graduated from the Kiev United Military. courses (1930), courses of one-man leaders at the United Military. school to them. All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1932), Military. Academy of the Red Army named after M.V. Frunze (1937), Higher. military Academy named after K.E. Voroshilov (1951). In 1925-28 ml. com., company foreman. In 1930–34 com. platoon, early. chem. service regiment, com. companies. From 1937 to the beginning. units, divisions of the headquarters of the division and the Vitebsk army group. From Jan. 1940 pom. early division headquarters in the rear, early. opera. department of the headquarters of the shooter. Since Aug. 1941 and d. early headquarters of the 25th rifleman. corps, from Apr. 1941 beginning. opera. department and deputy. early headquarters of the 45th rifleman. housing. In the beginning. Conducted. Otech. war participated in the battle of Smolensk. Since Aug. 1941 room 307th shooter. division, from June 1943 - 30th rifleman. housing. Participant of the Battle of Kursk, the Battle of the Dnieper, Zhitomir-Berdichev, Rovno-Lutsk, Proskurov-Chernivtsi, Lvov-Sandomir, East Carpathian, Budapest, Balaton, Vienna operations. 3.5.1945 for indiscipline and "mass poisoning of personnel with wood alcohol" removed from office. Since May 1945, Deputy. com. 37th rifleman. corps, from July 1946 com. 25th fur. divisions, from March 1947 to July 1950 deputy. com. 73rd rifleman. housing. From nov. 1951 to Feb 1955 was on a business trip in Poland: i.d. pom. teams. troops of the military. district of the Polish Army on the combat unit, from 1953 beginning. Academy of the General Staff of the Polish Army. From Apr. 1955 in stock.
Grigory Semenovich Lazko
LAYOK Vladimir Makarovich(27.6.1904-1966), polit. worker, general-l. quartermaster service (19.4.1945). The son of a worker. In aug. 1920 entered the Red Army. Graduated from the Evening Industrial Polytechnic. Institute, University of Marxism-Leninism at the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine, Higher. academic refresher courses for political personnel at the Military. - polit. academy named after IN AND. Lenin (1957). To Grazhd. war on July 1921 commune fighters. company CHON. From Sept. 1923 to Oct. 1927 served in the Navy. Since 1926, member. VKP (b). From 1928 on the liberated Komsomol and party offices. work in Ukraine. Since 1937 1st sec. Chernihiv District Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine (Zaporozhye Region). In 1938–39 sec. Party board of the Party Commission. control under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) in the Dnepropetrovsk region. From 1939 to the beginning. Polit. Sector Center. council of OSOAVIAKHIM. Since 1940 deputy. head Org. - instructor department of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U. In 1941, the 2nd secretary. Poltava Regional Committee of the KP (b) U. In the beginning. Conducted. Otech. war deputy. teams. f. groups of forces on polit. parts. Since 1.9.1941, members Military. council of the 38th, from 27/07/1942 - the 1st tank armies. 6-13.8.1942 Military. Council of the South-East. front, 13.8–22.10.1942 - of the 1st Guards Army, from 10/25/1942 - South-West, from 10/20/1943 to May 1945 - of the 3rd Ukrainian Fronts. Participant in the Battle of Stalingrad, the liberation of the Left-Bank and Right-Bank Ukraine, Jassy-Kishinev, Belgrade, Budapest, Balaton and Vienna operations. After the war, deputy. commander-in-chief. on watered. parts of the South. group of troops, deputy. on watered. parts of the beginning. Rear Armed. forces of the USSR. Since 1957, deputy. commandant for civil. administration of the fortress of Kronstadt, deputy. on watered. parts of the beginning. Ch. military - Ing. ex. USSR Navy, early. polit. department of management Main Command of the Navy, Deputy. on watered. parts of the beginning. Rear of the Navy, deputy. on watered. parts of the beginning. Ch. military - honey. ex. Since 1961, deputy. on watered. parts - early. Polit. Department of Railway troops of the USSR. Since 1963, member. Military. council, beginning. Polit. department and deputy. early Centre. ex. railway troops.
LANG Georgy Fedorovich(16.7.1875–24.7.1948), therapist, laureate of the Stalin Prize (1951), academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1945). Graduated from St. Petersburg. Military. - honey. Academy (VMA; 1899). In 1899 he was left in the clinic at the Department of Internal Diagnostics. diseases and general therapy of VMA. Since 1904, a military resident. hospital. Since 1905, assistant professor. Since 1919 prof. Petrograd Institute for the improvement of doctors. In 1922 the head. clinic of faculty therapy, in 1928-30 rector of the 1st Leningrad med. in-that. In 1939–40, at the initiative of L., began the development of scientific. - organizer fundamentals of military. - field therapy. In 1941–42 he remained in besieged Leningrad: he was in charge of the head. Department of Faculty Therapy of the 1st med. in-that, hospital consultant. In apr. 1942 evacuated to Moscow, Art. consultant Communist. military hospital, head. 1st therapeutic clinic of the 1st honey. in-that. He headed the development of the problems of acute vascular insufficiency in traumatic conditions. shock; alimentary dystrophy (hungry disease); blockade hypertension. L. headed the functional direction in the Sov. hematology. The author of fundamental works on cardiology, developed a generally accepted classification and nomenclature of diseases of the cardiovascular system, introduced the concept of reversible disorders of biochemistry in the heart muscle ("myocardial dystrophy"), noted the presence of intermediate forms between angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, etc. He proposed a system of preventive measures for this disease. In 1943–48 before. All-Union Society of Therapists. One of the founders and ed. magazines "Therapeutic. archive "and" Clinic. medicine". Died of stomach cancer.
Georgy Fedorovich Lang
LANDSBERG Grigory Samuilovich(01.10.1890–2.2.1957), physicist, laureate of the Stalin Prize (1941), academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (from 30.11.1946; Corresponding member from 29.3.1932). Graduated from nat. - mat. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1913). In 1913 he was left at the faculty to prepare for the title of prof. In 1918–20, associate professor of the Omsk agricultural sector. in-that. In 1923–45 and 1947–51 prof. 2nd Moscow State University (then Moscow State University). Author of works on optics and spectroscopy. Opened (jointly with L.I. Mandelstam) combinations. light scattering (1928). Developed methods for spectral analysis of metals and alloys, as well as complex organic mixtures, including motor fuel. In Vel. Otech. war developed methods of molecular emission spectral analysis (for motor fuel) and special. instruments for the analysis of alloy steels and alloys. In 1945–47 prof. General Physics Ing. - physical Faculty of Moscow fur. Institute, in 1951–57 - Moscow. physical - those. in-that. Ed. L. published "An elementary textbook of physics" (v. 1–3), which is considered the best physics textbook for schoolchildren.
Grigory Samuilovich Landsberg
LANSERE Evgeny Evgenievich(23.8.1875–13.9.1946), artist, laureate of the Stalin Prize (1943), People's Commissariat. artist of the RSFSR (1945). The son of a famous sculptor. Studied at the Drawing School of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts (1892–95), at the academies of F. Calarosi and R. Julien in Paris (1895–98). Since 1899, members Association "World of Art". In 1912-15, thin. hands. a porcelain factory and glass engraving workshops in St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg. Into the 1st world. war in 1914–15 military. artist-correspondent for the Caucasus. front. In 1917 he left for Dagestan; in 1918–19 he collaborated as an artist at OSVAG Vooruzh. forces of the South of Russia. From 1920 he taught at the Tbilisi Academy of Arts, Moscow. architectural institute. In 1927 he went abroad and settled in Paris. In 1931 he returned to the Sov. Russia. In 1934–38 he taught at Vseros. AH (Leningrad). In 1942 he performed a series of 5 gouaches "Trophies of Russian weapons" ("After the Battle of the Ice", "On the Kulikovo field", "Poltava victory", "1812", "Soldiers at the trophy guns"). In 1945–46 he worked on monumental paintings in the halls of the Kazan railway station in Moscow (Victory, Mir).
Evgeny Evgenievich Lanceray
LAPSHIN Evgeny Petrovich(1900–1.3.1956), a leading employee of state bodies. security, commissioner of state. security of the 3rd rank (2.7.1945), general - l. (9.7.1945). The son of a locksmith. Graduated from the church. - a parish school (1910), advanced training courses for senior political personnel at the Military. - polit. academy named after N.G. Tolmacheva (1929), Higher. school of party organizers under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1937). From 1911 he worked as a mechanic in Yekaterinburg. In June 1917 he joined the RSDLP (b), in November. 1917 - in Kr. Guard. Member of the Citizens. war, political worker. From Jan. 1921 Commissioner of the Nikolo-Pavdinsky forestry. From June 1921 pom. authorized by the Cheka on the Perm railway. and the responsible organizer of the bureau of the collective of the RCP (b) 20-x cav. courses of the Red Army. From 1924 on political work in Sib. IN. In 1926-28 and 1929-30 he was a military commissar of the 6th Khabarovsk regiment. Since July 1930, deputy. early of the political department of the 14th rifleman. divisions. From Jan. 1933 early. Political Department of the Leningrad MTS (Azov-Black Sea Territory). From Jan. 1935 to Oct. 1936 1st sec. Leningrad District Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of the Azov-Black Sea Territory. On Sept. 1937 sent to serve in the NKVD and appointed early. of the political department of the 12th department (operative technician) of the GUGB NKVD of the USSR. From 1938 to the beginning. political department, then early. 2nd special department (operative technician) of the NKVD of the USSR. From 26.2.1941 beginning. Of the 4th department (operative) of the NKGB of the USSR, from 31.7.1941 - the 2nd special department of the NKVD of the USSR. From 12.5.1943 the beginning. Department "B" (operational and technical) of the NKGB / MGB of the USSR. From 10/24/1946 to 9/17/1949 early. Control. Ministry of State Security of the Tula region. From Feb 1950 deputy. early political department, from Feb. 1952 early. registration and accounting department Ch. ex. militia of the MGB / Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
Lapshov Afanasy Vasilievich(10.2.1893-14.7.1943), military. activist, Hero of the Sov. Union (27.3.1942), general - m. (13.5.1942). In 1914 he was drafted into the army. Into the 1st world. fought the war in the West. front; Art. non-commissioned officer. In May 1919 he entered the Red Army. Graduated from the Kiev higher. united military. school of the middle command staff (1923), courses "Shot" (1939), Higher. military Academy named after K.E. Voroshilov (1943). To Grazhd. fought the war in the East. front; com. and the commissioner of a special detachment. Since 1923 com. companies. Since 1924 he served in the troops of the OGPU: assistant. early training and combat unit, com. Dr., early. convoy assistance, com. dep. convoy company. Since 1926 com. companies, b-na, pom. com. shelf for households parts com. shooter. shelf. From Dec. 1937 to Oct. 1938 was in special. business trip in Spain. From June 1939 com. 109th rifleman. shelf. In the beginning. Conducted. Otech. war fought in the South. front. From Sept. 1941 room 259th shooter. divisions; participant in the Tikhvin and Luban operations. June - Nov. 1942 deputy. teams. 4th Army. From 17.4.1943 com. 16th Guards. shooter. housing. Member of the Oryol operation. Killed by a direct hit of a shell on his car.
Afanasy Vasilievich Lapshov
LARIN Illarion Ivanovich(1903-19.12.1942), political worker, general-m. (6.12.1942). The son of an employee. In 1921 he joined the Red Army, in 1924 - in the CPSU (b). Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Infantry. school (1925), Military. - polit. courses (1928). Member of the Citizens. war. In 1928–38 he was involved in political work in the Red Army. Since 1939 military commissar, deputy. com. on watered. parts of the 147th rifleman. divisions. Since March 1941, the commissar of the 48th rifleman. buildings, In the beginning. Conducted. Otech. war from June 1941 commissar of the corps. Since 1.9.1941, members Military. Council of the 6th Army, 12/30/1941–7/28/1942 - South. front, since pre-war. of times he was friends with R.Ya. Malinovsky. The participant is snuggled up. battles, Donbass and Barvenkovo-Lozovskaya operations, the Kharkov battle. From 2/11/1942, members. Military. Council of the 2nd Guards. army. Participant in the battles at Stalingrad, Kotelnikovskaya operation. He was slightly injured. In the hospital, he committed suicide (shot himself), leaving a note that ended with the words: “I have to do with it. Please do not touch my family. Rodion is an intelligent person. Long live Lenin! "
Illarion I. Larin
LARIONOV Alexey Nikolaevich(Aug. 1907–22.9.1960), part no. activist, Hero of Socialist. Labor (4.12.1959). The son of a peasant. Graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1938). Since 1925 at the Komsomol and party offices. work, secret. volost cell of the Komsomol. Since 1927, member. VKP (b). He made a quick career during the period of mass repression. From 1938 3rd, 2nd, from 1942 1st sec. Yaroslavl Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. During the Vel. Otech. war also pre. Yaroslavl Defense Committee. Since Aug. 1946 to July 1948 head. Human Resources Department organs Ex. cadres of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). From nov. 1948 1st sec. Ryazan Regional Party Committee. In 1952 - 60 members. Central Committee of the CPSU. After the death of I.V. Stalin actively supported N.S. Khrushchev, enjoyed his trust and patronage. In May 1957, at a meeting of agricultural workers, Khrushchev set the task of catching up with the United States in the production of meat, butter, and milk by 1960. In 1959, he took the initiative to hand over 150 thousand tons of meat to the state (3 times higher than the plan), Ryazan was awarded the Order of Lenin. L. managed to achieve such figures with the help of a system of massive reporting falsifications (one cow was counted twice), purchases of livestock in neighboring regions, and also by the fact that he ordered the slaughter of young, purebred and uterine cows. After it became known about his actions, the Central Committee decided to release L. from the duties of the 1st secretary. and sending him to work in Leningrad. Without waiting for an official order, he committed suicide (shot himself).
Alexey Nikolaevich Larionov
LASKIN Ivan Andreevich(18.10.1901–1.7.1988), military. activist, general-l. (9.10.1943). The son of a peasant. In 1919 he entered the Red Army. Graduated from the 5th Kiev military. school (1923), Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1934), Higher. academic courses at the Higher. military Academy named after K.E. Voroshilov (1953). Member of the Citizens. war. In 1923–31 com. shooter. parts of the 2nd shooter. shelf. Since 1934 pom. early opera. parts of the headquarters of the 48th rifleman. divisions, early. headquarters of the regiment of the 44th rifleman. divisions. From 1937 he was on special assignments for teams. troops of the Kiev military district, then - the 1st deputy. People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. From 1.1.1939 beginning. headquarters of the 85th rifleman., 15th motorized divisions. In the beginning. Conducted. Otech. During the war, his division was defeated, L. was surrounded, wounded and taken prisoner, and managed to escape. From 1.10.1941 beginning. headquarters, from 6.10.1941 com. 172nd shooter. divisions, with a cut took part in the defense of Sevastopol, commandant of the 2nd sector. In 1942 the deputy. early headquarters of the South-East. front. 26.8–3.9.1942 early. headquarters of the 62nd, 7.9.1942–17.4.1943 - of the 64th army, with a cut he took part in the battles at Stalingrad. 01/31/1943 sent to the district of hostilities as an officer. representative of the Sov. command to negotiate with F. Paulus about his surrender. troops; officially took Paulus and Chl. his headquarters. 13.5–20.11.1943 early. headquarters of the North. - Kavk. front. Dec. In 1943, after the failure of the Kerch-Eltingen operation, L. was arrested, and in 1952 he was sentenced to the military. Collegium Top. courts of the USSR to 10 years of labor camp. 05/29/1953 the sentence was canceled, L. was rehabilitated and reinstated in the military. service. From 1953 to the beginning. headquarters of the South. - Ural VO, since 1957 worked in the General Staff. From June 1958 he taught at the Military. Academy of the General Staff. 11/30/1965 retired. Author of rep. "On the way to a turning point" (1977), "At the Volga and in the Kuban" (1987).
Ivan Andreevich Laskin
LATYSHEV Georgy Alexandrovich(3.11.1901–22.4.1977), military. activist, general-m. (12/20/1942). In March 1919 he entered the Red Army. Graduated from the 14th Poltava Infantry. school of command staff (1922), in-t "Shot" (1932), accelerated course (1942) and Higher. academic courses (1949) Higher. military academy named after K.E. Voroshilov. To Grazhd. the war fought in the South. front; com. branches. Since 1922 com. platoon, company, early. regimental school, com. b-na, etc. early regiment headquarters, pom. com. shelf on the front. Since 1932 com. shooter., from 1936 - 1st airborne regiments. In aug. 1937 demoted, from Oct. 1937 etc. com. b-on. In July 1938 he was arrested and dismissed from the Red Army; on Sept. 1939 sentenced to military. tribunal to 2 years in prison, but released under an amnesty. In nov. 1939 restored to the Red Army, com. 352nd rifleman. regiment (D. Vostok). From Sept. 1941 room 415th shooter. divisions, from December. 1941 to Apr 1942 - 55th rifleman. brigades; participant of the Klinsko-Solnechnogorsk operation. From Dec. 1942 room 93rd rifleman. divisions; participant of the Rzhev-Vyazemskaya operation. From Sept. 1943 room 78th rifleman. housing. Participated in the battle for the Dnieper, Korsun-Shevchenko, Umansko-Botoshansk, Jassy-Kishinev, Sandomierz-Silesian operations. In Jan. 1945 wounded by a shell fragment in the head and sent to hospital for treatment. From 30.5.1945 etc. deputy. teams. 52nd Army. From Feb 1946 com., From June 1946 - deputy. com. 73rd rifleman. housing. From July 1946 to June 1948 com. 13th Guards. shooter. housing. From May 1949 com. 6th rifleman., From March 1950 - 29th year - c. buildings. Since May 1951 teams. 14th Army. From Feb 1953 in stock.
Georgy A. Latyshev
LAURISTIN Johannes Ansovich(10/29/1899–8/28/1941), writer, state. activist. The son of a worker. From 1915 he worked at the Volt plant (Revel), in 1916–17 - at the Dvigatel plant. Since May 1917, member. RSDLP (b). From 1919 to 1921 he served in the Estonian army. Since 1921, members Organizing committee of illegal Communes. Estonian Youth Union (KSME). Since Aug. 1922 members Centre. Council of Trade Unions of Estonia, from Nov. 1922 deputy. Prev Centre. council slave. unions. From 1922 he was published under the pseudonym "Johan Madarik"; author of the novel "The Overthrowers" (1925–27; published in Leningrad in 1929). In 1922–23 ed. the organ of the left trade unions of the newspaper Tallinsky Rabochy. In 1923 he was elected to the State. meetings (from the "United Front"). In Feb. 1923 arrested for participating in organizing a rally. At the trial of the Tallinn military. - the district court on 21-23.2.1923 sentenced to 8 years of hard labor. In March 1931 he was released, then arrested again and sentenced to 6 years of hard labor. Released by amnesty in the summer of 1938. Illegal Bureau of the Communist Party of Estonia (KPE), from the fall of 1939 before. Contact Commission (coordination of the work of the leftist trade unions in the line of KPIs). He took an active part in the preparation and leadership of the coup of 1940. He actively supported the entry of Estonia into the USSR, as well as the immediate nationalization of the land. 6/8/1940 spoke at the session Top. Council of the USSR as a plenipotentiary member of the Commission of the State. collections of Estonia. One of the authors of the Constitution of the Estonian SSR. From 24.8.1940 before. SNK ESSR, member. CC KPI. After the start Vel. Otech. war member. Republican Defense Committee. He died during the evacuation from Tallinn on the destroyer "Yakov Sverdlov", which was blown up by a mine (according to his wife, he was killed by officers of the NKVD of the USSR for refusing to carry out the order to destroy industrial enterprises).
All three stories are striking, but now we will talk about the Rostov tragedy of the summer of 1942, and I will tell only the first one. Adeline heard her from my father at the location of the 66th Army on the Stalingrad front in September 1942. And what he told her about happened in July of the same year after the surrender of Rostov-on-Don.
“Larin left a suicide note. But there is no number in it and the text does not clarify anything. “I have nothing to do with it. Please do not touch my family. Rodion is an intelligent person. Long live Lenin ""
This long-suffering city, one of the most severely affected by the war, was abandoned by our troops twice - on November 17, 1941 and on July 24, 1942. The second time Rostov left the Southern Front, commanded by my father, without an order from Headquarters. This is about his front in the famous order No. 227 of July 28, known as "Not a step back!" banners of disgrace. We can no longer tolerate commanders, commissars, political workers, whose units and formations willfully leave their combat positions. Alarmists and cowards should be exterminated on the spot. "
Order No. 227 obliged the military councils of the fronts to transfer the army commanders who had committed an unauthorized withdrawal of troops to the General Headquarters in order to bring to court martial. The responsibility of the military councils themselves, and above all of the front commander, is a hundred times higher than that of the army commander, and, accordingly, is heavier than wine.
The day after the surrender of Rostov, the Southern Front was disbanded, its defeated armies merged into the North Caucasus. The father and the member of the military council were removed from their posts. Strange, but the chief of staff of the front, General Antonov, thunder and lightning did not touch: on the contrary, on July 28, the day the order was signed, he was appointed chief of staff of the North Caucasian Front, commanded by Budyonny.
With whom my father was summoned to Moscow, I do not know: Adeline did not remember her surname. I could not establish who it was, and this is a key moment in the whole story. Without this name, the story becomes an apocryphal, but I will nevertheless retell what I heard from Adelina Veniaminovna, not only because I unconditionally believe her, but also because there are too many mysteries in this story and the rest of the evidence is too contradictory - they still have to understand and understand. ..
Ax overhead
So, the last days of July 1942, the Moscow hotel. Here the father and his companion are waiting for the summons to the Kremlin. The first day of waiting, the second, the third. Imagine what it is like to wait for a verdict, or rather, a tribunal, because in fact the verdict has already been passed and announced to the whole country in the order “Not a step back!”.
On the third day, my father and his companion lost their nerves: they got drunk. And by nightfall a messenger appeared with the news: "An audience at seven in the morning." The news was followed by a miracle of instant and complete sobering up - such that, it seemed, they never took alcohol into their mouths. We went to our rooms - not to sleep, what a dream there is. Put yourself in order, shave, gather your courage. Half an hour before the appointed time, my father went out into the corridor, waiting for a companion, but he did not, knocked on his room - quietly. Another ten minutes later they broke down the door.
Father had to go to Stalin alone. His co-defendant committed suicide. Stalin greeted his father with a question: "Where is the general ...?". (As if he didn’t know!) The father replied: “He shot himself” - and heard an insinuating: “What prevented you from doing the same?”.
I recognize a lion by its claws - by this phrase, so unmistakably Stalinist.
In response, my father briefly repeated what he had already told Stalin a week ago over a direct wire and even earlier (there is a transcript of the beginning of June): about the crushing inequality of forces. And he added that the retreat saved those who could still be saved.
Long pause. And finally: “Go. You will be informed of our decision.
I don’t know how soon my father was informed of the decision — in three days or earlier, and the decision was unexpectedly mild. Why? Because it’s not 41 years old and hasn’t been shot out of the blue? Because the punishing hand was taken away by the suicide of his father's companion? Maybe so. But I think that another reason is more important, recorded in the transcript of the conversation over the direct wire on July 22, 1942, two days before the surrender of the city.
At 6 pm this long - one and a half hour - conversation began. Participants in the conversation: from the Kremlin - Stalin, from the active army - the commander of the Southern Front R. Malinovsky, member of the military council of the front I. Larin, deputy commander L. Korniyets. (And again the same oddity: the third at the phone must be not the deputy commander, but the chief of staff, but Antonov was absent.)
Father reported on the situation, reported extremely disturbing intelligence (the context makes it clear that this was not the first time he spoke about this), but Stalin, still convinced that Hitler was preparing a new offensive near Moscow, did not want to hear about a possible concentration of forces in the south. I quote: “Stalin. Your intelligence data is unreliable. We have interception of Colonel Antonescu's message. We give little value to Antonescu's telegrams. Your aerial reconnaissance information is also not very expensive. Our pilots do not know the combat formations of ground forces, each van seems to them a tank, and they are unable to determine exactly whose troops are moving in one direction or another. The reconnaissance pilots let us down more than once and gave us incorrect information. Therefore, we accept the reports of the reconnaissance pilots critically and with great reservations. The only reliable reconnaissance is military reconnaissance, but you do not have military reconnaissance, or it is weak for you.
"After Shcherbakov's report, Stalin instructed Khrushchev, a member of the military council of the Stalingrad Front, to" personally look after Malinovsky. "
A critical analysis of all air reports leads to the following conclusions:
1. At the crossings on the Don from Konstantinovskaya to Tsimlyanskaya, the enemy has only insignificant groups.
2. Our fake commanders are seized with fear of the nemchura; fear, as you know, has large eyes, and of course, it is understandable that each small group of Germans is pictured by him as an infantry or tank division.
You must immediately occupy the southern bank of the Don up to Konstantinovskaya inclusive and ensure the defense of the southern bank of the Don in this zone. "
To fulfill the assigned - unrealistic - tasks, Stalin on the same day reassigned to the Southern Front part of the troops of the neighboring Southwestern Front already dispersed by the Germans, but they, having lost contact, did not even know about the reassignment and could not fulfill the order of the new commander. The front was crumbling, the war was going on again contrary to Stalin's expectations, but exactly as those "alarmists - fake commanders, seized with fear of the nemchura" had foreseen.
And although this terminology remained in Order No. 227, Stalin did not forget that he was warned. He didn't forget anything at all. Stalin, according to many testimonies, was aware of his mistakes, although he never spoke about them. And not a tribunal, but simply the demotion of the front commander, who “covered his banners with shame,” meant that Stalin remembers the conversation that took place a week before Order No. 227.
But who was waiting for the summons to the Kremlin with his father? Antonov and Korniyets are alive, but General Larin is not. Illarion Ivanovich Larin did shoot himself, but, as documents show, six months later.
Where and who Illarion Ivanovich Larin was from August to November 1942 is unknown. After July, his surname was mentioned again only in the order of November 2, 1942 on the formation of the 2nd Guards Army: he was appointed a member of its military council. Maybe there was a suicide attempt after the Rostov tragedy? And at the first minute it was not yet known whether he would survive, and after that - a hospital and a new meaning?
Larin is an old friend of his father, they have been serving together since March 1941, when he became the military commissar of the 48th Rifle Corps, and his father was a corps commander, together they were on the Southern Front. And all the logic of events suggests: that morning they were also expecting a call to Stalin together.
But the document is a document, Larin's signature is under the orders of the 2nd Guards in November and December. And the evidence of his suicide is contradictory (these are reports from a special department and Khrushchev's memoirs). Even the dates of death are different in them. In some reports - December 25, in others - on the 27th, and in the third - generally on February 2. The place is also unclear. One source says that the suicide took place in the hospital after a minor injury, in another - in his apartment. What kind of hospital, what kind of apartment? And what reason could Larin have to shoot - and on December 25, when the most difficult days for the 2nd Guards were left behind, not to mention February 2, 1943, the day of the victory at Stalingrad?
There is a version linking Larin's suicide with a special department investigation into the desertion of his father's adjutant Captain Sirenko, who in August crossed the front line in order, according to a note left by him, “to create a partisan detachment on his own due to the fact that our generals showed themselves incapable of command, decayed, drunk and lecherous like the old lecher General Zhuk. " But Sirenko deserted in August, and we are talking about December!
Let's leave the moral character of General Zhuk, the chief of artillery of the front, who died in 1943 from a broken heart (was it due to the proceedings?), Larin could not answer for him, and as for Sirenko, after all, he was still his father's adjutant and father, and not Larin, should have been worried about this case. And not the most dramatic event of that summer, I think, was the escape of the adjutant ...
All the evidence nevertheless agrees on one thing: Larin left a suicide note. But there is no number in it, and the text does not clarify anything. Here is his note: “I have nothing to do with it. Please do not touch my family. Rodion is an intelligent person. Long live Lenin. "
What does it mean? Every word is a mystery. What is Larin denying himself? Whom and why does he assure that his father is an intelligent person? It is natural in the context of those years to expect a different characterization - a convinced communist, devoted to the cause of the party, etc. And finally, why do they remember Lenin and not Stalin?
This oddity was immediately noticed by the vigilant head of the political department of the Red Army, Shcherbakov, who, according to his position, was supposed to deal with this situation together with the security agencies. As a result of the analysis after Shcherbakov's report, Stalin instructed Khrushchev, a member of the military council of the Stalingrad Front, to personally look after Malinovsky. Sergei Khrushchev, commenting on his father's memories, writes: "Stalin has already raised an ax over Malinovsky's head, my father managed to deflect the blow."
I don't know if the fog that shrouds this story will ever clear up, or if it will remain a mythological version. I told what I had learned from Adelina Veniaminovna - a person who was undoubtedly trustworthy, but still not a participant in the events. But Ivan Nikolaevich Burenin, his longtime friend from the time of the Frunze Academy, told me the same thing and in literally the same words (also after the death of my father).
When I tell this story, the question inevitably arises about Stalin, about the attitude of my father towards him. And I have nothing to answer, all because - I did not ask, and dad did not talk to me about it. But once I was struck by the phrase of a peer, Sasha Chuikov: "When Stalin died, we had such grief at home!" And I thought: what kind of grief? I began to delve into my memories, figuring out who Stalin was to me in early childhood. As a result, his total absence was revealed. No portraits in the house, no talk about him. Nothing! Lenin - yes, dad had a gift porcelain figurine on the table and there was respect for this name. And Stalin entered my consciousness much later - at school as a historical character, perceived through the prism of the XX Congress. The only way. I do not remember the thunderous news of his death or family grief, although I am rather memorable, and before talking with Sasha this detachment seemed completely natural to me. This means that there were grounds for not remembering. What made it possible to raise a child like that? Life "in a remote province by the sea", in a blessed distance from the capitals? Or not only?
But back to the summer of 1942.
After order number 227, my father was sent to the North Caucasian Front, in late August he was appointed army commander.
Alone with an overwhelming task
That autumn the 66th Army did what it could, and that was a lot, but, alas, not much. The front, which included the 66th, was commanded by Konstantin Rokossovsky, then they met. Konstantin Konstantinovich himself spoke about the tasks facing his father's army and about their first meeting in the book "Soldier's Duty". I will cite this fragment in full: “I still had to get acquainted with the troops of the 66th Army, which was located in the interfluve, resting its left flank against the Volga and hanging over Stalingrad from the north. The advantageousness of this position obliged the army to conduct active operations almost continuously, trying to eliminate the corridor formed by the enemy, which cut off the troops of the 62nd Army of the Stalingrad Front from our units. With the forces and means at the disposal of the 66th Army, this task could not be completed. The enemy, who broke through here to the Volga, occupied the fortifications of the so-called Stalingrad bypass, built at one time by our troops. The enemy had enough strength to hold these positions. But with its active actions, the army facilitated the fate of the defenders of the city, diverting the attention and efforts of the enemy. In front of the 66th Army were formations of German troops (14th Panzer Corps).
Arriving at the command post of the 66th Army, I did not find the commander there. "He left for the troops," General Korzhenevich reported to the chief of staff of the army. Having visited the command posts of divisions and regiments, I got to the command post of the battalion, but there was no army commander here either, they said - in one of the companies. I decided to get there out of curiosity: what is the commander doing there? And he went to where there was a rather lively artillery and mortar firefight, it looked like the enemy was preparing a sortie. Where in height along the way of the message, and where and bent over in three deaths, I made my way through the half-filled trenches to the most advanced. Here I saw the average height of a stocky general. After the introduction and a short conversation, I hinted to the army commander that it hardly makes sense to climb the company position myself. Rodion Yakovlevich listened to the remark with attention. His face warmed up:
“I understand myself,” he smiled, “but the bosses are really pestering me, so I’m moving away from him. And people are calmer when I'm here.
We parted as friends, reaching full understanding. Of course, the army was entrusted with an unbearable task, the commander understood this, but promised to do everything in his power to strengthen the attacks on the enemy. "
On the same days, fate brought Konstantin Simonov to the location of his father's army, and an entry appeared in his war diary, which is no less dear to me than Rokossovsky's testimony, because in it I recognize my father, and this is in memoirs (not to mention journalism) rarity. I cite it in its entirety: “From Dubovka we ended up in the troops of the 66th Army, which was commanded by General Malinovsky. I remember that just that morning the army halted the offensive. Several days of heavy fighting with a very weak artillery saturation, and even in conditions of complete superiority of the Germans in the air, did not produce tangible results. The advance towards Stalingrad was measured somewhere in a kilometer and a half, and where only a few hundred meters.
All this was said by Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky himself, recommending that we go from him to our neighbor on the right, who was hastily pulling up units for the upcoming offensive.
We were at Malinovsky's command post, sat next to him on a bench at the entrance to a dugout, dug in a slope of some kind of ravine overgrown with bushes.
Malinovsky was calmly gloomy and laconic, bitterly frank. He clearly didn’t want to talk to us, but since we came to him, he considered it his duty to say bluntly that there was no success here, in the sector of his army.
Probably, each of those who fought from the beginning to the end of the war had their most difficult hour on it.
For some reason, it seems to me that in this ravine overgrown with bushes north of Stalingrad on the day when the 66th offensive was exhausted and it stopped, we found Malinovsky at that very difficult hour of the war. Behind were the defeat suffered by the Southern Front, the fall of Rostov and Novocherkassk and the severity of responsibility for what happened, which was discussed in Stalin's July order.
And after all this - the appointment of the 66th army commander here and, despite the lack of sufficient forces and means, the order to attack, break through the front of the Germans, unite with the 62nd Army surrounded in Stalingrad, and after several days of bloody battles - advance only hundreds of meters , stop, failure.
What was on the soul of Malinovsky? What could he think about and what could he expect for himself? I can only be amazed in hindsight by the gloomy calm restraint that did not leave him while he talked to us on this miserable morning for himself. "
I know this gloomy calm restraint, the ability to tell myself and not hide the bitter truth from others. But with one thing I would disagree: that it was the most difficult day of the war for my father. Who argues - difficult, but, I think, still not the most. The most difficult part is ahead.
Help "VPK"
Sofia Stanislavovna Bessmertnaya (1892–?) - translator in the Spanish Civil War, from July 1937 to September 1944 - in captivity by the Francoists. After her release, she left for Algeria, then returned to the USSR.
# Alexey Innokentyevich Antonov # Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny # Illarion Ivanovich Larin # Leonid Romanovich Korniyets # Ivan Yakovlevich Zhuk # Alexander Sergeevich Shcherbakov # Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev # Sergei Nikitich Khrushchev # Alexander Vasilyevich Chuikov # Konstantin Konstantinovich (Ksaveryevich #) Rokos Konstantin Kirill) Mikhailovich Simonov
Now Sharlyk district
Illarion I. Larin(, s. Mikhailovskoe, Orenburg province - December 25) - political worker of the Red Army, major general (1942). Shot himself, fearing arrest after the unsuccessful offensive of the 2nd Guards Army on Rostov-on-Don.
Biography
Born into the family of an employee. In the Red Army since 1921, a member of the CPSU (b) since 1924.
In 1925 he graduated from the 1st Leningrad Infantry School, in 1928 - the Military-Political Courses. From 1928 - in political work in the Red Army. In 1939-1941 - military commissar, deputy commander for political affairs of the 147th rifle division. From March 1941 - military commissar of the 48th rifle corps, in June 1941 - regimental commissar.
In the Patriotic War from June 1941 - in the active army, military commissar of the corps; from September 14 to December 28, 1941 - a member of the Military Council of the 6th Army. From December 31, 1941 to July 28, 1942 - a member of the Military Council of the Southern Front (with the rank of "division commissar"). Participated in border battles, in the Donbass and Barvenkovo-Lozovskaya operations, in the Kharkov battle.
In the winter of 1942/43, Larin shot himself (gossip disbanded by Mark Steinberg). Different data are given about the time and place of this event. One by one - Larin shot himself while in the hospital with a slight wound. According to the recollections of NR Malinovskaya, Larin shot himself in the Moskva Hotel while awaiting an audience with JV Stalin. After himself, he left a note, which ended with the words: "Long live Lenin!"
“All this is not accidental,” said Shcherbakov, head of the Red Army GPU. “Why didn't he write“ Long live Stalin! ”, But wrote“ Long live Lenin! ”?” The shadow of suspicion also fell on Malinovsky. Khrushchev, a member of the Military Council of the Stalingrad Front, vouched for Malinovsky before the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Stalin, but received an order from the latter to look after Malinovsky.In fact, a member of the Military Council of the 2nd Guards Army, Divisional Commissar Illarion Ivanovich Larin, on December 25, 1942, shot himself in his apartment, leaving a note: “What have I to do with it. Please do not touch my family. Rodion is an intelligent person. Long live Lenin. "
- Isaev A.V.// Stalingrad: there is no land for us beyond the Volga. - M .: Yauza; Eksmo, 2008 .-- S. 383 .-- 444 p. - (War and we. Military affairs through the eyes of a citizen). - 10,000 copies - ISBN 978-5-699-26236-6.
Some sources indicate the tenure of a member of the Military Council of the 2nd Guards Army until January 27, 1943.Stalin had already raised the ax over Malinovsky's head, his father managed to ward off the blow.
- Khrushchev S.N. Crises and missiles. - M .: News, 1994 .-- T. 2. - S. 503.
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At the same time, his mother-in-law, the wife of Prince Vasily, sent for him, begging him to visit her at least for a few minutes to negotiate a very important matter. Pierre saw that there was a conspiracy against him, that they wanted to unite him with his wife, and this was not even unpleasant to him in the state in which he was. He did not care: Pierre did not consider anything in life to be a matter of great importance, and under the influence of the melancholy that now possessed him, he did not value either his freedom or his stubbornness in punishing his wife."No one is right, no one is to blame, and therefore she is not to blame," he thought. - If Pierre did not immediately express consent to unite with his wife, it was only because in the state of melancholy in which he was, he was not able to undertake anything. If his wife had come to him, he would not have chased her away now. Was it not all the same, in comparison with what occupied Pierre, whether or not to live with his wife?
Without answering anything to either his wife or his mother-in-law, Pierre once got ready for the journey late in the evening and left for Moscow to see Joseph Alekseevich. This is what Pierre wrote in his diary.
“Moscow, November 17th.
Now I just arrived from a benefactor, and I hasten to write down everything that I experienced while doing this. Joseph Alekseevich lives poorly and has been suffering for the third year with a painful bladder disease. No one ever heard a groan from him, or a word of murmur. From morning until late at night, except for the hours at which he eats the simplest food, he works on science. He received me graciously and sat me on the bed on which he was lying; I made him a sign of the knights of the East and Jerusalem, he answered me in the same way, and with a gentle smile asked me what I had learned and acquired in the Prussian and Scottish lodges. I told him everything as best I could, passing on the grounds that I had proposed in our Petersburg box and informed about the bad reception that had been done to me and about the break that had occurred between me and the brothers. Iosif Alekseevich, after a fair silence and thought, expounded to me his view of all this, which instantly illuminated to me all the past and the whole future path that lay before me. He surprised me by asking if I remember what the threefold purpose of the order is: 1) in the preservation and knowledge of the sacrament; 2) in purifying and correcting oneself in order to perceive it, and 3) in correcting the human race through the striving for such purification. What is the main and first goal of these three? Of course, your own correction and purification. It is only for this goal that we can always strive, regardless of all circumstances. But at the same time, this goal also requires the most work from us, and therefore, deluded by pride, we, missing this goal, undertake either the sacrament that we are unworthy to perceive due to our impurity, or we take up the correction of the human race, when we ourselves are an example of abomination and debauchery. Illuminati is not a pure teaching precisely because it is carried away by social activities and is filled with pride. On this basis, Joseph Alekseevich condemned my speech and all my activities. I agreed with him in my heart. On the occasion of our conversation about my family affairs, he told me: - The main duty of a true Mason, as I told you, is to improve oneself. But we often think that by removing from ourselves all the difficulties of our life, we will sooner achieve this goal; on the contrary, my sovereign, he told me, only in the midst of secular unrest can we achieve three main goals: 1) self-knowledge, for a person can know himself only through comparison, 2) improvement, only through struggle is it achieved, and 3) to achieve the main virtue - love of death. Only the vicissitudes of life can show us its vanity and can contribute to our innate love for death or rebirth to a new life. These words are all the more remarkable because Joseph Alekseevich, despite his severe physical suffering, never burdens with life, but loves death, for which he, despite all the purity and height of his inner man, does not yet feel sufficiently ready. Then the benefactor fully explained to me the meaning of the great square of the universe and pointed out that the triple and the seventh are the foundation of everything. He advised me not to distance myself from communicating with the St. Petersburg brothers and, occupying only the position of the 2nd degree in the box, to try, distracting the brothers from the hobbies of pride, to turn them on the true path of self-knowledge and improvement. In addition, for myself, he personally advised me to look after myself first of all, and for this purpose he gave me a notebook, the same one in which I am writing and will continue to write down all my actions ”.
Petersburg, November 23rd.
“I am living with my wife again. My mother-in-law came to me in tears and said that Helen was here and that she was begging me to listen to her, that she was innocent, that she was unhappy with my abandonment, and much more. I knew that if I would only allow myself to see her, I would no longer be able to deny her her desire. In my doubt, I did not know whose help and advice to resort to. If the benefactor was here, he would have told me. I retired to my room, reread the letters of Joseph Alekseevich, remembered my conversations with him, and from everything I deduced that I should not refuse the one asking and should give a helping hand to everyone, especially to a person so connected with me, and should bear my cross. But if I forgave her for virtue, then let my union with her have one spiritual goal. So I decided and so I wrote to Joseph Alekseevich. I told my wife that I ask her to forget everything old, I ask to forgive me for what I could be guilty of before her, and that I have nothing to forgive her. I was glad to tell her that. She may not know how hard it was for me to see her again. I have settled in a large house in the upper chambers and am experiencing a happy feeling of renewal. "
On March 31, 1967, the heart of the legendary Soviet commander stopped beating, the exploits of his army formed the basis of the plot of Yuri Bondarev's novel "Hot Snow"
When the Minister of Defense of the USSR Rodion Malinovsky invited the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin to his home, he confessed to his sixteen-year-old daughter Natalya: he could not have dreamed that he would be visiting the legendary Marshal. And the famous artist Yuri Solomin is still grateful to Rodion Yakovlevich for the fact that, not without his support, he took place as an actor. But they didn't even know each other.
About the little-known pages of the life of Marshal Malinovsky, under whose leadership the soldiers of the Soviet Army liberated Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia from the fascist invaders, his daughter Natalya Rodionovna told "FACT".
- Dad was born in Odessa. His mother was a maid in the count's house, and his father is unknown: in the birth certificate of Rodion Yakovlevich was "illegitimate." When my dad was 12 years old, my mother got married. In order not to complicate her life, dad left home. I went first to a neighboring village to see Aunt Natasha, then to Uncle Yakov, who worked as a stationmaster near Odessa. It was his uncle who arranged for him to be an errand boy in a shop to an Odessa merchant. So from a young age, dad began to earn a living.
Since then, my father, by the way, has remained a knack for wrapping gifts. I remember one day I was going to a friend's birthday party. Dad watched me try to wrap a box of chocolates in pretty paper. It turned out badly. He walked over, took the gift and wrapped it as deftly and quickly as if he were giving a master class. At the same time he said: “The school of the merchant Pripuskov! Any business must be done with brilliance. "
- Is it true that at the age of 13, your dad took French lessons from the teacher, next to whom he rented a corner?
- Yes, apparently, trade was not to his heart - distant countries beckoned. And fate opened this world to him, however, the way there lay through the war. Dad became a soldier by accident. Having fallen ill with scarlet fever, he spent a long time in the hospital, and when he left, another boy was already serving in the shop. He wandered into the station, climbed into a military train, hid ... So he ended up on the Polish front, where he was wounded.
- It was then in the hospital that the gypsy predicted the glory of the commander to your father?
- She guessed the highest military rank, two trips around the world and - as the last child - a daughter. Everything came true. And she also warned me to watch out for ... Friday: "This is a bad day for you." At first, he did not take the prediction seriously, but when it was on Friday that the second wound overtook him, he began to pay attention to the day of the week and, making decisions, did not forget to look at the calendar. It is clear that it was not always possible to avoid Friday, and she did her "dirty deed". Father was wounded four times - on Friday. And he died on this day of the week. Both my mother and my husband were gone on Friday. And twice I found myself between life and death - on Friday. First time with my dad. Having fallen ill with severe measles at the age of 19, for the first and last time I saw tears on my father's eyes ...
- Your father is known as a talented commander. Many of the operations planned and carried out by him went down in the history of military art. However, sometimes Rodion Yakovlevich also made decisions that were contrary to the orders of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Stalin ...
- So, without an order, my father surrendered Rostov in the summer of 1942. The city could not be held, and he decided to save the troops - already exhausted, severely thinned, long since they had neither respite nor reinforcements. After Rostov was surrendered, Malinovsky had a difficult conversation with Stalin, was removed from the post of front commander and was appointed commander of the army.
- Then, after all, the famous Stalinist order "Not a step back" was issued, in which it was said that the banners of the Southern Front covered themselves with shame. Why do you think Stalin did not apply capital punishment to your father?
- The explanation is in the transcript of Stalin's telephone conversation with his father five days before Rostov's surrender. Father reported to Stalin about intelligence evidence of the impending offensive, about the weakness of the Southern Front, asked for reinforcements. “Stop panicking! Stalin interrupted him. - You will manage on your own. The offensive will be here, again near Moscow. " But five days later, as if by notes, the worst scenario, which my father had predicted, played out. And if not for that conversation, Malinovsky would not have escaped the tribunal.
- How did your father meet your mother?
- They met during the war. Mom lived the most difficult first siege winter in Leningrad, and from the summer of 1942 she was in the army. A year later, dad presented my mother with the Order of the Red Star - for the fact that twice leaving the encirclement brought valuable intelligence. Apparently, then he noticed her: fair-haired, with braids laid in a crown, brown-eyed, stately. Mom was seventeen years younger than her father. Parents lived together for almost a quarter of a century. It was true love.
- Your father, being the Minister of Defense of the USSR, often traveled to different countries and often took you and your mother with him.
- On some trips, my father was supposed to go with his family. I visited with my parents all the countries of the socialist camp, France, Finland, Morocco. Thanks to my dad, I saw many wonderful people. For example, Yuri Gagarin. About a week after his flight, my parents took me to Star City - to a banquet on the occasion of this significant event. There was also Sergei Pavlovich Korolev with his wife Nina Ivanovna. Noticing that I was looking at Gagarin with all my eyes, dad touched my elbow and said: “Look at the others! They will all fly. " They made toasts, speeches, and then dances began. And I danced with Yuri Gagarin. I was then 16 years old.
- I think that few of your peers have received such an honor - to dance with the first cosmonaut ...
- Yuri Gagarin was at our house. Dad invited him to dinner. When my mother called my father to the phone, Gagarin suddenly said to me: "I could not even dream that someday I would be visiting the legendary Marshal, the Minister of Defense!" Frankly, I was amazed: it turns out that my dad is a legend for Gagarin himself (!). I, a girl, also remember the wedding of Tereshkova and Nikolaev.
- I can imagine what a grandiose celebration it was. Remember the bride's outfit?
- Of course. The most ordinary dress. This is not the current glamor, then people were not fixated on luxury. Solemnity - yes, there was, but how else if a wedding is being celebrated in the Kremlin? I think that for the bride and groom, such publicity was no less a test than a flight into space.
- Is it true that your father was a great theater-goer?
- He loved theater, and even played in an amateur theater, created at a military hospital in France. It was back in the First World War. He also composed a play for this theater. And for the last ten years, he considered it his official duty to watch everything that was staged in the theater of the Soviet Army. Once after the performance, the performers of the main roles and the director came to our box. Vladimir Zeldin lamented that the outbreak of sciatica prevented him from playing. The next day, my father's adjutant brought to the theater a package for Zeldin with a French miracle cure for sciatica. Vladimir Mikhailovich himself told me about this much later.
An extraordinary story that happened in 1944 is also connected with the theater. In the royal box of the Bucharest Opera at a concert dedicated to the liberation of Romania, the entire Military Council of the Second Ukrainian Front and, of course, dad and mom were present. The spectators were the warriors of the front, among them was the soldier Alexei Kucherenko, my mother's brother. And now he sees a girl in the royal box, like two drops of water similar to his sister Paradise. It can't be - she died in the blockade! And yet he goes to the box, explaining to the sentry that he would like to talk to a girl who looks like his sister. Her name is ... And then everything was like in a movie.
- By the way, about the cinema. Is it true that Yuri Solomin, who played His Excellency's adjutant, considered your father's Excellency?
- Yuri Methodievich and I met at the Moscow Soprastostnost Theater, where the play was staged in my translation - The Bloody Wedding by Federico Garcia Lorca. We were introduced, and Solomin told me: having just received a serious role in the Maly Theater, he was drafted into the army. People's Artist of the USSR Elena Gogoleva found out about this, she called her father and asked him to release a talented young man from service. The resolution of the Minister of Defense, sent to the military registration and enlistment office, read: “Leave Y. Solomin in the theater. As an actor, he will be of more use to the army! " And literally a week later, Solomin was offered the first role in shoulder straps, then military roles fell in one after another, and when Solomin was offered the role of His Excellency's adjutant, he, in his own words, "knew exactly who it was - His Excellency." It’s a pity my father didn’t have to see this movie. When he came out, dad was no longer alive.
By the way, Yuri Bondarev's novel Hot Snow, which tells about the exploits of the Second Guards Army, which his father commanded at Stalingrad, was also written after his father's death.
- Is it true that Marshal Malinovsky composed chess problems and published them in magazines?
- Dad was really a good chess player and believed that it is useful and even necessary for a military man to play chess. He had the richest chess library, books signed by Botvinnik and other legendary chess players. After the death of my father, my mother gave these books to the Odessa Chess Club. My father's other hobby was photography. Back in France, he managed to save money for the first camera. He mastered the art of shooting, learned to print photographs. The camera was always with him.
- Natalya Rodionovna, two cats live in your house. Did your father like pets too?
- Highly. They have always been in our house. When dad died, two cats and two dogs who lived with us yearned for him and all four died by the fortieth day, which fell on May 9, 1967.
- Natalya Rodionovna, your parents met in the war. Did they tell you how it happened?
Pope met the war in the Odessa military district. He commanded the 48th Rifle Corps, whose headquarters were located near the city of Balti, in Moldova. When the war began, the corps became part of the Southern Front. The war found my mother in Leningrad, where, after graduating from the Library Institute, she worked in the library of the Mechanical Technical School. After being evacuated from besieged Leningrad along the Road of Life near Grozny in April 1942, she entered the army, began her army life in a bath and laundry plant, and twice left the encirclement. The second time was fateful - she met her dad. In the summer of 1942, when they were getting out of the encirclement, she and two other soldiers made their way through the cornfield and counted the German tanks. Apparently, this information turned out to be important - my mother was presented to the Order of the Red Star, which her father presented to her. He was told, they say, there are two soldiers and with them a girl in a blue kerchief ... Probably, she already made some impression on dad, but only a year later her father transferred her to his front headquarters. In 1944, my mother was appointed head of the canteen of the military council. When the commanders found themselves on the front line - in dugouts and trenches, it was necessary to bring all the food containers to these trenches. Mom has young girls under her command, but it’s dangerous on the front line - she walked on her own. So Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky was always touchingly interested: "Well, how did you go, Raisa Yakovlevna, is everything all right?" And dad never asked her about it. And once my mother decided to find out if he was worried about her. Dad said, "I wasn't worried. I knew for sure that nothing would happen to you." I have a feeling he knew they had a life ahead of them.
- But among the veterans of the 2nd Ukrainian Front there was a legend that the second wife of Malinovsky Raisa Yakovlevna was a countess ...
That was how her front-line friends called her. Mom told the story of this nickname: “When they took Budapest, all the girls who worked in the canteen of the military council were rewarded: for the first time we held foreign money in our hands. And the dress is gray, slightly bluish, with folds and tucks. The first time I wore this dress when we were supposed to go to the theater in Budapest - to the opera house !!! I leave the dining room, and my colleague Grisha Romanchikov says: "Countess ! "And so it went." In fact, my mother was born in the Ukraine in the village of Bogorodichnoye in a family with many children and a poor one.
And the story with the Countess has a continuation. Mom had a brother, Alexei. At the beginning of the war, he lived in Slavyansk, went to the front. By 1944, having no news of his mother, he no longer hoped to see her alive. And now he, who fought for two whole years in the army next to his mother, also ended up in Budapest and also in the opera house. In the central box next to dad among the generals sits mom, and in the stalls - soldiers and officers, in a word, the entire front. Naturally, they are looking at not only the artists, but also those sitting in the box. And then Uncle Lenya sees in the box a girl with braids and a crown - and does not believe her eyes: "Paradise? Or is it similar? But it can't be!" Goes to the box - there are soldiers on the clock. While he was explaining to him that he would call a girl from the box, the adjutant, Anatoly Innokentyevich Fednev, came out. He asked what was the matter. "Yes, here's a girl there, like my sister ..." - "What's the name?" - "Raya." - "Raisa Yakovlevna?" - "Yakovlevna". A minute later, my mother appears at the door. The meeting is like in a movie!
- Did your father tell you anything about his meetings with Stalin?
Father is not. But several of his associates recalled this episode: in the summer of 1942, the Southwestern and Southern Fronts collapsed. Father then commanded the Southern Front and, foreseeing its inevitable collapse, gave the order to surrender Rostov. No Bet sanction. Father and someone else from the front command, most likely a member of the military council Larin, are summoned to Moscow. Already in Moscow, dad and Illarion Ivanovich Larin, dismissed from their posts, learn about Order No. 227, which contains the phrase: "The Southern Front has covered its banners with shame." At the Moskva Hotel they are waiting for an audience with the Supreme Commander, but in reality they are awaiting a tribunal. They are waiting for a day, another, a third. On the third day in the evening - burn everything with a blue flame! - they got drunk. And, of course, it was then that the messenger appeared with the news of the audience - "at 7 am". A miracle happened - a miracle of instant sobering up. They went to their rooms - there was no time to sleep, but at least to shave. At half past six, dad goes out into the corridor, knocks on Larin's room, with whom they have been together since the first days of the war. In response, silence. In the end, they break down the door - Larin shot himself. Dad goes to Stalin alone. Stalin, of course, already knows everything, but he meets his father with a question:
And where is Comrade Larin?
General Larin shot himself.
What prevented you from doing the same?
The father gives his arguments: it would not have been possible to keep Rostov all the same, the retreat saved at least part of the troops. Long pause. Finally:
You will be informed of the solution.
On the same day, my father was appointed to command the utterly exhausted 66th Army at Stalingrad. (I must say that these stories contradict the documents of General Larin's personal file, so this story still needs to be investigated.)
- And how did your relationship with Stalin develop afterwards?
After the war, we stayed in the Far East - my father was in command of the Far Eastern military district. We spent ten years there. Stalin worked at night, and all of Moscow worked at night. And for us it was a day, the time zone allowed us to lead a normal life. I can say that in our house there were no portraits of Stalin, no one talked about Stalin, and I was born in 1946! Of course, when he died, my father went to the funeral, but there was no particular mourning in our family. I know that my dad was in trouble with one of Beria's close associates. What was the matter, I do not know, but I know that he was going to start a case against dad, he turned to Beria. Stalin then said the following phrase: "Do not touch Malinovsky from the Far East. He is already far enough from us."
- Where did your parents celebrate Victory Day?
On the fiftieth anniversary of the Victory, I asked my mother: "What happened then on May 9 - in the forty-fifth?" She replied: "A holiday. Dad and I went from Czechoslovakia to Vienna, walked in the Vienna Woods, in the zoo. All the animals were kept there."
- And what did the family tell about the Victory Parade?
Mom told me about the parade. The echelons were unloaded, the Military Council of the front and the staff of the secretariat were accommodated in the hotel "Moskva". Preparations for the parade were in full swing, but everything was felt - and for something else. Dad was too worried, he returned too late, and not from the rehearsals of the parade, but from the General Staff, he was too silent and immersed in something of his own. Then there was a parade in which everyone was soaked to the skin in the pouring rain. After the parade - a gala reception in the Kremlin, in the evening - fireworks. After that, already in the hotel room, everyone sat together for a long time - dad, his officers for special assignments, mom - they remembered, joked, kept silent. But the main thing that mother found out that evening was that the war was not over for them. They again had to go to the front - Zabaikalsky. By the way, I find it funny to watch how the reception for the parade participants is portrayed in modern films: all the ladies with cleavage and diamonds! Mom, for example, was at this reception in an almost uniform dark dress with the Order of the Red Star.
- Was it already the second Victory Parade for your dad?
Yes, my dad - the only one of our warlords of the Second World War - had two Victory Parades in his life. On the first he was a soldier, and on the second he led the front. The fact is that in World War I, Pope fought in the Russian Expeditionary Force in France, was wounded. Then, after the hospital, after working in the quarries and realizing that he would never save money for the way home, in January 1918 he joined the Foreign Legion of the French Army. And in this capacity, he participated in the Victory Parade on November 11, 1918. By the age of 20, he already had four major awards: two St. George's Crosses and two French Crosses with swords. Such an interesting story is connected with the awards: the pope received one of these French crosses for a feat committed during the battles on the Hindenburg line, a kind of Stalin's castle of the First World War. And I never learned that in parallel he was presented to the St.George Cross of the III degree. General Shcherbachev, appointed by Kolchak as the military representative of the White Army under the allied high command and entitled to reward the Russian military who fought on the French front in 1919, announced the rewarding of 17 soldiers and officers. The seventh on the list is corporal Rodion Malinovsky. By this time, having made a second, almost round the world, trip, dad returned to his homeland - through Vladivostok - and, getting on the roof of the carriage to Odessa, near Omsk was detained by a Red Army patrol. At the sight of a foreign uniform, foreign orders and presentation of a document, again in a foreign language, he was almost shot on the spot, but still brought to the authorities - suddenly a valuable spy! - and there, luckily for him, there was a doctor who knew French. He confirmed that the book was a soldier's, and we would always have time to shoot. So dad again became a soldier - this time a soldier of the Red Army. You can imagine what consequences the news of the awarding of the St. George Cross from Kolchak would have in 1919. And later, such news would hardly have pleased - for example, in 1937. But this order remained in the then very few people in the Kolchak archive, traveling with him through the cities and villages, until he ended up, I do not know what fate, in Bratislava. There he was discovered in the spring of 1945 by the troops of his father's front who took the city. And, not wondering what kind of papers there were, they sent them to Moscow - and they could have asked, and just by chance to see such a familiar surname!
- How did you find out about this award?
In Moscow, Kolchak's archive lay and lay in peace and quiet until 1991. Once the historian Svetlana Popova, who was involved in the archive, looked through it, and her father's surname caught her eye. She made a copy for herself - just in case, not realizing that, besides her, no one knows about this St. George's Cross. Fifteen years later, she watched a documentary about the Russian Expeditionary Force "They died for France" and reproached the director Sergei Zaitsev for dishonesty: "Why didn't you mention the second St. George's Cross ?!" He replied that he did not know, and that Malinovsky's daughter did not know about this award. So, forty years after my father's death, "the award found a hero" ... And what is interesting, the award list was signed on the very day when my father became a soldier of the Red Army and had to go into battle with Kolchak near Omsk ...
The daughter of Rodion Yakovlevich and Raisa Yakovlevna Malinovskikh Natalya Rodionovna graduated from the philological faculty of Moscow State University and connected her future life with the university.
Natalya Malinovskaya - Hispanist, Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Literature of the Philological Faculty of Moscow State University, laureate of literary prizes.
* * *
- Robert Rodionovich, in the literature you can find information that your father was illegitimate ...
- He was born on November 23, 1898 in Odessa. Father's name was Jacob, mother's name was Varvara. I focus on this, because five or six years ago, Malinovsky's daughter from her second marriage said in a television interview that her father was the illegitimate son of a Russian prince and his maidservant. I don't know where this information came from, but dad is not of a princely family. There are discrepancies in his biography. Perhaps someone wants to play on them.
War correspondent for the London Sunday Times, Alexander Werth, who met with Army Commander Malinovsky in 1943, wrote from the words of Marshal: “The beautiful girl Varya fell in love with the Karaite land surveyor Yakov, many years older than her. He wanted to marry her, but he was killed in Odessa even before the birth of her son. " According to other sources, my grandfather was not a land surveyor, but a shoemaker Yankel (Yakov), who did not want to legalize his relationship with Varya. In his official autobiography, Malinovsky says: “My mother, Varvara Malinovskaya, gave birth to me in girls; Metric notation labeled "illegitimate."
Further information from different researchers practically coincides. My father's mother, my grandmother Varya, worked as a cook in the Odessa hospital for soldiers wounded in the Russo-Japanese war. Countess Heyden, nee Dragomilova, occasionally visited the patients there. It was she who took Varya and her child in 1905 to her Sutiska estate. Five years later, my grandmother married the Countess's footman, who did not want to adopt the "bastard." So much for the "princely family" ...
My father was raised by my grandmother's sister, aunt Natalya, who lived near Odessa, in the village of Yurkovka. There he hired a farm laborer for a local landowner, and two years later, his grandmother's brother took his father to Odessa and sent him to the store as an errand boy. When the First World War began, he was not even 16 years old. In the echelon of an infantry regiment he went to the front as a hare. He had no documents, so he added his age and was enrolled in the machine-gun team.
The father passed his baptism of fire on September 14, 1914 on the banks of the Neman River. A few months later, for heroism in the battles near Kalvariya, the machine gunner Malinovsky was presented to the St. George Cross of the IV degree (the highest award for soldiers and non-commissioned officers. - Author). Six months later, he was seriously wounded - two fragments hit the back, one in the leg. He was treated for a long time in the Kazan hospital, he returned to duty only in February 1916.
- Already abroad?
- Yes, Russia sent an expeditionary force to help the French allies. My father quickly learned French, he had a talent for languages. In 1917, after the revolution in Russia, the expeditionary corps, located in the La Curtin camp, revolted and refused to fight. Among the rebels was 19-year-old Malinovsky. The uprising was suppressed by French troops, the instigators were shot. The father was wounded by an explosive bullet in the arm. Again - treatment, then hard labor in the quarries.
The recruiting commission invited the convicts to sign a contract for service in the Foreign Legion. The first Moroccan regiment, in which Lance corporal Malinovsky served, was first sent to Africa, then transferred to the Western Front - to break through the Hindenburg line. It was there, on September 14, 1918, that my father distinguished himself again: despite heavy artillery fire, he continued to fire at the enemy from a machine gun. The French marked Malinovsky with the Military Cross with a silver star, and Kolchak's general Dmitry Shcherbachev, wishing to encourage the Russian fighters, presented him for the award of the St.George Cross of the III degree. This information, like the very fact of the award, became known decades after the death of the marshal. He received the first "George" at less than sixteen years old, and the second at nineteen.
In August 1919, Malinovsky was able to leave France and return to Russia by sea from Marseille to Vladivostok. On the way to Omsk, he was detained by scouts of the 240th Tver Regiment of the 27th Infantry Division. Having found books and documents in French in the pope's travel bag, they had already put him against the wall to be shot like a spy. But a happy accident saved the future commander. He soon enlisted in the Red Army and became an instructor in machine-gun systems in the 27th division. After the end of the Civil War, he graduated from the school of junior command personnel, and in 1927 he entered the Frunze Military Academy, after which he served in the cavalry regiments.
- How did your parents meet?
- It happened in Irkutsk, where my father took part in the Civil War. Mom and Dad got married in 1925, and four years later I was born. Mom, Larisa Nikolaevna, was a French teacher. The parents had two more sons, Herman and Eduard. In 1937, my father was sent to Spain - there was a civil war there. He was quite familiar with Western Europe and became deputy chief military adviser. This probably saved him from being shot - the fate that befell many Russian military leaders. For more than a year, dad, under the pseudonym Colonel Malino, organized military operations against the Francoists, for which he was awarded two orders, and upon returning to the USSR he received the rank of brigade commander.
- The brightest pages of your father's biography are associated with the Great Patriotic War.
- Undoubtedly. I myself remember something from that period. The war found us - my mother and me and my brother Edik - in Kiev, where my father's aunt lived then. We were going to go to him in the Moldavian city of Balti, where the 48th Rifle Corps, commanded by my father, was stationed. But I had to go east to evacuate. It was extremely difficult to leave Kiev - the Nazis bombed the railways. We got out first along the Dnieper. In Kharkov they took a train to Moscow. And Moscow has already been bombed. It was scary, of course. Then my mother, a Siberian woman, took us home. Already in Siberia, I graduated from the institute and went to work.
In August 1941, his father's corps, numbering 35 thousand privates and commanders, hundreds of guns, fought the enemy near Dnepropetrovsk. The Red Army was rapidly retreating, suffering serious losses. Malinovsky was ordered to take command of the 6th Army, which included his formation. He did not allow the Nazis to cross the Dnieper, holding back an enemy far superior to our troops for almost a month. In December, the Pope was appointed commander of the Southern Front, the scale of activities and responsibility increased many times over. Moreover, this front was chronically retreating. Only near Kharkov was it possible to stop the Germans and even throw them back almost 100 kilometers from the city. Nevertheless, by the summer, the front was in the Donbass, and the left wing left Rostov and Novocherkassk, despite the order of the Headquarters to keep the cities at all costs. In July, the father and member of the Military Council of the Front, General Ivan Larin, was summoned to Moscow. They did not expect anything good, because the well-known order No. 227 had just been received, in which Stalin demanded to stop the retreat at any cost. Retreating commanders of any grade were equated with traitors.
In the capital, the generals settled in the Moscow Hotel and began to await a summons to Headquarters. Only in the morning of the third day did an NKVD officer appear with an order to immediately come to Stalin. One father had to go - General Larin, hearing about the call, shot himself. When, having arrived in the Kremlin, his father informed Stalin about this, he called Larin a deserter and asked: "What prevented you from shooting yourself, Comrade Malinovsky?" Further, without any conversation, Stalin declared that the further fate of Malinovsky would be decided by the State Defense Committee. The next day, the Pope was announced a new assignment - to become the commander of the 66th Army.
"Father's desk books were the works of French philosophers."
- It turns out that it was still possible to resist Stalin?
- It's hard for me to judge this. I think it was impossible desperately, outright. It's just that my father knew how to disarm with his logic, intelligence, judgment. At the same time, there was fearlessness in him, an unwillingness to obey stupidly. I dare to say so, because in 1944, when the Soviet troops were already advancing and my father invited us to come to him, I witnessed his telephone conversation with Stalin. It was at the army headquarters in the Moldavian village of Balan. Late in the evening, Stalin called my father several times. My father spoke to him absolutely calmly, in a military-specific manner.
One of his father's old friends, General Ivan Burenin, recalled how Georgy Zhukov arrived at the front headquarters and entered the office of Commander Malinovsky. Out of habit, he greeted his father, interspersed every word with obscenities, and received, to his amazement, a completely adequate answer. Moreover, as it seemed to Burenin, Zhukov was almost delighted, for he had already greeted humanly and in the future behaved with dignity with Malinovsky. Ivan Nikolaevich said that for many years of friendship this was the only case of Rodion Yakovlevich's use of profanity.
There was not a single general, admiral or marshal in the Soviet army who, like Malinovsky, spoke several European languages. His father's desk books in the post-war period were the works of French philosophers. In the originals! The journalist Semyon Borzunov, who visited Malinovsky, wrote that he was amazed at the ease with which the minister (Marshal Malinovsky held this post from 1957 to 1967 - author) operated with quotes from Pascal, Montaigne, Larochefoucauld. Not to mention the fact that the marshal played chess professionally, he composed sketches and problems himself.
Since 1924
In 1925 he graduated from the 1st Leningrad Infantry School, in 1928 - the Military-Political Courses. From 1928 - in political work in the Red Army. In 1939-1941 - military commissar, deputy commander for political affairs of the 147th rifle division. From March 1941 - military commissar of the 48th rifle corps, in June 1941 - regimental commissar.
From September 14 to December 28, 1941 - Member of the Military Council of the 6th Army. From December 31, 1941 to July 28, 1942 - a member of the Military Council of the Southern Front (with the rank of "division commissar"). Participated in border battles, in the Donbass and Barvenkovo-Lozovskaya operations, in the Kharkov battle.
In the winter of 1942, Larin shot himself. Different data are given about the time and place of this event. One by one - Larin shot himself while in the hospital with a slight wound. According to the recollections of NR Malinovskaya, Larin shot himself in the Moskva Hotel while awaiting an audience with JV Stalin. After himself, he left a note, which ended with the words: "Long live Lenin!"
In fact, a member of the Military Council of the 2nd Guards Army, Divisional Commissar Illarion Ivanovich Larin, on December 25, 1942, shot himself in his apartment, leaving a note: “What have I to do with it. Please do not touch my family. Rodion is an intelligent person. Long live Lenin. "
- Isaev A.V. Failure of the "Winter Thunderstorm"// Stalingrad: there is no land for us beyond the Volga. - M.: Yauza; Eksmo, 2008 .-- S. 383 .-- 444 p. - (War and we. Military affairs through the eyes of a citizen). - 10,000 copies - ISBN 978-5-699-26236-6.
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