Alcohol family and children. Problems of drunkenness in the family. Alcoholic husband is the most common option

Instructions

Realize that there is a problem in your family if your spouse becomes addicted to alcohol. The more often and more he drinks, the further alcoholism delays him. The behavior of such a man becomes different. Unreasonable aggression, inclination and indifference to important aspects of life become his constant companions.

Understand that if your husband does not want to fight his addiction, then your family life will get worse. Over time, your spouse will become completely impossible to rely on. If you have children, they will also begin to suffer from the drunkenness of their father.

Talk to your husband, calmly but very seriously. Just choose the right moment for the conversation. Conducting a conversation with a spouse who is intoxicated or suffering from a hangover is not constructive. Explain to your faithful that you cannot see further how he ruins his and your life, and offer your help in the fight against his drunkenness.

Support your husband if he agreed to treatment. If he cannot stop drinking on his own, you will need the help of a narcologist. There are many methods of treating alcoholism: with the use of drugs, hypnosis, or psychological assistance.

Remember that if your spouse becomes addicted to drinking alcohol, he needs to stop drinking once and for all. There can be no question of any restrictions. Reducing the dose is not an option. So the addiction will not disappear and after some time will gain new strength.

Promote a healthy lifestyle in your family. Find one hundred and one ways for you and your husband to enjoy your evenings, weekends, holidays, and vacations without alcohol. Let your husband understand that without alcohol, he does not lose something, but on the contrary, opens the whole world.

Keep in mind that if your husband, like many alcoholics, is not aware of the problem and does not agree to treatment, the only way for you to live a normal, fulfilling, happy life is to divorce. There is no need to sacrifice yourself to someone who does not want to fight the disease. It will not lead to anything good.

Know that by supporting an alcoholic who is not going to change his life, you are doing him a disservice. If you divorce your husband, it can be such a shock for him that it will allow him to reconsider his behavior and improve. Unfortunately, there are girls who do not understand this and continue to suffer, mistakenly considering themselves also involved in the fact that their spouse began to drink. Do not overestimate your influence on the choice of a free person.

Don't make yourself a heroine. It is possible that among the wives of alcoholics there are such persons who assert themselves at the expense of their unlucky spouses. Indeed, against the background of such a vice, their own shortcomings and weaknesses become completely invisible. And thanks to the daily feat of a woman living with a drinking man, her other mistakes and blunders are atoned for.

If there is still debate about the benefits of ethyl alcohol for an individual taken, then the influence of alcohol on a family is considered negative throughout the world. Every fourth marriage in Russia and every third in Europe breaks up due to drug addiction of one of the spouses, including alcoholism. But the problem is not even that families cease to exist. Worst of all, if the drinker continues to live in marriage, poisoning the life of his wife and children. An even more terrible situation is family alcoholism, when children become orphans with living drunken parents. The dangers of alcohol addiction in the family will be considered within the framework of this article.

The origins of the problem

About twenty years ago, drinking a glass was most often started after the wedding because of problems at work and at home, but for modern youth, alcohol has become an indispensable attribute of rest. Therefore, many people who decide to start a family are already getting married with, having managed to earn it at constant parties.

The funds allocated for the fight against alcoholism are much less than the funds that go to the promotion of drinking alcohol. Wine, beer, vodka, low alcohol drinks do not hesitate to advertise on TV. In the songs, phrases like “pouring the pain with alcohol”, “a little ice, a little whiskey”, “drink beer” slip through every now and then. The heroes of many films like to drink after work or get drunk to unconsciousness at parties, and this behavior is not condemned, but shown as normal. And in real life, many stars of show business keep up with their characters: drunk they are deprived of their driver's licenses, in a drunken stupor they disrupt concerts and filming, and even enter into fleeting marriages, such as Britney Spears.

Parental families also become an example for children in relation to alcohol. Allowing a minor child to drink alcohol during the holidays is to encourage him to drink in the future.

What kind of normal family can we talk about if a large number of early marriages are registered due to an unplanned pregnancy that occurred when young people were drunk?

The propaganda of alcohol consumption on the radio, TV, as well as the example of parents is one of the main reasons why today's young people get drunk and create families that are unable to fulfill all the functions assigned to them.

The influence of alcoholism in the family on children

Children are not to blame for the fact that their mom or dad is addicted to alcohol, but they are the ones who suffer the most from their parents' drunkenness. The consequences can be both psychological and physiological, but one way or another they will affect the further life of the child of alcoholics.

Predisposition to alcohol addiction.

A child born to drinking parents can get not only many congenital somatic diseases, but also a genetic tendency to drink. If adults constantly drink in front of a toddler and regard alcohol as their best friend, there is a good chance that they will follow in their parents' footsteps at a very early age.

Psychological trauma.

Alcoholic drinks make a person do unconscious actions. Drunken quarrels and fights in the family can leave an indelible mark on a child's fragile psyche.

Physical injury.

Even babies often fall under the hot hand of an alcoholic, receiving injuries incompatible with life.

Inferiority complex.

When all the money in the family is spent on drinking or paying off the debts of the drunkard, for his treatment after binges, children often do not receive the benefits of civilization that most of their peers. Considering a classmate's new jacket or smartphone, such a child feels flawed, and this feeling may not leave a person until the end of his days.

Loss of chances for a brighter future.

In a family where, and his mother is looking for him in taverns, or, even worse, both parents get drunk, there is no one to take care of the children. They often begin to study poorly, losing the chances of getting an education and finding their place in the sun.

Alcoholism and family are incompatible concepts, especially if the family has children. Because drunkards hand over their children to orphanages, so as not to interfere with pouring vodka. In this way, thousands of children become orphans with parents.

Alcoholic husband

Most often, trouble in a family comes from a man's side. At first, the modern young woman will not be alarmed by the smell of fumes emanating from her husband. She knows that her husband is not a teetotaler, because they met at a party. But if the drinking of the faithful becomes more frequent, the wife will try to talk with him on this topic. Further, scandals, tantrums, threats to divorce will come into play, which are unlikely to force an alcoholic to take the path of correction.

Trying to fix her husband, a woman forgets about her needs, does not take care of her appearance, and pays little attention to children. The husband, in turn, feels comfortable when he is being coddled, rescued after binges, because the spouse, dragging him drunk and enduring antics, only incites him to further drunkenness.

Which is treated with medications. Specialty drugs distributed over the Internet, unlike hangover pills, eliminate the need to drink alcohol.

Wife drinks

Female alcoholism is not as common as male alcoholism, but. Husbands, whose wives are addicted to alcohol, do not immediately notice the problem, because women try to interrupt the smell of alcohol and not come home clearly drunk. When the spouse incriminates the faithful in close friendship with wine, he will not begin to act immediately, believing that the problem will disappear by itself. The problem, of course, only gets worse, because the next step of a man is decisive - a divorce or treatment in a specialized clinic.

A mother's alcoholism has a profound effect on her children, regardless of when and why she started drinking. For those around him, such a child will always be the “son / daughter of an alcoholic,” and this stigma is extremely traumatic, especially in adolescence.

Drunkenness of both spouses

Alcoholism of both spouses starts out differently, but in any case, it causes enormous damage to society. A man and a woman may initially have liberal views on alcohol consumption. Such a similarity in views is often one of the reasons for choosing this particular companion (s) in life. Nobody forbids going to parties, because the spouses go there together and drink on equal terms. This kind of rest smoothly flows into dependence.

It happens that the wife (sometimes the husband) begins to drink with the other half, tired of fighting her alcoholism or according to the principle "so that the drunkard gets less." In any case, drunkenness in the family leads to:

the birth of disabled children;
inability to fulfill the responsibilities of parents;
moral and social degradation.

Actions for alcoholism of a husband / wife

Family and alcoholism are incompatible, and this needs to be made clear to the alcohol addict. Often wives are afraid to leave their drinking husbands so that they do not do something while intoxicated. But if the conversations do not give a result, you need to take the children and live separately, giving time to the drunkard to realize the possibility of losing dear people. If this worked and the person began to be treated, it is necessary:

do not drink alcohol with him;
do not remember the past;
fill his free time with hobbies, sports, raising children;
organize joint activities for the whole family.

If family is not a priority for an alcoholic, it makes no sense to keep it.

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There are various reasons for the development of alcoholism, but if one of the family members suffers from this disease, then it causes harm not only to him, but also to his entire family. The alcoholic's family has different problems, the children, the spouse and the parents of the alcoholic suffer. Alcoholism is a public concern, not just the grief of one particular family. A drunk person is capable of committing a crime, getting into an accident, he does not fulfill his family and official duties, which leads to dismissal and divorce. However, you should not immediately give up on the alcoholic. This disease, like any other disease, is treatable. First of all, the answer to the question of how to help a person overcome alcohol dependence worries his family members.

The reasons for drunkenness in our country

Common domestic binge drinking can very quickly lead to alcoholism, if continued for quite a long time. This problem is so widespread in our country that as long as there are reasons leading to alcohol addiction, the fight against the green snake will not end. Some of the most common causes of alcoholism are:

Centuries-old traditions. For a long time, a glass of alcohol has been considered a base attribute of any festive or friendly feast in our country. With the help of alcohol, connections, acquaintances are made, gratitude or gratitude is expressed. A container with alcohol is a measure of heroic strength and masculinity. For our person, a non-alcoholic event is something incomprehensible, not interesting and strange. Alcoholics and drunkards are frequent heroes of folklore. Many people are sure that alcohol will only make the holiday more fun. The attitude towards drunkenness and alcoholics is quite condescending.
Our media are full of advertisements for alcoholic beverages and cigarettes. Often the drunk becomes the hero of comedy series and films, which forms indulgence towards drinking people. Even in films about courageous heroes, doctors, and the everyday life of the police, scenes with the use of alcohol by the goodies are very common. In fact, this movie is the propaganda of drunkenness. Here are the reasons, thanks to which our young people are brought up in the "best" alcoholic traditions. Even teenagers believe that the symbol of masculinity is the ability to drink a glass of vodka and not grimace.
Another reason for alcoholism is constant stress. Our life is so fast and stressful that after a hard day at work, some people prefer to relax and calm their nerves with a glass of wine or a bottle of beer.
At times household and financial disorder, problems at work and in the family, depression lead to drunkenness even for a rather strong person. So alcohol, leading to discharge, gradually draws a person into drunkenness, and then alcohol dependence appears.
Promotion of freedom in relations between women and men. If earlier the husband was the head of the family, wealth and responsibility for the whole family rested on him, now all responsibilities are shifted to women, and the husband can start drinking out of idleness and boredom. We can say that the alcoholic's family rests on fragile female shoulders.

As you can see, there are different reasons for the development of alcoholism. This raises the only question of how to help the alcoholic's family. At first glance, it seems that if you drink a bottle of beer or a glass of a stronger drink with your family, it will in no way interfere with your marital and family responsibilities. But the problem lies in the harmful effects of alcohol on the entire human body. If a person has reasons to drink more often, then alcohol, in addition to a short-term effect, has a significant impact on a person in the long term.

Influence on the child

The alcoholic's family is not the best place for any child, because it is he who suffers first. Family alcoholism significantly affects the psyche of the child, and also lays its imprint on the following areas of his life:

Since the child cannot yet correctly analyze the situation and be aware of the real state of affairs, he forms a conviction that in the future alcohol will not harm him. If adults convince a child that the behavior of an alcoholic dad is normal, then in the future, against the background of a hereditary predisposition to addiction to ethanol, this may contribute to the development of early alcoholism. A teenager begins to believe that alcohol is a means of maturity, and the earlier in his life the first taste of alcohol occurs, the faster he turns into an adult.
The alcoholic's family often experiences quarrels, scandals, squabbles and even beatings. After such scenes, the child receives a psychotrauma for life. At its best, this will lead to isolation, intimidation and cruelty towards their peers. After the experience, only psychologists should help the child return to normal life.
Since the child does not feel the care of one or both family members, sees laxity and lack of discipline, he begins to study worse, skips lessons. As a result, due to low school performance, a teenager cannot continue his education at a university.
A drunk person does not control himself, often becomes aggressive. As a result, the child sometimes receives not only mental, but also physical trauma.
Since the alcoholic's family often needs money that a drunken father cannot earn because of drunkenness or simply drinks on drink, the child is often deprived of the benefits of civilization that his peers have. Thus, he acquires an inferiority complex.
Poor nutrition, lack of proper care and attention lead to the fact that children in such families are weak, painful and suffer from developmental delays.

Wife behavior

The problem of alcoholism in the family is often associated with the drunkenness of the husband, but cases of dependence in the wife or drunkenness of both spouses are not excluded. But first, we will look at the most common case when a husband drinks. Since in such a situation it is the wife who can help the husband get rid of the addiction, the woman should know what to do if there is alcoholism in the family.

You should not talk and argue with your husband when he is intoxicated.
There is no need to forcibly take alcohol from him and hide it. So you will only anger him, which will lead to outbursts of aggression.
If the husband has a severe withdrawal syndrome, then this can even lead to death, so it is advisable to call an ambulance.
Do not blame, blame and criticize your husband. So he will either begin to suppress the feeling of guilt with a new dose of alcohol, or he will aggressively defend himself, which will further alienate you from him.
The best time to talk to your husband is in the morning when he sober up after yesterday's feast. Speak to him in a calm, affectionate tone. Tell your spouse that you understand him and sympathize with him, and are also ready to help get rid of addiction.
In no case should you succumb to his persuasions and buy him alcohol to drink. Better call an ambulance or help him get rid of withdrawal symptoms at home.
It is in your power to persuade your husband to start treatment in a drug treatment clinic.
Be prepared to visit a psychologist with him.
Even if all alcohol in the house is destroyed, the addict will still find it elsewhere.
It is not necessary to “nag” the faithful every day about his alcohol addiction. Also, there is no need to turn the conversation into a hysterical scene or playful conversation. It is important for a sober spouse to calmly state the facts and set him on the right path.

Male and female behavior in the alcoholic family

How to help the alcoholic's family largely depends on which of the spouses (or both) suffers from alcoholism. In this case, there are three options:

If the drunkard in the family is a man, then the wife will notice the problem almost immediately and begin to act immediately. However, women tend to solve the problem gradually. At first, she can just talk with her husband about his behavior, sometimes make fun of him, hint that it's time to quit. Later this can turn into quarrels and scandals. A woman will take real serious action only when the problem becomes significant. In such a situation, it can come to an appeal to a dispensary. This behavior, which is standard for many women, will provoke the husband to protest. In response to hints and quarrels, he may start demonstratively getting drunk. And this will be done more and more often.
If there is a woman drinking in the family, then the husband will pay attention to the manifestations of her alcoholism much later, and will begin to act even later. This is due to the fact that many men prefer to leave time to resolve the situation on their own. However, if a man notices alcoholism in the family, then he will do everything to eliminate the problem in one fell swoop. Depending on financial capabilities and temperament, the husband can file for divorce, seek help from relatives, or insist on treating his wife in a clinic.
The most dangerous situation is in families where husband and wife suffer from alcoholism. In this case, only third parties can stop the drinking couple. These can be relatives, neighbors, friends, children, parents, just not indifferent people or society. The trouble is that drinking spouses are not able to appreciate the deplorable situation of their situation. In addition, in such a family, alcoholic spouses will stimulate each other to lower incidence and degradation.

Important: in order to effectively combat the problem of alcoholism in the family, it is important to identify this problem as early as possible. In this situation, there are no compromises. Family and alcoholism are not compatible.

The psychological side of the issue

Alcoholism in the family is a way to attract attention to yourself. Judge for yourself:

The wife tries to undress the drunken husband, put him to bed, pick him up from the street. And when he's sober, she doesn't seem to notice him. As a result, in a sober state, the husband thinks that his wife loves him less, and he is superfluous here. He ends up getting drunk to numb the pain of an apparent problem.
As a result, the subconscious mind often pushes the husband to a binge, although this does not solve the problem itself. At the initial stage, this is a purely psychological issue, and addiction appears later.
The fact that a drinker enjoys drinking alcohol is purely a chemical component of the problem.

Advice: if you start the fight against drunkenness at the initial stage, the effect will be noticeable immediately. It is enough for a woman to show more love for her husband, help him in everyday affairs, ask for help, and then praise for a job well done, give a compliment. As a result, relations will improve, and the problem of drunkenness will be eliminated by itself.

Often, the wife herself sometimes incites her husband to binge. It's all about our craving for awards, that is, if you did something right, and others noticed and approved it, you have fun. Next time, you will want more fun. Now the specific situation: the wife left her alcoholic husband to her relatives, he, in turn, stopped drinking for a while and did everything (flowers, compliments, gifts) to get his wife back. Thus, she received a reward for doing the right thing. But after returning to her husband, she no longer receives a reward for the correct actions, because the husband does not drink. As a result, on a subconscious level, she provokes her husband into another binge. After that, history repeats itself.

Further actions

If you still managed to put your husband on the right path, after the situation normalizes, it is important to adhere to the following actions:

Forget the difficult period of his life and don't talk about him.
Remove all alcohol from your home. Even on holidays, the feast should be non-alcoholic.
Find fun things to do together.
Spend leisure time together, go hiking.

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Introduction

1.2 Methodical and social aspects of the influence of alcoholism on children

1.3 The influence of the family on the formation of additive mechanisms

Chapter 2. General aspects of the problem of social rehabilitation of children from families

alcoholics

2.1 The concept of social rehabilitation of children from families of alcoholics

2.2 Psychological foundations of social rehabilitation

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Introduction

The problem of family alcoholism is currently of particular concern. First of all, children suffer from alcohol abuse. Conception while intoxicated, alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy has negative consequences - all this leads to a variety of defects in the development of many organs and systems of the child's body. Disorders of the central nervous system are especially common. In addition, in family alcoholism, mental retardation is often combined with severe impairment of attention, memory, and emotional-volitional sphere.

The adverse effect of parental alcoholism on children is not limited to deviations at the biological level. Family alcoholism forms a complex of negative macrosocial influences on the child. Therefore, even in the case when the maturation of the organism occurs relatively well, the problem of social disadoptation of such children arises with all the acuteness. Emotional-behavioral and personal deviations in children, acquired as a result of improper upbringing, complicate the formation of normal interpersonal relationships and social adaptation in general.

In turn, social deodaptation is a powerful adverse factor that aggravates personal and behavioral disorders. It contributes to the formation of persistent psychopathic states, asocial forms of behavior. In this regard, timely and purposeful work with such children is of particular importance. Unfortunately, experience shows that teachers, both mass schools and specialized ones, are not sufficiently aware of the specific difficulties of raising and educating children from alcoholic families. Therefore, it seems necessary to study in more detail the characteristic disorders of the mental and personal development of children of alcoholics in order to further use the results obtained to improve the methods of correction and education of such children.

The role of the state in solving such problems is significant. As of January 1, 1998, 2,415 institutions of social services for families and children of various types operated under the jurisdiction of the social protection authorities, and as of January 1, 2001, about 3,100.

Territorial centers for social assistance to families and children - basic multidisciplinary institutions - are becoming more widespread (220 centers operate in 65 constituent entities of the Russian Federation). It is necessary to note a clear tendency in the development of regional and city institutions of this type.

The dynamics of the development of centers for social assistance to families and children in recent years testifies to the growing authority of these institutions in various regions of Russia, their importance in solving urgent problems of family and childhood. It is these social service institutions that are able to provide effective comprehensive assistance to families and children on a wide range of issues, to prevent many negative manifestations related to the family's performance of its functions.

Centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population occupy an important place in the network of social service institutions for families and children. They operate in 24 constituent entities of the Federation, their number is constantly growing: in 1993 - 3, in 1994 - 88, in 1995 - 100, in 1996 - 123. Over the past year, more than 252 thousand people used their services, including 152 thousand . minors.

The specifics of the work of psychological services is largely determined by the situation of families who live in a given territory in conditions close to extreme. First of all, these include families that have adapted to their difficult situation and do not want to get out of an unfavorable situation on their own, preferring dependence on outside support to form an active life position and therefore gradually occupying the niche of asocial behavior. Families of this kind are exemplified, in particular, by those with alcoholism in one or both spouses.

Subject of research: mental and personal deviations in children from families of alcoholics and their changes under the influence of social and rehabilitation influences.

Object of research: children from families of alcoholics included in the social rehabilitation process.

Purpose of the study: to determine the most characteristic mental and personal changes in children from families of alcoholics and to consider how, taking into account these data, it is necessary to provide social assistance to this category of children.

Research hypothesis: Distortion of family relations and educational influence in families of alcoholics on children, manifested in the loss of parental care and assistance with living parents, often family "family cruelty", including, along with rejection, inflicting beatings, beatings, cases of violence, violation of conditions socialization, due to maternal and socio-emotional deprivation, leads to both mental and personal deviations in development, and to the emergence of a high level of anxiety, aggressiveness or depression, apathy, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders and various behavioral deviations.

The main way of rendering assistance to children from families of alcoholics included in the social rehabilitation process is: firstly, the development and implementation of psychological and pedagogical programs aimed at reducing and eliminating the named and other deviations and the organization of psychotherapeutic work, and, secondly, to create conditions for the consistent social integration of such children into the normally developing social environment of their peers.

Research objectives:

1. Analyze the literature on the problems of parents' alcoholism and their consequences on the mental and personal development of children and determine the main directions of studying such children.

2. Choose methods for studying the characteristics of mental and personal development of children in alcoholic families and organize their study.

3. Consider domestic and world experience in organizing social work with children, one or both of whose parents suffer from alcoholism.

Chapter 1. Social and socio-emotional problems of children from families of alcoholics

1.1 Alcoholism of parents and its consequences on the mental development of children

Alcoholism is a painful addiction to alcohol that develops as a result of its habitual use and leads to the loss of a person of socially valuable spiritual and physical qualities. The fight against alcoholism in our country and in the world is becoming increasingly important. This is due to the fact that this disease harms not only the health of the drinker, but is also a complex problem that includes a number of aspects: social, economic, educational, legal, psychological. The problem of family alcoholism is of particular concern. It is no coincidence that among the reasons for divorce in economically developed countries, alcoholism of one of the parents reaches 60-80% of cases. At present, in Russia, half of divorces are initiated by women in connection with their husband's alcoholism.

A chronic, traumatic situation in the family adversely affects the health of all its members.

In such families, an environment is developing that makes it impossible to fully educate and educate children: constant scandals, rudeness, violence from parents, lack of mutual understanding - all this leads to mental limitations and psychophysical underdevelopment of children. The study of children of parents who abuse alcohol has shown that drunkenness, even in the most harmless form, has a negative impact on the physical and mental development of the child.

Cases when "completely normal" children are born to hard-core alcoholics do not prove the harmlessness of parents' alcoholism, but only testifies that the factor of drunkenness acts in conjunction with a large number of other factors.

In addition, it should be noted that a detailed analysis of the developmental characteristics of these so-called "normal children" shows that they have deviations in the emotional-volitional and personal spheres. Parents-to-be should be aware that an episode of alcohol consumption (for example, by a mother during pregnancy) can play a fatal role in a child's development. This case may turn out to be the only drop that fills the vessel and makes it possible for the unfavorable load of heredity to pour out or the unfavorable prerequisite for development manifests itself to another.

Despite the wide variety of directions and the nature of the mental and physical development of children in the conditions of family alcoholism, its general patterns are also revealed.

First of all, alcoholism of parents leads to somatic pathology: premature birth, a lag in the physical development of the child. Such children develop poorly, suffer from various diseases. In some cases, alcoholism of one of the parents leads to the birth of a child with various deformities. In medicine, there is a special term to denote disorders in children of alcoholics: gross malformations of the fetal body systems under the influence of alcohol are called alcohol embryopathy. This condition is characterized primarily by underdevelopment or abnormal development of certain parts of the body, congenital heart defects, defects in the structure of the upper and lower jaw, eye abnormalities, abnormal development of the joints.

Usually, the children of mothers of alcoholics attract attention not by age because of their low weight and height, and a small head. Dysfunction from the nervous system manifests itself already from the first days and months of life in the form of a specific delay in psychomotor development.

40-60% of children of alcoholics suffer from mental retardation and mental retardation. Signs of this defect are manifested in all spheres of the child's mental activity, including the emotional-volitional one. Children assess the situation poorly and are not able to change their behavior based on its characteristics. Many of them are not sufficiently critical of their state, their emotions are superficial, too suggestible. Despite the fact that the level of development of mental functions in oligophrenia is directly dependent on the severity of pathology, the possibilities of social adaptation of such a child are largely determined by the conditions of education and upbringing.

Impaired mental development of children, parents suffering from alcoholism, can be caused not only by oligophrenia, but also by the delayed pace of development of the central nervous system. In these cases, the children, although they are not mentally retarded, lag behind their normally developing peers in terms of the rate of their mental development. This group of children in the domestic literature is referred to as children with mental retardation (PD), who have a lag in the development of such mental operations as analysis, comparison, synthesis.

Improper upbringing or lack of it as such contributes to the amplification or appearance of genetic abnormalities in behavior in children. These are cases when children are left to fend for themselves by parents who lead an immoral lifestyle, when the child is superfluous, rejected and sees constant examples of cruelty, conflict and falsehood on the part of adults. Pathology gives rise to pathology, just as parents suffering from alcoholism, the more characterologically changed and deprived of a sense of responsibility for the health and upbringing of children, the more deviations they have in relations with them.

Such heredity and the social situation of the child's development (lack of care and affection, life in a state of constant fear and unpredictability of parental behavior) provoke the formation of specific character traits due to the child's experiences and his internal conflict in response to the action of psychological stress factors coming from outside. Internal conflict is the result of a clash in the child's mind of opposing, affectively colored attitudes towards loved ones with family alcoholism, such experiences arise very often: it can be an ambivalent attitude towards a drinking father or mother, or a combination of resentment and love for parents in children who are brought up in orphanages and boarding schools

Let's single out the common thing that is inherent in children of alcoholics in terms of the formation of their character as a combination of innate and external influences. First of all, children from alcoholic families are very impressionable. Impressiveness is closely related to emotionality as a special kind of long-term emotional memory. It contributes to the memorization of unpleasant events, their fixation. The child remembers the insult, the insult, the fear for a long time, returns with his experiences to the past and cannot, as easily as others, make a start in his actions and deeds from the present. Almost all flying alcoholics cannot identify or express their feelings. The child is simply isolated from the feelings.

From birth, he feels a dissonance between the behavior of his parents and their assurances that "everything is in order", "nothing happened." The child learns not to notice, not to react to the feelings of others, he tries to keep his feelings in himself. That is, impressionism (a tendency to internal processing of feelings and experiences) is a quality that is also inherent in most children from alcoholic families.

It is especially difficult for children to experience the offense received from their parents, who, while intoxicated, insult, threaten to beat or even kill them. But children, neither with their parents, nor among their peers, will never talk about this, about their suffering. After all, it is quite natural for children to be proud of their parents, however, they understand that their families are disadvantageously different from others, but they still begin to protect their family. Children are better at experiencing everything in their souls, they are convinced that what is not said out loud does not exist. Keeping this "big secret" is more important than talking about your feelings. Also, children from alcoholic families have internal instability due to the presence of incompatible, oppositely directed feelings and experiences, a tendency to anxiety and anxiety.

The latter quality is determined, according to L.I. Zakharova with increased emotional sensitivity, shocks and fears that sharpen emotionality, or the transmission of anxiety and anxiety on the part of parents, the insolubility of any vital situation for the child by blocking his urgent needs, interests and drives, inability to assert himself, lack of internal unity.

Unsolvable experiences for children are due to a chronic traumatic situation, a source of constant mental stress. Against this background, additionally acting mental traumas increase the pathogenicity of the life situation, since the child cannot cope with them. Together with internal conflict and an unfavorable coincidence of life circumstances in general, this allows us to speak of the emergence of an unsuccessful, traumatic life experience.

The situation is complicated by the fact that children can emotionally react to the accumulating neuropsychic stress due to their limited and already deformed experience, conditions of upbringing and relationships in the family. When long-term stress exceeds the adaptive capabilities of children, does not allow them to express themselves, to resolve the traumatic situation in a timely manner, then it undermines the ability to adequately perceive themselves, accompanied by a decrease in self-esteem, lack of confidence in their strengths and capabilities, fears and anxiety, feelings of helplessness and powerlessness, i.e. e. the development of ideas of self-destruction, inferiority, inability to be oneself among others.

All of these disorders lead to various forms of inappropriate behavior in children. EAT. Mastyukova identifies the following forms of behavior of children of alcoholics. First of all, these are protest reactions. Such reactions most often occur when one of the parents is alcoholic. The child becomes rude, disobedient, seeks to do everything out of spite. Along with active protest reactions, passive reactions may differ, when a child leaves home, is afraid of parents and does not return, then gradually begins to avoid communication with peers.

Against this background, the child easily develops neurotic disorders: sleep disturbances, mood instability. Tics, stuttering, enuresis may occur. A sharper manifestation of passive protest is suicide attempts, which are based on an overly expressed feeling of resentment, a desire to take revenge, and scare. In some cases, these attempts are demonstrative.

Another form of violation of the behavior of children with family alcoholism is imitative behavior. Children, due to their general neurotization, increased suggestibility, emotional-volitional instability, have an increased tendency to develop socially negative forms of imitative behavior, such as foul language, hooligan acts, petty theft, and vagrancy. These data convincingly show the role of the environment and the prevention of behavioral disorders and pathology of character in children of alcoholics.

In a chronically difficult family environment, these behavioral difficulties gradually increase and acquire the character of a habitual behavioral stereotype for the child.

All of these violations can become the basis for the formation of persistent pathological personality traits that complicate its social adaptation.

Thus, as a conclusion, we can say that alcoholism is a complex problem that includes a number of aspects: social, medical, educational, psychological. Family alcoholism is a particular problem at the present time. drinking parents harm not only their health, but also their future. Almost all children from alcoholic families are born with defects: minor impairments to gross malformations and deformities. And if a child was born physically healthy, then his mental development steadily suffers, tk. he is brought up in conditions of constant fear of scandals, unbalanced behavior of parents, and often cruelty and violence on their part.

As a result, children grow up nervous, emotionally unstable and. with low self-esteem, with various forms of pathological behavior. All these violations significantly complicate the process of upbringing and teaching children, and limited and deformed life experience does not allow children to successfully adapt to an asocial environment.

1.2 Methodical and social aspects of the influence of alcoholism on children

In 1915, the Pirogov meeting of Russian doctors adopted a resolution on the dangers of alcohol, which reads: "... there is not a single organ in the human body that would not be exposed to the destructive effects of alcohol." drinks is damaging to health, but it harms future offspring even more.

Currently, there is a lot of literature about alcoholism and its consequences on various spheres of human life. Many books and periodicals are devoted to this problem. II of them, the authors, depending on their profile, reveal the essence of alcoholism as a complex problem, the effect of alcohol on various systems of the human body, including children, give various data indicating that alcohol intake is not in vain for health, both physical and mental. All these studies and publications are aimed at preventing and reducing the spread of alcoholism among the population.

Corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the Russian Federation V.I. Alipov and Doctor of Medical Sciences Korkhov V.V. in their book "Alcoholism and Motherhood" they talk about the effect of alcohol on the female body and offspring. They calculated that with regular intake of alcohol, the risk of alcoholic embryopathy (damage) to the fetus increases to 30%, while alcoholic mothers significantly increase the likelihood of a child dying during childbirth, the risk of late miscarriage, and fetal hypoxia.

Also, these scientists found that in 54% of cases, children of alcoholics start walking and talking late, in 30% - physical development lags behind, inhibition of mental abilities - in 15% of cases, 33% of children have mental retardation. With family alcoholism, 64% of children suffer from oligophrenia and mental retardation, 32% from epilepsy, and 27% from neuroses.

Lebedev B.L., Dunaevsky V.V. also studied the problem of alcoholism. In their works, they focused on the interaction of alcoholism and the family, studied its influence on the development of the child. The authors agree with the doctor V. Dulnev in the statement that in families where the husband drinks a little alcohol (2-3 times a week for 4-5 years), children are born with clear signs and mental retardation. If this alcohol consumption continues for 8-10 years, then the mental retardation of children in this family is so deep that they cannot study in a regular school. Alcoholism of parents leads not only to mental retardation and mental retardation, but also to other mental illnesses of children. For example, alcoholic parents are noted in 60% of children with epilepsy. There is evidence that the mortality rate of children born to alcoholics is 10%, and surviving children have frequent seizures, enuresis (continuing into older age), frequent deformities and a predisposition to various internal diseases. These terrible data prompted scientists to study the mechanisms of the influence of alcohol through the body of the parents on the body of the child. The result was materials telling about the negative impact of alcohol on children and their psychological development.

Such a book is a collection of lectures on the effect of alcohol on the human body, which was compiled by V.I. and Zhdanova S.

It talks about the alcoholism of parents, how this substance affects the reproductive function of men and women, about the ways of penetration of alcohol to the fetus and about the disorders to which it leads. These authors, agreeing with all researchers, argue that alcohol is the strongest substance, especially active during the period from 1 to 8 weeks of pregnancy, when the main organs of the embryo are laid. The reason is that, according to experts, it turns out to be powerless to fulfill its role of protecting the fetus against a number of new, unfamiliar substances, which include some drugs, and especially alcohol. This is understandable, since the placenta and its functions were formed long before a person began a relationship with alcohol.

It was also stopped that, firstly, he easily penetrates the placenta to the embryo and fetus, and secondly, damages it and through these injuries harmful pathogens of various diseases rush to the developing and still helpless organism. jto the main reasons why drinking parents have children with developmental disabilities.

The influence of alcohol on the child's body is also described by E.V. Borisov. in his book "Alcohol and Children". However, he focuses not on how alcoholism of parents affects the child's development, but on the study of alcohol consumption among children.

This problem is also relevant, since in drinking families, children often follow in the footsteps of their parents. Therefore, it is important to start alcoholism prevention among the younger generation on time and competently. Very carefully researched this question

The well-known teacher D.V. Kolosov. He devoted a number of his books to the study of alcoholism as a social phenomenon, its place in adolescence. He devoted a great deal of attention to the issues of anti-alcohol education in his works.

In his book Conversations on Anti-Alcohol Education, he examines in detail the prevention of drunkenness and alcoholism in adolescents and youth, gives recommendations on where to start anti-alcohol work and how to work with the so-called “threatened contingent”.

All reviewed and many other materials are devoted to the study of the influence of alcohol on the physical development of children, on the formation of various defects and diseases in them. However, as it has already been mentioned more than once, alcohol harms not only somatic development, but also the child's psyche, through a combination of factors it disrupts the process of socialization and social adaptation. Relatively little literature has been devoted to the study of the influence of family alcoholism on mental and personal development, since this issue has been dealt with thoroughly only recently. For this reason, to date, there are only a few fundamental studies of the psyche of the child, distorted by alcoholism of the parents.

EAT. Mastyukova and a group of scientists, with the help of psychological guest houses, examined 50 children from families in which one or both parents suffered from chronic alcoholism.

The children were divided into 4 groups according to their age; 1) from 1 year to 3-4 years: 2) from 4-5 to 8-9 years: 3) from 9-10 to 12-14 years - 10 people in each group: 4) from 14 to 17 years - 20 people.

The results of observations of children aged 1 to 4 years during walks, classes and games and the data of a special survey revealed significant similarities in their behavior. They easily came into contact with both acquaintances and unfamiliar children and adults. In communication, they were characterized by liveliness and directness. However, contacts, as a rule, were superficial and short-lived: these children easily left one play partner and moved on to another. Their mood quickly changed, crying and screaming replaced animation.

The games of such children were primitive - more often in the form of simple manipulations with objects and were short-lived. From toys they preferred noisy, thundering, whistling, they liked to throw them, knock them, achieving a noise effect. As a rule, they did not show any interest in books, even with bright, large pictures, they could not, even for a short time, fix their attention on the same toy, picture.

In their activity they were impulsive, unfocused, easily distracted by any external stimuli. At the same time, there were frequent manifestations of inertia of mental processes, "getting stuck" in one and the same action.

Neatness and self-care skills were not developed in any child from this age group. Most of them continued to receive food from bottles with nipples until 3-4 years old, sucked or gnawed on pacifiers, toys, fingers, nails. Antics, obsessive movements, grimaces were often noted. When falling asleep or fatigue, stereotypical movements were observed: rocking from side to side, rolling from side to side, etc.

Communication with those around these children was carried out mainly by gestures. Most children under 2-2.5 years old, and some even longer, had a babbling character. At the age of about three years, they developed separate words that had an amorphous, agrammatic structure. For example, a child was shown a picture of a teddy bear sleeping on a sofa and asked questions:

What is the bear doing? "-" Sleep. "

"What does he sleep on?" - "Bed".

"What is the bear covered with?" - "Blanket".

The understanding of speech by these children is limited to a specific situation. For example, when asked to show the house in the picture presented to him, the child runs up to the window and shows the house on the playground in the yard of the nursery. Such attachment of a word to a specific object indicates the child's lack of understanding of the meaning of this word.

Thus, the stage in speech development, which in normally developing children corresponds to the second year of life, most children with family forms of alcoholism go through only at 3-4 years old.

As for the peculiarities of the thinking of children of this category, they had pronounced difficulties in the elementary classification of objects.

Folding of simple cut pictures (of 2 - 3 parts) was available to them only if there was a sample in the field of vision, in some cases, only by superimposing it on the sample. Similar results were obtained when folding figures from sticks, cubes, simple mosaics.

The low level of speech and thinking development of the surveyed young children (up to 3-4 years old) extremely limits the ability to fulfill the requirements that society makes for normally developing children of this age. Therefore, primitive behavioral reactions that are inadequate to age and the situation often appear in their behavior. Being limited in the means of communication with the people around them, such children often defend their point of view by shouting, crying, aggressive antics, or vice versa, excessive affection, stickiness, affection.

If a normally developing child by this time begins to master his behavior, then the children of the surveyed contingent up to 6-7 years of age are in the power of affect.

Therefore, it is no coincidence that the signs of social maladjustment increase in children of the second age group (4-8 years old). As a rule, at the age of 4-5 years they do not understand the conventions and accept roles in role-playing games, and at 6-7 years old they have difficulty participating in games with rules. Excessive impulsiveness, affective explosiveness, irresponsibility do not allow them to win the sympathy of their peers and take a stable position in the team.

The surveyed children 4-8 years old are not able to get out of the influence of a particular situation. So, they do not fulfill the requirements of the teacher to go to bed, since they cannot overcome the desire to part with an attractive toy. When faced with difficulties in completing tasks, they are easily distracted by extraneous stimuli. The lack of purposefulness and weakness of control were characteristic of them in almost all types of activities.

At the same time, it is at the age of 4-7 years that these children intensively develop speech, the possibility arises of elementary generalization and systematization of objects and phenomena. They cope with the proposed tasks ("classification of objects" fourth extra "," sequential pictures ", etc.), but with the help of an adult. Normally, by this age, the possibilities for independent organization of activity are much higher.

Memory plays a leading role among mental processes in older preschool age in normally developing children. For children, whose parents suffer from alcoholism, at the age of 4 - 8 years, the prevailing development of perception is characteristic in comparison with memory. Such a place of perception in a number of other mental processes, on the one hand, and the above-mentioned indivisibility of the effective-need-sphere, on the other, underlies the weak awareness and arbitrariness of one's behavior.

In the characteristics of teachers, educators, relatives of children of parents suffering from alcoholism, there are often indications of cases of petty theft already in preschool age. These actions cannot be regarded as asocial, since they do not have elements of intentionality, full awareness and arbitrariness. On the contrary, it is the absence of these elements that leads to the commission of such actions, that is, the external situation acts as an incentive force, and the mechanisms of voluntary regulation have not yet been formed.

At first glance, it may seem that the children of parents suffering from alcoholism are lagging behind the norm only in terms of the pace of development, qualitatively repeating the same stages that their normally developing peers went through, but at an earlier age. In reality, this is not the case. And the entry into a new period of life - the period of schooling clearly shows that the need to adapt to a new social situation of development contributes to the formation in them of peculiar personal characteristics that are qualitatively different from those that are characteristic of preschoolers and younger schoolchildren who grew up in normal family conditions.

The complaints that teachers and parents of 7-8-year-old children address, first of all, relate to their restlessness, inattention, lack of purposefulness, unwillingness to work, etc.

When examining these children, signs of social and pedagogical neglect are clearly revealed in the form of limited vocabulary, poverty of knowledge and information about the world around them, insufficient assimilation of many skills (counting, reading, writing, drawing, etc.). They have mastered elementary generalizing concepts (animals, plants, transport, furniture, etc.), but when they independently define the concepts, they are guided not by essential, but by specific situational signs.

As for the personal characteristics of children aged 9-12, they are characterized by an overestimation of the level of aspirations and self-esteem, the absence of feelings of failure.

The experiences of children whose parents suffer from alcoholism are superficial and unstable, do not have a significant impact on the motivational and intellectual spheres, and, consequently, on behavior in general. This is due to the lack of awareness of children of their experiences; without getting into the sphere of consciousness, they are quickly forgotten, and as a result, children rarely think about the consequences of their actions and do not plan them.

Lagging in general mental development, on the one hand, and high demands on the part of the school, on the other, lead to the emergence of conflict situations, the main way out of which in primary school age is to leave: truancy, run away from home.

This protest against the demands of the social environment becomes more active by adolescence. Of the 20 adolescents surveyed, 14 were registered in a narcological dispensary for episodic or systematic use of alcohol, substances with narcotic effects.

The inaccessibility of fulfilling many social requirements, for example, those related to school education, leads to the search for workarounds for self-affirmation, in particular, to antisocial actions.

Goals for normally developing children in adolescence there is a peak in the formation of self-awareness, then in adolescents with signs of chronic alcoholism, drug addiction, self-awareness is poorly developed. A kind of compensation for the immaturity of self-awareness is the increased suggestibility of such adolescents to asocial actions.

Mental developmental disorders in children with family alcoholism can be aggravated by neuropsychiatric diseases such as epilepsy, mental retardation, visual and hearing impairments.

Thus, conducted by E.M. Mastyukova's studies show significant deviations in mental development at all age stages in children with family alcoholism.

Psychiatrist V.V. Kovalev, based on his experience and observation of the behavior of children from families of alcoholics, distinguishes three groups of disorders:

1) non-pathological forms of behavioral disorders associated with mental deprivation and poverty of children's life experience;

2) pathological, associated with a violation of the activity of the central nervous system under the influence of a combination of its biological insufficiency and improper forms of education;

3) compensatory and hypercompensatory behavioral disorders, which are of a secondary nature and determine the child's desire to adapt to his incapacity

Non-pathological forms of behavioral disorders are situational, that is, they arise in response to a particular situation and are characterized by short duration and instability of manifestations, the absence of violations of social adaptation and somatovegetative disorders (there is no violation of cardiac activity, increased heart rate, respiratory disorders, increased sweating, changes in the color of the skin, etc.).

A feature of these forms of behavior is their focus on the person who caused a conflict experience in the child, which manifests itself in the form of rudeness, the desire to annoy a certain person.

Sometimes these non-pathological forms of behavior, in the absence of correct educational measures, can take a protracted course, which leads to impaired social adaptation. In these cases, their structure becomes more complicated, and various somatovegetative disorders are added to them in the form of palpitations, increased sweating, violent coughing, vomiting, etc.; then the protest reactions take on a pathological character.

Pathological forms of behavioral disorders are based on organic disorders of the central nervous system. They are diffuse, that is, they are manifested not only in the microsocial environment in which the experiences arose, but also beyond. Their indistinct focus on a certain person or a certain situation is noted, and therefore, even when the situation changes, the behavior is pathological and stereotypical. In pathological forms of behavioral disorders, neurotic disorders are always observed in the form of disorders of mood, sleep, cardiac activity, breathing, etc., and usually there are manifestations of social maladjustment.

So, with pathological reactions of passive protest, the child not only refuses to attend school or individual lessons, but even when reminded of the need to attend them, he has various neurotic reactions: tics, violent cough, vomiting, palpitations, increased sweating. The mood of such a child is usually depressed, sleep is disturbed.

With pathological reactions of active protest, the child often establishes habitual aggressive behavior towards others. The child becomes rude, disobedient, stubborn in relations with adults, tries to do everything out of spite. It is also accompanied by low mood, sleep disturbances, appetite disturbances, and other neurotic disorders.

The most frequent pathological forms of behavior in children of parents suffering from alcoholism are motor disinhibition and increased affective excitability, as well as a tendency to hysterical reactions.

Compensatory and hypercompensatory forms of summing up are aimed at hiding some of the weaknesses of their personality from others. In addition, they can be a means of "psychological protection" of a person from feelings of his own inferiority. For example, orphans often imagine that they have found their parents, or that one of the caregivers who show the most attention to them is their mother or relative.

In the case of the severity of internal conflict experiences, compensatory forms of behavior can manifest themselves in a saw of ostentatious bravado, violations of school discipline. Girls and in these situations can claim that they "have a long sexual life", boys - "that they smoke, drink, use drugs, are associated with various groups", etc. These reactions are manifested more often in adolescence, when the desire for gaining missing authority.

Deviations in the mental development of children with family alcoholism often disrupt their adaptation to school, and most of them find it difficult to study. Children are weary of being at school, bothering their comrades with their disinhibition and foolishness. The personality of these children is formed disharmoniously; they do not have the integrity of their experiences, internal self-doubt is often combined with increased self-esteem, external indifference to others - with excessive vulnerability. Boys tend to masturbate.

Persons with these forms of behavior disorder constitute a "risk group" in relation to alcoholism and substance abuse.

The initial period of alcoholism in them is often accompanied by manifestations of bravado in combination with uncriticality, lack of field control and, in some cases, with disinhibition of drives. Such combinations lead to more pronounced personal pathology, to social maladjustment. Deepening social maladjustment increases the attraction to alcohol, with the help of which the teenager seeks a "way out" from constantly arising conflict situations. In this way, mental and then physical dependence on alcohol begins to form with manifestations of a hangover syndrome. As social maladjustment grows, the mechanism of self-development of alcoholism as a disease is activated.

Ann Smith, a well-known American narcologist, also devoted her work to the study of the psyche of children and even grandchildren of alcoholics. In the process of working as a narcologist, she examined many families and identified the main features inherent in the children of alcoholics. First, there is low self-esteem. It is impossible to gain sufficient self-confidence when raised in an environment of emotional neglect or, at best, a contradictory upbringing. The emergence of low self-esteem in children of alcoholics depends mainly on the role they have played in their families.

E. Smith distinguishes 4 groups:

1) "hero of the family" - the constant desire of the "hero" to like and win the approval of others, especially in the family, is motivated by an extremely low assessment of his own capabilities. Such children are focused on doing everything perfectly and taking responsibility for what is happening.

2) "scapegoat" - externally show low self-esteem by destructive behavior. They are ready to offend, offend others, giving rise to internal conflicts and dissatisfaction with themselves in their souls. Despite their desire to be different, children become very much like their parents, whom they hate.

3) "lost child" - suffers from constant loneliness, feelings of inadequacy in comparison with others. Their low self-esteem and attitude are noticeable externally: they are often shy.

4) "family talisman" - constantly strives to attract manna stumps to itself with its humor, tenderness, painfulness.

Specialists in child psychiatry believe that the first five years of a child's life are decisive in the formation of a healthy and positive self-concept. Many disorders occur before the formation of the child's memory. Therefore, it is important to start working with children as early as possible.

Secondly, it is focusing on the external environment. Alcoholic families harbor the idea that if you wait long enough, everything will fall into place without taking any action. Constant life in an atmosphere of stress, when the feeling of helplessness prevails, leads to the idea that it is not worth changing anything, because it will not lead to anything good. Every day, children of alcoholics are judged by the actions, thoughts, feelings of others. This ability develops out of necessity and in the alcoholic family, where the moral climate depends entirely on what the alcoholic does or did. The focus on the external environment in such families leads to the fact that children live in reactions to the world around them, they are sincerely mistaken, believing that when the “situation” changes, they will also bury everything.

The third characteristic is the inability to identify or express your feelings. Children of alcoholic families do not have the opportunity to take into account the attitude of their parents as an example for expressing feelings. They may know for sure that they should feel and even how to react in this case, but in reality they themselves do not feel this elephant in the full sense. Adult children of alcoholics can understand and even help other suffering people well, but they are unable to cope with their experiences.

The fourth distinguishing feature is the inability to ask for help. Since denial is the main symptom of alcoholism, the very nature of the disease is inherent in the desire to hide the use of alcohol and related family difficulties. Therefore, no matter how hard it is for the children, they will not ask for help, they will hide the situation in themselves. Whether out of necessity or out of fear of trusting, children of alcoholics learn to take care of themselves. And as adults, children cannot hope that others are willing to help them, and become unable to ask others for help themselves. At the same time, they are obligatory in relation to helping others, even when there is no need or people do not deserve it.

And the last characteristic is extreme thinking. Our ability to make decisions to consider alternatives and to act accordingly in difficult situations depends to a large extent on the examples given to us in families. Families of alcoholics who live almost constantly under stress have unique ways to cope with stress. And when a recognized situation is inevitable, then the process of making a decision and subsequent actions is mainly reduced to finding the culprit, and then either excessive activity or almost complete passivity is observed.

So, according to the results of observations by E. Smith, these main features inherent in children from families of alcoholics were identified. Growing up, children cannot get rid of these shortcomings, and their distortedly formed emotional sphere leaves a sheaf imprint on the emergence of a range of problems caused by difficulties in relationships, ignorance of the language of feelings, low self-esteem and great irritability. All this and the complex interfere with the normal entry into adulthood. Thus, enough literature has been devoted to the problem of the influence of parents' alcoholism on the development of children. However, most of the sources are devoted to the study of developmental disorders at the level of organs and systems of the child's body, including the intellect. And the formation of the personality, character, emotional-volitional sphere of the child has not been studied so thoroughly.

1.3 The influence of the family on the formation of addictive mechanisms

The family is the very first institution of the child's socialization. “In a family ... children master the alphabet of human communication, through which they comprehend the algebra of relationships” (6, p. 50). The functional purpose of a family consists of important components. The more functions each individual family has, the richer are intra-family relations. Dysfunctional families, in particular families where one or both parents suffer from alcoholism, destroy not only relationships, but also personality traits.

Behavioral patterns learned in such families cannot contribute to strengthening the integrity of the child's personality and an adequate perception of himself and other people. For children from such families, such significant processes as the acceptance of the objective complexity of the world around them, full adaptation to changing conditions, the ability to take responsibility and make choices are complicated.

Family functions are “spheres of family life, directly related to the satisfaction of certain needs of its members” (24, p. 405). N.I.Shevandrin distinguishes the following functions (24, p. 405-406): educational, economic, emotional, the function of spiritual communication, the function of primary social control, sexual and erotic function.

The functions of the family can change their content and significance along with changes in social conditions. Various factors contribute to impairment in the implementation of functions: personal characteristics of family members, low level of trust and mutual understanding, living conditions, incomplete family composition, insufficient level of knowledge and skills in the culture of relationships and raising children, etc. In connection with the problem of addictive behavior, the emotional function is of particular importance. , which is realized in meeting the needs of family members for sympathy, respect, recognition, emotional support, psychological protection. With a violation of emotional stability, such phenomena as increased anxiety, fear of reality, loss of a sense of security and distrust of others can develop and strengthen.

Already in the prenatal period (before birth), the child is able to perceive changes in the emotional state of the mother. Ershova T.I. and Mikirtumov B.E. (5) note that emotional disorders of the mother can have a pathogenic effect on the development of the child, the degree of resistance of adaptation processes to the moment of birth and subsequent interaction with the environment. Various factors contribute to the destabilization of the emotional state: increased anxiety of the mother during pregnancy, prolonged stress, worries about an unwanted pregnancy, etc. The necessary basis is the first attachment of the mother and the child. She plays a determining role in the development of the child and the formation of his relationships both in the family and in society in general. Pediatricians believe that the first hour and a half after birth is the most critical period for successfully building a relationship of affection and trust between parents and children. This is the period of time when babies are in a state of maximum receptivity, which largely determines the depth and strength of attachment between mother and child.

Parents' manifestation of indifference, rejection, hostility, disrespect, making excessive demands, subjecting the child to systematic punishments - all this can contribute to the formation of a child's basic hostility towards parents, detachment from the closest people, distrust. But it is precisely these factors that accompany families where one or both parents are alcoholics. Such an attitude towards parents at some moments can be transferred to the attitude towards adults in general. The lack of trusting relationships greatly complicates the process of socialization. If a person did not learn to trust in childhood, “it is difficult for him to create close relationships with people. He risks falling into a vicious circle of isolation ... ”(16, p. 57-58). A child's trust is strengthened when his problems resonate with others, when, at a difficult moment, the child gains support (but not overprotectiveness, which deprives the initiative). It is also important for a child to be sure that he is conscientious for others (first of all for close people) as an “accomplice” (in the best sense of the word) in many important events. He must be sure that his needs and his point of view are taken into account. This way the child can realize his passion for growing up. You can't become an adult right away. Adulthood begins to take shape in childhood

In the formation of addictive mechanisms in general and the propensity to alcoholism, in particular, parental programming is of great importance. According to E. Bern “A scenario is a constantly unfolding life plan, which is formed in early childhood, mainly under the influence of parents. This psychological impulse with great force pushes a person forward, towards fate, and very often regardless of his resistance or free choice ”(2, p. 173). According to the scenario, a person inherits not only diseases, but also the way of interacting with the environment. Therefore, if parents tend to feel fear of reality and seek comfort and protection in the sensations achieved in contact with addictive agents (alcohol), then children will inherit this fear and a way of protection - escape from reality. In the choice of addictive agents, the child can follow the parental line or find his own means. It is not at all necessary, for example, that if one or both parents are alcoholics, then the child will not escape the fate of the parents. The anti-scenario may be stronger. (One of the real cases: the son of an alcoholic chooses the profession of a narcologist).

Impact on children's health

A person growing up in such a family may develop several behavioral patterns:

"Hero". In fact, the child changes places with his parents, he takes care of them, cleans up, does household chores, goes to the store, and performs adult household duties. Such children place an unbearable burden on themselves as the head of the family;
"Permissiveness". A spoiled child who gets whatever he wants. Parents, feeling guilty before the child for their drunkenness, please, without denying him anything. Such children do not observe any rules of behavior in society, have no idea about the observance of etiquette, respect for the elderly, seniors, strangers, etc.;
Always guilty. Such children can only evoke pity. Drinking parents consider them to be guilty of everything, even in their alcoholism or lack of alcohol. Therefore, such children are often attacked with undeserved irritation and even the anger of alcoholic parents;
"Dreamer". Such children live in the clouds, in an unreal world that helps them to isolate themselves from the harsh reality of life in the family of drinking parents. At first, such a child does not realize, and then does not see the point in determining the place in the life of the family.

Low self-esteem

Often people who come from alcoholic families have pathologically low self-esteem, which negatively affects their lives. At school age, they can be downtrodden, but in adulthood, low self-esteem prevents them from building normal interpersonal and inter-sex relationships, getting married, and starting a family.

Low self-esteem greatly darkens and complicates the life of alcoholic children. A bunch of complexes, psychological problems, shame for the drunkenness of parents - all this affects life in a very negative way. Such children avoid serious relationships and marriage in the future. To avoid this, timely psychological assistance is needed.

The mechanism for the development of low self-esteem is due to the fact that any child needs communication, support, attention and care. If from childhood he sees only drunken showdowns or sleeping parents, then he has a complex that he is bad and there is nothing to love him for, no one needs him. This attitude towards oneself remains in the future.

Change in appearance

Experts also note the characteristic distinctive features of the appearance of children of alcoholics:

lack of severity of the nasolabial fold;
wide and flat nose;
eyes with a characteristic narrowing, but with a pronounced upper eyelid;
palatal defects and abnormalities of the upper lip;
pathologically small upper jaw, upper lip too thin.

Sometimes alcoholics give birth to babies with a cleft lip, cleft palate, without limbs and other external defects, which is caused by the toxic effects of ethanol on the fetus.

Signs of children of alcoholics

The presence of an alcoholic in the family does not at all guarantee that the child himself will be dependent on alcohol, sometimes children from drinking families grow up who do not accept the use of strong drinks.

If the mother abused alcohol during pregnancy, then the baby may be diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome. Such guys have a lot of pathologies in development and characteristic visual features. The outward signs of children of alcoholics with a similar diagnosis have a number of natural features like:

Disproportionately small head;
Underdeveloped lower jaw;
The presence of an epicanthus or "Mongolian fold" near the eyes;
Flat face and short nose with a low bridge;
Smoothed nasolabial groove;
A short cut of the eyes and a very pronounced thinness of the upper lip.

In addition, the offspring of alcohol addicts have chest cell deformities, low-basal dysplasia, supplemented by mental and physical underdevelopment or mental abnormalities, up to serious disorders.

Will a child of alcoholics become a drunkard

There are many interesting facts on this score.

alcoholism cannot have hereditary roots, although genes for predisposition to alcohol addiction are inherited from the drinking parent to the child. Personal characteristics can lead to alcoholism in only 25%, and the environment and social status contribute to alcohol addiction only in 15% of cases. Whereas the gene of heredity provokes alcoholism in 60%;
the situation is aggravated in children born to a drinking mother and father. With an increase in the number of drinking relatives, the likelihood of developing alcoholism in children will increase, and even in the third generation there is a risk of alcoholism;
by inheritance with genes, in addition to psychological predisposition, alcohol dehydrogenase is also transmitted - an enzyme designed to break down ethanol and eliminate the gag reflex. If such a child begins to abuse alcohol in the future, then alcoholism will develop in him much faster than in a person who does not have such a predisposition;
people with the third blood group are most prone to alcohol addiction, their alcoholic genes are passed from their parents more often;
in addition to alcoholism, children of alcoholic parents have an innate tendency to substance abuse and drug addiction.

How you can help a child in an alcoholic family

Children and adolescents from drinking families often have various kinds of disorders arising from their characterological reactions. The behavior of such children is determinant; they need psychological support. A qualified child psychologist conducts an individual conversation with the child, on the basis of which he draws up an individual program for behavior correction.

The purpose of such a program is to help young citizens so that they can cope with internal experiences that interfere with their normal state and communication with other children. After all, adolescents growing up in alcoholic families suffer from experiences that arise against the background of fear and resentment, anxiety and insecurity. Timely psychological assistance ensures trouble-free social adaptation of the child, teaches him to control his behavior and feelings, gives him decisiveness in communicating with other peers.

Alcohol family and children. Problems of drunkenness in the family. Alcoholic husband is the most common option

The origins of the problem

The influence of alcoholism in the family on children

Alcoholic husband

Wife drinks

Drunkenness of both spouses

Actions for alcoholism of a husband / wife

The reasons for drunkenness in our country

Influence on the child

Wife behavior

Male and female behavior in the alcoholic family

The psychological side of the issue

Further actions

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Chapter 1. Social and socio-emotional problems of children from families of alcoholics

1.1 Alcoholism of parents and its consequences on the mental development of children

1.2 Methodical and social aspects of the influence of alcoholism on children

1.3 The influence of the family on the formation of addictive mechanisms

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