Humanity - Perpetuum Mobile. What it is? Engine that never stops. This is a kind of beautiful myth for representatives of pseudonuk. It is theoretically proved that the existence of such an engine is impossible, but dreamers mechanics do not want to agree with this.

Literature and thermodynamics

So, the perpetuum mobile is an eternal engine, which, according to the first beginning of the thermodynamics, remains the impossible dream of humanity. But if it were possible, then a similar device at the appropriate scale (and they will be much more, because human greed knows the boundaries) entailing the earth and, accordingly, terrifying cataclysms.

So it's better to firmly seal this dream on the literature pages, many writers took care of what was taken care of. For example, in one of the works Shukshin, the characters talk about the eternal engine:

- What for the eternal engine?

- Well, this is a perpetuum mobile. Normal Eternal Engine, which could not come up with...

Eternal motors: Modern classification

The eternal perpetuum mobile is an imaginary invention that works more and consumes energy less. In the modern world, it is customary to share such engines for two types:

1. The perpetual engine of the first kind - This is a device operating without energy costs. And of course, it is impossible to create such a device.
2. Eternal engine of the second kind - This machine when starting should turn into energy all heat that surrounds it. Such an engine is also impossible to create, based on the second start of thermodynamics.

After multiple attempts to create engines of the first and second kind, by the way, the words speaking, unsuccessful, the beginning of the thermodynamics decided to consider the postulates that they were not questioned.

Excursion in history

Who dreamed of inventing perpetum mobile? As the pages of history show, it was dreamed of creating such a device: from simple peasants to intelligent scientists. And even if today to ask about it any modern person, he, beyond any doubt, will say that Perpetuum Mobile is a useful thing.

Already from the XII century, when society began to actively develop in various directions, people found out what it is perpetuum-mobile, and began to make the first attempts to create it. It all started with water wheels: looking at this invention, humanity began to desire greater efficiency.

It is already difficult to say where and when the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an eternal engine has arisen. It is also impossible to say who first filed such an idea. The earliest mention of the eternal engine was found in the records of the Indian poet and Mathematics of Bhaskara. Also to our time the Arabic manuscripts of the XVI century remained. Scientists believe that the Pratrodina of the first eternal engines is India. In about 1150, Bhaskar in one of his poems described the wheel with mercury vessels attached on the rim. The principle of action of the first perpetuum mobile is quite simple. It is based on the fact that in different moments there is a different force of gravity, which is created by liquid, which moves into vessels.

In Europe, they learned in the era of the development of mechanics (approximately the XIII century). A particularly widespread idea of \u200b\u200bthe eternal engine acquired in the XVI-XVII centuries. The number of eternal engines projects grew very quickly, some of them were created and turned out to be failed, and some remained painted. For example, as the drawings of the Eternal Motor Leonardo da Vinci.

Controversial questions

Each physicist will confirm: the engine, which has already been made in motion and is held in this state independently and constantly, is a perpetuum mobile, which is already a reason for the emergence of many polemical issues.

One of the most remarkable problems is the preservation of the eternal movement. That is, the engine should be maintained in a state of strength, after all, after seeing, and physical items have a property to wear out.

The second question arose on the soil of the so-called "internal value". Scientists constantly argued about which engine can be called eternal. For example, a device that, with a complete assembly, immediately starts working in itself, or then that you want to run manually.

In the first half of the XIX century, Johann Poppe made an interesting conclusion for its time: "Perpetuum-mobile is a chimera, which started in a quagmire of the hopelessness of many scientists. If you understand the object with an eternal engine that all the time without additional external energy dwells in constant motion, which means that there is no conventional earthly fraternity, then every reasonable person will understand for himself that the existence of such a thing is impossible. But if you call the Eternal Engine, the device that is able to constantly restore the root cause of its movement without external intervention until it stops from wear, then its invention is quite possible. "

In the Middle Ages, the creation of an eternal engine was shrouded in the cover of the mystery, which is why many speculations and superstition arose around. Some scientists considered perpetuum mobile as significant as the philosophical stone.

Unsuccessful attempts

The most ancient design of the eternal engine is similar to a gear wheel: in his deepening goods were attached, which was leaning on hinges.

Their geometry is very simple: cargo from the left side closer to the axis than cargo with the right. In theory, according to the law of the lever, it should have drive a wheel in motion. According to the plan, during the rotation, the goods would have to repel the right and maintain strength aimed at movement. But there is one small "but": the author did not take into account that the cargo on the right, although they have a longer lever, are inferior in the number of goods on the left, therefore, if it is such a wheel, it will be fixed, since the moment of strength from two sides is identical.

This experience was not the only in the history of samples and errors to create an eternal engine.

Illusion

Attempts to create a perpetuum mobile - the Eternal Engine, the photos of which are presented in the article, lasted until the end of the XVII century. At this time, Cardano and Galilee begin to insist on the fact that it is impossible to create such a device. Stephen Simon, listening to the most controversial opinions, opens the law on the equilibrium plane of the inclination. This made it possible to substantiate the law of addition of three forces on the triangle. Based on new laws and results of experiments by the end of the XVIII century, the main part of scientists concludes that perpetuum mobile is just a non-ability illusion, reflections on which physicists have fun at leisure.

Today on this issue there are many disputes and debates. Perhaps, in the distant future, the dream will become a reality, but for now it remains only to think about how the eternal engine will look like and what he will help humanity.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe Eternal Engine worried humanity with deep antiquity. Among the inventors of the Eternal Engine were both scientists who sincerely believed in perhaps ...

From MasterWeb.

23.02.2018 16:39

The golden dream of mankind in all centuries was to create such a device that would produce work, without consuming and without spending their own resources, is an eternal engine (Perpetuum Mobile in Latin).

The first descriptions of this device are found in the ancient Arab and Indian manuscripts.

The question arises: Perpetuum Mobile - What is it?

Engine Bhaskara

Indian astronomer and mathematician Bhaskar, who lived in the XII century and writing a number of work on astronomy and mathematics that had reached us, offered one of the first options to Perpetuum Mobile. The description of the eternal engine reached us in one of his poems. The eternal perpetuum mobile was a wheel, to the diagonal spokes of which were attached vessels with mercury. When rotating the mercury wheel flows into the vessels, the center of gravity changes, and the wheel should rotate in itself continuously.

Perpetuum Mobile - What is it? The goal, to which you need to strive, or something impossible?

Inventors of the Eternal Engine

The account of the inventors of the Eternal Engine is thousands. Attempts to create him taken and great people. Among the sketches, Leonardo da Vinci was discovered sketch perpetuum mobile. Nikola Tesla and Michael Faraday also tried to create such a device.

In the XVIII century, Alchemist and an engineer, Iohan Besser, also known as Ortherus, created a "acting" model of the eternal engine. The device was a wooden wheel covered with a cloth, with an axis in the center, which rotated in the locked empty room of 14 days. The "self-deviating wheel" produced a sensation in society. They were interested even Peter the first, when Solva reached Russia. Otherly has categorically refused to reveal the secret of its invention. The servant of the Besser, having quarreled with his owner, said that she was moving the wheel and brother Alchemist, jerking behind the lace from the next room.

Depending on the development of science, the inventors tried to create engines using magnets, electrical batteries, water jets.

Abbot Giuseppe Dzamboni created an "eternal electric motor" based on a dry battery without the use of acid. The pendulum on the batteries of Dzamboni worked several decades, after the death of the inventor.

In 1775, the French Academy of Sciences announced that it would not consider the problems of the eternal engine and the square of the circle.

Eternal motors options

The list of structures of eternal engines can be continued for a long time. With the development of radio engineers and electronics, the inventors tried to use elements of electric and radiosha for this.

Among the interesting options:

Water screw Robert Flad. Water wheel, continuing to grind the grain under the action of recycling water. The eternal clock of coke, who, in his words, were created on the basis of mechanical and philosophical principles. The carpen battery, which was created in the 50s of the last century and still issues the voltage. The electric machine of Newman, which, according to his statement, gives more energy than it was spent. Otis Carrupt UFO, which uses unknown science gravitational energy.

Eternal motors of the first kind

With the development of theoretical thermodynamics, three main principles were formulated. In accordance with the principles of thermodynamics and the genus perpetuum will be determined. The first top of thermodynamics describes the law of energy conservation.

And eternal engines capable of working and producing energy, without consuming nothing, are called the motors of the first kind. The law of conservation of energy is fundamental. Nature prohibits the existence of the first kind of perpetual motors.

Eternal motors of the second kind

The second beginning of thermodynamics is a principle describing the direction of heat transfer between bodies. It is described by the postulates of Clausius and Thomson, which prohibit heat transfer from the less heated body to the more heated.

The eternal engines of the second kind called engines that use the internal heat (energy) of the closed system for operation. The eternal engines of the second kind - the devices are sufficiently intense. They can not immediately consider violation of physical laws. Sometimes they wear very scientific names. For example, a parametric electric machine, a heat transducer to electricity, a motor-alternator, a system that creates power from the energy of the electrostatic field, and so on. The essence does not change from this.

Demon Maxwell

To illustrate the second start of thermodynamics and for explaining what it is - Perpetuum Mobile, James Maxwell came up with a kind of fantastic creature, which is located in a closed volume and, like ping-pong balls, throws molecules with a large temperature in one side of the vessel, and with a small temperature - To another. As a result, one part of the vessel is heated, and the other is cooled without using additional energy. If you neglect the energy that Maxwell's daemon should receive, in front of us almost the eternal engine. It remains to come up with such a demon who agreed to work, without consuming anything. The image of the daemon Maxwell is also found in the literature. In the novel of the Strugatsky brothers "Monday begins on Saturday," Maxwell demons open and close the doors of Nichavo. Ken Kizi used this image to demonstrate the relationship between good and evil in human society. The demon Maxwell "First Situations" is also in Stanislav Lem.

Devices that work forever continue to invent so far. And some manage to even get a patent. True, the patent offices avoid the names of the "Eternal Engine", but the essence does not change. So, in 2005, American Boris Wolfson patented a certain device based on anti-gravity, which, without consuming anything, would create the power of gravity aboard spacecraft, and in 1995 the American patent received our compatriot Alexander Frolov for "devices for creating useful work Without use of external sources. "

The perpetual engine, or in the Latin "Perpetum Mobile", is a hypothetical machine that could function forever after giving it an initial impulse and without the need for the subsequent supply of energy to it.

Laws of thermodynamics

To understand, perpetuum Mobile is possible or impossible, the first two laws of thermodynamics should be remembered:

1. The first law of thermodynamics reads: "Energy is not created and is not destroyed, it can only go to different states and types." That is, if the system is performed on this system or it exchanges heat with an external environment, its internal energy changes.
2. The second law of thermodynamics. According to him, "the entropy of the Universe seeks to increase over time." This law indicates, in which direction will flow spontaneously. In addition, this law impossibility of transit energy from one species to another without loss.

Eternal Engine of the first and second kind

The perpetual engine, or in the Latin PERPETUUM MOBILE, is two birth:

1. The perpetual engine of the first kind is a car that constantly works without an external energy supply and makes any job at the same time. That is, the Perpetum Mobile of the first kind is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics, therefore, by the way, he received the name of the first kind of engine.
2. The eternal engine of the second kind is any machine that works with periodic cycles, converting one type of energy into another, for example, mechanical to electrical and vice versa, without any loss in the process of this conversion. That is, the Eternal Engine (Perpetuum Mobile) of the second kind is contrary to the second law of thermodynamics.

The impossibility of existence

The perpetual engine of the first kind is contrary to the fundamental law of physics on the preservation of the energy of an isolated system, so it can not exist. As for the PERPETUUM Mobile of the second kind, it is also impossible, since energy is sprayed in any operating engine in various ways, mainly in the form of heat.

Given that the laws of thermodynamics are tested by several centuries of experiments and experiments, and have never gave a failure, we can safely say that any projects of perpetual engines are deception. Such projects often arise in a variety of religious circles, in which beliefs are present on endless energy sources and so on.

In addition, from time to time, various mental "paradoxes" appear, which seemingly demonstrating the performance of certain Perpetum Mobile. In all these cases, it is about mistakes in understanding the laws of physics, therefore such mental "paradoxes" are instructive.

Historical searches for eternal engines and their importance for human development

The laws of thermodynamics were determined in the second half of the XIX century. According to them, any working machine cannot translate energy from one state to another with an efficiency of 100%, not to mention the constant supply of other systems without supplying it to the machine itself.

Despite this, many people during history have been looking for and continue to look for various designs of working eternal engines that can be compared with a peculiar "elixir of youth" in the field of mechanics.

All projects of such machines are to use different scales, corners, physical or mechanical properties of specific substances that can move constantly and even create an excessive amount of useful energy. Speaking about the modern time and its enormous energy needs, it is possible to understand the importance of Perpetum Mobile, which would become a real revolution in the development of mankind.

Returning to the story, it should be said that the first well-known projects of eternal engines began to appear in medieval Europe. It is believed that the first model of the perpetual engine was the corresponding invention in Bavaria in the VIII century of our era.

Famous projects of eternal engines in the Middle Ages

Unfortunately, so far nothing is known about the existence of projects Perpetum Mobile in societies to the Middle Ages. No information has been preserved that the ancient Greeks or Romans created such machines.

The most ancient invention of the perpetual engine, which is known to mankind is a magic wheel. Although the images of this invention have not been preserved, historical written sources say that it refers to the time of the existence of the Empire of Meroving on the territory of modern Bavaria in the VIII century. However, some historians suggest that this car did not really exist and that all information about it is a legend.

Bhaskara was a famous Indian mathematician, which is recognized as the most influential scientist of the Middle Ages on its continent. Its works concerning differential equations are preceded by 5 centuries similar works Newton and Leibnia. At about 1150, Bhaskar came up with the wheel, which should have rotated forever. Unfortunately, this invention has not been constructed, but it is the first undoubted evidence of attempts to create an eternal movement.

The first invention of the perpetual motion in Europe is the machine of the famous French Mason and architect XIII century Villara de Onenekura. It is not precisely known whether his invention was designed, but in the diaries of Willar de Onnekour find the image of his perpetuum mobile.

The legendary engineer and inventor from Florence Leonardo da Vinci also created several cars - eternal engines, and in this regard he was ahead of his time for several centuries. These machines naturally turned out to be inoperable, and the scientist concluded that the existence of perpetual engines in physics is impossible.

Eternal motors of the new time

With the onset of the eternal engine, it became a popular occupation, and many inventors spent their time to create such a car. This boom is bound primarily with success in the development of mechanics.

Thus, the Italian inventor of the XVI century Marc Zimar constructed the ever-working mill, and the Dutchman Cornelius Drebel devoted one of these inventions to the English king. In 1712, Engineer Johann Besser analyzed more than 300 such inventions and decided to create his own perpetuum Mobile.

As a result, in 1775, members of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris issued a decree that they would not take any inventions that were associated with the theme of the perpetual engine.

Mental experiments

In theoretical physics, mental experiments often use, with the help of which they try to check the fundamental physical laws. Regarding the theme of perpetual engines, the following projects can be called:

• Demon Maxwell. This is a violation of the second law of thermodynamics, when the hypothetical demon divides a mixture of gases. This mental experiment allows to understand the essence of the entropy of the system.

• The perpetual motor that performs work at the expense of thermal fluctuations and therefore can work forever. In fact, it will work as long as the environment has a higher temperature than the engine itself.

Is it finally dead to create an eternal engine?

We cannot say with confidence that there will never be invented the mechanism capable of working forever, because humanity does not know much about the universe in which he lives. It may be opened a view of exotic matter, for example, black matter in space, which is almost nothing unknown. The behavior of this matter can cause revision of the laws of thermodynamics. These laws are so fundamental that any of their change in their scale will be similar to the influence of the theory of Albert Einstein on the laws of the classical mechanics of Isaac Newton and on the development of physics in general. It is also possible that the eternal movement exists in objects whose behavior is subject to quantum mechanics.

• The perpetual engine of the first kind - Engine (imaginary machine), capable of infinitely performing work without fuel costs or other energy resources. Their existence contradicts the first law of thermodynamics. According to the law of energy conservation
• Eternal engine of the second kind - Imaginary car, which is put into running, would turn into work all the heat extracted from the surrounding bodies (see Maxwell Demon). They contradict the second law of thermodynamics. According to the second beginning of the thermodynamics, all attempts to create such an engine are doomed to failure.

History

Indian or Arabic perpetuum Mobile with small oblique vessels, partially filled with mercury.

Attempts to study the place, time and causes of the idea of \u200b\u200ban eternal engine - the task is very complex. No less difficult to call the first author of such a plan. The earliest information about Perpetuum Mobile applies, apparently, the mention that we find the Indian poet, Mathematics and Astronoma Bhaskara, as well as separate notes in the Arabic manuscripts of the XVI century, stored in Leiden, Gote and Oxford. Currently, India is considered the Pranodina of the first eternal engines. So, Bhaskar in his poem dating from about 1150, describes a certain wheel with attached to the rod of the rod long, narrow vessels, half filled with mercury. The principle of action of this first mechanical perpetuum mobile was based on the difference in the moments of gravity generated by the liquid, which moved into vessels placed on the circle of the wheel. Bhaskara justifies the rotation of the wheel is very simple: "Liquid-filled with liquid, being planned on the axis lying on two fixed supports, continuously rotates in itself." The first projects of the Eternal Engine in Europe belong to the era of the development of mechanics, approximately the XIII century. By the XVI - XVII centuries, the idea of \u200b\u200ban eternal engine was particularly widespread. At this time, the number of eternal engines projects submitted to the patent departments of European countries increased rapidly. Among the drawings, Leonardo da Vinci was found engraving with a drawing of an eternal engine.

Unsuccessful designs of eternal engines from history

Fig. 1. One of the oldest structures of the eternal engine

In fig. 1 shows one of the oldest structures of the eternal engine. It represents a gear wheel, in the recesses of which are attached to the cargo folding on the hinges. Teeth geometry is such that loads on the left side of the wheel always turn out to be closer to the axis than in the right. According to the author, this, in harmony with the law of the lever, would have to lead the wheel into constant rotation. During the rotation of the cargo, it would be fought on the right and maintained a driving force.

However, if you make this wheel, it will remain fixed. The differential cause of this fact is that although the right of the cargo has a longer lever, they are larger to the left in the left. As a result, the moments of the forces on the right and left are equal.

Fig. 2. The design of the Eternal Engine based on the law of Archimedes

In fig. 2 shows the device for another engine. The author decided to use the law of Archimedes to generate energy. The law is that the body whose density is less than the density of water, tend to float on the surface. Therefore, the author placed on the chain hollow tanks and the right half placed under the water. He believed that the water would push them to the surface, and the chain with wheels, thus rotating infinitely.

Here, the following is not taken into account: the ejecting force is the difference between water pressure acting on the lower and top parts of the subject submersible in water. In the design shown in the figure, this difference will strive to push those tanks that are under water in the right part of the pattern. But to the lowest tank, which plugs the hole, only the pressure of the pressure on its right surface will act. And it will exceed the total force acting on the remaining tanks. Therefore, the whole system will simply scroll clockwise until water is poured.

Patents and copyright certificates for the Eternal Engine

Literature

• Voznesensky N. N. About machines of eternal movement. M., 1926.
• IHAK-Rubiner F. Eternal Engine. M., 1922.
• Bricks V. L. Conversations for mechanics. M.: Gitl, 1951.
• Mah E. Principle of maintenance of work: History and root. St. Petersburg., 1909.
• Michal S. Eternal Engine yesterday and today. M.: Mir, 1984.
• ORD HUME A. Perpetual motion. The story of one intrusive idea. M.: Knowledge, 1980.
• Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining physics. Kn. 1 and 2. M.: Science, 1979.
• Petrunin Yu. Why did the idea of \u200b\u200bthe eternal engine existed in antiquity? // Petrunin Yu.Yu. Ghost Tsargrad: Insoluble tasks in Russian and European culture. - M.: KDU, 2006, p. 75-82

Notes

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Synonyms:

Watch what is "Perpetuum Mobile" in other dictionaries:

Engine, Eternal Engine, Piece, Perpetuum Mobile, Eternal Movement Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. Perpetuum Mobile Suts., Number of synonyms: 4 Eternal traffic (1) ... Synonym dictionary

Perpetuum Mobile, NK., Husband. and cf. (Lat. Perpetuum Mobile, letters. Permanent traffic) (book.). Eternal engine, eternal movement. Sultious dreams about Perpetuum Mobile. Explanatory dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov

Perpetuum Mobile, NK., Husband. and cf. (Book.). In ideal ideas: Eternal Engine. Inventors perpetuum mobile. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Swedov. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Perpetuum Mobile, the same as the Eternal Engine ... Modern encyclopedia

- (from the lat. Perpetuum Mobile is forever moving) 1) the same as the eternal engine.2) the name of the instrumental play, the melody of which is deployed in a continuous fast movement with small durations ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Call them with free energy machines, perpetuum mobile or eternal engine. Tiger remains a tiger, in whatever color you do not paint his stripes. Since humanity needs electricity or other source of energy, inventive minds are in a vain search for a brilliant solution: free energy at all times without any fuel. Outline and drawings, "how to make an eternal engine", historians are found since they exist technical sketches. The projects of the Eternal Motor appear now, even more often than before. Today we are going to consider the most famous example of an eternal engine and convey to public understanding that such a miracle still exists.

The meaning of the fact that the eternal engine cannot work, and will not work, does not require proof. But since the statements are not subsidized, the discussion deserves attention. Strictly speaking, it would be unscientific author to argue that there is such an opportunity. The Eternal Engine would violate the law of thermodynamics. But the fundamental laws of the Universe are so indisputable that the author is going to get out of their influence. The first law of thermodynamics argues that the energy of a closed system remains constant. If you want to derive a part of the energy, for example, through the rotation of the shaft, it is necessary to return to the system, at least the same amount of energy. The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of an isolated system can only increase and cannot decrease. Basically, the system is striving for thermal equilibrium. Simply put, the second law prohibits the processes, as a result of which heat flows from the region with a smaller temperature to the region of the larger temperature or where heat is fully converted to work. Any perpetual engine is impossible, since it disrupts one or both of the law of thermodynamics.

The most common designs of the eternal engine are based on a magnetic motor. Magnets are located continuously in a circle and should rotate the rotor, push the balls in a circle or maintain the movement of another design forever. Now, such structures are a hybrid of an electric motor. Inventors claim that the kinetic energy of such a motor exceeds the cost of electricity, launched one day it can rotate forever. Internet search screams about thousands of similar projects. Many demonstrate a video of a working machine. How can I understand all this? The author declares that all these guys lie?

No, but the author says that any eternal engine is mistaken. In most cases, the inventor does not have physical education, and did not study the principles of operation of electromechanical systems. Most of the eternal engine inventors lovers and quite honestly (although deeply) are mistaken. Most often, they represent charts, notes and calculations performed independently. Some recognize that they do not understand the fully occurring in their version of the Eternal Motor. But, most often, they declare that they denied the laws of nature by using unique knowledge.

Early versions of the perpetual motion are described in the 12th century. The most famous of these is the wheel of Bhaskra (Bhaskara Wheel), the spokes of which are filled to half the mercury and are curved so that heavy liquid tends from the axis when moving down, and tends to the axis of rotation when moving up, providing a lever supporting rotation. A similar design, called the wheel with an unequal balance, was repeated for many centuries in many versions. Willrada Wheel of the 13th Century uses instead of heavy hammer fluid. Tankol wheel of the 15th century uses suspended levers. Leonardo da Vinci draws a whole series of wheels with unequal balance, although he knew that eternal rotation is impossible.
In 1870, the author of Henry Diriks (Henry Dircks) quoted Leonardo:

"... equipment of a similar wheel with many balancing details and giving it rotation will lead to a stop because such a design you are deceiving yourself ... Although heavier parts of the wheels are further from the axis of rotation, and their torque increases, the driving force of the entire wheel remains unchanged."

The German watchmaker Johann Besser (Johann Bessler) occupies a special place in history about eternal motors. He designed a huge number of wheels that showed at the beginning of 1700x. His huge wheels, driven by the pendulum, had a closed mechanism. Besser received support and widespread recognition, although many considered him illusionist in addition to the glory of an experienced manufacturer of watch mechanisms. The most famous demonstration of continuously rotating wheels lasted 53 days in a sealed, closed room, guarded by Bessen Bessel Landgrave Hessen Kassel (Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel). But since the room was without windows, and Besale worker was always the first and came out the last, skeptics were not confident in continuous rotation of the wheel.

Physics remains physician, whether they speak a simple or complex mechanism with funny terminology and connected to the battery. In 2006, Steorn (Steorn) announced a device called ORBO (ORBO), which, as everyone knows, was a classic magnetic motor. All public demonstrations failed (except in cases when the battery was connected), but they still declared progress. Dozens of years old SEARL named John Searl (John Search) stated that he built a magnetic motor called Serla Generator and told that she flies around the surroundings in a flying saucer with his engine.

In recent years, many declare that the wires produce electricity. The most famous "Motions of Motherland", named by the author Marco Rodin (Marko Rodin). According to him, the principle of vortex mathematics, a new science, invented and recognized by it himself. The Eternal Engine of the Canadian Inventor Tain Haynes (Thane Heins) has an exotic name of the Merpty Bi-Toridal Transformer (Perepiteia Bi-Toroidal Transformer). Observers concluded that this is an ordinary electric motor and only Haynes itself assures that more electricity is produced than it is consumed.

As it can be assumed, many supporters of the Eternal Engine are looking at Nikolo Tesla and his article 1900g., Published in the magazine "CENTURY CENTURY" (CENTURY Illustrated Magazine). Some interpreted the article of Tesla as confirmation of the possibility of an eternal engine. A quick viewing of the article will tell you that the Tesla did not touch the question of the eternal engine at all. An article on the possibilities of heat-drive and heat transfer from the warm region to the cold region. Tesla did not discuss the opportunity to violate the law of thermodynamics, he discussed the opportunity to use it.

A common misconception associated with the models of the eternal engine is based on the fact that many of them are patented. The patent confirms only the originality of the design and cannot serve as recognition of the performance of a particular device. In fact, a large number of incredible mechanisms that failed on trials have been successfully patented. Eternal motors are not patent in most countries. In the US, this is called the "applicability requirement." In order to get a patent, the device must have minimal applicability. The law excludes the possibility of patenting eternal engines, based on their inability. Simply put, you will not get a patent for the "intergalactic transformer" until you submit a valid sample.

The most common case of refusal to issue a patent is described on the official website as (The Manual Of Patent Examining Procedure) and entered into action since 1977. Joseph Newman (Joseph Newman) was an eccentric that developed his own theory of gyroscopes and electromagnetism. In the motor patent, it was denied, since the principle violates the laws of nature. Newman filed appeals, which also received a refusal. His mood was very serious, and in 1989 it was filed against the Commission for Patents and Trademarks (The Commissioner of Patents and TradeMarks). The judge appointed a specialist to consider the prototype of Newman. The specialist carefully studied the design and performance of this version of the Eternal Engine. And, although I understood that Newman was mistaken, recognized the excess of outgoing energy over the spent.

But the court did not recognize, and sent the invention to the National Bureau of Standardization (National Bureau of Standards) for testing. The conclusion of the Bureau did not coincide with the findings of a specialist. The device is a conventional DC converter to an alternating and, only a bit, inferior to the efficacy of the well-known devices of this type. The court decision was not in favor of Newman, but he appelled again. He stated that the test of the Bureau was incorrect. In the end, the federal court left the local court decision.

The discussion on the eternal motors would not be complete without mentioning the theory of the conspiracy referenced by supporters of exotic inventions. The main argument in refusing to register eternal engines by the government is the support of petroleum magnates. Sites dedicated conspiracy theories such as InfoWars, Rense.com and Natural News support the existence of an eternal engine. And movies like "Thrive", too.

On the surface of the theory seems acceptable, but with close review disintegrates. First, the mentioned suppression seems to not exist at all. Various eternal engines are permanently advertised, Utyubu breaks the daily replenishment of the plots of eternal engines that are allegedly working. In whatever form, the suppression was not expressed, it is completely ineffective. Many people go to the crusade in defense of their version of the Eternal Engine for decades. Neither agents in black from the government nor the agents of oil magnates do not interfere with this struggle for the bright future of free energy. Books remain on the shelves, the video remains in Utyube, the patents remain in files and are publicly available. Suppression of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe eternal engine is difficult to confirm.

Why do the decent inventors pursue the goal of creating an eternal engine when the foundations of the theory speak of the impossibility? Patent attorney Jean Quinn (Gene Quinn) suggested an explanation:

"The persecution of the impossible, at least impossible on the basis of the well-known laws of physics and nature, is a serious motivation for many. Young lovers of science fiction become scientists who question the familiar thoughts of thought and try to create devices of their dreams. "

There is also an old desire for a magically rapid solution to a difficult problem. There is not much of the person in such unequivocal aspirations. It does not matter that it is considered: superior, psychological supersila or perpetual engine. A sufficient number of people obsessed with the idea to achieve this. Inevitably, including positively configured lovers, they deceive themselves and other non-specialists alleged discoveries. The dream of an eternal engine is inexhaustible.

Translation Vladimir Maksimenko 2013

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Comments on ""

1. Andrew

   Are there people who know how to make an eternal engine?

   Answering the question made in the title of the article, I say solid "yes."
   And one of them recently well, Richard Feynman, who claimed that
   Vacuum concluded in the tank of the light bulb contains so much
   Energies that it is enough to boil all the oceans. Of course, "Vacuum Energy"
   There is nothing. Everything is much easier. It goes about the possibility of transferring reactive
   Energies in an active on a resistive load by inclusion in the chain
   Pure delay link (GOB) providing current lag from voltage on
   90 degrees. So the device fully imitates the ideal inductance.
   Thus, the DV scheme is very simple and can be described as a chain U-ZHZ-R
   (standard designations). When apparently, the Nobel laureate meant
   Under the GLC two meet-parallelly included vacuum diode.
   According to the author of this compelling due to the small inertial mass of the electron frequency
   The applied voltage should be located in the area of \u200b\u200b30 terahertz.
   When using more inertial electromagnetic energy carriers
   Fields (for example, magnetic domains), the achievement of the required phase shift is available
   On sound frequencies.
   To the question of conspiracy: What made Feynman "encrypt"?
   Will this comment be published?

2. Andrew

   Eternal motors of the 2nd kind
   (Electric conductor generators)
   Energy source - Environment. Energy shapes - thermal energy + any species
   Ionizing radiation. The working body is converted into the water-water cycle.
   Cycle: water - hydrogen + oxygen.
   Here, the semicircular water is hydrogen + oxygen

   The principles of the operation of devices are based on the disposal of ionization energy by separation
   charges and subsequent neutralization on the electrodes. As a result we have electric
   Current and gas. Differs from the electrolysis of water, by the fact that it is not supplied
   And the electrical energy from the external source is not consumed.
   The author is aware of 2 principles for implementing such devices.
   This is "Maxwell Demon" and a static electrical field of contact difference
   potentials.

   The "daemon Maxwell" serves as a gravitational field. Experiments show that negative electric potential
   Acquires an electrode with greater gravitational potential.
   It follows that negative ions have a smaller mass than positive. The generation mechanism is that charges
   Having a different mass, but the same kinetic
   energy (in the statistical sense) rise to different heights
   Gravitational field (see also Evg Studentnikova)
   These devices are monotermic, and more than antitropy,
   Because when working, heat is processed into more ordered forms of energy carriers (gas and electricity)

   Experienced data: Experience number 1
   Plastic hose dia.
   10mm, 2M long filled 0.1% (by volume) with sulfuric acid solution, with graphite electrodes
   in the ends of the hose, was vertically suspended on the wall
   Apartments. A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 1m is connected to the electrodes. The acquisition was conducted during the year.
   Results: After a day, the generation mode was established
   Voltage 60-70 Milvolt. (-) On the upper electrode and (+) on the lower. Voltage fluctuations are due
   inconstancy of temperature and radiation background.
   Experience number

   plastic Watering Hose 5m Long, D 15 mm, graphite electrodes D 10 mm
   Svealed from the balcony. Temperature 35.
   Clean water from the tap 50MV (+) on the upper electrode (-) on the lower.
   Adding povasol gave an increase 5 mV
   Clean water from crane with practically insoluble boric acid
   From 4 to 12 mV (-) on the upper electrode (+) on the lower.
   But the stripping of the rally
   Directory\u003e Chemical Encyclopedia:
   Hydroxonium ion (hydronic cation) N? O? , hydrated proton form. There is an aqueous solutions with acids, part of some pseudohydrates.
   In the first experiments, probably due to low temperature and short EMF generation hose in
   Clean water was not observed. This time there was no sulfuric acid at hand. But I think that
   And so everything is clear.

   Unlike electronvitational devices, devices operating on
   contact potential difference, do not require heat supply to create
   Potential differences. It is only important for the presence of ions in water.
   One of the promising ionizers of water is weakly radioactive elements, such as the ashes of cigarettes
   The non-destructive cathode (-) serves N-doped silicon (a thyristor substrate, anodom (+) graphite rod. The source of water ions. When the electrodes are closed with a microammeter (R \u003d 10), a current is recorded 0.4th. Water decomposes.

   The insoluability of the cathode is due to the zone mechanism of electrical conductivity P / P.
   Explanations: Only electrons of the conduction zone are used in the electrical conductivity of N-p / p.
   So Electrons associated with a crystal lattice do not give electrolyte to snatch out of the lattice positive ions. It is fairly at least for the energy range under consideration here.
   The contact difference of potentials creates an electrostatic field in water, which is the cause of directional movement of ions. In this case, even the simplest hit from aluminum, graphite and water is a super-headed generator, if you consider additional energy generated by the contact difference potential.
   And although the supervice, against the background of an electrochemical reaction of the dissolution of the cathode, will be a small proportion, but this is a fact.

   The released hydrogen and oxygen can be used in the fuel
   Element.

3. Parfyrych

   He himself did not believe in the Eternal Engine. It was often thought over inertizoid and once on the belt transmission drew weights with a uniform step. Did not believe. Calculated and wrote an article "On the existence of an inertiode, eternal engine and asymmetry".

4. Ucha

   For example, I proposed a new concept of windy engines. Everyone shakes from her like a damn from Ladan. This is an eternal engine, and this can not be! All I hear. And why the four (minimum) wind generator can not give energy to one electromotor?

5. Michael

   Made a removal assembly, where 2 levers 0.5kg + 0.5 kg \u003d 1.0 kg, dropping to an angle of 60 degrees raise a lever 1.6 kg of 95 degrees with the help of gear gears. I continue to study the mechanism further. See Yandex Information Express

6. Sergey

   Look here:
   http://si-is.ucoz.ru.
   Interestingly, there is a substantiation of structures in the framework of the generally accepted theory of interactions, except, in fact, the law of conservation of energy.

7. Valery

   Inertiode and perpetual motion, for which it is necessary
   In the early 1990s, at the exhibition of technical creativity of young people hung a poster with the inscription "Gravitational Engine", I stopped, looking at the drawing. The organizer of the exhibition approacted with him about the eternal engine, after which he asked me to convince the author to remove the poster. "And then you will develop the documentation" he joked and went beyond the author. It was clear to refer to the law of conservation of energy not to get off, there was information on the construction of metaphysical laboratories, rusty for overclocking clouds and other innovations. The pencil was not, I had to prove "on the fingers", the author understood and removed the poster.
   And I thought, an interesting thing turns out: the world around us is in eternal movement, and we do not allow the idea of \u200b\u200bmodeling the eternal movement. Probably, therefore, they do not lose the urgency of the word Goethe: "My friend's theory of sula, but forever a green tree of life."
   The calculation of the devices shown in Figures 1 and 2 of Articles "On the existence of an inertiode, an eternal engine and asymmetry" is made through 0.1 steps of installation of weights. When calculating 0.05 steps, the obtained indicators are reduced by about twice. That is, showing a method for calculating simple schemes, I proposed to search for more efficient options. For example: tape on large pulleys to spend on chord, which will give a decrease in the number of weights.
   Rotor calculation Figure 3 is made with sufficient accuracy to make a solution. For the manufacture of the rotor, about 3,000 bubble flasks of high sensitivity will be required. And if it will be possible to increase the release of the moment of force ten times, without the flask can not do. The sensitivity of nature can be judged by the following fact: in the sinks of the mounted oppositely a few meters from the equator, the funnels during water drain rotate in different directions.
   On the possibility of using the rotor to obtain energy: when rotating the rotor, at points 0 and 180 degrees there is no vertical speed. At points 90 and 270 degrees, the vertical speed is equal to linear speed, that is, vertically there will be an acceleration, which will turn to accelerate the force of gravity as a result of which the pressure of the bubble on the flask will be changed, in addition, the centrifugal force will occur and the centrifugal force will be shifted. All this will not allow the Rotor to gain momentum, and it will be very slowly rotating, or rather self-esteem or possess asymmetry.
   Therefore, it is not necessary to count on the practical application of the rotor as the "Eternal Motor", but the recognition of the existence of a self-esteem is a matter of curiosity and time. What cannot be said about the inertivioid that has not yet been found alternatives.
   To recognize the existence of an inertimium, experimentation is necessary. The schemes of the devices described in the note "On the highlight of the centrifugal force for obtaining the traction" of this article have a calculation craving to 3 percent of the total centrifugal force on the semicircle, but are complex in the manufacture. The designs of more efficient devices may also be difficult, which makes iteping the manufacture of the device with a handicraft manner, and the development of documentation, the manufacture of experimental samples and laboratory equipment to lovers is not under power.
   Engineer in pension Protde V.P.

8. Vladik-Shokovladik

   Scientific stereotypes adopted in science as its "irregular" scientific postulates have stopped thinking of many scientists, and in general people, both the past and present, being in it, a certain thoughtful brake, impede an easy understanding of them absolutely simple, and Being a certain help, the engine-propulsion engine, to create many of them in the mind, fully highly complex ugly nonsense !!!

9. Zum.

   There is nothing eternal, the law of life. But look at the nuclear reaction energy costs so that it began
   Gorazda lower than we get. The sun is an eternal engine or not. I suppose you need to look with this position.
   From the position of the engine from which the efficiency is more than one, but not about eternity, it cannot be theoritically in nature.

10. Vitaly

    Well, why the VD is considered only in relation to the laws of conservation of energy and thermodynamics, and the law is gravity, it is also energy. Find in search engines Google articles on the topic: "Eternal Engine" Pooteva- MDG. or abstract on the topic: "Gravity controlled by mechanisms"

11. Vladoya

    Still simply !!! Decent inventors, do not design eternal engines for the sake of issuing a patent, but design it, for the use of it, human society, and the ecology of the planet Earth !!!

12. Vladoya

    Superadonic energy recovery by a closed system - a battery-generator-generator: (((((((((A / 100% * in% + A) / 100% * in% + a) / 100% * in% + a) / 100% * in% + a) / 100% * in% + a) / 100% * in% + a) / 100% * in% + a) / 100% * in% + a) / 100% * in% + A) \u003d ..., where: a - the energy of the original source (it is forbidden by the electrotocks of the battery), constantly served to supply it by the engine; 100% is 100% of energy, and making on these 100% in calculations, it is a 1% of energy, both once, from the very initial energy of the original source, and constantly, from the value of the digit every new time the recurrent energy system - the battery Engine generator; In% - this is a digit in%, the efficiency of a single energy recovery cycle, the system - the battery-generator-generator generated by its generator. And if the efficiency is in%, equals this system - the battery-generator-generator 50%, then the system produces it with a generator 1 (100%) of energy equal to that 1 (100%), which it is constantly powered by its battery. But if it, this system, the battery-generator-generator, has its efficiency - in%, equal to more than 50%, then it produces more than 1 (100%) - the energy of which constantly nourishes its battery, producing it with its generator! And at the same time, this system does not violate it, even so to speak, the law of conservation of energy, because the entrance of the recovery every time, its energy - a, she spends this recovered energy and spends it, in order to make his new work, many times, So it does not produce its useful work every time more than spending its own energy to produce its own energy, although it is capable of increasing it in itself, many times more than that, all the energy that its battery was charged at the very beginning!

    28.04.2017

    From the theory of electrical chains aware of the reasons of currents is known.
    With parallel connection of the capacity C and inductance l and when performing
    Conditions (2πF) ² \u003d 1 / s L-current through the supply voltage The circuit does not go.
    Formally, this is described as follows: Ic \u003d JU / XC, IL \u003d -JU / XL.
    With the equality of hs and xl. The sum of currents in the supply chain is 0
    The current IL lags behind the phase from the current IC to the angle π. If inductance is replaced
    The active resistance R \u003d XL. With successively connected
    pure delay link (GOB) providing current lag from
    voltage at the angle π / 2, then in the work of the resonant scheme nothing
    not to change, except
    The fact that the resistance R will be distinguished the heat Q \u003d RI²
    This is a meaningful description of the problem, it is simple and
    understandably.
    If you use two ones as a GOB - in parallel
    included vacuum diode, then it seemed to be an idea easy
    implemented. With a light hand R. Feynman,
    This thought circulates on the Internet, entitled "Vacuum Energy"
    Fireman's words are often quoted that in a vacuum concluded in the cylinder
    EL.LAMPs contain so much energy that it can boil
    All oceans,. According to the available estimates, for implementation
    The necessary phase shift is required in the region of 3 terahertz (3 * 10¹5 Hz), in mind
    low inertial electron mass. For more massive charge carriers (mercury ions) 2 * 10¹² of Hz, which will practically lead to energy emissions through the vessel walls that
    Comes to consumer
    Next is considered one of the possible options.
    Implementation of the GPS based on the inertial rotation of magnetic
    Domains where the desired phase shift can be achieved even on sound frequencies.
    The essence is that the secondary winding covers
    Two cores. The first core is the usual transformer in
    which the magnetic flow remains constant at constant
    Input voltage U₁ \u003d Jω F ₁ W₁
    In the second core there is no demagnetive winding
    And therefore, F₂ depends only on the load current. With increasing load current, amplitude
    F₂ increases "With a slight increase in the amplitude of the magnetization field, a shift of the phase φ between the periodic functions H \u003d Hm sinωt and B \u003d in T Sin (ωt- φ) appears."
    Quote from the book Mishina D.D. Magnetic materials. M. 1981 pp 29.
    There is an overwhelming majority on this effect.
    resonant gesture generators different from each other only
    Design of GOB. This is the already mentioned "Vacuum Energy", Schulders Tube,
    Capanadze generator, etc.
    To quantify the expected effects, it is necessary to formalize
    The above qualitative considerations.
    To which the presentation and proceed.

    Double-circuit transformer

    (Gtz)
    Estimated scheme

    i₁.
    F₂.
    W₁.

    mathematical model Taking into account late
    Interchasion

    the magnetic stream F₁ is created by two magnetizing forces W₁ I₁ and W₂i₂
    F₁ \u003d FF₁ (W₁ I₁- W₂I₂) F₁ \u003d L₁ I₁ / W₁-MI₂ / W₂
    M Property Coefficient
    Magnetic flow F₂ is created by one magnetizing force
    F₂ \u003d FF₂ W₂i₂ F₂ \u003d L₂ I₂ / W₂
    where ff is a core-form
    ff \u003d μs / p - there is μ absolute magnetic permeability of the core material,
    S cross-sectional area, perimeter
    I note that inductance l \u003d ffw²
    Φ \u003d il / w i-in winding, w - number of turns of the winding
    EMF self-induccus u \u003d jωli, j \u003d √-1, ω \u003d 2πf where F frequency in Hz, π \u003d 3,14
    In the frequency description of the transformation model selected here
    Fourier, pure delay link is entered as the E-J multiplier
    T Time of delay or Ωt \u003d φ Ladding angle
    F₂E-JωT \u003d FF₂ W₂i₂ or F₂ \u003d L₂ I₂ EJωT / W₂

    Magnetic stream in the secondary winding

    The sum of the magnetic fluxes F₀ \u003d F₂ + F₁ \u003d L₂ I₂ EJωT / W₂ + L₁ I₁ / W₁-MI₂ / W₂

    F₀ \u003d L₂ I₂ EJωT / W₂ + L₁ I₁ / W₁-MI₂ / W₂
    Generates voltage U₂ \u003d JΩW₂ F₀
    U₂ \u003d JΩW₂ (L₂ I₂ EJωT / W₂ + L₁ I₁ / W₁-MI₂ / W₂)

    Or
    U₂ \u003d jω L₂ i₂ ejωt + jω l₂ i₁ - jω mi₂

    Magnetic flow in the primary winding

    F₁ \u003d L₁ I₁ / W₁ - M I₂ / W₂

    U₁ \u003d JωL₁ I₁ - Jω L₁ I₂
    Because M W₁ / W₂ \u003d L₁

    we have 3 equations
    U₁ \u003d JωL₁ I₁ - Jω L₁ I₂ 1.
    
    Jω L₁ I₁ W₂ / W₁ \u003d Jω L₂ I₁
    U₂ \u003d Jω L₂ I₂ EJωT + Jω L₂ I₁ - Jω Mi₂ 2.
    I₂z \u003d U₂ 3.
    With 3 unknown I₁, I₂ and U₂
    where z \u003d jx + r Complex load
    together decide 3 and 2
    I₂Z \u003d Jω L₂ i₂ ejωt + jω l₂ i₁ - jω mi₂

    i₂ \u003d jω L₂ i₁ / (z + jω m- jω l₂ ejωt)

    or
    Substitute I₂ in 1.
    U₁ \u003d JωL₁ I₁ - Jω L₁ (Jω L₂ i) / (z + jω m- jω l₂ ejωt)
    U₁ \u003d JωL₁ I₁ + L₁ ω² L₂ i₁) / (z + jω m- jω l₂ ejωt)

    U₁ \u003d jωl₁ i + (m² ω² i₁) / (R + jx + jω m- jω l₂ ejωt)

    so u ₁ and i₁ were orthogonal

    to expression
    
    did not contain a valid part
    ej φ \u003d cos φ + jsin φ
    (M² ω² i₁) / (R + jx + jω m- jω l₂ ej φ)
    (M² ω² i₁) / (R + jx + jω m- jω l₂ (cos φ + jsin φ))
    those. R \u003d - ω L₂SIN φ
    Because The function sin φ is odd, then r \u003d ω l₂sin (- φ)
    This is the condition of orthogonality.

    reactive component