Olga Board. The last years of princess. Road to Glava: Olga's lessons to our contemporaries

Princess Governor Olga, Vasily Petrovich Vereshchagin

Years of life: about 890 - July 11, 969
Father and mother: Unknown, we did not have any significant origin.
Spouse: .
Children: .

Princess Olga (≈890 - 11 July 969) - Government of Kiev Rus. Rules after the death of her husband from 945 to 966. Olga was the first of the Russian rulers who accepted Christianity. When baptized, it was ordered by Elena.

Unfortunately, the origin of Olga is unknown. Still historians did not come to a common opinion on this. According to the "Tale of Bygone Years", it was ungoligated origin - a peasant of Pskov.

According to the opinion of the Piskarevsky Chronicler and the Typographical Chronicles (XV century) Olga was the daughter of Oleg. He rules Kievan ruus And Igor was guardian, and then he married Igor and Olga.

Normanists believed that Olga Varana origin. In accordance with the Ioamakh Chronicles of Olga noble origin from the genus of Gospomyslov.

Historians from Bulgaria believe that Olga has Bulgarian roots. There are other theories.

There is also a legend of acquaintance Igor and Olga. Young prince went to hunt into the Pskov region. There he wanted to move across the river. Igor saw a boat in which Olga sailed, dressed in men's clothing, he asked the girl to forward it to the other side. Igor began to pester Olga, but in response he received a refusal.

When Igor decided to marry, in Kiev came the most beautiful girls. But the prince did not like anyone. Then he remembered Olga - his random acquaintance. Igor sent Oleg's things behind her. And Olga became the wife of Prince Igor.

Olga had in possession of Vyshgorod, Aalgichi, the village of Butino, etc. In addition, she had his own squad, his ambassador. Olga, until her husband was in the campaign, engaged in internal politics.

Princess presented his husband Svyatoslav's son.

In 945, Igor killed Drevlyank. Svyatoslav was only three years old, therefore, the Principal of Olga becomes the government of Kiev Rus.

Revenge Olga for the death of her husband

First revenge. Drevlyan was afraid of revenge Olga, so they sent to her woven the prince of Mala. He together with 20 Drevlyans sailed on the roaster. Olga responded to their proposal consent. Then she ordered to dig a big pit, in which they threw Rudewes, then they were sent there and the matchmaker. Olga ordered them to bury alive.

Second revenge.Olga sent a messenger demanding to send her best people From the Drevlyan, so that she could "go with the Great Honor" for their prince. Doodle obeyed and sent her best husbands. Olga ordered them to melt the baths, and while the rall washed, all the doors were locked and set fire to the bath.

Third revenge.Olga went to the Ridge to arrange a TRIZNU to her deceased husband. She arrived, shouted on the grave of her husband, and then staged a feast. Having drunk, Olga ordered to cut off his heads. According to that day, about five thousand decals died.

Fourth revenge.In 946, Olga decided to capture the estuary - the capital of Drevlyan. The siege was delayed, and the princess decided to go to the trick. She sent ambassadors to the city for the conclusion of the world. Trees were supposed to pay tribute in the size of three pigeons and sparrow. Of course, the Drevln delivered such news, they sent tribute. At night, Olga ordered to bind to the birds to the birds and let them go. Birds flew into their nests, which were in embarrassment. A fire began in the city. Residents fled from the city, and there they had already been waiting for the squad Olga. So the princess captured the city. Part of the Drevlyan was killed, the part became slaves, as well as Olga ordered them to pay a large tribute.

Internal Policy of Princess Olga

Olga was the official ruler to the adventure of Svyatoslav. Although after it was the actual government, because Her son was constantly in military campaigns.

Olga during his board set a tribute to Earth. The princess installed the "illuminated" system. Forests are the place of collecting Dani. Also Olga installed "Fili" (Podaat Kiev) and "Regulations, Charters". All lands were divided into parts, Tiun (Princely Administrator) was appointed at the head of each. The centralization of power and the weakening of the power tribes.

At Olga, the first stone buildings were built - Terem Olga and the city palace. Also, the princess was engaged in the improvement of Pskov, Novgorod and others belonged to Kiev. Also during its reign, the temples of the Annunciation of the Virgin, St. Nicholas and St. Sophia, the Holy Library Trinity erected.

External Policy of Princess Olga

With Olga, there were no large hikes. Princess decided to raise the prestige of Kiev Rus in the World. But she did not conquer him with force, but decided to do diplomatic.

Baptism Olga

Olga was the first government who adopted Orthodoxy. In 955, the princess took the baptism in Byzantium, and the emperor Byzantium became her godfather. But at Olga, Christianity did not fit in Russia.

Olga tried to introduce Svyatoslav to Christianity. But he refused, because He was afraid to lose respect for his squad.

July 11, 969 Olga died. The place of her burial is unknown. During the reign of Vladimir in 1547, it was counted for the faces of saints, and her relics were transferred to the Tenty Church.

Olga is honored as a patronage of converts of converts and widows.

Princess Olga, in baptism - Elena. Born OK. 920 - died on July 11, 969. Princess, which was ruled by ancient Russian state from 945 to 960 after the death of her husband, Kiev Prince Igor Rurikovich. The first of the rulers of Russia adopted Christianity before the baptism of Russia. Holy Equal-Apostles Russian Orthodox Church.

Princess Olga was born ok. 920 years.

The chronicle does not report the year of Birth of Olga, but the late power book reports that she died at the age of about 80 years, which relates her birth to the end of the 9th century. The approximate date of her birth is reported by the Late "Arkhanghelogo Chronicler", which reports that Olga at the time of marriage was 10 years old. Based on this, many scientists (M. Karamzin, L. Morozova, L. Votovich) counted her birthday - 893 years.

Preta Life Princess approves her age at the time of death - 75 years. Thus, Olga was born in 894. True, this date is questioned by the date of birth of the eldest son Olga, Svyatoslav (about 938-943), since Olga at the time of his son's son would have to be 45-50 years, which seems incredible.

Looking at the fact that Svyatoslav Igorevich was the eldest son of Olga, Boris Rybakov, taking the price of the prince of 942, considered an extreme later point of birth Olga 927-928. Such an opinion (925-928) adhered to Andrei Bogdanov in his book "Princess Olga. Holy Warper. "

Alexei Karpov in his monograph "Princess Olga" makes Olga older, arguing that the princess was born around 920. Incidentally, rather looks like the date of about 925, rather than 890, since Olga herself in the annals in 946-955, it seems young and energetic, and the eldest son gives rise to about 940 years.

According to the earliest Old Russian chronicles of the "Tale of Bygone Years", Olga was from Pskov (Dr.-Rus. Plovkov, Plskov). Olga clarifies the life of the Holy Great Princess, she was born in the village of the groove of the Pskov land, 12 km from Pskov above the Great River. The names of the parents of Olga have not been preserved, they were a little more diet. According to scientists, the Varangian origin is confirmed by its name having compliance in Vidnavannavan Helga.. The presence of presumably scandins in those places marked nearby archaeological findsmay be dated the first half of the X century. It is also known ancient name Olha..

Typographic chronicle (end of the 15th century) and later Piskarevsky chronicler transfers hearing, as if Olga was a daughter of the thing Oleg, who began to rule Russia as a guardian of young Igor, son of Rüric: "Nѣsya Zhukoluthet", ѩLgova. Oleg married Igor and Olga.

The so-called Joacimovskaya chronicle, the accuracy of which is set by historians in doubt, reports the notable Slavic origin of Olga: "When Igor Matya, Oleg crossed him, issued his wife from Izbork, the genus of Gostomyslov, who was discontinued, and Oleg renamed her and the name of Olga. Igor then were the other wives, but Olga because of the wisdom of her more than others, ".

If you believe this source, it turns out that the princess renamed Olga, taking a new name in honor of Prince Oleg (Olga - the female version of this name).

Bulgarian historians also put forward a version of the Bulgarian roots of Princess Olga, based mainly on the message of the new Vladimir Chronicler: "Igor Жє ож Жожня [ѻлгё] in Bulgarѣh, it's for Nєgo Knѧzhna ѻulgu". And translating the chronicle name of the splask not like Pskov, but as a pliber - the Bulgarian capital of the time. The names of both cities really coincide in the Vine Slavonic transcription of some texts, which served as the basis for the author of the "New Vladimir Chronicler" to translate the message "Tale of the Warranty years" about Olga from Pskov as Olga from Bulgarians, since the writing of the splasons for the designation of Pskov has long come out of use .

At local legends, approvals are based on the origin of Olga from the chronicle of the Carpathian Pledges, a huge settlement (VII-VIII centuries - 10-12 hectares, to x in. - 160 hectares, to the XIII century - 300 hectares) with Scandinavian and Western Slavic materials.

Marriage with Igor

According to the "Tale of Bygone Years", the prophetic Oleg married Igor Rurikovich, who began independently edited from 912, at Olga in 903, that is, when she was already 12 years old. This date is questioned, since, according to the Ipatiev list, the same "story", their son Svyatoslav was born only in 942.

It is possible to resolve this contradiction, the late Ustyuja chronicle and the Novgorod chronicle according to the list of P. P. Dubrovsky report about the ten-year-old age of Olga at the time of the wedding. This message contradicts the legend outlined in the power book (the second half of the XVI century), about a random meeting with Igor on the crossing under Pskov. Prince hunted in those places. After moving through the river on the boat, he noticed that the carrier was a young girl, disguised in men's clothing. Igor immediately "troubled by Zhlaniam" and began to pester her, but he received a worthy reward in response: "Why do you confuse me, princess, immodest words? Let I am young and dinner, and one here, but know: it is better to rush to the river for me than to delete the crop. " Igor remembered about a random acquaintance, when it came to look for a bride, and sent Oleg for a loved girl, not wanting no other wife.

The Novgorod first chronicle of the youngerie, which contains in the most consistent form of information from the initial arch of the XI century, leaves a message about the marriage of Igor on Olga not dated, that is, the earliest Old Russian chroniclers did not have information about the date of the wedding. It is likely that the 903 year in the text PVL emerged at a later time, when the monk Nestor tried to bring the initial old Russian history in chronological order. After the wedding, Olga's name is mentioned once again after 40 years, in the Russian-Byzantine Treaty of 944.

According to the chronicles, in 945, Prince Igor dies from the hands of Ridge after repeatedly charged with Dani. The heir to the throne of Svyatoslav was then only three years, so Olga became the actual ruler of Russia in 945. The squad of Igor was submitted to her, recognizing Olga by a representative of the legitimate heir to the throne. The decisive image of the action of princess in relation to Drevlyan could also incline the warriors in her favor.

After the murder of Igor sent him to his widow, Olga Svatov called her marry her prince Mala. The princess consistently dealt with the elders of the Drevlyan, and then led to the submission of their people. Ancient Russian chronicler details the revenge of Olga for the death of her husband:

First revenge:

Shatta, 20 Drevln, arrived in the roaster, which Kiev residents were delivered and thrown into a deep hole in the yard of the Terem Olga. Shatov-ambassadors buried alive with the rook.

"And, leaning toward the pit, asked them Olga:" Do you feel good? " They also answered: "We are pretty igorous death." And commanded to fall asleep them alive; And they fell asleep them, "says the chronicler.

Second revenge:

Olga asked for respect to send new ambassadors from the best husbands to her, which was with hunting was performed by the Trees. The embassy from noble arches burned in the bath until those werehed, preparing for a meeting with the princess.

Third revenge:

The princess with a small squad arrived in the lands of Drevlyan, in order to correct the Tizna on the grave of her husband. After the Trenna, Olga ordered them to chop them. The chronicle reports the five thousand of the collapse of the arrested.

Fourth revenge:

In 946, Olga came out with a camouflage army. At the Novgorod first chronicle, the Kiev squad won the Drevlyan in battle. Olga walked around the Round Earth, established Dani and taxes, after which he returned to Kiev. In the Tale of Bygone Years (PVL), the chronicler took the insert into the text of the initial arch of the siege of the Treated capital of the Earlist. According to PVL after a non-successful siege during the summer, Olga burned the city with the help of birds, to whose feet ordered to tie a lit pass with gray. Part of the defenders of the eraser were interrupted, the rest were submitted. A similar legend of burning the city with the help of birds is also outlined by Saxon grammar (XII century) in its compilation of oral Danish traditions about Viking and Snorry Sturls Scald.

After the massacre with the Rusmen, Olga began to rule Russia to the age of majority of Svyatoslav, but after that she remained the actual ruler, since her son spent most of the time spent in military campaigns and did not pay attention to the state management.

Board Olga

Conquering Drevlyan, Olga went to the Novgorod and Pskov land in 947, assigning lessons there (tribute), after which he returned to Son Svyatoslav in Kiev.

Olga installed the "chassis" system - trade centers and exchanges, in which the fees collected more ordered; Then the chases began to build temples. Olga's travel to the Novgorod land was questioned by Archimandrite Leonid (Cavelin), A. Chessy (in particular, pointed to the confusion of the Treacious land with a village five), M. Grushevsky, D. Likhachev. Attempts by Novgorod chroniclers to attract unusual events to Novgorod Earth noted V. Tatishchev. Critically evaluated and evidence of the chronicle of Olga's Sanya, as if kept in Plkov (Pskov) after the trip Olga to Novgorod Earth.

Princess Olga laid the beginning of a stone urban planning in Russia (the first stone buildings of Kiev - the city palace and country Terem Olga), with attention referred to the landscaping of the subjects of Kiev, Novgorod, Pskov, located along the River Desna, and others.

In 945, Olga set the dimensions of the "FIRD" - filters in favor of Kiev, the timing and frequency of their payment - "regulations" and "Charters". The provisions of Kiev, the land turned out to be divided into administrative units, in each of which the princely administrator - Tiun was delivered.

Konstantin Bagryanorogennoe in the composition of "On Management of the Empire", written in 949, mentions that "Monsilles coming from external Russia in Constantinople are one of the Malhard, in which Sfendoslav was sitting, the son of Ingora, Archont Rosia. From this short message it follows that by 949 the power in Kiev held Igor, or she looks unlikely, Olga left his son to represent power in the northern part of his power. It is also possible that Konstantin had information from unreliable or obsolete sources.

The next act of Olga, noted in PVL is its baptism in 955 in Constantinople. Upon returning to Kiev, Olga, who accepted the name Elena in Baptism, tried to attach Svyatoslav to Christianity, but "he did not think to listen to it. But if anyone was going to be baptized, he did not forbidden, but only mocked the topics. " Moreover, Svyatoslav was angry with her mother for her persuasion, fearing to lose the respect of the squad.

In 957, Olga with a large embassy inflicted an official visit to Constantinople, known for the description of the court ceremonies with Emperor Konstantin Bagrynorogennoe in the composition of the ceremonies. The emperor refers to Olga by the Governor (Archontissy) of Russia, the name of Svyatoslav (in the listing of the Sweets indicated "People of Svyatoslav") is mentioned without title. Apparently, the visit to Byzantium did not bring the desired results, as PVL reports Olga's cold attitude to the Byzantine ambassadors in Kiev shortly after the visit. On the other hand, the Faofan's follower in the story of Crete's restoration of the Arabs under the Emperor Roman II (959-963) mentioned the Byzantine troops of Russia.

It is not known exactly when Svyatoslav began to rule himself. PVL reports his first military campaign in 964. The Western European Chronicle of the Regionnon Founder reports under 959: "Came to the king (Otten I are Great), as it turned out to be lying, the ambassadors of Elena, the Queen of Rugov, which at the Constantinople's emperor the novel was baptized in Constantinople, and requested to dedicate bishop and priests for this people..

Thus, in 959 Olga, in baptism - Elena, officially was considered as the Government of Russia. The material evidence of the residence of the adalbert mission in Kiev is considered to be the remnants of the X V., Found by archaeologists within the so-called "cue city".

A convinced pagan Svyatoslav Igorevich was 18 years old at 960, and the mission sent by Otten I in Kiev was failed as the Futher Regionnon reports: "962 year. In the year, Adalbert returned back, supplied to the bishops of Rugam, because it did not have time for anything, for what was sent, and saw his efforts in vain; On the way back, some of his companions were killed, he himself, and the great work, barely escaped. ".

The date of the beginning of the independent rule of Svyatoslav is sufficiently conditional, the Russian chronicles consider it a successor to the throne immediately after the murder of his father Igor. Svyatoslav was all the time in military campaigns at the neighbors of Russia, reproaching Mothers State Management. When in 968, Pechenegs first made a raid on Russian lands, Olga and Church of Svyatoslav locked in Kiev.

Svyatoslav, who returned from the campaign to Bulgaria, removed the siege, but did not wish to stay in Kiev for a long time. When the next year he was going to go back to Pereyaslavl, Olga kept him: "You see - I am sick; Where do you want to get away from me? " - For she has already bothered. And she said: "When I bury me, - Go where you want".

Three days later, Olga died, and we were crying for her the great son of her, and her grandchildren, and all the people, and suffered, and buried her at the chosen place, Olga also showed not to make TRIZNES on it, since he had a priest with him - that And buried the blissful Olga.

The monk of Jacob in the composition of the XI century "Memory and praised the prince Rusky Volodymina" reports the exact date of death of Olga: July 11, 969.

Baptism Olga

Princess Olga became the first ruler of Russia, who accepted baptism, albeit a squad, and the Russian people were pagan. Son Olga, the Grand Duke of Kiev, Svyatoslav Igorevich, was also in paganism.

The date and circumstances of the baptism remain unclear. According to PVL, this happened in 955 in Constantinople, Olga personally baptized Emperor Konstantin VII Bagranogenic with Patriarch (Feofilakt): "And she was inflicted in baptism the name Elena, as well as the ancient queen-mother of Emperor Konstantin I".

PVL and Life decorate the circumstances of the Baptism of the story about how Olga's wise reached the Byzantine king. He, waking her mind and beauty, wanted to take Olga to his wife, but the princess rejected the claims, noting that he did not like Christians for the pagans to wrap. Then her king with Patriarch baptized. When the king began to continue the princess, she pointed out that she was now a shameful daughter of the king. Then he richly bestowed her and let go home.

From the Byzantine sources, only about one visit Olga to Constantinople was known. Konstantin Bagryanorovnoe described it in detail in the composition "On the ceremonies", without indicating the year of events. But he pointed out the dates of official techniques: Wednesday September 9 (on the occasion of Arrival Olga) and Sunday October 18. Such a combination corresponds to 957 and 946 years. Attention is drawn to the long stay of Olga in Constantinople. When describing the reception is called Vasilev (Konstantin Bagrynorovnoe) and Roman - Bagranogenic Vasilev. It is known that Roman II Junior, the son of Constantine, became a formal companion of his father in 945. The mention of the reception of the children of Roman testifies in favor of 957, which is considered the generally accepted date of the visit of Olga and her baptism.

However, Konstantin never mentioned the baptism of Olga, as well as about the purpose of her visit. A certain priest Gregory was named in Knyagin's retinue, on the basis of what some historians (in particular, Academician Rybakov Boris Aleksandrovich) suggest that Olga visited Constantinople already baptized. In this case, the question arises why Konstantin refers to the princess to its pagan name, and not Elena, as the continuer of Regionn did. Another, later Byzantine source (XI century) announces baptism in the 950s: "And the wife has once sent in swimming against Romeyevs of Russian Archon, named Elga, when her husband died, arrived in Constantinople. Baptized and openly made a choice in favor of true faith, she who won the great honor of this choice, returned home ".

About the baptism in Constantinople speaks and quoted the above-mentioner of Regionnon, and the mention of the name of the emperor Roman testifies in favor of baptism in 957. Certificate of the Regionnon's continuer can be considered reliable, since under this name, as historians believe, wrote Bishop Adalbert Magdeburg, who led an unsuccessful mission to Kiev (961) and having had first-hand.

According to most sources, the princess Olga took the baptism in Constantinople in the fall of 957 in the fall, and she was baptized, probably Roman II, Son and Community of Emperor Konstantin VII, and Patriarch Polyevkt. The decision on the adoption of Olga faith adopted in advance, although the chronicle legend represents this decision as spontaneous. Nothing is known about those people who spread Christianity in Russia. Perhaps it was the Bulgarian Slavs (Bulgaria accepted baptism 865), since the influence of the Bulgarian vocabulary was traced in the early ancient Russian chronicle texts. The mention of the Cathedral Church of the Prophet in Kiev in the Russian-Byzantine Agreement (944) is evidenced by the penetration of Christianity in Kiev Rus.

Olga was buried in Earth (969) in the Christian rite. Her grandson Prince Vladimir I Svyatoslavich suffered (1007) the relics of the saints, including Olga, in the Church founded by the Church of the Holy Virgin in Kiev. According to the life and monk, Jacob, the body of the blissful princess was preserved from Tlen. Its "Svetѧѧѧѥѥ ѩko Sunsє" the body could be observed through the window in the stone coffin, which was opened for any truly believer Christian, and many have found healing there. Nevertheless saw only the coffin.

Most likely, the princess Yaropolk (972-978), Princess Olga began to be worn as holy. This is evidenced by the transfer of its relics to the church and the description of the wonders given by the monk Jacob in the XI century. Since that time, the day of memory of St. Olga (Elena) began to be celebrated on July 11, at least in the very tenty church. However, the official canonization (general-voice glorification) occurred, apparently, later - until the middle of the XIII century. Her name is early becoming baptized, in particular, in Chekhov.

In 1547, Olga is ranked with the village of Holy Equal-Apostles. Such an honor was honored by only five of the Holy Women in Christian history (Maria Magdaline, the first Focla, Martyr Apfia, the Queen Elena equivalent and enlightenment of Georgia Nina).

The memory of equivalent Olga is celebrated by the Orthodox churches of the Russian tradition on July 11 for the Julian calendar; Catholic and other Western churches - July 24 in Gregorian.

Release as a patron of widows and converts Christians.

Princess Olga (documentary)

Memory about Olga

In Pskov, there is an Olginsky embankment, an Aldaginian bridge, an Olginian chapel, as well as two monuments of Princess.

Since the times of Olga and until 1944, the polis and the village of Olgin Cross existed on the River.

In Kiev, Pskov and the city of Korosten, the monuments of Princess Olga are set. The figure of Knyagini Olga is present on the Millennium of Russia monument in Veliky Novgorod.

In honor of Knyagini Olga named Olga Japan's Bay.

In honor of Knyagini Olga, a village of urban type Olga Primorsky Krai was named.

Olginskaya Street in Kiev.

Knyagini Olga Street in Lviv.

In Vitebsk in the center of the city, the Holy Olginsky Church is the Holy Glush Monastery.

In the Cathedral of St. Peter in the Vatican, to the right of the altar in the North (Russian) test, the portrait image of the princess Olga is placed.

Holy Olginsky Cathedral in Kiev.

Order:

The sign of honors from the Holy Equal-Apostles Princess Olga - established by the emperor Nikolai II in 1915;
"Order of Knyagini Olga" - State Award of Ukraine since 1997;
The Order of the Holy Equal-Apostles Princess Olga (ROC) is award-winning of the Russian Orthodox Church.

The image of Olga in art

IN artistic literature:

Antonov A.I. Prnyagin Olga;
Boris Vasilyev. "Olga, Queen of Rus";
Viktor Winters. "Princess Olga - Bulgarian Princess";
Mikhail Kazovsky. "Empress's daughter";
Alexey Karpov. "Princess Olga" (Series ZhZL);
Svetlana Kaidash-Lakshin (Roman). "Princess Olga";
Alekseev S. T. Az God I know!;
Nikolai Gumilyov. Olga (poem);
Simon Vilar. "Svetorad" (trilogy);
Simon Vilar. "Witch" (4 books);
Elizaveta Butler "Olga, Forest Princess";
Oleg Panus "Shields on the gates";
Oleg Panus "Unified Power".

In cinema:

"Legend of Princess Olga" (1983; USSR) Director Yuri Ilinko, as Olga Lyudmila Efimenko;
"Saga ancient Bulgarians. Talk Olga Saint "(2005; Russia) Director Bulat Mansurov, as Olga;;
"Saga ancient Bulgarians. Vladimir Krasnika Red Sunshine ", Russia, 2005. In the role of Olga Elina Bystritskaya.

In cartoons:

Prince Vladimir (2006; Russia) Director Yuri Kulakov, Olga voiced.

Ballet:

Olga, the music of Evgeny Stankovich, 1981. In the Kiev Theater Opera and Ballet from 1981 to 1988, and in 2010 it was delivered at the Dnepropetrovsk Academic Opera and Ballet Theater.

Biography

Princess Olga - the government of the ancient Russian state. Wife Igor Old and Mother Svyatoslav. Accepted Christianity and was recognized as saint. She is also known for its administrative reform and revenge to the rebel.

Olga - Biography (Life Picture)

Olga - a historically witnessed government of the ancient Russian state. She took power in Kievan Rus after his husband's death, prince, and carried out the leadership of the country before the beginning of the independent rule of his son Prince Svyatoslav (946 - approx. 964).

Olga began to manage the state in the hardest conditions to combat separatism of tribal princes, striving to postpone from Kiev or even head Russia instead of the Rurikovsky dynasty. The princess suppressed the uprising of the Ridge and held an administrative reform in the country to streamline Dani Kiev's challenge from subordinate tribes. Now, local residents themselves at the appointed time have been given a tribute to a certain volume ("lessons") to special points - mills and grades. Here were constantly representatives of the grand mining administration. Successful was its foreign policy activities. Active diplomatic relations with Byzantium and Germany led to the recognition of Russia to the subject of international law, and its most - equal to other states. From the system, the military campaign is a peace treaty Olga moved to building long-term constructive relationships with other states.

Princess Olga The first of the ruling Kiev princes adopted Christianity long before the official baptism of the ancient Russian state and was subsequently recognized as holy and equal to the Apostles.

Princely kind or carrier daughter?

The origin of the Great Kiev Princess Olga, due to the controversibility of information, Russian sources is ambiguously interpreted by researchers. The life of Saint Olga testifies to its non-renowned birth, she lived in the village of groaway not far from. And according to other sources, she was a daughter of a simple boatman. When Olga transported over the Igor River, she liked the prince that he then decided to take her wife.

But in the Typographic Chronicles, the version "from the Germans" was transferred, which Olga was a daughter of the prince, namely, he, according to many chronicles, chose Igor's wife. In the story of the Joamakhova chronicle, Prince Oleg picked up Igor wife in, from the famous genus. The girl was discontinued, in Olga she was renamed the prince of Oleg.

Russian scientist D. I. I. Ilovaysky and some Bulgarian researchers based on the news of the later Vladimir Chronicle, the author of which accepted the Old Russian name Pskov (Plesnesk) for the name of the Bulgarian Plisk, was assumed to the Bulgarian origin of Olga.

The age of the bride specified in the chronicles varied from 10 to 12 years, and in this regard, the Date of Marriage Olga - 903, noted in the Tale of Bygone Years, is perplexed. Her son, Svyatoslav, appeared on the light OK. 942, a few years before Igor's death. Outlook, Olga decided on the birth of the first heir in a very migrated for this age? Apparently, the marriage of Olga has accomplished much later than the date indicated by the chronicle.

Another young girl Olga struck the prince and his surroundings with his abilities. "Mudra and meaning," the chroniclers wrote about it. But fully Olga as a person for the first time declared himself after the death of Prince Igor.

Fatal riddles rafts

In 945, when attempting for the second time in a row to collect tribute to the tribe, the Kiev Prince was cruelly killed. Drevlyan sent Olga Embassy with a proposal to get married to their prince Mala. The fact that Drevlyan woven the widow for the killer of her husband was quite consistent with the ancient pagan tribal resellers. But it was not just a loss compensation. Apparently, small in this way - through the marriage at Olga, claimed to be a great power.

However, Olga was not going to forgive his husband's killers, nor parted with sole power. The chronicle transfer the colorful legend about its four-round vengeies. The researchers have long come to the conclusion that the chronicle description of the reprisal, which Olga learned, shows the ritual nature of all its actions. In fact, the ambassadors of the Drevlyan became alive participants funeral rite According to themselves, they did not understand the casual meaning of appeals to them and the requests of Olga at each of the revenge. Once at once, the princess, as it were, asked the riddle of the riddle, not a breaking on which, they made themselves to painful death. In this way, the chronicler wanted to show the mental superiority and the moral righteousness of Olga in his rejection conceived.

Three revenge Olga

The first revenge of Olga. The ambassadors of the Drevlyan were prescribed to arrive at the courtyard of the princess or hiking, nor equestrian, and in the roaster. Rye is a traditional element of the pagan funeral rite of many peoples of Northern Europe. They suffered anything suspecting Drevalnsky ambassadors, dropped along with her deep hole and poured alive land.

Second revenge Olga. The princess declared to the rallies that she deserves a more representative embassy than the first, and soon the new Treated delegation appeared at her yard. Olga said that he wants to give guests high honors and ordered them to escape the bath. When the Drevlyan went to the bath, they locked them outside and burned alive.

Third revenge of Olga. The princess with a small squad came to the Treesheskaya Earth and, announcing that he wants to play Tzyn on the grave of Prince Igor, invited her "best husbands" of Drevlyan. When the latter are very inxicane, Olga's warriors explore them with swords. It was killed, according to the chronicles, 5 thousand Trees.

Was the fourth revenge of Olga?

Curiously, but not all the chronicles inform about the most, perhaps, the famous, fourth in a row, revenge Olga: burning the main city of Drevlyan Earrows with the help of Sparrow and pigeons. Olga, with a large army, besieged the estimate, but could not take it. In the course of the next negotiations with residents, Olga offered them as a date to provide her only birds. As it is clear from the text in the chronicler of Pereyaslavl Vyzdalsky, she explained to the Treaks that she needs pigeons and sparrows to make a rite of sacrifice. Pagan rites with birds were common at the time for the rules.

The episode with the burning of the eraser is absent in the Novgorod first chronicle, ascending to the most ancient of the chronicles - the initial severity of the 1090s. Researchers believe that the editor of the story of the time years independently introduced it into his text to show the final victory of Olga and, most importantly, to explain how the power of Kiev was re-established over the entire land of Drevlyan.

Was the prince minor rejected?

No matter how paradoxically, this question may arise. When describing the four-stage revenge, Olga Chronicle is silent about the fate of the Drevalnsky Prince Mala, so unsuccessful woven to the widow of Igor. Nowhere is not said that he was killed.

The famous researcher A. A. Chematov identified with the Radiast Male mentioned in the chronicles of Malka Linerin. In records under 970, it was said that this Malk was the father of famous Malushi and Dobryni. Malushus was the key to Olga, from Svyatoslav her the future great Kiev Prince and the Baptist of Russia was born. Dobrynya, according to the chronicle, was Uncle Vladimir and his Pest.

In the historiography of the hypothesis, A. A. Shamatov was not popular. It seemed small after the rapid events in 945-946. Forever must disappear from the pages of Russian history. But curious parallels story with Maloma acquires in the story of the Bulgarian chronicle of Gazi-Baraj (1229-1246). The Bulgarian chronicler describes the peripetics of Olga's fight with small. Olga's army wins, and the Drevnsky Prince is captured. He liked Olga so much that for some time they were installed, no matter how they said, romantic relationship. Time passes, and Olga will find out about the love relationship Mala with one of his servants of the "noble kind", but generously lets them both.

Predominant of christian Russia

And small - not the only of the owned persons who were fascinated by the mind and beauty of Olga. Among those who wanted to take her wife, even the Byzantine Emperor Konstantin VII Baghrynogenic (913-959).

The Tale of Bygone Years under 955 talks about the journey of Princess Olga to Constantinople. Olga Embassy was of great importance for the Russian state. As N. F. Kotlyar writes, for the first time in the history of Russia, her sovereign went to the capital of Byzantium not at the head of the troops, but with a peaceful embassy, \u200b\u200bwith a previously developed program of future negotiations. This event was reflected not only in Russian sources, but also in many Byzantine and German chronicles, described in very detailed in the composition of Constantine Bagryanorogennoe, called "On the ceremonies of the Byzantine courtyard".

Researchers have long arranged, there was one embassy or two (946 and 955), and the chronicle date of 955. The famous scientist A. V. Nazarenko convincingly proved that Olga made one journey to the residence of the Byzantine emperor, but it took place in 957 .

Konstantin VII, "Missed Beauty and Mind" of the Russian Princess, offered her to become his wife. Olga responded to the emperor that she was a gentle, but if he wants her to be baptized, he should be baptized himself. Emperor and Constantinople Patriarch baptized her, but Olga reached the Greek king. When Konstantin, according to the chronicle, again offered her to become his wife, the first Russian Christian replied that it was no longer possible: after all, the emperor now had to her with a godfather.

The baptism of Olga was held in the main church of the Orthodox world - the Konstantinople St. Sophia. It was accompanied by A. V. Nazarenko writes, the adoption of Olga to the Byzantine ideal "family of sovereign" in the high rank of the "daughter" of the emperor.

Diplomacy Olga: game on contradictions

Many researchers believe that church goals (personal baptism and negotiations on the establishment of a church organization in Russia) were not the only ones when visiting Olga to Constantinople. Moreover, the major historian of the Russian Orthodox Church E. E. Golubinsky expressed the view that Olga was baptized in Kiev before her Byzantine trip. Some researchers suggest that Olga to the time of visit has already adopted primary baptism - announcement, since among its suits, the Byzantine sources mention the priest Gregory.

Among the possible political goals of the Embassy of Olga historians are called the following:

Getting from the Emperor of the Royal (Cesar) title, which should be facilitated by her solemn baptism in Sofia Cathedral. Judging by the silence of sources, this goal, if it was put, was not achieved;
Conclusion of a dynastic marriage. Perhaps Olga proposed to engage the young Svyatoslav with one of the daughters of the emperor. The composition "On Ceremonies" mentions that Svyatoslav was as part of the embassy, \u200b\u200bbut from another work of Konstantin Bagryanorogennoe "On the Management of the Empire", it is possible to understand how N. F. Kotlyar writes that Olga was resolutely denied;
Revision of the conditions of not very advantageous Russian-Byzantine agreement 945, concluded at Prince Igor.

Probably, the political agreement with Constantinople was achieved, since before the coming to power of Svyatoslav (964) in the sources, references to the participation of Russian detachments in the Byzantine troops are fighting with Arabs.

Olga was apparently dissatisfied with the results of negotiations with Constantinople. This explains the visit to its ambassadors in 959. The German king of Ottone I. According to the German chronicles of the ambassador of the Queen Rusov, they asked the king "to send them to the people of the bishop and priests." Otton I appointed the Missing Bishop Adalbert on Russia, but his activity was unsuccessful. All researchers consider Olga's appeal to the German king, as a means of political pressure on Byzantium. Apparently, this reception was successful: the stress in the Byzantine-German relations and the government of the new Byzantine Emperor Roman II preferred to normalize relations with Kiev.

The foreign policy of Princess Olga was quite successful. Influential countries were looking for the Union with Rusy as equal to themselves. Olga sought to provide a constructive mutually beneficial world, first of all, with Byzantium on long years. According to researchers, it is likely to be, if it were, if in 964, the power of the anestrated Olga did not accept Prince Svyatoslav.

Like "Pearl in Mud"

At the Svyatoslav who came to power were fundamentally different views not only for Christianity (he flatly refused to be baptized from Olga), but also for foreign policy activities. Svyatoslav was constantly in the campaign, and the aged Olga spent time in Kiev in the society of his grandchildren.

In 968, the trouble happened. While Svyatoslav was in a hike on the Danube, conquering the Bulgarian lands, the capital of Russia was besieged by Pechenegi. Kiev Prince Hardly managed to return home to drive away the warlike steppes. But already next, 969, Svyatoslav said that he wants to return to the Danube. Heavyly dissolved Olga told her son that she was sick and when he would bury her, then let him go where he would want. Three days later, July 11, 969, Olga died.

In the chronicle story about the burial of Olga, several Skupor noted by the authors of the sources of details immediately.

First, Olga has forbidden to create a pagan TRIZNU, since it was a priest.
Secondly, the princess buried at the chosen place, but it is not said on what. This is explained by the fact that Olga no longer poured the usual for the local pagan rite of the Kurgan, but buried "with earth Rivne."
Thirdly, it is impossible to not pay attention to the addition of the most ancient base in the Novgorod first chronicle (which preserved the most ancient base) to the chronicle of the burial of Olga expressions "secret". As D. S. Likhachev notes, the Novgorod first chronicle considers the princess Olga as a secret Christian.

The story of Russian chroniclers about Olga will imbued with immense respect, huge warmth, hot love. They call her presenter for the Christian land. They write that she glowed among the pagans like the "pearl in the mud". No later than the beginning of the XI century. Princess Olga began to read as holy, in the XIII century. It was already officially canonized, and in 1547 it was ranked saint and equivalent to the facility. Such an honors were awarded only 5 women in the history of Christianity.

Roman Rabinovich, Cand. East. Science,
Especially for the portal

) from 945, after death prince Igor, up to 962 years old.

He adopted Christianity before the baptism of Russia - under the name Elena, since Olga - the Scandinavian name, not Christian. According to the "Tale of Bygone Years", she came from Pskov, from a poor family, and Igor Oleg, with Igor.

After the death of Igor, her determination bowed his husband's man in her favor - thanks to this she became the government that it was not typical for Russia times. For the death of her husband drevlyanam (killed him) Olga revenged four times:

When 20 woven of the Drevdian Prince Mala arrived to Olga on the Floor wrap, she burned them alive with the rook.
After that, she asked to send to her the new embassy of the Drevlyan from the best husbands (they say the first twenty days were not the god news that). New ambassadors, she burned alive in the bath, where they bathed before meeting with Princess.
Olga arrived in the land of Drevlyan with official version Pull the Tizna for the deceased husband on his grave. Trees again behaved, "Olga ran them and cut out the cleaner (the chronicles speak about 5 thousand dead).
Camping 946 on the land of Drevlyan. The princess Olga surrounded the capital Korosten (Earrows) and after a long unsuccessful siege burned the city with the help of birds (tied to their paws a marked passage with sulfur). Alive asked only simple peasants.

Assustive for the death of her husband, Olga returned to Kiev and the rules there before the advent of Svyatoslav, and in fact, after that - because Svyatoslav was constantly in the campaign and did little on the control of the principality.

The main achievements of Olga in the Management Board Rusy:

Strengthened the centralization of power in Russia, going to Novgorod And Pskov in 947, and assigning a tribute there (lessons).
Formed a system of trading and exchange centers (so-called " grakhs"), Which later turned into administrative-territorial units. Initially, these were small settlements with the temple and the market, as well as the inn.
She conquered the Drevalnsky lands and Volyn, opening trading routes to the West, as well as control over them.
The first began to build houses in Kiev from stone, not a tree.
Back in 945 he developed new system taxation ( fitules) With various terms, frequency and amount of payments - Podachi, regulations, statutes.
Deposited by Kiev the Earth for administrative units with princely administrators ( tiuna) at the head.
Breastled in 955 in Constantinople, then promoted Christian ideas among Kievan.

An interesting fact from the "story ...": Byzantine Emperor Konstantin Vii wanted to take Olga to his wife, but she answered that he could not go for a Christian to the pagan. Then the Patriarch and Konstantin baptized her, and the latter repeated her request. Olga responded to him that he now is her godfather, and spent it in this way. The emperor laughed, gave Olga Damari and let go home.

Holy Equal-Apostles Great Princess Olga, in the baptism of Elena (approx. 890 - July 11, 969), Rules Kiev Rusy after the death of her husband, Prince Igor Rurikovich from 945 to 962. The first of the Russian rulers adopted Christianity before the baptism of Russia, the first Russian saint. The name of Knyagini Olga is in the source of Russian history, and is associated with the greatest events of the foundation of the first dynasty, with the first approval of Christianity and bright features of Western civilization. The Grand Princess entered the story as a great creator of state life and culture of Kievan Rus. After death, the simple people called her cunning, the Church - Holy, History - Wise.

Great Princess Olga (approx. 890 - July 11, 969) was the wife of the Grand Duke Kiev Igor.

Basic information about Olga's life, recognized as reliable, is contained in the "Tale of Bygone Years", life from a power book, the agiographic work of the Jacob monk "Memory and praise the prince of Rusky Volodymina" and the composition of Konstantin Bagryanorogennoe "On the Ceremonies of the Byzantine Court". Other sources provide additional information about Olga, but their accuracy cannot be accurately defined.

Olga took place from the glorious genus of the Gostomysl (the ruler of the Great Novgorod is still prince of Rüric). Born in the Pskov Earth, in the village of Ryabuta, 12 km from Pskov above the Great River, in the pagan family from the dynasty of the princes of Islabors. Dispute O. accurate date Birth of Olga is still underway - Some historians insist on the date OK.890, others - at the date of 920 (although this date is absurd due to the fact that Olga married Igor in the meaning of Oleg, who died in 912). Both dates can be questioned, so they are taken conditionally. Olga's parents are not preserved.

When Olga was already 13 years old, she became the wife of the Grand Duke Kiev Igor. According to legend, Prince Igor was engaged in hunting. One day, when he was hunted in Pskov Forests, then hearing the beast, he went to the river bank. Having decided to cross the river, he asked Olga passing by on the boat to transport him, accepting it first for the young man. When they sailed, Igor, carefully peeling into the face of the rower, saw that it was not a young man, but a maiden. The girl turned out to be very beautiful, smart and clean thoughts. The beauty of Olga vulnerable Igor's heart, and he began to impose her words, inclined to unclean carnal mixing. However, the chaste the girl, the Urav-Mev of the thoughts of Igor, incited in lust, shared his wise guarantee. The prince of such an outstanding mind and the chastity of the young girl was surprised, and did not affect her.

Igor was the only son novgorod Prince Rurik (+879). When the father died, Prince was still very young. Before his death, Rurik handed over the board in Novgorod to his relative and governor Oleg and appointed his guardian of Igor. Oleg was a successful warrior and wise ruler. The people nicknamed him Veins. He won the city of Kiev and united around himself many slavic tribes. Oleg loved Igor as his native son and raised a real warrior from him. And when it was time to look for him a bride, in Kiev, there were watchmen of beautiful girls, to find a girl, worthy of a princely pane, but none of them
did not love the prince. For in the heart of him, the selection of the bride was made in his heart: he ordered to call the beautiful boat that transported him across the river. Prince Oleg. from great Honor He brought Olga to Kiev, and Igor joined her in marriage. The marrying of a young prince at Olga, an aging Oleghe became hard to bring victims to the gods to give Igor Heir. For a long nine years, many bloody victims of Idolam brought Oleg, so many people and bulls burned alive, waited for what they would give slavic gods Igor Son. Not wait. He died in 912 from the bite of a snake, served from the skull of his former horse.

Pagan idols began to disappoint the princess: the perennial sacrifice of idols did not give her the desired heir. Well, how will Igor come on the human welfare and take himself another wife, third? Harem will start. Who will she then be? And then the princess decided to pray to the Christian God. And Olga began to quickly ask him the Son-Heir.

And so in 942. ,at the twenty-four year of life, the prince of Igor Heir was born - Svyatoslav! Piled prince Olga gifts. She deliberately attributed to Church of Elijah - for the Christian God. Happy feet rushed. Olga began to think over the faith of Christian yes about the benefits from her for the country. Only Igor's thoughts did not share such: his gods in battles never changed him.

According to the chronicles, in 945, Prince Igor dies from the hands of Drevlyan after repeatedly charging from them, Dani (he became the first ruler in the history of Russia, who died from popular indignation). Igor Rurikovich Kaznili , in a tract, with the help of honorary "smelting". Intrunning two young, flexible oak, tied by arms and legs, and let go ...

F. Buni. Igor execution

The heir to the throne Svyatoslav was then only 3 years, so the actual ruler of Kievan Rus in 945 was Olga . The squad of Igor was submitted to her, recognizing Olga by a representative of the legitimate heir to the throne.

After the murder of Igor sent him to his widow, Olga Svatov called her marry her prince Mala. The princess brutally dismissed the Ridge, showing trick and strong will. The revenge of Olga Drevlyans is described in detail and in detail in the "Tale of Bygone Years".

Revenge of Princess Olga

After crucifier with the Drevyans, Olga began to rule the Kiev Rusy to the adulthood of Svyatoslav, but after that she remained the actual ruler, since her son was absent most of the time in military campaigns.

The foreign policy of the princess Olga was carried out not by military methods, but with the help of diplomacy. She strengthened international relations with Germany and Byzantia. Relations with Greece opened Olga, as far as Christian faith is higher than the pagan.

In 954, Princess Olga with the goal of religious pilgrimage and diplomatic mission went to Tsargrad (Constantinople)where with honor was adopted by the emperor Konstantin VII buggernogenic. For fun two years, she was familiar with the basics of the faith of Christian, visiting worship in the Sofia Cathedral. It was struck by the greatness of Christian temples and the shrines collected in them.

The sacrament of baptism over her committed Patriarch Constantinople Feofilakt, and the emperor himself became a perception. The name of the Russian Princess was nascheno in honor of the Holy Tsaritsa Elena, who acquired the Cross of the Lord. Patriarch blessed the newest Princess Cross, carved from a solid piece of the life-giving Tree of the Lord with the inscription: "Updated the Russian land with the Holy Cross, I accepted Olga, the Blessed Princess."

Princess Olga became the first ruler of Russia, who accepted baptism Although the squad, and the Russian people were pagan. Son Olga, the Grand Duke of Kiev, Svyatoslav Igorevich, was also in paganism.

Upon returning to Kiev, Olga tried to attach Svyatoslav to Christianity, but "he did not think to listen to this; But if anyone was going to be baptized, he did not forbidden, but only mocked the topics. " Moreover, Svyatoslav was angry with her mother for her persuasion, fearing to lose the respect of the squad. Svyatoslav Igorevich remained a convinced pagan.

Upon returning from Byzantium Olga The Christian evaluating to the pagans was zealously carried the first Christian temples began to erect: in the name of St. Nicholas over the grave of the first Kiev prince-Christian Askold and St. Sophia in Kiev over the grave of Prince Dira, the temple of the Annunciation in Vitebsk, the temple in the name of the Holy and Library Trinity in PskovThe place for which, according to the chronicler testimony, it was indicated by over the "ray of the Tsight Divine" - on the banks of the river Great she saw the "three armored beam" from the sky.

Holy Princess Olga died in 969, at the age of 80 and was buried in the earth in the Christian rite.

Sergey Efoshkin. Princess Olga. Assumption

Her nonentive relics rested in the Tenty Church in Kiev. Her grandson Prince Vladimir I Svyatoslavich, the Baptist of Russia, suffered (in 1007) the relics of the saints, including Olga, in the church founded by him Assumption Blessed Virgin Mary In Kiev (Tenty Church). Most likely, the prince of Vladimir (970-988), Princess Olga began to be worn as holy. This is evidenced by the transfer of its relics to the church and the description of the wonders given by the monk Jacob in the XI century.

In 1547, Olga was ranked in the face of Holy Equal-Apostles. Such an honor was honored by only 5 holy women in Christian history (Maria Magdaline, the first factor of Focla, the martyr Apfia, the Queen Elena equivalent and enlightenment of Georgia Nina).

The memory of equivalent Olga is celebrated by Orthodox and Catholic and other Western churches.

Princess Olga The first of the Russian princes officially accepted Christianity and was canonized by Russian orthodox Church back in the housesongol period. The baptism of Princess Olga did not lead to the establishment of Christianity in Russia, but she had a great influence on the grandson of Vladimir, who continued her case.She did not believe the conquest wars, but sent all his energy to internal politician, therefore, on long times People retained a good memory about her: the princess conducted an administrative and tax reform that facilitated the situation ordinary people and streamlined life in the state.

Holy Princess Olga is revered as a patronage of widows and converts Christians. Residents of Pskov consider Olga its founder. In Pskov there is an Olginsky embankment, an Olginsky Bridge, an Olginsky chapel. The days of the liberation of the city from the fascist invaders (July 23, 1944) and the memory of St. Olga are celebrated in Pskov as the days of the city.

Material prepared Sergey Shalyak

for the Temple of the Liberal Trinity on the Sparrow Mountains

In a tropear equivalent to the Apostles Olga, glas 8
In you, the Bogomrovaya Elena, knowing the way the image in Rastey Country, / Yako, who is visiting the Bay of Holy Baptism, followed by Christ, / Creating the same and students, and leaving an idolism charm, / perceive the same care about the soul, things seeless, The angels rejoices, equivalent, your spirit.

In Kondak Equal to Apostles Olga, voice 4
There is a worship of the grace of all God, / the abusers in Russia Olga Bogomudruyu, / Prayers to her, Lord, / People's hand / sin.

Prayer of the Holy Equal-Apostles Princess Olga
Oh holy equivalent great Princess Olga, Russian prima-breaker, warm about us before Godatais and prayer! We are resorting to faith and pray with love: BUY WORK WHAT ABOUT WEEK OF ASEMBLY AND SPESHEN AND, YAKEN IN THE TEMBER LIFE Thorough Essenti Enlighten the Farratians Our Light Hodge of Faith and Navitics I will create the will of the Lord, Tako and now, in the sky Your prayers to God will confiscate us in the Enlightenment of the mind and the heart of our Gospel of Christ, and in supply in faith, piety and love of Christ. In poverty and grief sushima consolation, a loved hand of help, abyss and attacked out, blinding from the ridiculous faith and heresy blinded by viscosities and succeed to us all the good of God all the good and useful life of the time and eternisle, yes, such a well-known provider of the eternal In the endless kingdom of Christ's God, everyone with his father and the Holy Spirit, hence all the glory, honor and worship is always, now and confused and forever. And mine.

Great Princess Olga (890-969)

From the cycle "The history of the Russian state".