Brilliant scientist and unsurpassed experimenter. Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa. Nobel laureates: Peter Kapitsa

Russia (USSR)

Russian physicist experimenter, one of the founders of low temperature physics and physics of strong magnetic fields. The Nobel Prize winner in 1978 physics for discoveries in the field of low-temperatures physics, which were made back in the 30s of the XX century ...

In 1934. P.L. Kapitsa arrived on vacation in the USSR, but the authorities not allowed he will come back to Cambridge and offered to become the director of the institution of physical problems being created. Ernst RutfordHaving resigned with the loss of one of its best employees, allowed the Soviet authorities to redeem the equipment of the laboratory and send it to the USSR.

"However, in 1934, when he once again arrived on vacation in the USSR, the Soviet government banned him to return to England - by law. Deeply insult Kapitsa Nevertheless did not break and did not even part with his socialist ideals. He compared herself "with a woman who wants to surrender on love, but which they certainly want to rape." For Soviet leaders, he used the expression "our idiots", And here both words are equally important: "I am genuinely located to our idiots, and they make wonderful things, and it will go to the story. [...] But what can you do if they do not understand anything in science [...] They (idiots), of course, can be wise tomorrow, and maybe only after 5-10 years. What they wisely, there is no doubt about this, since their life will make it do. Only the whole question - when? "

Gorling G., Andrei Sakharov. Science and Freedom, M., Vagribus, 2004, p. 175-176.

In 1935. P.L. Kapitsa He was appointed director of the Institute of Physical Problems in Moscow. In 1946, he was withdrawn from the post of director and engaged in research in the home laboratory created by him at the cottage (in fact it was home arrest). In 1955. P.L. Kapitsa Recommended by the Director of the Institute of Physical Problems.

Starting from 1935, P.L. Kapitsa sent And V. Stalin 49 Unanswered letters. But if there were no letters for a long time, Stalin's secretary requested them to send them. "In his letters, Kapitsa then leads historical examples. He directly indicates Stalin that since we cannot inspire scientist with money, it's not that in capitalist America, you must at least give him due, as Patriarch gives him. "This is more Bacon I noticed in my "New Atlantide." Therefore, it is time to comrades like Beria Start leaving respect for scientists. "
In 1949, Kapitsa was removed from the institution of the department at the university for not at meetings in honor of the 70th anniversary of Stalin.
He wanted to choose to the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences, but in the Central Committee Suslov He said that it was necessary to refrain, and abstained. We wanted to make it a member of the Council of Moscow University, and it was banned.
Beria soon achieved his own, Kapitsa fired from everywhere. They removed from the work on oxygen necessary for the country. The Stalin Prize was abolished by the Academy of Sciences. Of course, Beria, in the end, Kapitsa would stop. Stalin, good knowing his satrap, warned: "I will rent it, but you do not touch it."

Granin D.A., man is not from here, St. Petersburg, "Lenizdat", 2014, p. 7.

"In January 1946, academician Peter Kapitsa Sent Stalinmanuscript Books Historic Technique L. I. Gumilevsky "Russian engineers", which was written with the support and initiative of Kapitsa. In the letter Stalin Kapitsa noted: "It's clear from this book:
1. A large number of major engineering undertakings originated from us.
2. We ourselves almost did not know how to develop them.
3. Often the reason for non-use innovation was that we usually underestimated their own and overestimated foreign. Now we need to raise our own technique to raise our own technique ... We can successfully do it only when we finally understand that the creative potential of our people is no less, but even more than others, and you can safely rely on it. " Stalin not only read the book L.I. Gumilevsky, but ordered to immediately publish it. "

Roy Medvedev, Zhores Medvedev, Unknown Stalin, M., "Time", 2007, p. 596.

P.L. Kapitsa repeatedly taken intoI.V. Stalin and subsequent for oppressed science figures.

Born in the family of a military engineer, Major General of the Engineering Corps of Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa and his wives Olga Jeronimovna, a teacher and folklorist, the daughter of the topograph.

In 1905, Peter Kapitsa entered the gymnasium. A year later, due to failure in Latin, he switched to the Kronstadt Real School, which graduated in 1914.

In 1914 he entered the Electromechanical Faculty of St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. During World War I, Peter Kapitsa, the volunteer went to the front and served as a driver on a sanitary car on the Polish front. In 1916, he demobilized and continued his studies.

In 1918 he graduated from the Polytechnic Institute in Petrograd, where it remained to work.

In 1921 he went to the scientific business trip to the UK, where he worked under the leadership of E. Rostford. With him, the relationship was not easy, but gradually they became close friends. Peter Kapitsa Nick Rutherford "Crocodile".

In 1924-1932 he became Deputy Director of the Cavendish Laboratory.

In 1928, he discovered the connection of some metals in strong magnetic fields with electrical resistance and field voltage. This discovery was called the law of Kapitsa.

In 1929 he became a member of the Royal Society London.

In 1930, the Royal Society Council decided to build a special laboratory for Peter Kapitsa. On February 3, 1933, her solemn discovery was held - Peter Kapitsa was appointed director of the Mondovskaya Lab (Industrialist named and Philantopa Monda).

In 1934, Peter Kapitsa during the guest visit was detained and was forced to stay in the USSR. His visa was annulled, the family remained in England. The first months in the USSR he lived in a communal apartment along with his mother.

On December 23, 1934, a decree was signed about the organization of the Institute of Physical Problems (IFP) and on January 3, 1935, Peter Kapitsa was appointed director of this institute. He moved from Leningrad to Moscow to the hotel "Metropol" and received a personal car. In his letters, he wrote that the possibilities of working in the USSR greatly lose its capabilities abroad.

In 1938, he opened the superfluidity of liquid helium, for which he was awarded the State Prize of the USSR in 1943.

On January 24, 1939, Peter Kapitsa was adopted by the unanimous vote in the real members of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1941 he became a laureate of the Stalinist Prize.

On October 1, 1943, Peter Kapitsa was appointed head of the Department of Low Temperatures of the Physical Faculty of Moscow State University.

In 1945, Peter Kapitsa was awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labor for work with oxygen, the institute headed by him was awarded the Order of the Labor Red Banner.

On August 17, 1946, he was withdrawn from the office of the Director of the IFP. And he moved to the state cottage on Nikolina Mountain, in fact, "under house arrest" according to Academician Feynberg. Despite this, the scientist continues scientific activities at the minimum set of equipment obtained by promoting the President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR S.Vavov.

In 1947 he became a professor at the Moscow Physics and Technology Institute. During this period, created the theory of interaction of sea waves with the wind.

In 1950-1955, a number of devices created a number of instruments that allowed actively developing the study of the controlled thermonuclear synthesis.

On June 3, 1955, Peter Kapitsa was returned to the post of director of the IFM after a conversation with Khrushchev. In the same year, he became the chief editor of the "Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics".

In 1957-1984, he was a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1965, he received permission to leave the USSR and visited Denmark to receive Niels Bora's international gold medal.

In 1974, he received the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor Repeated.

In 1978, Peter Kapitsa received the Nobel Prize in Physics "For fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low-temperatures physics."

On March 22, 1984, Peter Kapitsa felt bad and was taken to the hospital, where the stroke was diagnosed. On April 8, he died and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

Wikipedia has articles about other people with such a surname, see Kapitsa.

Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa

Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa, 1964

Date of Birth:

Place of Birth:

Kronstadt, St. Petersburg Province, Russian Empire

Date of death:

April 8, 1984. (((Padleft: 1984 | 4 | 0)) - ((Padleft: 4 | 2 | 0)) - ((Padleft: 8 | 2 | 0))) (89 years old)

Place of death:

Moscow, RSFSR, USSR

Country:

Russian empire
the USSR

Scientific sphere:

Place of work:

SPBSI, Cambridge, IFP RAS, MIPT, MSU, IR RAS

Scientist:

academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939)

Alma Mother:

Petersburg Polytechnic Institute

Scientific adviser:

A. F. Ioffe,
E. Rutford

Famous students:

A. I. Salnikov,
N. E. Alekseevsky

Awards and Prize

Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa on wikisklad

Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894 - 1984) - Soviet physicist.

A prominent organizer of science. The founder of the Institute of Physical Problems (IFP), the director of which remained up to the last days of life. One of the founders of the Moscow Physico-Technical Institute. The first head of the Department of Physics of Low Temperatures of the Physical Faculty of Moscow State University.

The laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1978) for the opening of the phenomenon of superfluidity of liquid helium, introduced the term "superfluidity" into the scientific way. Also known works in the field of physics of low temperatures, studying supreme magnetic fields and retaining high-temperature plasma. Developed a high-performance industrial installation for gases (turbowetander). From 1921 to 1934 he worked in Cambridge under the leadership of Rutherford. In 1934, returned to the time in the USSR, was forcibly left in his homeland. In 1945, he was part of the Special Committee on the Soviet Atomic Project, but its two-year plan for the implementation of the atomic project was not approved, in connection with which he asked for resignation, the request was satisfied. From 1946 to 1955, he was dismissed from state Soviet institutions, but he was left to work as a professor in Moscow State University to work as 1950. Lomonosov.

Double laureate of the Stalin Prize (1941, 1943). Awarded a large gold medal named after M. V. Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1959). Double Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1974). Full Member of the Royal Society of London (Felow of the Royal Society).

Biography

Youth

Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa was born on June 26 (July 8) of 1894 in Kronstadt (now the administrative district of St. Petersburg), in the family of the military engineer Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa and his wives Olga Jeronimovna, the daughter of the Topograph of Jerome St Bniktsky. Russian in 1905 entered the gymnasium. A year later, due to weak progress in Latin, it goes into the Kronstadt Real School. After graduating from the school, in 1914 he entered the Electromechanical Faculty of St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. The capable student quickly notices A. F. Ioffe, attracts to his seminar and work in the laboratory.

First world War Caught a young man in Scotland, which he visited on the summer vacation to study the language. He returned to Russia in November 1914 and in a year volunteer goes to the front. Kapitsa served as a driver on a sanitary car and drove the wounded on the Polish Front. In 1916, demobilized, returns back to St. Petersburg to continue study. The father of Kapitsa dies from Spanish in Revolutionary Petrograd, then his first wife, a two-year-old son and a newborn daughter died.

Seminar A. F. Ioffe in St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute (1916). Kapitsa is extreme right

Even before the protection of the diploma, A. F. Ioffe invites Peter Kapitsa to work in the physico-technical department of the newly created X-ray and radiological institute (transformed in November 1921 in the Physics and Technology). Scientist publishes its first scientific work in the SHIPHHO and begins teaching activities.

Ioffe considered that promising young physics need to continue studying in authoritative overseas scientific schoolBut it was not possible to organize the departure abroad for a long time. Thanks to the promotion of Krylov and the intervention of Maxim Gorky in 1921, Kapitsa, as part of the Special Commission, sent to England. Thanks to the recommendation of Ioffe, he managed to get a job in the Cavendish laboratory under the beginning of Ernest Rutherford and from July 22, Kapitsa begins to work in Cambridge. Young Soviet scientist quickly deserves respect for colleagues and leadership thanks to the talent of the engineer and the experimenter. Works in the field of supreme magnetic fields bring him widely fame in scientific circles. At first the relationship between Rutherford and Kapitsa was not easy, but gradually the Soviet physics managed to conquer and his trust and soon they became very close friends. Kapitsa gave Rutherford the famous nickname "Crocodile". Already in 1921, when the Kavendish laboratory visited the famous experimenter Robert Wood, Rutherford instructed to spend a spectacular impact experience in front of the famous guest by Peter Kapitsa.

The theme of a doctoral dissertation, which Kapitsa defended in Cambridge in 1922, was "passing alpha particles through a substance and methods for producing magnetic fields." From January 1925, Kapitsa - Deputy Director of the Cavendish Laboratory for Magnetic Studies. In 1929, Kapitsa was elected a full member of the Royal Society London. In November 1930, the Council of the Royal Society decides on the allocation of 15,000 pounds of sterling for construction in Cambridge a special laboratory for Kapitsa. The solemn opening of the Mondovskaya laboratory (by the name of the industrialist and philanthropy monda) took place on February 3, 1933. Kapitsa is elected by the Messel professor of the Royal Society. The leader of the Conservative Party of England, the former Prime Minister of the country Stanley Baldwin, in his speech at the opening, noted:

We are happy that we have the director of the laboratory, Professor Kapitsa works, so brilliantly combining in his face and physics, and engineer. We are convinced that under his skillful leadership, a new laboratory will contribute to the knowledge of nature processes.

Kapitsa supports communication with the USSR and in every way promotes the international scientific exchange of experience. In the "International Monographs in Physics" publishing house of the University of Oxford, one of the editors of which was Kapitsa, the monographs of Georgy Gamova, Yakova Frankel, Nikolai Semenova. In England, at his invitation comes to the internship of Julius Khariton and Cyril Sinelnikov.

Back in 1922, Fedor Shcherbatskaya was expressed about the possibility of electioning Peter Kapitsa to the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1929, a number of leading scientists signed up under the idea of \u200b\u200belection to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. On February 22, 1929, an indispensable secretary of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the USSR Oldenburg informs the capital that "Academy of Sciences, wanting to express his deep respect for scientists with your deserves in the field of physical sciences, elected you at the general meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences on February 13 p. In its correspondent members. "

An image of a crocodile on the wall of the Cavendish laboratory.

Return to the USSR

The XVII Congress of WCPs (b) appreciated the significant contribution of scientists and specialists in the success of the industrialization of the country and the fulfillment of the first five-year plan. However, at the same time, the rules of departure of experts abroad became more stringent and the Special Commission has now followed their fulfillment.

Numerous cases of non-return of Soviet scientists were not ignored. In 1936 V. N. Ipatiev and A. E. Chichibabin were deprived of Soviet citizenship and excluded from the Academy of Sciences for what remained abroad after a business trip. Wide resonance in scientific circles had a similar story with young scientists. A. Gamov and F. G. Dobjan.

The activities of Kapitsa in Cambridge did not remain unnoticed. The particular concern of the authorities caused the fact that Kapitsa provided consultations to European industrialists. According to the historian Vladimir Esakov, a plan associated with Kapitsa was developed long before 1934, and he knew Stalin about him. From August to October 1934, a number of Politburo Resolutions, signed by L. M. Kaganovich, prescribed to detain a scientist in the USSR. The final resolution read:

Based on the considerations that the Capita has significant services to the British, informing them about the situation in the Science of the USSR, as well as what he provides English firms, including the military, the largest services, selling their patents and working on their orders, prohibit L. Kapitsa Departure from the USSR.

Until 1934, Kapitsa and family lived in England and regularly came to the USSR to rest and see his relatives. The Government of the USSR has several times offered him to stay in his homeland, but the scientist invariably refused. At the end of August, Peter Leonidovich, as in previous years, was going to visit the mother and take part in the International Congress dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Dmitry Mendeleev.

After arriving in Leningrad on September 21, 1934, Kapitsa was summoned to Moscow to the Council people's Commissarwhere he met with Pyatakov. The Deputy Complex of the Grave Industry recommended how to think about the proposal to remain. Kapitsa refused, and he was sent to the reception to the superior instance to the interlassule. The Chairman of the State Dummy informed the scientist that the departure abroad was impossible and the visa was revoked. Kapitsa was forced to move to the mother, and his spouse, Anna Alekseevna, went to Cambridge to children alone. The English press, commenting on what happened, wrote that Professor Kapitsa was forcibly detained in the USSR.

Kapitsa (left) and Semyonov (right). In the fall of 1921, Kapitsa appeared in the workshop of Boris Kustodiyev and asked him why he paints portraits of celebrities and why the artist does not draw those who become famous. Young scientists paid off with an artist for a portrait of a bag of millet and a rooster.

Peter Leonidovich was deeply disappointed. At first I even wanted to leave physics and switch to biophysics, becoming an assistant Pavlov. Approached help and interference with the field of Lanzhen, Albert Einstein and Ernest Rutherford. In a letter, Rutherford, he wrote that he barely came to his senses after shock from what had happened, and thanked the teacher for his help his family remaining in England. Rutherford letter to the USSR police station in England appealed to clarifications - why a well-known physics refuse to return to Cambridge. In a response letter, he was reported that the return of Kapitsa in the USSR was dictated by the rapid development of Soviet science and industry as planned in a five-year plan.

1934-1941

The first months in the USSR were difficult - there was no work and certainty with the future. To live in the constricted conditions of the communal apartment from Mother Peter Leonidovich. My friends Nikolai Semenov, Alexey Bach, Fedor Shcherbatskaya, helped him very much. Gradually, Peter Leonidovich came to himself and agreed to continue work in the specialty. As a condition, I demanded to transport the Mondovsky laboratory in which he worked in the USSR. If Rutherford refuses to transfer or sell equipment, it will be necessary to purchase duplicates of unique devices. The decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) 30 thousand pounds of sterling for the purchase of equipment was allocated.

On December 23, 1934, Vyacheslav Molotov signed a decree on the organization as part of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Physical Problems (IFP). On January 3, 1935, the newspaper "Pravda" and Izvestia reported on the appointment of Kapita director of the new institute. In early 1935, Kapitsa moves from Leningrad to Moscow - to the hotel Metropol, receives a personal car. In May 1935, the construction of the Institutional Laboratory Corps on Sparrow Mountains began. After quite difficult negotiations with Rangeford and Cockrift (Kapitsa did not participate in them) managed to come to an agreement on the conditions for transferring the laboratory in the USSR. In the period from 1935 to 1937, equipment from England was gradually obtained. The case was strongly stopped because of the non-historicalness of the delivery officials, and it was necessary to write letters to the highest leadership of the USSR, right up to Stalin. As a result, I managed to get everything that Peter Leonidovich demanded. Two experienced engineers came to Moscow who helped in mounting and setting up - Mechanic Pearson and Laberante Loweerman.

In his letters of the late 1930s, Kapitsa confessed that the possibilities for work in the USSR are inferior to the fact that they were abroad - it is even though he received a scientific institution at his disposal and practically did not experience problems with financing. The problems that were solved in England in England were mocked in Bureaucratism. The sharp statements of the scientist and the exceptional conditions created by the authorities did not contribute to the establishment of mutual understanding with colleagues in an academic environment.

Position depressing. Fail interest in my work, and on the other hand, comrades-scientists were indignant so that were, at least in words, attempts were made to put my work in the conditions that simply had to be considered normal, which is indignant without constraints: "If<бы> We did the same, then we will not make it that Kapitsa "... In addition to envy, suspicion and everything else, the atmosphere was created impossible and straightforward ... Scientists locally definitely relate to my relocation here.

In 1935, the candidacy of Kapitsa is not even considered in the elections to the actual members of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He repeatedly writes notes and letters about the possibilities of the reform of the Soviet science and the academic system to representatives of the authorities, but does not receive a clear reaction. Several times Kapitsa took part in the meetings of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, but, as he recalled himself, after two or three times "eliminated". In the organization of the work of the Institute of Physical Problems, Kapitsa did not receive any serious assistance and relied, mainly for his strength.

In January 1936, Anna Alekseevna with children is returned from England, and the Kapitsa family moves to the cottage built on the territory of the Institute. By March 1937, the construction of a new institute was completed, most of the instruments were transported and mounted, and Kapitsa returns to active scientific activity. At the same time, the "Headfit" is beginning to work at the Institute of Physical Problems - the famous Seminar Peter Leonidovich, who soon acquires all-union fame.

In January 1938, Kapitsa publishes in the journal Nature an article about the fundamental opening - the phenomenon of superfluidity of liquid helium and continues research in the new direction of physics. At the same time, the Collective of the Institute, headed by Peter Leonidovich, is actively working on a purely practical task of improving the design new Installation For the production of liquid air and oxygen - Turbowetander. A fundamentally new approach of academician to the functioning of cryogenic installations causes stormy discussions both in the USSR and abroad. However, the activities of Kapitsa receive approval, and the institute headed by him is put as an example of an effective organization scientific process. At the general meeting of the branch of the Mathematical and Natural Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences on January 24, 1939, the unanimous voting of Kapitsa was admitted to the actual members of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa on the postal stamp of Russia, 1994

Military and post-war years

During the war, the IFP was evacuated to Kazan, the family of Peter Leonidovich was moved there from Leningrad. In the war years, the need to produce liquid oxygen from the air in industrial scale Radically increases (in particular, for the production of explosives). Kapitsa is working on the introduction of an oxygen cryogenic unit developed by it. In 1942, the first copy of the "Object No. 1" - turbo acid plant TC-200 with a capacity of up to 200 kg / h of liquid oxygen - was manufactured and commissioned in early 1943. In 1945, "Object No. 2" was commissioned - the installation of TK-2000 with a productivity of ten times more.

On his proposal on May 8, 1943 by the Resolution State Committee Defense Creates the General Oxygen Office at the USSR SCC, Pyrtr Kapitsa is appointed chief of chief seaslodes. In 1945, a special Institute of Oxygen Engineering - VNIKIMASH was organized and a new oxygen magazine began to leave. In 1945 he received the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor, and the institute led by him was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of the Red Banner.

In addition to practical activities Kapitsa finds time and for teaching. From October 1, 1943, Kapitsa is credited to the position of head of the Department of Low Temperatures of the Physical Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1944, at the time of the change of the head of the department, he became the main author of the letter of 14 academics, which attracted the attention of the government to the situation at the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Physical Faculty of Moscow State University. As a result, the head of the department after Igor Tamma was not Anatoly Vlasov, but Vladimir Fock. For a short time, worked in this post, Fock again left this post. Kapitsa signed a letter of four academics Molotov, the author of which was A. F. Ioffe. This letter initiated the resolution of the confrontation between the so-called "Academic" and "University" Physics.

In the meantime, in the second half of 1945, immediately at the end of the war, the Soviet atomic project is entering the active phase. On August 20, 1945, a nuclear specialty was created in the Soviet University of the USSR, whose supervisor became Lavrenty Beria. The Committee initially includes only two physics:

Kurchatov was appointed supervisor of all works.
Kapitsa, who was not a specialist in nuclear physics, was to oversee certain areas (low-temperature technology for separating uranium isotopes).

And Kurchatov and Kapitsa are part of the Technical Council of the Special Committee, I. K. Kikoin, A. F. Iofe, Yu. B. Khariton and V. G. Kholopan are invited to additionally. Kapitsa immediately arises dissatisfaction with the methods of leadership of Beria, he is very impartial and sharply responding about the General Commissioner of the State Security - both in person and in professional Plan. On October 3, 1945, Kapitsa writes Stalin a letter with a request to release him from work in the Committee, but the answer did not follow. On November 25, Kapitsa writes a second letter, more detailed (on 8 pages) and December 21, 1945, Stalin resolves the resignation of Kapitsa. Protocol No. 9 dated November 30, 1945 "Protocol meeting of the Special Committee in the Soviet Committee of the USSR", on which P. L. Kapitsa makes the report on the conclusions that he did on the basis of the analysis of data on the consequences of the use of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and not There are no instructions, a detailed analysis of the bombardment of these cities is entrusted to make commissions headed by A. I. Alikhanov.

Actually, in the second letter, Kapitsa described as necessary, in his opinion, to carry out an atomic project, determining in detail the action plan for two years. According to Biographers Academician - Kapitsa at that time did not know that at the hands of Kurchatov and Beria at that time, data was already received by Soviet intelligence data on the American atomic program. The plan offered by Kapitsa, although it was fairly fast in execution, but not enough soon for the current political situation around the development of the first Soviet atomic bomb. IN historical literature It is often mentioned that Stalin handed over Beria, who offered to arrest an independent and sharp academician in judgments "I will rent it, but you do not touch it." Petra Leonidovich's authoritative biographers do not confirm the historical accuracy of such words of Stalin, although it is known that Kapitsa allowed himself a completely exclusive behavior for the Soviet scientist and citizen. According to the historian Lauren Graham Stalin grated in the capital to direct and frankness. His messages to the Soviet leaders of Kapitsa, with all the sharpness of their problems, held in secret (the content of most letters was revealed after his death) and did not propaganda their ideas.

At the same time, in 1945-1946, the controversy around Turbodetander and the industrial production of liquid oxygen is again exacerbated. Kapitsa enters into a discussion with leading Soviet cryogenetic engineers who do not recognize him as a specialist in this area. The State Commission recognizes the prospects for developing Kapitsa, but it believes that the launch in the industrial series will be premature. Installation Kapitsa disassemble, and the project turns out to be frozen.

On August 17, 1946, Kapitsa is removed from the office of the Director of the IFP. He is removed to the State Cottage, Nikolina Mountain. Instead, Kapita Director of the Institute appoint Alexandrova. According to Academician Feynberg at this time, Kapitsa was "in the link, under house arrest." Dacha was the property of Peter Leonidovich, but the property and furniture inside were most of the state and almost completely removed. In 1950, he was fired from the Physics and Technology Faculty of Moscow State University, where he lectured.

In his memoirs, Peter Leonidovich wrote about the persecution by the power structures, direct surveillance initiated by the Lavrenting of Beria. Nevertheless, the academician does not leave scientific activities and continues research in the field of low-temperature physics, the separation of uranium and hydrogen isotopes, improves knowledge in mathematics. Thanks to the promotion of the President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Sergey Vavilov, it was possible to get a minimum set of laboratory equipment and mounted it at the cottage. In numerous letters of Molotov and Malenkov, Kapitsa writes about experiments conducted in handicraft conditions and asks for the opportunity to return to normal operation. In December 1949, Kapitsa, despite the invitation, ignored the solemn meeting in Moscow State University dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Stalin.

Last years

The situation has changed only in 1953 after the death of Stalin and the arrest of Beria. On June 3, 1955, Kapitsa, after a meeting with Khrushchev, returned to the post of director of the IFP. Then he was appointed chief editor of the leading physical journal of the country - "Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics". Since 1956, Kapitsa is one of the organizers and the first head of the Department of Physics and Technology of Low Temperatures of MFT. In 1957-1984 - Member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Kapitsa continues active scientific and pedagogical activities. During this period, the attention of the scientist attract plasma properties, hydrodynamics of thin layers of liquid and even the nature of ball lightning. He continues to lead his seminar, where he was honored to speak the best physicists of the country. "The Heads" became a kind, a scientific club where not only physicists were invited, but also representatives of other sciences, cultural and art figures.

The persuasiveness of the scientific foresight and the weight of the opinion of P.L. Kapitsa sometimes appeared in unexpected areas. So, in August 1955, he influenced the decision to create the first artificial satellite of the Earth. This is how the Laureate of the Lenin Prize, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR, D.N., Prof., Prof. Anatoly Viktorovich Brykov:

At the end of August 1955, a meeting of leading scientists in the field of rocketism was held at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where, at the proposal of Sergey Pavlovich Korolev, a special body was established for the formulation of scientific research using a series of artificial earth satellites. He headed this newly created organ M.V. Keldysh. Mstislav Vsevolodovich acted very vigorously. The next day, all members of the newly created organ, where MK gathered at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Tikhonravov made a report on the estimated satellite design and its weight characteristics. At the same time, Mikhail Claudievich was based on the development of the simplest satellite of the first stage, since the work on the second stage was not yet completed. After the report of Tikhonravov gave answers to numerous questions on the heat regime of the satellite, power sources, the weight of scientific instruments, etc. Igor Marianovich Yatsunsky participated in the work of this meeting and so talked about the discussion of the report:
- After a rapid discussion and statements by scientists of a number of valuable proposals for the use of the satellite, Mstislav Vsevolodovich was still not satisfied and could not make decisions on this issue. The tension allowed Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa. It formulated the results of the discussion approximately like this: "The case is completely new, here we only enter the area of \u200b\u200bthe unknown, and it always brings the fruits to science that you can't foresee. But they will definitely. Artificial earth satellite must be done! " All agreed with him, including Keldysh. The decision to create the first artificial satellite of the Earth was accepted.

In addition to achievements in science, Kapitsa showed itself as an administrator and organizer. Under his leadership, the Institute of Physical Problems has become one of the most productive institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences, attracted many leading specialists in the country. In 1964, the academician expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a scientifically popular publication for young people. The first issue of the journal "Kvant" came out in 1970. Kapitsa took part in the creation of the Academgorodok Research Center near Novosibirsk, and the highest educational institution of a new type - Moscow Physico-Technical Institute. Built by the capital of the installation for liquefying gases after a long controversy of the late 1940s found wide use in industry. The use of oxygen for the oxygen blast led to a coup in the steel industry.

The grave of Kapitsa at the Novodevichy Cemetery of Moscow.

In 1965, for the first time after more than a thirty-year break, Kapitsa received permission to leave Soviet Union In Denmark, for obtaining an international gold medal Niels Bora. There he visited the scientific laboratories and made a lecture on the physics of high energies. In 1969, a scientist, together with his wife, visited the United States for the first time.

IN last years Kapitsa became interested in a controlled by thermonuclear reaction. In 1978, the Academician Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "For fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of physics of low temperatures". The news of the award of the Academic Award met during the rest in the sanatorium of Barvikha. The Nobel speech of Kapitsa, contrary to tradition, dedicated not to those who were noted by the award, but to modern research. Kapitsa referred to the fact that he was departed from questions in the field of low-temperatures physics about 30 years ago and is now passionate about other ideas. The Nobel's speech of the laureate was called "Plasma and the Controlled Theronuclear Reaction" (PLASMA AND THE CONTROLED THERMONUCLEAR REACTION). Sergey Petrovich Kapitsa recalled that his father completely left the award to himself (he put on his name to one of the Swedish banks) and did not give anything to the state.

These observations led to the idea that the ball lightning is also a phenomenon created by high-frequency oscillations arising in thunderstorm clouds after ordinary lightning. Thus, the energy is supplied needed to maintain a long glow of ball lightning. This hypothesis was published in 1955. A few years later we had the opportunity to resume these experiments. In March 1958, already in the ball resonator, filled with helium at atmospheric pressure, in resonant mode with intensive continuous oscillations of the NCO type, a freely soaring gas discharge of oval form arose. This discharge was formed in the field of the maximum of the electric field and slowly moved in a circle that coincides with the power line.

Original text (eng.)

These Observations LED US To The Suggestion That The Ball Lightening May Be Due to High Frequency Waves, Produced by A Thunderstorm Cloud After The Conventional Lightening Discharge. Thus The Necessary Energy IS Produced For Sustaining The Extensive Luminosity, Observed in a Ball Lightening. This hypothesis Was Published in 1955. After Some Years We Were in A Position to Resume Our Experiments. In March 1958 IN A SPHERICAL RESONATOR FILLED WITH HELIUM AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE UNDER RESONANCE CONDITIONS WE OBTAINED A FREE GAS DISCHARGE, OVAL IN FORM. This Discharge Was Formed in The Region of the Maximum Moved Following The Circular Lines of Force.

Fragment of the Nobel lecture Kapitsa.

Until recent days of life, Kapitsa retained interest in scientific activity, continued to work in the laboratory and remained as director of the Institute of Physical Problems.

On March 22, 1984, Peter Leonidovich felt bad and took him to the hospital, where he was diagnosed with stroke. April 8, without coming into consciousness, Kapitsa died. Buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

Scientific heritage

Works 1920-1980

Mark of Russia, 2000. The experience of the Kapitsa to measure the characteristics of liquid helium is demonstrated. We made a devicor like a segment wheel with several legs, outgoing from the total volume, and then heated the inner part of this vascular a bunch of light. Such a "spider" came into motion. Thus, heat was translated into motion.

One of the first significant scientific papers (together with Nikolai Semenov, 1918) is devoted to the measurement of the magnetic moment of an atom in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, which in 1922 was improved in the so-called Stern - Gerlacha experience.

Working in Cambridge Kapitsa came closely engaged in studies of supraphile magnetic fields and their influence on the trajectory of elementary particles. One of the first Kapitsa in 1923 placed the Wilson Camera into a strong magnetic field and observed the curvature of the tracks of alpha particles. In 1924, he received a magnetic field with an induction of 32 Tesla in 2 cm 3. In 1928, the law of linear increase in the electrical resistance of a number of metals from the tension of the magnetic field (the law of Kapitsa) was formulated.

Creating equipment for the study of effects associated with the effect of strong magnetic fields on the properties of a substance, in particular on magnetic resistance, led Kapitsa to the problems of low temperatures. To carry out experiments, first of all, it was necessary to have a significant amount of liquefied gases. The techniques that existed in the 1920s and 1930s were ineffective. Developing fundamentally new refrigeration machines and installations, Kapitsa in 1934, using the original engineering approach, built a high-performance gas liquefaction unit. He managed to develop a process at which the compression phase was excluded and high air purification. Now it was not necessary to compress air to 200 atmospheres - it was enough five. Due to this, it was possible to increase the efficiency from 0.65 to 0.85-0.90, and the installation price is reduced almost ten times. In the course of work on improving the turboTander, it was possible to overcome an interesting engineering problem of freezing the lubricant of moving parts at low temperatures - liquid helium itself was used for lubrication. The contribution of the scientist was not only in the development of an experimental sample, but also bringing technology to mass production.

In the post-war years, Kapitsa attracts high capacity electronics. Developed the general theory of electronic devices of magnetron type and created magnetron continuous generators. Kapitsa put forward the hypothesis about the nature of the ball lightning. Experimentally discovered the formation of high-temperature plasma in a high-frequency discharge. Kapitsa expressed a number of original ideas, for example, the destruction of nuclear ammunition in the air with the help of powerful beams of electromagnetic waves. In recent years, it has been working on the issues of thermonuclear synthesis and the problem of holding high-temperature plasma in a magnetic field.

The name Kapitsa is called "Pendulitant Kapitsa" - a mechanical phenomenon demonstrating stability outside the equilibrium position. Also known to the quantum-mechanical effect of Kapitsa Dirac, demonstrating the scattering of electrons in the field of a standing electromagnetic wave.

Opening superfluidity

Another chamberling-onnex, exploring the properties of the first liquid helium for the first time, noted its unusually high thermal conductivity. Liquid with anomalous physical properties Attached the attention of scientists. Thanks to the installation of Kapitsa, which began working in 1934, it was possible to obtain liquid helium in significant quantities. Chalning-onnex in the first experiments received about 60 cm 3 helium, while the first installation of the capital had a capacity of about 2 liters per hour. The events of 1934-1937 are eligible from work in the Mondovskaya laboratory and forced detention in the USSR strongly detained the course of research. Only in 1937, Kapitsa restored laboratory equipment and returned to the new institute to the former developmentals in the field of low-temperature physics. Meanwhile, at the former workplace Kapica at the invitation of Rutherford began work in the same area of \u200b\u200byoung Canadian scientists John Allen and Austin Maison. In the Mondovskaya laboratory, an experimental installation of Kapitsa for obtaining liquid helium was left - Alain and Mayzner worked with her. In November 1937, they received reliable experimental results on changing the properties of helium.

Historians of science, telling about the events at the turn of 1937-1938, noted the fact that in the competition of priorities Kapitsy and Allen and Jones there are some controversial moments. Petr Leonidovich formally earlier than his foreign competitors sent materials in Nature - they received them on December 3, 1937, but did not hurry to publish, waiting for checks. Knowing that the check may be delayed, the Kapitsa in the letter clarified - the GRAND can test John Cockroft, director of the Mondovsky laboratory. Cockpoot familiarized with the article informed about her employees - Allen and Jones, hurrying them with the publication. Cockroft, a close friend of Kapitsa, was surprised by the fact that Kapitsa only at the last moment gave him to know about the fundamental opening. It is worth noting that Kapitsa in June 1937 in the letter Nilsu Boru reported that he had progressed significantly in the studies of liquid helium.

As a result, both articles saw the light in the same Nature number on January 8, 1938. They reported to the jump-shaped change in helium viscosity at temperatures below 2.17 Kelvin. The complexity of the problem with solved scientists was that the exact measurement of the value of the viscosity of the fluid, which fluidally flowed into the semi-chronic opening was not easy to evaluate. The resulting turbulence of fluid introduced a significant error in the measurement. Scientists professed different experimental approach. Allen and Maizner considered the behavior of helium-II in thin capillaries (the same technique was used by the Liquid Helium Challenge-Onane). Kapitsa investigated the behavior of the fluid between two sanded discs and estimated the obtained viscosity value below the value of 10 -9 P. The new phase state of Kapitsa called the superfluidity of helium. The Soviet scientist did not denote the fact that the contribution to the discovery was largely joint. So for example, in his lecture, Kapitsa emphasized that the unique phenomenon of the helium-II fountaining was first observed and described Alena and Malezner.

Following these works, the theoretical substantiation of the observed phenomenon was followed. He was given in 1939-1941 Landau Landon, Fritz London and Lassel Teassa, who offered the so-called two-dimensional model. Kapitsa himself in 1938-1941 continued the study of helium-II, in particular confirming the speed of sound in liquid helium predicted Landau. The study of liquid helium as a quantum fluid (condensate Bose - Einstein) has become an important direction in physics, which gave a number of wonderful scientific works. Land Landau received in 1962 by the Nobel Prize as a sign of the merit in constructing the theoretical model of liquid helium superfluidity.

Niels Bohr recommended that the Nobel Committee was the candidacy of Peter Leonidovich: in 1948, 1956 and 1960. However, the award award occurred only in 1978. The contradictory situation with the priority of the discovery in the opinion of many researchers of science led to the fact that the Nobel Committee has been pulling for many years with the award of the Prize to Soviet physics. Allen and Mayzner were not marked by a prize, although the scientific community recognizes their important contribution to the opening of the phenomenon.

civil position

The historians of science and those who closely knew Peter Leonidovich, described it as a multifaceted and peculiar personality. He combined many qualities in himself: intuition and engineering alarm-experimenter; Pragmatism and business approach to the organizer of science; Independence of judgment in communicating with the authorities.

If it was necessary to solve some organizational issues, Kapitsa preferred not to call on the phone, and write a letter and in it clearly state the essence of the case. Such a form of treatment assumed an equally clear written response. Kapitsa believed that in a letter it is harder to "closure" the case than in a telephone conversation. In defending their civil position, Kapitsa was consistent and persistent, writing about 300 messages to the highest leaders of the USSR, affecting the most acute topics. As Yuri Osipian wrote, he knew how it is reasonable to combine destructive pathos with creative activities.

There are examples of the example of how in the difficult time of the 1930s, Kapitsa defended his colleagues who were under suspicion of power structures. Academicians of Fock and Landau are obliged to liberate the capital. Landau was released from the NKVD prison for a personal guarantee of Peter Leonidovich. The formal pretext was the need to support physicist theorient to justify the superfluidity model. Meanwhile, accusations against Landau were extremely serious, as he openly opposed the power and really participated in the spread of critical materials in relation to the dominant ideology of materials.

In 1966 he signed a letter of 25 cultural and science figures to the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev against the rehabilitation of Stalin. Kapitsa also defended the Opt Andrei Sakharov. In 1968, at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Keldysh called on the members of the Academy to condemn Sakharov and headed by Kapitsa, stating that it was impossible to oppose a person if he could not first get acquainted with what he wrote. In 1978, when Keldysh once again proposed the capital to subscribe to a collective letter, he remembered how the Prussian Academy of Sciences excluded from its composition Einstein and refused to sign a letter.

On February 8, 1956 (two weeks before the XX Congress of the CPSU) at a meeting of the physical seminar, Nikolay Timofeev-Resovsky and Igor Tamm were made at the meeting of the physical seminar Kapitsa. For the first time since 1948, an official scientific meeting was held on the problems of the proper science of genetics, which was trying to disrupt the supporters of Lysenko in the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences and in the CPSU Central Committee. Kapitsa entered into controversy with Lysenko trying to offer him an improved method of experimental verification of perfection of the square-nesting method of planting trees. In 1973, Kapitsa in the letter appealed to Andropov with a request to release the spouse of the famous dissident Vadim Delone. Kapitsa took an active part in the Paguic movement, speaking for the use of science solely for peaceful purposes.

Even at the time of Stalin's cleansing, Kapitsa supported the scientific exchange of experience, friendly relations and correspondence with overseas scientists. They came to Moscow, attended the Kapitsa Institute. So in 1937, the laboratory Kapitsa visited American physicist William Webster. In the USSR several times came Kapitsa Paul Dirac

Kapitsa always believed that the continuity of generations in science is of great importance and the life of a scientist in a scientific environment acquires a real meaning if he leaves students. He strongly encouraged the work with the youth and raising frames. So in the 1930s, when liquid helium was a big rarity, even in the best laboratories of the world - MSU students could get it in the Laboratory of the EPP for experiments.

Under the conditions of the unipripal system and the planned socialist economy, Kapitsa led the institution as he himself considered it necessary. Initially, he received Leopold Olbert as a "party deputy" by appointment. After a year, Kapitsa is getting rid of him by choosing a deputy himself - Olga Alekseevna Stzkaya. At one time at the Institute there was no head of the personnel department, and Peter Leonidovich himself was conducted by the staff. He independently independently ordered the budget of the institute, regardless of the schemes imposed over. It is known that Peter Leonidovich, having seen a mess in the territory, ordered to dismiss two of the three jangers of the institute and the remaining to pay the triple salary. At the Institute of Physical Problems, only 15-20 researchers worked, and in total there were about two hundred people in it, whereas usually the staff of the participation of those times (for example, Fiana or Fiztech) had several thousand employees. Kapitsa entered into a controversy on the methods of conducting a socialist economy, quite voluntarily expressing compared with the capitalist world.

If we take the last two decades, it turns out that fundamentally new directions in world technology, which are based on new discoveries in physics, all developed abroad and we adopted them after they received an indisputable recognition. List the main ones: shortwave technique (including radar), television, all types of jet engines in aviation, gas turbine, atomic energy, separation of isotopes, accelerators<…>. But the outbreak of all the fact that the main ideas of these fundamentally new directions in the development of technology were often born before, but did not successfully develop. Since they did not find any recognition and favorable conditions.

From the letter Kapitsa Stalin

Family and personal life

Father Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa (1864-1919), Major General of the Engineering Corps, built Kronstadt Forts, a graduate of the Nikolaev Engineering Academy, who came from the Moldovan Shankhetsky clan of Kapits Milevsky (belonged to the Polish coat of archer "Yastrzhembets").

Mother - Olga Jeronimovna Kapitsa (1866-1937), nee St Barbnitsy, teacher, specialist in children's literature and folklore. Her father Ieronim Ivanovich Stebnitsky (1832-1897) - Cartographer, a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, was the main cartographer and the Caucasus surveyor, so she was born in Tiflis. Then from Tiflis came to St. Petersburg and entered the Bestuzhev courses. He taught at the preschool department of the Pedagogical Institute. Herzen.

In 1916, Kapitsa married the hoping of the mannevita. Her father, member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party, Deputy State Duma Cyril Prunevitov, was later, in 1919, shot. From the first marriage of Peter Leonidovich, children were born:

Jerome (June 22, 1917 - December 13, 1919, Petrograd)
Nadezhda (January 6, 1920 - January 8, 1920, Petrograd).

Died along with the mother from Spanish. Everyone is buried in one grave, at the Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery in St. Petersburg. Petr Leonidovich was seriously survived and, as he himself recalled, only his mother returned him back to life.

In October 1926, in Paris, Kapitsa closely met Anna Krylova (1903-1996). In April 1927, they got married. Interestingly, the proposal of the hand and hearts of the first made Anna Krylov. Her Father, Academician Alexei Nikolayevich Krylova Peter Leonidovich knew a long time ago, since the 1921 Commission. Two sons were born from the second marriage in the family Kapitsa:

Sergey (February 14, 1928, Cambridge - August 14, 2012, Moscow)
Andrei (July 9, 1931, Cambridge - August 2, 2011, Moscow).

In the USSR returned in January 1936.

Together with Anna Alekseevna Peter, Leonidovich lived 57 years. The spouse helped Peter Leonidovich in the preparation of manuscripts. After the death of a scientist, she organized a museum in his house.

In his spare time, Peter Leonidovich was fond of chess. During work in England, the Championship of Cambridgeshire Chess Championship won. He liked to make homemade utensils and furniture in his own workshop. Repaired vintage clock.

Awards and Prize

Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1974)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1978)
Stalin Prize (1941, 1943)
Gold Medal named after M. V. Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1959)
Medals Faraday (England, 1942), Franklin (USA, 1944), Kitenius (GDR, 1959), Niels Bora (Denmark, 1965), Rutherford (England, 1966), Chalning-Onnes (Netherlands, 1968), Helmholtz (GDR, 1981)
six orders of Lenin
order of Labor Red Banner
Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia, 1964)
medals
Honorary lectures RUTHERFORD MEMORIAL LECTURE (1969) and BERNAL LECTURE (1977) in England

Books about P. L. Kapitsa

Baldine A. M. et al.: Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa. Memories. Letters. Documentation.
Esakov V. D., Rubinin P. E. Kapitsa, Kremlin and science. - M.: Science, 2003. - T. T.1: Creation of the Institute of Physical Problems: 1934-1938. - 654 p. - ISBN 5-02-006281-2.
Dobrovolsky E. N.: Hand writing Kapica.
Kedrov F. B. : Kapitsa. Life and discoveries.
Andronikashvili E. L. Memories of liquid helium. Tbilisi: Ganatlerba, 1980.
http://prometeus.nsc.ru/archives/exhibit2/kapitsa.ssi#m2 Bibliography P.L. Kapitsa, prepared by the Department of GPTB SB RAS

Memory

The Russian Academy of Sciences established the Gold Medal named after P. L. Kapitsa
In honor of P. L. Kapitsa in 1986 Nazvan Street в г. Moscow
In honor of P. L. Kapitsa called A330 VQ-BMV aircraft in Aeroflot Park
In Kronstadt, a monument to the bust of the city of Academician Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa was established. The bust is open at his life, June 18, 1979 (twice the heroes in the USSR had to install bust in their homeland). Sculptor - A. Portutanko, architects - V. Bogdanov and L. Kapitsa.
In honor of P. L. Kapitsa, the employee of the Crimean Astrophysical Observing Observatory Lyudmila Karacovna Named Open October 20, 1982. Small Planet (3437) Kapitsa. In honor of his wife, Anna Alekseevna Kapitsa (wings) The discoverer L. Karachna called the Small Planet (5021) Krylania, open November 13, 1982

Additional sources

In the Wikitatnik there is a page on the topic
Kapitsa, Peter Leonidovich

Nobel Prize winners in Physics in 1976-2000

Richter / Ting (1976) F. Anderson / Mott / Wang Fleck (1977) Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson (1978) Glashow / Salam / Weinberg (1979) Cronin / Fitch (1980) Blombergen / Shavlov / K. Sigban (1981) K. Wilson (1982) S. Chandenekar / Fowler (1983) Rubbia / Van der Mer (1984) clutzing Background (1985) RUSK / BINNIG / RORER (1986) Bednodz / Muller (1987) Lederman / Schwartz / Stainberger (1988) Rammones / Demelt / Paul (1989) Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor (1990) De Wife (1991) Sharplek (1992) Hals / J. Taylor (1993) Brockhauz / Challe (1994) Pearl / Raine (1995) D. Li / Oshers / Richardson (1996) Chu / Cohen Tannuji / Phillips (1997) Lowl / Stander / Tsui (1998) 'T Hoo / Wellman (1999) Alpheres / Krömer / Kilby (2000)

Full list | 1901-1925) | 1926-1950 | 1951-1975 | 1976-2000 | Since 2001.

Dictionaries and encyclopedia	Oxford biographical

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For fundamental discoveries and inventions in the field of low-temperatures physics. Born on June 26 (July 8) 1894 in Kronstadt. He graduated from the Kronstadt Real School (1912), then Petrograd Polytechnic Institute (1918). The head of the graduation work Kapitsa was Academician A.F.Iffe. On his department, Kapitsa remained working after the end of the institute. In 1921, together with Ioffe and other scientists, went on a business trip to England. Engaged in the acquisition of equipment for scientific institutions of Russia, he worked at the University of Cambridge at E. Rereford. Here studied research on A- and B radiation, created a method for producing strong magnetic fields. For these works in 1923 received a premium to them. J. Maxwell. In the same year he received a Ph.D. in the University of Cambridge. Since 1924 - Assistant Director of the Cavendish Laboratory. In 1925, he was elected a member of the Trinity College Council, in 1929 - a member of the Royal Society London and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1930 he headed the laboratory to them. Monda royal society specially created for work under his leadership.

In 1934, Kapitsa arrived on vacation in the USSR, but he was not allowed to return to Cambridge. In 1935, he headed the Institute of Physical Problems in Moscow. In 1939 he was elected a valid member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Laureate of Stalinist premiums 1941 and 1943 in physics.

In 1946, Kapitsa was removed from the post of director, and he had to study studies in the home laboratory created at the country. In 1939-1946 was a professor of Moscow State University, with 1947 - Professor of MFTI. In 1955, Kapitsa was again appointed director of the Institute of Physical Problems. In the same year, he became the editor-in-chief of the "Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics".

The highest fame of the capital brought its innovative experimental studies in the field of physics of low temperatures, the creation of equipment for the preparation of pulsed hypotensile magnetic fields, work on plasma physics. In 1924 he managed to get a magnetic field with a strength of 500 kgf. In 1932, Kapitsa created a hydrogen lifesteller, in 1934 - Heli's lifeline, and in 1939 - low pressure installation for industrial receipt Oxygen from the air. In 1938, he opened the unusual property of liquid helium - a sharp decrease in viscosity at temperatures below the critical (2.19 K); This phenomenon is now called superfluidity. These studies stimulated the development of the quantum theory of liquid helium developed by L. Handa. In the postwar period, Capitsa attracts the electronics of large capacities. They created magnetron continuous generators. In 1959, he experimentally discovered the formation of high-temperature plasma in a high-frequency discharge. Kapitsa was a member of many foreign Academies of Sciences and scientific societies, was awarded medals M. Faradey (1942), B. Franklin (1944), M.V. Lomonosov (1959), N. Baptore (1964), E. Rereford (1966).

Peter Leonidovich plays chess with Maurice Dirac.
Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa. The largest physicist experimenter, one of the founders of low-temperatures physics. He opened a superfluidity of liquid helium at temperatures below 2.17 K, the method of obtaining superal magnetic fields, the production of liquid helium on an industrial scale, and many other physical phenomena, set a number of patterns.
Different witty, independence and courage, established unique relations with foreign scientists and the Soviet government, played an important public role. Academician RAS, Nobel Prize winner in 1978 physics. Founder of the Mondovskaya Laboratory of the University of Cambridge (England), the Institute of Physical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, one of the founders of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
Dry lines from the Internet. But few know about the courage and principle of a scientist who saved his colleagues during the massive repression of the end of the 30th century.
In 1935 he sent a sharp letter to the head of the USSR government to defend the talented mathematics N.N. Luzina on which the case was brought. It was thanks to his intercession of Luzin was not arrested. In 1937, an outstanding physicist Theorient Vladimir Alexandrovich Fock was arrested. Intercession of P.L. Kapitsa again saved the life of the scientist. In 1938, the future Nobel laureate was arrested, and at the time the head of theoretics of the Institute of Physical Problems (IFN) LD Landau. The intercession of Kapitsa again saved the life of a repressed scientist.
It must be said that in 1945, Kapitsa, together with Kurchatov, was included in the Special Committee to work on the creation of the USSR atomic weapons. The head of the committee was appointed L.P. Beria that, according to Kapitsa, made it difficult to work on an atomic project. Kapitsa reported to Stalin, and, in the open, showing a letter of Beria. This caused a storm of indignation and the desire to destroy the recalcitrant academician. Saved Kapitsa himself Stalin, saying Beria: "I will rent it, but you do not touch him." Although without consequences, the courage of the scientist remained. At first, he was asked from the Committee, then expelled from the Institute organized by Kapitsa himself. Only after the death of Stalin P.L. Kapitsa again headed the IFP. Kapitsa also defended the Opt Andrei Sakharov
The Nobel Prize received in 84 years old. Niels Bohr recommended that the Nobel Committee was the candidacy of Peter Leonidovich: in 1948, 1956 and 1960. However, the award award occurred only in 1978.
Some sayings P.L. Kapitsa about life.
Life is similar to the card game, in which you play, not knowing the rules.
Each person has its own meaning of life. The one who found it is happy. And who did not find it - unhappy. And it is impossible to give one answer to this question.
Happy can be learned to be in any circumstances. Unhappy only one who enters into a deal with his conscience.
A young man when he is not yet afraid to do nonsense.
Perseverance and excerpt is the only force with which people are considered.
Life allows the most difficult problems if it gives enough time to it.
Chief sign Talent is when a person knows what he wants.
The first sign of a big person - he is not afraid of mistakes.
At the heart of creative labor always lies a sense of protest and discontent. This is the reason that the so-called bad character is often inherent in creative workers.
Clearness contributes to personal well-being.
Excessive modesty is an even more disadvantage than excessive self-confidence.
The topic of work should be changed every 8 years, because during this time the cells are completely changing - you are already another person.
If a person immediately gets a big salary, he does not grow.
Nothing in life does not clearly define the position of things as a comparison.
A clever person cannot but be progressive. Understand the new and what it leads, can only be a clever man, endowed with courage and imagination. But this is not enough. We still have to have a wrestler temperament.
The larger the person, the more contradictions in it, and the more contradictions in those tasks that life poses in front of him.
The process of creativity is manifested in any activity when a person has no accurate instruction, but he must decide how to do it.
The more qualified specialist, the less he is specialized.

Literature:
Biography P. L. Kapitsa on the portal IFP RAS
P. E. Rubinin Kapitsa in my old notebooks
E. L. Kapitsa Our conversations that will serve as a prologue (P. L. Kapitsa and the Family of the Work)
S. E. Shnol Time Symbols (Review of Memories P. L. Kapitsa)

	Kapitsa, Peter Leonidovich in wiking?
	Kapitsa, Peter Leonidovich on wikisklad?