What happened in 862. Chronology of events. Alexander Nevsky and his brothers

2012 marked the 1150th anniversary of the event, which in Russian historiography of the 18th - 19th centuries. received the name "vocation of the Varangians", "the birth of Russian statehood."

In 862, there was an act of voluntary agreement between the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes, agreeing to end civil strife to call as the ruler "a man from the outside", not associated with any of the local clans, who was supposed to perform the functions of an arbitrator, "to judge by law , that is, according to the law. Prince Rurik became such an invited ruler, who laid the foundation for the first Russian dynasty, which ruled the country for more than seven centuries.

Traditionally, 862 is considered the birth date of Russian statehood, the starting point of national history.

150 years ago, Novgorod became the center of festive celebrations on the occasion of the millennium anniversary of this event.

At the heart of our ideas about the "vocation of the Varangians" is the message "The Lead of Bygone Years" under the year 862: "In the summer of 6370. Exile the Varangians over the sea, and do not give them tribute, and more often you will be yourself, and not truth, and you are born to the family, and there was strife in them, and fight more often for yourself. And deciding in themselves: "Let us look for a prince, who would be like us and judge by right." And I went across the sea to the Varangian, to Russia. Sice is afraid of zvakh tyi varyazi rus, as the friends of the urmane, anglyane, druzii gte, tako and si. Deciding Russia, chyud, Slovenia, and krivichi and all: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no outfit in it. Yes, you go to reign and govern us. " And 3 brothers got out of their clans, belted out all of Russia, and came; the oldest, Rurik, sede Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, on Lake Bele, and the third Izboryste, Truvor. And from those Varangians they called themselves the Rus land, Novgorodtsi, they are the people of the Nougorodtsi from the Varazhsk clan, pre-same for mad Slovenia. "

The chronicler not only told about the fact of inviting foreigners to Russia, the reason for which was the endless civil strife in the local tribal confederation of the Slavs, but also precisely determined who the Vikings of Rurik were, where they came from. He emphasized the ethnic difference between the Varangians-Rus from the Swedes, Normans, Angles, and Gots.

Vasnetsov V.M., "Varangians", 1909. Oil on canvas

Rurik has fulfilled the historical mission assigned to him. Through his efforts and the efforts of his successors in Europe, a powerful East Slavic state was formed. It was from Rurik that the Russian princes up to the suppression of the ruling dynasty at the end of the 16th century. kept their genealogy.

The presence of the Scandinavians in Russia in the 9th - 11th centuries and their great role in the life of East Slavic society is a well-established fact. This is evidenced by both chronicle news and numerous archaeological finds. The historicity of Rurik himself should also hardly raise doubts (but his brothers Sineus and Truvor are quite mythical figures that appeared only under the pen of the chronicler, who thus personified the words of the ancient Swedish language "sine hus" - "his kind" and "thru varing "-" faithful squad "). The chronicle story about Rurik's "vocation", apparently, reflects the fact of the conclusion of an agreement with the invited prince.

It should be borne in mind that 862 is a fairly conditional date. For the first time, dates in the annals (the so-called "weather grid") appear only in the XI century. For events of an earlier time, the chronicler had to choose the most suitable dates by calculation. Therefore, we know for sure that the date of the “vocation of the Varangians” is calculated. But it is in good agreement with our modern ideas about the level of development of East Slavic society in the 9th century. and is confirmed by archaeological data. Therefore, a possible error of several years in the dating of the event itself does not seriously affect the general ideas about the formation of the Russian state.

In addition to the chronology of a historical event, an important issue is its geographical location. With regard to the "vocation of the Varyags", this question can be formulated as follows: to which particular point of the East Slavic lands was Rurik invited "with his family and faithful squad"? In modern historical science, there are two answers to this question: Ladoga and Novgorod.

To justify the choice of these two points, one should find out for which tasks each of them was convenient. Ladoga, which arose in the 8th century, was located in the lower reaches of the Volkhov and was convenient for controlling the trade route along this river in the area closest to the Baltic. But it lay far from the main areas of Slavic settlement in the Northwest, settlements in its immediate vicinity were extremely rare. Novgorod, in addition to being located at the intersection of trade routes along the Volkhov and Msta, was located among a large cluster of rural settlements and had a convenient connection with other regions of the North-West. Therefore, Ladoga could only serve to control transit trade, and in Novgorod, this was added to the possibility of exercising control over the vast territory of East Slavic settlement. Thus, for the purposes of managing the newly formed state territory, Novgorod was much more suitable than Ladoga. And Ladoga could only be an intermediate point of stay of the invited Scandinavian prince, and Novgorod was to be its main place.

As you know, on the territory of modern Novgorod during archaeological research, no layers older than the first half of the 10th century were found. At the same time, there are not only layers of the 9th century on the Settlement, but also a large number of items of Scandinavian origin were discovered. Therefore, it is the Gorodishche that is the territory on which Novgorod first appeared. And it was here that Rurik was supposed to come in the middle of the 9th century.

All roads lead to Kiev

If it is possible to question the reliability of the "Legend of Slovenia and Ruse", the fact of the existence of the "Northern Archons" is recognized by historians. So the Byzantines called the rebellious land-states located in the Northern Black Sea region, which in the 6th and 7th centuries were a serious threat to Constantinople.

Excavations in central Ukraine have confirmed the existence of formerly developed and densely populated areas here. These proto-state formations were united by the concept of "Chernyakhovsk culture". It has been established that iron-working, bronze casting, blacksmithing, stone production, as well as jewelry and minting of coins, developed on these lands.
Historians note the high level of management and active trade of representatives of "Chernyakhovskaya culture" with large ancient centers. According to Academician V.V.Sedov, the main population of these places were the Slavs-Antes and Scythian-Sarmatians. Later, somewhere in the 5th century, it was in the center of the "Chernyakhovskaya culture" that Kiev began its rise - the future capital of the Old Russian state, the founder of which, according to the "Tale of Bygone Years," was Kiy.
True, the historian N.M. Tikhomirov pushes back the founding of Kiev to the 8th century. Although other researchers object and find a new date in the IV century, citing one of the medieval chronicle sources as an example: "It was founded in the year from Christ 334".

A supporter of an earlier version of the founding of Kiev, the historian M. Yu. Braichevsky, relying on the works of the Byzantine writer Nikifor Grigora, claims that Kiy, like many rulers of neighboring countries, received a symbol of power from the hands of Constantine the Great. In the text of Grigora, there is a mention of the "ruler of Russia", to whom the emperor handed the title of "tsarist kravche".

So, having received the go-ahead for reign, Kiy became at the origins of the ruling dynasty of the young state with the capital in Kiev. In the "Veles book" (which, of course, cannot be considered a reliable source) Kiy is described as an outstanding commander and administrator who, having united a large number of Slavic tribes under his command, created a powerful state.

Polish historian Jan Dlugosh, noting the role of Kyi in the formation of the ancient Russian statehood, believes that the Kiev prince founded a line of dynastic succession: “After the death of Kyi, Schek and Horeb, the heirs in a straight line, their sons and nephews dominated the Rusyns for many years until the succession passed to two brothers Askold and Dir. "
As we know from "The Tale of Bygone Years" in 882, Rurik's successor Oleg killed Askold and Dir and took possession of Kiev. True, in the "Tale" Askold and Dir are called Varangians. But if you rely on the version of the Polish historian, then Oleg interrupted the legitimate dynasty coming from Kyi, and laid the foundations for the rule of a new dynastic branch - the Rurikovichs.

In such a surprising way, the fate of two semi-legendary dynasties converge: the Novgorod dynasties, originating from Sloven and Rus, and the Kiev dynasties, originating from Kyi. But both versions reasonably suggest that the ancient Russian lands could have been full-fledged states long before the "vocation of the Vikings".

Miniature: Ivan Glazunov. Fragment of the triptych "Grandsons of Gostomysl: Rurik, Truvor, Sineus"

The period of ancient Russia dates back to ancient times, from the appearance of the first tribes of the Slavs. But the most important event is the calling of Prince Rurik to reign in Novgorod in 862. Rurik came not alone, but with his brothers, Truvor ruled in Izborsk, and Sineus ruled in Beloozero.

In 879, Rurik dies, he has a son, Igor, who, due to his age, cannot rule the state. Power passes into the hands of Rurik's comrade Oleg.

Oleg in 882 unites Novgorod and Kiev, thereby founding Russia. In 907 and 911, Prince Oleg's campaigns against Constantinople (the capital of Byzantium) took place. These campaigns were successful and raised the authority of the state.

In 912, power passes to Prince Igor (the son of Rurik).

Igor's board symbolizes the successful activities of the state in the international arena. In 944, Igor signed a treaty with Byzantium. However, they failed to achieve success in domestic politics. Therefore, Igor was killed by the Drevlyans in 945 after trying to collect tribute again (this version is most popular with modern historians).

The next period in the history of Russia is the period of the reign of Princess Olga, who wants to avenge the murder of her husband.

She ruled until about 960. In 957 she visited Byzantium, where, according to legend, she converted to Christianity. Then her son Svyatoslav took power. He is famous for his campaigns, which began in 964 and ended in 972. After Svyatoslav, power in Russia passed into the hands of Vladimir, who ruled from 980 to 1015.

The reign of Vladimir is most famous for the fact that it was he who baptized Russia in 988.

Most likely, this is the most significant event during the periods of the ancient Russian state. The establishment of an official religion was necessary to a greater extent for the unification of Rus under one faith, strengthening of the princely authority and the authority of the state in the international arena.

After Vladimir, there was a period of civil strife, in which Yaroslav, who received the nickname Wise, won. He ruled from 1019 to 1054.

The period of his reign is characterized by a more developed culture, art, architecture and science. Under Yaroslav the Wise, the first set of laws appeared, which was called "Russian Truth". Thus, he founded the legislation of Russia.

Then the main event in the history of our state was the Lyubech congress of Russian princes, which took place in 1097. Its goal was to maintain stability, integrity and unity of the state, to fight together against enemies and ill-wishers.

In 1113, Vladimir Monomakh came to power.

His main work was "Teaching Children", where he described how it is worth living. In general, the period of the reign of Vladimir Monomakh marked the end of the period of the Old Russian state and marked the emergence of a period of feudal fragmentation of Russia, which began at the beginning of the 12th century and ended at the end of the 15th century.

The period of the Old Russian state laid the foundation for the entire history of Russia, founded the first centralized state on the territory of the East European Plain.

It was during this period that Russia received a single religion, which is one of the leading in our country today. In general, the period, despite its cruelty, brought a lot for the development of further social relations in the state, laid the foundations for the legislation and culture of our state.

But the most important event of the ancient Russian state was the formation of a single princely dynasty, which served and ruled the state for several centuries, thereby power in Russia became permanent, based on the will of the prince, and then the tsar.

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Ancient Russia 862-1132

Resettlement of the Slavs. Pre-state period of the history of Russia

The resettlement of the Slavs is the process of the spread of Slavic ethnic groups and tribes across the territory of central and eastern Europe, as well as the Balkan Peninsula and the Baltic States. Historians consider the beginning of this process to be the period of the beginning of the 6th century AD, and it ended in the middle of the 11th century, a couple of decades before the creation of the Novgorod principality and the formation of the ancient Russian state under the rule of Rurik.

It is believed that the process of settling the Slavs began in the area between the Danube and the Oder, roughly shown on the map (Fig. 1).

Historians believe that the reason for the settlement of the Slavs in three directions (western, southern and eastern) is the invasion of the detachments of Germanic tribes (Goths, Gepids), sufficient for the once united nationality of the Slavs to split into three branches. This version is confirmed by lines from the Tale of Bygone Years "When the Volokhs attacked the Danube Slavs, and settled among them, and oppressed them ..."

In the period from the beginning of the VI century A.D.

to the end of the VIII century. Slavs (fleeing from advancing on the heels of the Germans) settled on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, occupied the forest zone of Eastern Europe to the Gulf of Finland in the north, the mouth of the Neman, the upper reaches of the Volga, Oka, Don, the southern coast of the Baltic Sea from the Jutland Peninsula to the Vistula.

Eastern Slavs (which include Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians) began to populate the East European Plain in the middle of the 7th century AD.

Due to the great remoteness between individual groups of Slavic settlers on the territory of the future Russia, Slavic tribal unions begin to form: glades (who sat down along the middle Dnieper), Drevlyans (who settled in Polesie), Krivichi (who occupied Smolensk and Polotsk) and others. Details can be found in Figure 2 (right). Of course, the colonization of new lands was not complete without conflicts both between the Slavs and the indigenous inhabitants (chud, all, measure), and between the colonialists themselves for the best lands.

The endless feuds, conflicts and wars for two centuries bored the Slavs so much that the question arose of creating a centralized management of the Slavic tribal unions.

The first attempts to create a state were undertaken according to the Tale of Bygone Years at the beginning of the 9th century by Prince Kiy, the founder of Kiev City. Together with his brothers Shchek and Horeb, he ruled over numerous Polyan tribes.

However, in an attempt to plunder Constantinople, Kiy was killed, and the brothers could not retain power over the entire territory of the glades and controlled only the neighborhoods closest to Kiev. This continued until 862, when, according to the chronicles, Novgorod summoned the Varangian knight Rurik to reign in the Novgorod lands.

It is 862 that is considered the year of the creation of statehood in Russia.

The emergence and development of ancient Russian statehood

862 year. The reign of Prince Rurik in Novgorod.

Civil strife and feuds have subsided, Rurik with his squad regularly collects tribute and lives for himself, not grieving. But in 879, Rurik died - and in his place, until the age of majority of Rurik's son Igor, a colleague of the first prince - Oleg, known from chronicles and epics as the Prophetic, came to power.

Prince Oleg (879-912) was a legendary figure, more legendary than Rurik. In 882 he conquered Kiev, the capital of the glades, and before that Krivichi Smolensk and Lyubech.

On the basis of 4 cities and the later annexed lands of the Drevlyans, northerners, and Radimichs Prophetic Oleg formed his own state, named after his capital - Kiev. A little later it became known as Kievan Rus. The final formation of the territory of the future Kievan Rus took place in 907, when Oleg's troops were subordinated and obliged to pay tribute to the land of the Vyatichi, Croats, Dulebs and Tivertsy. And the attempts of the Khazars and Byzantines to destroy the new Russian state in the bud Oleg brutally suppressed, practically destroying the former and robbing the latter well.

According to legend, Prophetic Oleg died from a snakebite in 912, which suggests that he was poisoned by foreign policy enemies.

Prince Igor (son of Prince Rurik), who replaced the ancestor of Kievan Rus, was not a very good ruler. Having taken over the reins in 912, he did not show himself in anything until 945. Having made two unsuccessful campaigns against Byzantium in 941 and 945 with the aim of plunder, he worsened the already not very good economic situation in the country, annulling the treaties with Byzantium with his attack.

When trying to correct his mistake by re-collecting tribute from the Drevlyan tribes, he was killed by his subjects. His wife Olga and his young son Svyatoslav remained in Kiev at that time.

Princess Olga (in Christianity Elena), was a strong woman, and another would not have been able to stay near the prince.

After the news of the death of her husband, she mourned the loss for several days. The Drevlyans considered her only a weak woman and decided to take advantage of the temporary weakness of the Kiev princes. A couple of weeks later, noble Drevlyan ambassadors came to Olga's court with an ultimatum proposal: Olga would marry the Drevlyan prince Mal, otherwise they would destroy her city.

The Grand Duchess was initially struck by the arrogance of the Drevlyan tribes. However, soon a great idea of \u200b\u200brevenge for her husband was born in her head.

Olga received the ambassadors and said that she agreed. When the Drevlyans wanted the people of Kiev to carry their boat in their arms, the locals threw the boat of the ambassadors into a hole dug by Olga's order and buried them alive. The second wave of ambassadors who came to take Olga, she burned alive in a bath. Having deprived the Drevlyans of her power elite, the princess herself went to the Drevlyans, where by cunning at a feast with the help of her neighbors she destroyed more than 5 thousand Drevlyans.

She then defeated the enemy army that came out with ease (the top is no longer there). Within a year, she conquered the rebellious tribes, but as a wise woman, she did not impose an exorbitant tribute, but on the contrary made small indulgences. At the same time, she established a strict measure of the tribute paid (lesson) and the place of their collection (churchyard). This is what made it possible to systematize state taxation and stabilize the economic situation in the country.

The coming to power of Olga's grandson Vladimir, nicknamed the Saint (in 980), was also marred by the war and civil strife in the country.

Having defeated his brothers (and especially his brother Yaropolk, the eldest in the family), he once again subjugated all the tribes and peoples of Kievan Rus, strengthened the country's defense in the east, placing several fortresses on the border with the Pechenegs and installing a signal smoke system. The nickname Holy Prince Vladimir received due to the establishment in 988 in the country of the state religion - Orthodox (Byzantine) Christianity.

He died in 1015.

The heir to St. Vladimir, Prince Yaroslav the Wise, is remembered in the history of Russia for the fact that under him the Russian state was finally formed. Taking the reins of government in 1019, Yaroslav pursued a wise foreign and domestic policy, for which he received his nickname. Under his leadership, was created and formed a set of laws of Old Russian law, called "Russian Truth".

Almost all the customs and rights of the ancient Russian tribes were recorded in it. Also, Yaroslav showed himself to be a very good commander, having conducted several successful campaigns on neighbors in the west, east and south. With the help of his daughters, he became related with almost all the rulers of medieval Europe. Chroniclers call the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise "The Golden Age of Kievan Rus".

However, after the death of Yaroslav in 1054, the political situation in the country began to deteriorate.

His sons could not jointly rule the country and in the end they began to quarrel and go to war against each other. His grandchildren did the same. The process of fragmentation of the country into specific states began. The separatist-minded Slavic tribes raised their heads, nominating their princes for independent rule. The Lyubech congress of princes in 1097 formally consolidated the independence and independence of the princely lands.

Prince Vladimir Monomakh and his sons tried to reunite the lands of Kievan Rus (and quite successfully), but after the death of Mstislav the Great, the power of Kiev weakened so much that the country broke up into appanage principalities. A period of fragmentation began.

The adoption of Christianity and the development of ancient Russian culture

Ancient Russian culture, which flourished from the 9th to the 12th centuries AD, had distinctive features from any European and Asian culture.

The reason for this is the unique ability of the Russian mentality and soul to accept and transform any foreign culture to suit its aspirations. The culture of Russia is, in essence, a "hodgepodge" of various cultures of Western and Eastern peoples.

But unlike the "culture of the United States of America," the customs and beliefs of the peoples inhabiting Russia merged into a single whole. And over the past thousand years of various invasions, interventions and attacks on our country and our cultural heritage, no one has managed to destroy this unique formation of the West and the East.

What was the culture of our country during the period of Kievan Rus? First of all, it is a mixture of different beliefs: pagan customs and Christianity. Vladimir the Holy Baptist and the Metropolitans of Kiev have carried out colossal work for two centuries to unite such different things into a single whole.

The Orthodox culture of Russia differed quite strongly from the Greek Orthodox Church, precisely because of the presence of pagan and Slavic inclusions in the first.

Of course, customs were customs, but the Russian spirit was not the only one that was strong. Oral creativity has long been developed in Russia. Various songs, epics and fairy tales have survived to our time, have undergone only minor changes.

The well-known poem "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" is the pinnacle of Russian song art.

Russian Slavic architecture was no less strong. Unfortunately, a small number of Russian architectural monuments of ancient Russian culture have survived to our time. Most of them are religious buildings.

One of the oldest churches in our country is the Kiev Sophia Cathedral, built in 1017 (right). A feature of ancient Russian buildings is a variety of decorative ornaments and patterns on doors, walls, windows and even roofs. Most of them have pagan roots, which does not prevent them from being on purely Orthodox buildings. But there are also jewelry that came to us from the West and the East.

When it comes to painting, there is very little variety.

The vast majority of paintings were focused on a religious theme: pagan or Christian. The change in orientation towards more mundane things began only with the development of the Moscow state, which is not the subject of this essay and will be omitted.

Socio-economic system of ancient Russia

During the times of Kievan Rus, the population of our country, like that of any modern society, was divided into various classes, divided mainly by origin.

However, the division of society was somewhat different from the division into feudal classes in Western Europe. One of the main reasons is the large extent of the country and the complexity of control and management of the population over such a vast territory.

The structure of the division of the population of ancient Russia had a hierarchical system, however, in contrast to the law known in the West “the vassal of my vassal is not my vassal”, all (or most) of the power was in the hands of one person - the Grand Duke.

He was in charge of the country's foreign and domestic policy, collected tribute from his subjects, was engaged in the development and defense of the state.

Slightly below were the special governors of the prince - the tysyatskie, who ruled the estates, collected tribute from the local population and supplied gold and troops to the Grand Duke of Kiev. Over the years, the relatives of the Grand Duke from the Rurik branch (who, however, fulfilled their obligations much worse than the townspeople of the prince), replaced the thousand ones.

As for the prince's inner circle, his power rested mainly on the strength of his squad.

Therefore, in order to stay in power, the owner had to give gifts to his neighbors in every possible way. Naturally, he also had to take into account the opinion of his squad. Thus, a new class began to form - the boyars (from the most ardent - furious, author's note).

The boyars, in addition to the military service itself (over the years, refusing this duty), were also engaged in management in their estates, advised the Grand Duke in matters of foreign and domestic policy. By the middle of the 10th century AD, the so-called "squad" boyars (consisting mainly of members of the prince's squad) disappeared, leaving behind the "zemstvo" boyars.

After the boyars, two more classes can be distinguished - urban people (living in cities and mainly engaged in handicrafts) and peasants.

Moreover, the peasants could be both free and dependent on the prince or boyar (purchases, slaves). Urban people were often completely free on their own. They pledged to pay tribute to the prince and the city, to participate in the city militia, to go to war, if required by the city foreman. Otherwise, it was a fairly prosperous and freedom-loving class.

If we consider all the known major uprisings in the country, then they took place mainly in cities, and the initiators were city boyars or elders. As for the peasantry, it has always been inert, both in those days and in our days. The main thing for the peasant was the ability to cultivate the land and the absence of threats.

Domestic, as well as foreign policy, did not interest them.

Ancient Russia in the system of international relations of medieval Eurasia

The peculiarity of our state lies in the fact that we are located between the Western (European) and Eastern (Asian) civilizations and serve as a kind of barrier between these cultures.

Russia before 862

In the days of Ancient Rus, the country was located on the main trade routes "From the Varangians to the Greeks" and "From the Varyags to the Persians". A large flow of goods, money, information, culture passed through our state. Naturally, this aroused envy among neighboring neighbors, who dreamed of snatching a piece of rich trade routes.

In an effort to secure the countries from the west, Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) pursued a competent foreign policy on the western borders of the country (not forgetting, however, about the east).

He populated the western outskirts with his people, giving land and power. At the same time, he established relations with various European states through dynastic and political marriages. By his actions, he pushed the threat from the West for several decades.

However, Byzantium and various nomadic tribes in the south and southeast of Kiev were no less a threat. Moreover, it is not known which of them carried a great threat to the emerging state. Khazars, Pechenegs and Polovtsians often attacked the borders of the country, stealing cattle, people, devastating villages and cities.

However, Byzantium had a large army, which could easily wipe Russia off the face of the earth, as well as a whole division of spies and instigators. If not for the internal problems of the empire itself, then Kievan Rus would have become only history, and we - a part of the empire.

For this reason (and for others as well), the Slavic and the first Kiev princes sought to rob and impose their conditions on the once mighty empire in order to protect themselves from this threat, and to improve their financial situation, of course.

As for various nomadic tribes and pseudo-states such as the Khazar Kaganate, the first Kiev prince Oleg the Prophet began to fight against them, Vladimir the Holy and Yaroslav continued to strengthen their defenses, and Vladimir Monomakh practically eliminated the problem of raids by organizing several punitive campaigns and forcing them to migrate away from " wild Rus ".

However, with the death of the heir to Monomakh Mstislav the Great and the de facto liquidation of Kievan Rus as a state, all measures to strengthen the country's defense capacity have sunk into oblivion - and again the threat of enslavement by the West or the East looms over our country, our people.

Which, ultimately, happened in 1237-1238 during the Batu invasion and the subsequent Tatar-Mongol Yoke.

Fragmentation of Russia. The reasons for the collapse of Kievan Rus as a single state

After the death of Mstislav the Great in 1132, our country is entering the most difficult, in my opinion, period - a period of feudal fragmentation, a period of fratricidal wars and the defenselessness of our country in the face of the West and the East.

What are the reasons for the fact that the once powerful state throughout medieval Europe disintegrated into separate fiefs and in the end was practically destroyed during the Tatar-Mongol invasion in 1238?

The answer to this question lies deeply in our mentality, in the geopolitical and economic situation in the country and abroad, as well as due to the rather strange, in the opinion of a contemporary, “ladder” system of succession to the throne.

At the head of any Slavic clan (in this case, the clan of the princes of Rurikovich) was a father who had his own children and grandchildren.

When the father died, the eldest son would take his place. After his death, the throne was succeeded not by his son (as in Western Europe), but by his brother. Accordingly, the grandchildren could sit on the prince's table only after the death of all older relatives. What caused the desire to quickly achieve this.

And therefore - civil strife.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, his children and other relatives began to practice "moving" around the princely volosts. As soon as the next prince died, the next relative would immediately move to his place, the next relative - another, after him - the third, etc. As a result, the entire reign of the princes consisted only in countless travels and in constant robberies of the indigenous population.

However, this situation changed in 1097 at the Lyubech congress of princes, according to which each prince was assigned to a certain land.

He was obliged to watch her, protect and judge - in general, to be a full-fledged ruler. He could also pass on his land as an inheritance to his children, without worrying (well, or almost without worrying) that they would be driven from the princely throne. All this contributed to the strengthening of local power, which naturally meant a weakening of the central government.

A no less important reason for the general civil strife and the division of Kievan Rus into separate principalities and volosts were purely economic reasons.

At the beginning of the 12th century, European traders stopped using the old Russian trade river routes due to their high cost and the danger of being robbed by the Black Sea Polovtsy, who at that time ruled at the mouth of the Dnieper.

Trade moved closer to central and western Europe, with the emergence of new trade routes through Africa and Asia Minor. The loss of such an excellent source of income as intermediation between East and West led to the depletion of the treasury.

On the other hand, on the territory of Kievan Rus, subsistence farming had an advantage, when all the necessary goods were produced locally, which means that there was no need for developed trade.

Each prince was provided with everything he needed independently and was independent from his neighbors. Why then establish good relations with them if they are not needed? It is much easier and faster to call mercenaries and rob a weaker neighbor. The fact that this neighbor was a distant, but relative, did not bother the prince. Lack of trade meant lack of roads and information exchange. Each prince was left to himself and dealt with his problems on his own.

That, ultimately, ruined many during the Batu invasion.

Chronology of events

Part I. The Russian state in the VII-XIX centuries

Section 1. Russia in the VII-XI centuries

Eastern Slavs in antiquity

The settlement of the Slavs in Eastern Europe occurred in the VI-XI centuries as a result The great migration of peoples - a grandiose migration movement that swept in the 1st millennium

aD European continent.

The basis of the economic life of the Slavs was agriculture. Those tribes who inhabited the fertile forest-steppe regions practiced fallow (fallow) the farming system: in a certain area, they burned out the grass, fertilized the soil with ash, and then used the land until it was completely depleted.

In the forest areas, the Slavs resorted to slash (slash-and-burn) a system in which it was necessary to cut down and burn large areas of the forest. A significant role among the activities of the Slavs was played by fur hunting, fishing, beekeeping (collecting honey from wild bees).

The Slavs actively participated in the slave trade. Prisoners of war usually acted as "goods".

In conditions of labor intensity and low productivity of such work, the peasant community ( rope). The land was collectively owned by the entire community and divided into plots, which were transferred to the use of individual families.

All issues of social management were concentrated in the hands of veche (People's Assembly), presided over by an elder in peacetime, and a military leader in wartime.

The development of the East European Plain by the Slavs took place by infiltration - without bloody clashes with the Baltic (modern Latvians and Lithuanians) and Finno-Ugric (Sumy, Perm, Karelian, Chud, Meria, etc.) tribes inhabiting it, while in the course of constant contacts a significant part of the local population became Slavic.

The relationship between the Slavs and their southern neighbors, the pastoral peoples who roamed the steppes, developed differently.

The first, at the beginning of the 6th century, the Turkic tribes appeared in Eastern Europe avarswho defeated the union of the Antes in the Northern Black Sea region - agricultural Slavic tribes. At the very beginning of the VII century. the Avars (the Slavs called them images) entered the war with the Byzantine Empire and were completely defeated.

This saved the Slavs from their further raids and happened so unexpectedly that our ancestors had a saying “perished like obry”, that is, suddenly.

Already by the time of the death of the Avars, new nomads appeared on the territory of the Northern Black Sea region, the Northern Caucasus and the Caspian steppes, as did the Turks - khazars... They created a strong state here, the Khazar Kaganate, with its capital in the city of Itil (later - Sarkel). Most of the Khazars remained pagans, but the nobility adopted Judaism, which became the state religion.

The Khazars regularly raided the lands of the Slavic tribes, many of whom (glades and Vyatichi, for example) were forced to pay tribute to them.

Another formidable neighbor of the Slavs became in the second half of the 7th century. Volga Bulgaria (or Volga Bulgaria). It was located in the middle reaches of the Volga and on the lower Kama. The majority of the population are Turks. The capital of the state is Bulgar (on the site of modern Kazan). State religion is Islam. The Bulgars created a complex and unique civilization that existed until the XIII century.

In the north of Eastern Europe, indigenous peoples became neighbors of the Slavs, and in the north-west - the Vikings ( varangians) - mostly from Sweden.

The latter attacked coastal settlements. Novgorod especially suffered from the Varangians (the first mention of it - 853), whose inhabitants paid tribute to them. However, relations with the Vikings were ambiguous, since they were not so much enemies of the Slavs as profitable trading partners.

Tribes were formed from individual communities, which in the 7th - 8th centuries. united to jointly develop the territory and protect it from external enemies in tribal alliances.

Vast lands in the north, around Lake Ilmen, were in the possession of the union slovenian Ilmen (Novgorod). Unions were located in the upper reaches of the Dnieper dregovichi (between Pripyat and Western Dvina), polotsk (Polotsk), drevlyan (Iskorosten), radimichi (basin of the Sozh river) and northerners; on lands in the middle reaches of the Dnieper, where forests gradually gave way to forest-steppe, lived glade (Kiev, founded around the 6th century.

semi-legendary prince Kiy). Fertile lands along the Dniester were occupied white Croats and volynians, streets and tiverians... In the area between the Upper Volga and Oka rivers, few tribes lived krivichi (Smolensk) and vyatichi (modern Moscow and Tula regions).

Constant wars contributed to the growth of the influence of military leaders ( princes) and them squads... So the creation of tribal unions creates the preconditions for the emergence of statehood among the Eastern Slavs in the 9th century.

in two centers at once - in Kiev and Novgorod.

Kievan Rus

"The Tale of Bygone Years" (author - Nestor, 1113g.) contains a story about how Slovenian Ilmen 862 BC called on the Vikings to restore order on their land. Three brothers, Varangian princes Rurik, Sineus and Truvor, responded to this call, and came to the Novgorod lands together with their tribe - Rus, which gave the name to all of Eastern Europe.

From the eldest, Rurik, who "sat down" in Novgorod, came the princely family, gradually uniting all the Russian lands under their control and creating a state with the center in Kiev. The Rurik dynasty ruled in Russia until 1598.

The Norman theory was based on these chronicles. Its authors were German historians of the 18th century. Bayer, Schlözer and Miller.

They argued that the state principles were introduced to the primitive Slavic tribes from the outside by the Normans (Vikings), and were purely artificial for them.

Many historians of the 18th-19th centuries adhered to the Norman theory, although even then it had many opponents. The first anti-Normanist was M.

V. Lomonosov. Most modern scholars do not deny that the Normans played a significant role in the formation of the Russian state, but they are not inclined to exaggerate it. Rurik with his strong retinue (the existence of Sineus and Truvor is denied by modern science), apparently, only completed this long and complex process.

The first Kiev princes

Rurik on the Novgorod throne was replaced by his "relative" Oleg ( Prophetic).

IN 882g. Oleg made a trip to Kiev and killed the princes Dir and Askold, who were ruling there, most likely the descendants of Kiy, and then proclaimed himself the ruler of a single Kiev-Novgorod state - Russia.

Later, in the 19th century, it will be called Kievan Rus.

Oleg makes trips to Constantinople ( Constantinople), takes it by storm ( 907 g), and concludes a trade agreement beneficial for Russia ( 911 BC, allowed Kiev merchants to create trading posts in Constantinople). This document is considered the oldest monument of Slavic writing in Russia.

In 912, Oleg handed over the Kiev throne to Rurik's son Igor the Old.

The new prince organized several campaigns to Byzantium (941-944), concluded a new treaty with Constantinople, and also made the first attempt to create a system of state structure for the Old Russian state.

Being an extremely primitive state in its structure, Kievan Rus was a conglomerate of conquered tribes, mostly Slavic.

The prince's power was exercised in two forms:

1. Systematic military campaigns to the outskirts of Russia with the aim of re-conquering these areas.
2. Performed annually polyudye, i.e.

   bypassing all Slavic tribes in order to collect tribute.

Wanting to make the state more manageable, Igor singles out six appanages from it, which he distributes to his boyars in feeding, i.e. not in ownership, but with the right to collect tribute. This is how the first elements of the state structure appeared in Russia.

IN 945 BC Igor was killed by the Drevlyans while trying to re-collect the tribute. The chronicle preserved the words of the Drevlyans: "If a wolf gets into the habit of dragging a flock of sheep, it will drag everyone until they kill him."

The new Grand Duke was the four-year-old Svyatoslav Igorevich during the regency of his mother, Princess Olga.

Having cruelly avenged the death of her husband to the Drevlyans (Drevlyan ambassadors were killed, Iskorosten was burned), Olga carried out a tribute collection reform (in fact, a tax reform). She replaced the field by carriage... Now the prince did not travel around all the lands, but only took the prepared tribute from specially designated places - churchyards... Were introduced lessons, i.e. fixed tribute.

In about 957, Olga visited Constantinople and was baptized under the name Elena.

By her order, the first wooden church was built in Kiev.

Since 964 Svyatoslav ruled independently. He showed no interest in the internal problems of Russia and went down in history as the great East Slavic commander who spent his life in military campaigns ( "Alexander the Great of Eastern Europe"). In Western Europe, the prince was considered one of the models of chivalry, since he always warned enemies about the beginning of a campaign against them: "I am coming to you!"

IN 964 – 965 and 966 – 967 biennium he made successful campaigns in Bulgaria and the Khazar Kaganate, which was completely destroyed. 968 to 971 Svyatoslav wages wars in Bulgaria (on the Balkan Peninsula), first against the Bulgarians, and then against Byzantium.

Defeated at Dorostol (971), in 972g. Svyatoslav returns to Kiev, but on the way he dies in a Pechenezh ambush.

972 to 980 happens The first strife in Russia - the struggle for power of the sons of Svyatoslav - Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir.

The reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich

IN 980 BC Vladimir Svyatoslavich became the Grand Duke of Kiev, who carried out a number of transformations:

1. The Varangian mercenary squad was replaced by a Slavic one (apparently, his brother Oleg did this first).
2. A system of defensive fortifications was created along the southeastern border of Russia to protect against the raids of nomads, primarily the Pechenegs (the so-called “Heroic Outposts”).
3. In order to unite the state, Vladimir carried out a religious reform.

   An attempt was made to create a single pantheon of pagan gods headed by Perun for all tribes. Vladimir himself took the name of the sun god - Khors (hence his nickname "Red Sun"). Human sacrifice has been revived. Pogroms of the courtyards of the main competitors of the new faith - Christians - are being carried out. However, the Slavic tribes refused to accept the new pantheon, composed on the basis of the Polyansky and North Germanic pantheons.

   Ancient Russia 862-1132

4. IN 988 (990), convinced of the failure of the previous reform, as well as striving for rapprochement with the advanced countries of Europe, Vladimir Svyatoslavich introduced Christianity in Russia. The baptism of Vladimir and his squad took place in the Byzantine fortress of Korsun (Sevastopol), which the Kiev prince took by storm.

   At baptism, Vladimir received the name Vasily.

The meaning of the baptism of Russia:

• There is a general humanization of the socio-political system of Russia.
• Thanks to Christianization, the culture of Russia fell under a strong Byzantine influence, which significantly enriched it (stone construction, church architecture, icon painting, etc.).
• Christianization contributed to the massive spread of literacy. The first schools in Russia were founded by order of Vladimir for children of the nobility ("deliberate child") and trained priests.
• Russia gets the opportunity to enter the club of European states as an equal member.
• Christianity helped to unite the peoples of Russia, although not as much as expected.
• As a result of the baptism of Rus, there is a tendency towards the sacralization of state power (towards the recognition of its sacred character).
• Through baptism, there is a certain ordering of social life.

Vladimir also organizes successful military campaigns against the Pechenegs, who suffered decisive defeats, and individual peoples of Russia (first of all, against the Vyatichi).

Russia under Yaroslav the Wise

Vladimir Svyatoslavich dies and begins Second strife in Russia - the struggle for the Kiev throne of the adopted son of Vladimir Svyatopolk the Accursed (son of Yaropolk) and the prince of Novgorod Yaroslav Vladimirovich (the Wise). In an effort to get rid of competitors, Svyatopolk killed the brothers Yaroslav - Boris and Gleb - who later became the first Russian saints.

IN 1019 g., having won the victory, Yaroslav the Wise becomes the Great Prince of Kiev. Yaroslav finally put an end to the raids of the Pechenegs, but suffered serious defeats from Byzantium, so he did not go down in history as a great commander.

Peaceful transformations brought him the glory of the Grand Duke.

1. In 1016 Yaroslav creates the first written code of laws in Russia - Yaroslav's Pravda - the first part of Russian Pravda. The main topic of the document is blood feud, on which restrictions are imposed.

   Initially, the action of Yaroslav's Pravda extended only to the Novgorod land.

2. Active stone construction is underway. The first stone church - the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos (Desyatinnaya) was built by Vladimir in 996. Now the Savior Cathedral in Chernigov (1036), the Sophia Cathedrals in Kiev (1037, modeled on the Constantinople Sophia) and Novgorod (1045 - 1050) g.)
3. Public secular schools are opening at the churches, including for girls.

   Literacy is becoming universal, as evidenced by the numerous birch bark letters of everyday life, brands on handicrafts and marks on logs of log cabins.

4. The international authority of Russia is growing. This is facilitated by the numerous dynastic marriages of Yaroslav's children with European kings and princesses (Anna Yaroslavna became Queen of France).
5. Under Yaroslav, the first monasteries appeared, the most famous being the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Its founders were Anthony and Illarion (the future metropolitan).
6. Yaroslav Vladimirovich managed to take the Russian Church out of the control of the Patriarch of Constantinople, having achieved the right to independently appoint a metropolitan from among the Russian clergy. Hilarion became the first Russian metropolitan around 1051. He is also known as the author of the first philosophical treatise in Russia - "Words about Law and Grace."

   The main theme of the work is the substantiation of the spiritual superiority of Orthodoxy over Catholicism and the right of Russia to a worthy place among European states, due to its Christianization.

7. Yaroslav the Wise creates a system of feudal land tenure in Russia. He carries out the blessing, i.e. begins the transfer of land to the boyars as a patrimony (in hereditary possession). Boyars make up the elite of the squad - the senior squad.

   Of these, an advisory body under the prince is formed - the Boyar Duma. In addition to her, there is also a junior squad, consisting of youths and grids. At his rates, the Grand Duke appoints managers - ognischan.

The third strife in Russia.

Vladimir Monomakh

IN 1054 Yaroslav dies, having bequeathed Kievan Rus before his death to his three sons - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod. Initially, the brothers ruled the triumvirate (together, three of them).

IN 1068 in the battle on the Alta River, the Yaroslavich army was defeated cumans - nomadic tribes - new enemies of Russia. Khan Sharukhan stood at the head of the Polovtsian army. The Kievans, seeing the inability of the princes to organize the defense of the capital, demanded that Izyaslav (the Kiev prince) give them weapons.

His refusal provoked a popular uprising. Izyaslav was expelled from Kiev, and Vseslav, a longtime enemy of the Yaroslavichs, sat on the throne.

The Yaroslavichs returned the throne to Izyaslav.

IN 1072 the brothers created the second part of the code of laws - Russian Truth - The truth of the Yaroslavichi.

Blood feud replaced with kill penalty - viroi... The size of the vira depended on the social status of the inhabitant of Rus.

Thus, we receive information about the social structure of Kievan Rus.

The main population in Russia is "people" - free peasants-community members.

Serfs were divided into white (full) and unclean... The obelny were absolutely powerless, but it was from their number that officials were often appointed, in particular - tiuns (managers collecting tribute and conducting trade on behalf of princes or boyars) and key keepers (housekeepers).

Among the non-white ones stand out purchases (debt slaves, "kupa" - debt) and ryadovichi (slaves by contract, "row" is a contract). Slavery in Russia was of a patriarchal nature and had little in common with classical ancient slavery.

IN 1073 starts The third strife in Russia - the struggle between the Yaroslavichs for power, which led, in the end, to the destruction of a single state. The throne is captured by Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, who ruled Kiev until his own death (1076).

Izyaslav, with the help of Vsevolod, returns to Kiev. Oleg Svyatoslav's son, in an alliance with the Polovtsy, opposes the Yaroslavichs.

1078 - the battle on the Nezhatina field between the Yaroslavichs and Oleg Svyatoslavich. The brothers won, but Izyaslav died.

1078 - 1093 - Board in Kiev Vsevolod Yaroslavich.

1093 - 1113 - the reign of Izyaslav's son Svyatopolk, who, like his predecessors, receives power along the horizontal ( "Ladder") the system of succession to the throne, which was established after Yaroslav the Wise.

Power is transferred not from father to son, but “to the eldest in the family” - to the next oldest brother, and then to the eldest nephew.

IN 1097 biennium on the initiative of the Pereyaslavl prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (grandson of Yaroslav the Wise), a congress of princes was held in Lyubech.

The objectives of the congress:

1. Ending strife.
2. Organization of campaigns against the Steppe (against the Polovtsians).

The princes agreed on joint campaigns. They took place in 1103-1111. The campaign of 1111 was called the "Crusade against the steppe". The leader of the campaigns is Vladimir Monomakh.

To end the strife, the princes established a new principle of organizing power in Russia: "Yes, keep your fatherland", that is. the princes were asked to rule their own estates without looking back at Kiev.

This decision formally proclaimed feudal fragmentation, but did not contribute to the end of strife. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich was actively involved in setting the princes against each other.

IN 1113 Svyatopolk died and an uprising broke out in Kiev against the usurers and salt speculators, whom he supported. Only Vladimir Monomakh, who was invited to the throne, managed to calm the rebels.

Vladimir's events:

1. "Charter of Vladimir Monomakh" ( "Charter on cuts") - an addition to the Russian Truth.

   Together with Pravda Yaroslav and Pravda Yaroslavichi, who made up the first - Brief - edition of Russkaya Pravda, the Charter forms the second - A spacious... The "charter" limited the arbitrariness of the usurers. Procurements received permission to leave their owners for work.

2. Campaigns are organized against the Polovtsians. They were not destroyed, but were forced to enter into an alliance with the Russian princes.
3. Created a literary work - "Instructions to Children" - the first political treatise in Russia.

feudal fragmentation begins.

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Historical portraits

Princess Olga (after baptism - Elena) ruled Kievan Rus after the death of her husband, Prince Igor Rurikovich, as regent under her son Svyatoslav Igorevich.

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IV century AD - Formation of the first tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (Volynians and Buzhanians).
V century - Formation of the second tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (glades) in the middle Dnieper basin.
VI century - The first written news about "Rus" and "Rus". The conquest of the Slavic tribe of Dulebs by the Avars (558).
VII century. - Resettlement of Slavic tribes in the basins of the upper Dnieper, Western Dvina, Volkhov, Upper Volga, etc.
VIII century - The beginning of the expansion of the Khazar Kaganate to the north, the imposition of tribute on the Slavic tribes of the Polyans, Northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi.

Kievan Rus

838 - The first known embassy of the "Russian kagan" to Constantinople ..
860 - The campaign of the Rus (Askold?) To Byzantium ..
862 - Formation of the Russian state with the capital in Novgorod. The first mention of Murom in the annals.
862-879 - The reign of Prince Rurik (879+) in Novgorod.
865 - The capture of Kiev by the Vikings Askold and Dir.
OK. 863 - Creation of the Slavic alphabet by Cyril and Methodius in Moravia.
866 - Hike of the Slavs to Constantinople (Constantinople).
879-912 - The reign of Prince Oleg (912+).
882 - Unification of Novgorod and Kiev under the rule of Prince Oleg. Transfer of the capital from Novgorod to Kiev.
883-885 - Submission by Prince Oleg of the Krivichi, Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichs. Formation of the territory of Kievan Rus.
907 - The campaign of Prince Oleg to Constantinople. The first treaty between Russia and Byzantium.
911 - The conclusion of the second treaty between Russia and Byzantium.
912-946 - The reign of Prince Igor (946x).
913 - Uprising in the land of the Drevlyans.
913-914 - Campaigns of the Rus against the Khazars along the Caspian coast of the Caucasus.
915 - Agreement between Prince Igor and the Pechenegs.
941 - 1st campaign of Prince Igor against Constantinople.
943-944 - 2nd campaign of Prince Igor against Constantinople. Prince Igor's treaty with Byzantium.
944-945 - Hike of the Rus to the Caspian coast of the Caucasus.
946-957 - Simultaneous reign of Princess Olga and Prince Svyatoslav.
OK. 957 - Olga's trip to Constantinople and her baptism.
957-972 - The reign of Prince Svyatoslav (972x).
964-966 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav on the Volga Bulgaria, Khazars, tribes of the North Caucasus and Vyatichi. Defeat of the Khazar Kaganate in the lower reaches of the Volga. Establishing control over the Volga-Caspian Sea trade route.
968-971 - Hikes of Prince Svyatoslav to Danube Bulgaria. The defeat of the Bulgarians at the Battle of Dorostol (970). Wars with the Pechenegs.
969 - Death of Princess Olga.
971 - Treaty of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium.
972-980 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaropolk (980x).
977-980 - Internecine wars for the possession of Kiev between Yaropolk and Vladimir.
980-1015 - The reign of the Grand Duke Vladimir the Holy (1015+).
980 - Pagan reform of the Grand Duke Vladimir. An attempt to create a single cult uniting the gods of various tribes.
985 - Hike of the Grand Duke Vladimir with allied torcs to the Volga Bulgars.
988 - Baptism of Rus. The first evidence in the assertion of the power of the Kiev princes on the banks of the Oka.
994-997 - Campaigns of the Grand Duke Vladimir to the Volga Bulgars.
1010 - Foundation of the city of Yaroslavl.
1015-1019 - The reign of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Damned. Wars for the Grand Duke's throne.
beginning of the XI century - resettlement of the Polovtsians between the Volga and the Dnieper.
1015 - The assassination of princes Boris and Gleb by order of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk.
1016 - The defeat of the Khazars by Byzantium with the help of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. Suppression of the uprising in the Crimea.
1019 - Defeat of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Damned in the fight against Prince Yaroslav.
1019-1054 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise (1054+).
1022 - Victory of Mstislav the Brave over Kasogs (Circassians).
1023-1025 - War of Mstislav the Brave and the Grand Duke Yaroslav for the great reign. Victory of Mstislav the Brave in the Battle of Listven (1024).
1025 - Division of Kievan Rus between princes Yaroslav and Mstislav (border along the Dnieper).
1026 - Conquest by Yaroslav the Wise of the Baltic tribes of the Livs and Chudi.
1030 - Foundation of the city of Yuriev (modern Tartu) in the Chud land.
1030-1035 - Construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.
1036 - Death of Prince Mstislav the Brave. Unification of Kievan Rus under the rule of Grand Duke Yaroslav.
1037 - The defeat of the Pechenegs by Prince Yaroslav and the laying of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev in honor of this event (completed in 1041).
1038 - Victory of Yaroslav the Wise against the Yatvyags (Lithuanian tribe).
1040 - War between the Russians and the Lithuanians.
1041 - Hike of the Rus to the Finnish Yam tribe.
1043 - The campaign of the Novgorod prince Vladimir Yaroslavich to Constantinople (the last campaign to Byzantium).
1045-1050 - Construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.
1051 - Foundation of the male Kiev-Pechersk monastery. Appointment of the first metropolitan (Hilarion) of the Russians, appointed to office without the consent of Constantinople.
1054-1078 - Board of the Grand Duke Izyaslav Yaroslavich (The actual triumvirate of the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich and Vsevolod Yaroslavich. "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs." Weakening of the supreme power of the Kiev prince.
1055 - The first news of the chronicle about the appearance of the Polovtsians at the borders of the Pereyaslavsky principality.
1056-1057 - Creation of "Ostromir Gospel" - the oldest dated Russian manuscript book.
1061 - Polovtsian raid on Russia.
1066 - The raid on Novgorod by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. The defeat and capture of Vseslav by the Grand Duke Izslav.
1068 - A new Polovtsian raid on Russia, led by Khan Sharukan. Campaign of the Yaroslavichs against the Polovtsians and their defeat on the Alta river. The uprising of the townspeople in Kiev, the flight of Izyaslav to Poland.
1068-1069 - Great reign of Prince Vseslav (about 7 months).
1069 - Return of Izyaslav to Kiev together with the Polish king Boleslav II.
1078 - The death of the Grand Duke Izyaslav in the battle at Nezhatina Niva with outcasts Boris Vyacheslavich and Oleg Svyatoslavich.
1078-1093 - Board of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Land redistribution (1078).
1093-1113 - Board of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich.
1093-1095 - War of the Rus with the Polovtsy. The defeat of the princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh in the battle with the Polovtsy on the Stugna river (1093).
1095-1096 - The internecine struggle of Prince Vladimir Monomakh and his sons with Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich and his brothers for the Rostov-Suzdal, Chernigov and Smolensk principalities.
1097 - Lubech Congress of Princes. Securing principalities to princes on the basis of patrimonial law. The fragmentation of the state into specific principalities. Separation of the Murom principality from Chernigov.
1100 - Vitichevsky Congress of Princes.
1103 - Dolobsky congress of princes before the campaign against the Polovtsians. Successful campaign of princes Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsians.
1107 - The capture of Suzdal by the Volga Bulgars.
1108 - Founding of Vladimir on the Klyazma as a fortress to protect the Suzdal principality from the Chernigov princes.
1111 - The campaign of the Russian princes against the Polovtsians. Defeat of the Polovtsians at Salnitsa.
1113 - First edition of The Tale of Bygone Years (Nestor). The uprising in Kiev of dependent (enslaving) people against the princely power and merchants-usurers. Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich.
1113-1125 - Board of the Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. Temporary strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke. Drawing up "Charters of Vladimir Monomakh" (legal registration of court law, regulation of rights in other areas of life).
1116 - Second edition of The Tale of Bygone Years (Sylvester). Victory of Vladimir Monomakh over the Polovtsians.
1118 - The conquest of Minsk by Vladimir Monomakh.
1125-1132 - Board of the Grand Duke Mstislav I the Great.
1125-1157 - The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in the Rostov-Suzdal principality.
1126 - The first elections of the mayor in Novgorod.
1127 - Final division of the Polotsk principality into appanages.
1127 -1159 - The reign of Rostislav Mstislavich in Smolensk. The heyday of the Smolensk principality.
1128 - Famine in Novgorod, Pskov, Suzdal, Smolensk and Polotsk lands.
1129 - Separation of the Ryazan principality from the Murom-Ryazan principality.
1130 -1131 - Campaigns of the Russians to the Chud, the beginning of successful campaigns to Lithuania. Collisions of the Muromo-Ryazan princes with the Polovtsians.
1132-1139 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaropolk II Vladimirovich. The final decline of the power of the Kiev Grand Duke.
1135-1136 - Unrest in Novgorod, Charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich on the management of traffickers, the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich. Svyatoslav Olgovich's invitation to Novgorod. Strengthening the principle of inviting the prince to the vechem.
1137 - Separation of Pskov from Novgorod, formation of the Pskov principality.
1139 - 1st great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (8 days). Riots in Kiev and its capture by Vsevolod Olegovich.
1139-1146 - Board of the Grand Duke Vsevolod II Olgovich.
1144 - Formation of the Galician principality by combining several appanage principalities.
1146 - The reign of Grand Duke Igor Olgovich (six months). The beginning of the fierce struggle of the princely clans for the Kiev throne (Monomakhovichi, Olgovichi, Davydovichi) - continued until 1161
1146-1154 - The reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav III Mstislavich with interruptions: in 1149, 1150 - the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky; In 1150 - the 2nd great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (all - less than half a year). Strengthening the internecine struggle between the Suzdal and Kiev princes.
1147 - The first chronicle mention of the city of Moscow.
1149 - The struggle of the Novgorodians with the Finns for Vod. Attempts of the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgorukov to recapture the Yugra tribute from the Novgorodians.
Bookmark "St. George's in the Field" (Yuryev-Polsky).
1152 - Foundation of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Kostroma.
1154 - Foundation of the city of Dmitrov and the village of Bogolyubov.
1154-1155 - Board of the Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich.
1155 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich (about half a year).
1155-1157 - Board of Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.
1157-1159 - Parallel reign of the Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich in Kiev and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1159-1167 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich in Kiev and Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1160 - Revolt of Novgorodians against Svyatoslav Rostislavovich.
1164 - Andrey Bogolyubsky's campaign against the Volga Bulgarians. Novgorod victory over the Swedes.
1167-1169 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Mstislav II Izyaslavich in Kiev and Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir.
1169 - The capture of Kiev by the troops of the Grand Duke Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Kiev to Vladimir. Rise of Vladimir Rus.

Rus Vladimir

1169-1174 - Board of the Grand Duke Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Kiev to Vladimir.
1174 - Murder of Andrey Bogolyubsky. The first mention in the annals of the name "nobles".
1174-1176 - Board of the Grand Duke Mikhail Yurievich. Civil strife and uprisings of the townspeople in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1176-1212 - Board of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Big Nest. The heyday of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus.
1176 - War of the Rus with the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Collision of the Rus with the Estonians.
1180 - The beginning of civil strife and the collapse of the Smolensk principality. Civil strife between the Chernigov and Ryazan princes.
1183-1184 - Great campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes led by Vsevolod Big nest on the Volga Bulgars. The successful campaign of the princes of Southern Russia against the Polovtsians.
1185 - Unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsians.
1186-1187 - Internecine struggle between the Ryazan princes.
1188 - Novgorodians attacked German merchants in Novotorzhka.
1189-1192 - 3rd crusade
1191 - Camping of Novgorodians with a coreloi to the pit.
1193 - Unsuccessful campaign of Novgorodians against Ugra.
1195 - The first known trade agreement between Novgorod and German cities.
1196 - Recognition of the liberties by the princes. Vsevolod Big Nest's campaign to Chernigov.
1198 - The conquest of the Udmurts by the Novgorodians. The Teutonic Order of the Crusaders is relocated from Palestine to the Baltic States. Pope Celestine III proclaims the Northern Crusade.
1199 - Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality by uniting the Galicia and Volyn principalities. Rise of Roman Mstislavich the Great Foundation of the Riga fortress by Bishop Albrecht. Establishment of the Order of the Swordsmen for the Christianization of Livonia (modern Latvia and Estonia)
1202-1224 - The seizure of the Russian possessions in the Baltic by the Order of the Swordsmen. The struggle of the Order with Novgorod, Pskov and Polotsk for Livonia.
1207 - Separation of the Rostov principality from the Vladimir principality. The unsuccessful defense of the Kukonas fortress in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina by Prince Vyacheslav Borisovich ("Vyachko"), the grandson of Prince Davyd Rostislavich of Smolensk.
1209 - The first mention in the annals of Tver (according to V.N. Tatishchev, Tver was founded in 1181).
1212-1216 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Internecine struggle with brother Konstantin Rostovsky. Defeat of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the battle on the Lipitsa river near Yuryev-Polsky.
1216-1218 - Board of the Grand Duke Konstantin Vsevolodovich of Rostov.
1218-1238 - 2nd reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich (1238x) 1219 - foundation of the city of Revel (Kolyvan, Tallinn)
1220-1221 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich to the Volga Bulgaria, the seizure of lands in the lower reaches of the Oka. Founding of Nizhny Novgorod (1221) in the land of the Mordovians as an outpost against the Volga Bulgaria. 1219-1221 - the capture of the states of Central Asia by Genghis Khan
1221 - Campaign of Yuri Vsevolodovich against the crusaders, unsuccessful siege of the Riga fortress.
1223 - Defeat of the coalition of the Polovtsians and Russian princes in the battle with the Mongols on the Kalka River. Campaign of Yuri Vsevolodovich against the crusaders.
1224 - The capture by the knights-sword-bearers of Yuriev (Dorpat, present-day Tartu) - the main Russian fortress in the Baltic.
1227 - The campaign led. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich and other princes to the Mordovians. Death of Genghis Khan, the proclamation of the great khan of the Mongol-Tatars Batu.
1232 - Hike of the Suzdal, Ryazan and Murom princes to the Mordovians.
1233 - An attempt of the knights-sword-bearers to take the fortress of Izborsk.
1234 - The victory of the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich over the Germans at Yuryev and the conclusion of peace with them. Suspension of the advance of the sword-bearers to the east.
1236-1249 - The reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Novgorod.
1236 - the defeat of the great khan Baty of the Volga Bulgaria and the tribes of the Volga region.
1236 - the defeat of the troops of the Order of the Swordsmen by the Lithuanian prince Mindaugas. Death of the Grand Master of the Order.
1237-1238 - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to North-Eastern Russia. The ruin of the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities.
1237 - the defeat of the troops of the Teutonic Order by Daniil Romanovich Galitsky. Merging of the remnants of the Order of the Swordsmen and the Teutonic Order. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1238 - The defeat of the troops of the princes of North-Eastern Russia in the battle on the river Sit (March 4, 1238). The death of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Separation of the Belozersk and Suzdal principalities from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1238-1246 - Board of Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich ..
1239 - Devastation of the Mordovian lands, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl principalities by the Tatar-Mongol armies.
1240 - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to South Russia. Ruin of Kiev (1240) and Galicia-Volyn principality. The victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish army in the battle on the Neva river ("Neva battle") ..
1240-1241 - The invasion of the Teutonic knights into the lands of Pskov and Novgorod, their capture of Pskov, Izborsk, Luga;
Construction of the Koporye fortress (now the village of the Lomonosov district of the Leningrad region).
1241-1242 - The expulsion of the Teutonic knights by Alexander Nevsky, the liberation of Pskov and other cities. The invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to Eastern Europe. The defeat of the Hungarian troops on the river. Salty (11.04.1241), devastation of Poland, fall of Krakow.
1242 - The victory of Alexander Nevsky over the knights of the Teutonic Order in the battle at Lake Peipsi ("Battle on the Ice"). Conclusion of peace with Livonia on the condition of its renunciation of claims to Russian lands Defeat of the Mongol-Tatars from the Czechs in the battle of Olomouc. Completion of the "Great Western Campaign".
1243 - Arrival of the Russian princes to the headquarters of Batu. Announcement of Prince Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich "the oldest" Formation of the "Golden Horde"
1245 - Battle of Yaroslavl (Galitsky) - the last battle of Daniel Romanovich Galitsky in the struggle for the possession of the Galician principality.
1246-1249 - Board of Grand Duke Svyatoslav III Vsevolodovich 1246 - Death of Great Khan Batu
1249-1252 - The reign of the Grand Duke Andrey Yaroslavich.
1252 - The ruinous "Nevryuev army" to the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
1252-1263 - Board of the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. The campaign of Prince Alexander Nevsky at the head of the Novgorodians to Finland (1256).
1252-1263 - the reign of the first Lithuanian prince Mindovg Ringoldovich.
1254 - the foundation of the city of Saray - the capital of the "Golden Horde". The fight between Novgorod and Sweden for Southern Finland.
1257-1259 - The first Mongolian census of the population of Russia, the creation of a Basque system for collecting tribute. The revolt of the townspeople in Novgorod (1259) against the Tatar "clerks".
1261 - Establishment of the Orthodox diocese in the city of Saray.
1262 - Revolts of the townspeople of Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir and Yaroslavl against Muslim tax farmers, tribute collectors. Instructions to collect tribute to Russian princes.
1263-1272 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaroslav III Yaroslavich.
1267 - Genoa received the khan's label for the possession of Kafa (Feodosia) in the Crimea. The beginning of the Genoese colonization of the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. The formation of colonies in Cafe, Matrega (Tmutarakan), Map (Anapa), Tanya (Azov).
1268 - Joint campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes, Novgorodians and Pskovites to Livonia, their victory at Rakovor.
1269 - The siege of Pskov by the Livonians, the conclusion of peace with Livonia and the stabilization of the western border of Pskov and Novgorod.
1272-1276 - The reign of the Grand Duke Vasily Yaroslavich 1275 - the campaign of the Tatar-Mongol army to Lithuania
1272-1303 - The reign of Daniil Alexandrovich in Moscow. The foundation of the Moscow dynasty of princes.
1276 Second Mongolian population census of Rus.
1276-1294 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky.
1288-1291 - struggle for the throne in the Golden Horde
1292 - The invasion of the Tatars led by Tudan (Deden).
1293-1323 - War of Novgorod with Sweden for the Karelian Isthmus.
1294-1304 - Board of the Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1299 - Transfer of the Metropolitan See from Kiev to Vladimir by Metropolitan Maxim.
1300-1301 - The construction of the Landskrona fortress on the Neva by the Swedes and its destruction by the Novgorodians, headed by the Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1300 - Victory of the Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich over Ryazan. Accession of Kolomna to Moscow.
1302 - Annexation of the Pereyaslavl principality to Moscow.
1303-1325 - The reign of Prince Yuri Daniilovich in Moscow. The conquest of the Mozhaisky appanage principality by Prince Yuri of Moscow (1303). The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver.
1304-1319 - Board of the Grand Duke Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tverskoy (1319x). Construction (1310) of the Korela fortress (Kexholm, present-day Priozersk) by Novgorodians. The reign of the Grand Duke Gediminas in Lithuania. Accession to Lithuania of the Polotsk and Turovo-Pinsk principalities
1308-1326 - Peter - Metropolitan of All Russia.
1312-1340 - the reign of Khan Uzbek in the Golden Horde. Rise of the Golden Horde.
1319-1322 - Board of the Grand Duke Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow (1325x).
1322-1326 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes (1326x).
1323 - Construction of the Russian fortress Oreshek at the source of the Neva River.
1324 - Hike of Moscow prince Yuri Daniilovich with Novgorodians to the Northern Dvina and Ustyug.
1325 - The tragic death of Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow in the Golden Horde. Victory of Lithuanian troops over Kiev and Smolensk.
1326 - Transfer of the Metropolitan See from Vladimir to Moscow by Metropolitan Theognost.
1326-1328 - Board of the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver (1339s).
1327 - Uprising in Tver against the Mongol-Tatars. Flight of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich from the punitive army of the Mongol-Tatars.

Rus Moscow

1328-1340 - Board of Grand Duke Ivan I Danilovich Kalita. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Vladimir to Moscow.
The division by Khan Uzbek of the Vladimir principality between the Grand Duke Ivan Kalita and Prince Alexander Vasilyevich Suzdal.
1331 - The unification of the Vladimir principality by the Grand Duke Ivan Kalita under his rule ..
1339 - The tragic death of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver in the Golden Horde. Construction of a wooden Kremlin in Moscow.
1340 - Foundation of the Trinity Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh (Trinity-Sergius Lavra) Death of Uzbek, Great Khan of the Golden Horde
1340-1353 - Board of the Grand Duke Simeon Ivanovich the Proud 1345-1377 - Board of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd Gediminovich. Accession of Kiev, Chernigov, Volyn and Podolsk lands to Lithuania.
1342 - Joining the Suzdal principality of Nizhny Novgorod, Unzhi and Gorodets. Formation of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality.
1348-1349 - Crusades of the Swedish king Magnus I to the Novgorod lands and his defeat. Recognition of the independence of Pskov by Novgorod. Bolotov Treaty (1348).
1353-1359 - Board of the Grand Duke Ivan II Ivanovich the Meek.
1354-1378 - Alexey - Metropolitan of All Russia.
1355 - Partition of the Suzdal principality between Andrey (Nizhny Novgorod) and Dmitry (Suzdal) Konstantinovich.
1356 - submission by Olgerd of the Bryansk principality
1358-1386 - Svyatoslav Ioannovich's reign in Smolensk and his struggle with Lithuania.
1359-1363 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal. The struggle for the great reign between Moscow and Suzdal.
1361 - seizure of power in the Golden Horde by temnik Mamai
1363-1389 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
1363 - Olgerd's campaign to the Black Sea, his victory over the Tatars on the Blue Waters (a tributary of the Southern Bug), the subordination of the Kiev land and Podolia to Lithuania
1367 - Coming to power in Tver with the help of the Lithuanian army of Mikhail Alexandrovich Mikulinsky. Aggravation of relations between Moscow and Tver and Lithuania. Erection of the white-stone walls of the Kremlin.
1368 - Olgerd's first campaign against Moscow ("Lithuanian").
1370 - Olgerd's 2nd campaign to Moscow.
1375 - Dmitry Donskoy's campaign to Tver.
1377 - The defeat of the troops of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod from the Tatar prince Arab-shah (Arapsha) on the Pyane river Unification of Mamai uluses west of the Volga
1378 - Victory of the Moscow-Ryazan army over the Tatar army of Begich on the Vozha river.
1380 - Mamai's campaign to Russia and his defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo. Defeat of Mamai by Khan Tokhtamysh on the Kalka River.
1382 - Tokhtamysh's campaign to Moscow and the devastation of Moscow. The ruin of the Ryazan principality by the Moscow army.
OK. 1382 - The beginning of the minting of a coin in Moscow.
1383 - Accession of the Vyatka land to the Nizhny Novgorod principality. Death of the former Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal.
1385 - Judicial reform in Novgorod. Declaration of independence from the metropolitan's court. Unsuccessful campaign of Dmitry Donskoy on Murom and Ryazan. Kreva Union of Lithuania and Poland.
1386-1387 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy at the head of the coalition of Vladimir princes to Novgorod. Payment of indemnity by Novgorod. The defeat of the Smolensk prince Svyatoslav Ivanovich in the battle with the Lithuanians (1386).
1389 - The appearance of firearms in Russia.
1389-1425 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich, for the first time without the approval of the Horde.
1392 - Accession of the Nizhny Novgorod and Murom principalities to Moscow.
1393 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Novgorod lands.
1395 - The defeat of the Golden Horde by the troops of Tamerlane. Establishment of the vassal dependence of the Smolensk principality on Lithuania.
1397-1398 - Campaign of the Moscow army to the Novgorod lands. The annexation of the Novgorod possessions (Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Ustyug and the Komi lands) to Moscow, the return of the Dvinskaya land to Novgorod. The conquest of the Dvina land by the Novgorod army.
1399-1400 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Kama against the Nizhny Novgorod princes who took refuge in Kazan. 1399 - the victory of Khan Timur-Kutlug over the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich.
1400-1426 - The reign of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich in Tver, the strengthening of Tver 1404 - the capture of Smolensk and the Smolensk principality by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich
1402 - Accession of the Vyatka land to Moscow.
1406-1408 - War of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I with Vytautas Keistutovich.
1408 - Emir Edigei's trip to Moscow.
1410 - Death of Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave Battle of Grunwald. The Polish-Lithuanian-Russian army of Jagaila and Vitovt defeated the knights of the Teutonic Order
OK. 1418 - Popular uprising against the boyars in Novgorod.
OK. 1420 - Beginning of coinage in Novgorod.
1422 - Peace of Meln, an agreement between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland with the Teutonic Order (concluded on September 27, 1422 on the shores of Lake Melno). The Order finally abandoned Samogitia and the Lithuanian Zanemanya, keeping the Klaipeda Region and Polish Pomorie.
1425-1462 - The reign of the Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark.
1425-1461 - The reign of Prince Boris Alexandrovich in Tver. An attempt to strengthen the significance of Tver.
1426-1428 - Campaigns of Vitovt of Lithuania to Novgorod and Pskov.
1427 - Recognition of the Tver and Ryazan principalities of vassal dependence on Lithuania 1430 - death of Vitovt of Lithuania. The beginning of the decline of the Lithuanian great power
1425-1453 - The internecine war in Russia between the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark with Yuri Zvenigorodsky, cousins \u200b\u200bVasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka.
1430 - 1432 - struggle in Lithuania between Svidrigail Olgerdovich, representing the "Russian" party, and Sigismund, representing the "Lithuanian" party.
1428 - The raid of the Horde troops on the Kostroma lands - Galich Mersky, the ruin and plunder of Kostroma, Plyos and Lukh.
1432 - Court in the Horde between Vasily II and Yuri Zvenigorodsky (at the initiative of Yuri Dmitrievich). Approval of the Grand Duke Vasily II.
1433-1434 - Capture of Moscow and the great reign of Yuri Zvenigorodsky.
1437 - Hike of Ulu-Muhammad to the Zaoksky lands. Belevskaya battle on December 5, 1437 (defeat of the Moscow army).
1439 - Basil II's refusal to accept the Union of Florence with the Roman Catholic Church. Hike of Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Muhammad) to Moscow.
1438 - separation of the Kazan Khanate from the Golden Horde. The beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde.
1440 - The recognition of the independence of Pskov by Casimir of Lithuania.
1444-1445 - The Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Muhammad) raid on Ryazan, Murom and Suzdal.
1443 - the separation of the Crimean Khanate from the Golden Horde
1444-1448 - War of Livonia with Novgorod and Pskov. Hike of Tver residents to Novgorod lands.
1446 - Transfer to the Moscow service of Kasim Khan, brother of the Kazan Khan. Blinding of Vasily II by Dmitry Shemyaka.
1448 - Election of the Russian clergy as Metropolitan Jonah at the Council. The signing of the 25-year peace of Pskov and Novgorod with Livonia.
1449 - Treaty of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark with Casimir of Lithuania. Recognition of the independence of Novgorod and Pskov.
OK. 1450 - The first mention of St. George's Day.
1451 - Annexation of the Suzdal principality to Moscow. Hike Makhmut, son of Kichi-Muhammad, to Moscow. He burned down the townships, but the Kremlin did not take it.
1456 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark to Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army near old Rusa. Yazhelbitsky Treaty of Novgorod with Moscow. The first limitation of Novgorodian liberties. 1454-1466 - Thirteen Years War of Poland with the Teutonic Order, which ended with the recognition of the Teutonic Order as a vassal of the Polish king.
1458 Final division of the Kiev Metropolitanate into Moscow and Kiev. The refusal of the church council in Moscow to recognize Metropolitan Gregory, sent from Rome, and the resolution henceforth to appoint the metropolitan by the will of the Grand Duke and the council without approval in Constantinople.
1459 - Subordination of Vyatka to Moscow.
1459 - Separation of the Astrakhan Khanate from the Golden Horde
1460 - Truce between Pskov and Livonia for 5 years. Pskov's recognition of Moscow's sovereignty.
1462 - Death of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark.

Russian state (Russian centralized state)

1462-1505 - Board of the Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilievich.
1462 - Ivan III stopped issuing Russian coins with the name of the Horde Khan. Ivan III's statement on the rejection of the khan's label for the great reign ..
1465 - The Scriba detachment reaches the Obi River.
1466-1469 - Travel of the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin to India.
1467-1469 - campaigns of the Moscow army against the Kazan Khanate ..
1468 - Campaign of the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat to Ryazan.
1471 - 1st campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III against Novgorod, defeat of the Novgorod army on the Sheloni river. Hike of the Horde to the Moscow borders in the Zaoksky strip.
1472 - The annexation of the Perm land (Great Perm) to Moscow.
1474 - The annexation of the Rostov principality to Moscow. Conclusion of a 30-year truce between Moscow and Livonia. The conclusion of the alliance of the Crimean Khanate and Moscow against the Great Horde and Lithuania.
1475 - the capture of the Crimea by Turkish troops. Transition of the Crimean Khanate to vassal dependence on Turkey.
1478 - 2nd campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III against Novgorod.
Elimination of the independence of Novgorod.
1480 - "Great standing" on the river Ugra of Russian and Tatar troops. Refusal of Ivan III to pay tribute to the Horde. End of the Horde yoke.
1483 - Hike of the Moscow governor F. Kurbsky in the Trans-Urals to the Irtysh to the town of Isker, then down the Irtysh to the Ob to the Yugorskaya land. Conquest of the Pelym principality.
1485 - Annexation of the Tver principality to Moscow.
1487-1489 - Conquest of the Kazan Khanate. Capture of Kazan (1487), acceptance by Ivan III of the title "Grand Duke of Bulgar". Khan Mohammed-Emin, a protege of Moscow, was elevated to the Kazan throne. Introduction of a local land use system.
1489 - Hike to Vyatka and the final annexation of the Vyatka land to Moscow. Accession of the Arsk land (Udmurtia).
1491 - "Campaign to the Wild Field" of the 60-thousandth Russian army to help the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey against the khans of the Great Horde Kazan Khan Muhammad-Emin joins the campaign to strike the flank
1492 - Superstitious expectations of the "end of the world" in connection with the end (March 1) of the 7th millennium in a row "from the creation of the world." September - the decision of the Moscow Church Council to postpone the start of the year to September 1. The first use of the title "autocrat" in a letter to the Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilievich. Foundation of the Ivangorod fortress on the Narva river.
1492-1494 - 1st war of Ivan III with Lithuania. Accession of Vyazma and the Verkhovsk principalities to Moscow.
1493 - Treaty of Ivan III on an alliance with Denmark against the Hansa and Sweden. Concession by Denmark of its possessions in Finland in exchange for the termination of the Hanseatic trade in Novgorod.
1495 - the separation of the Siberian Khanate from the Golden Horde. The collapse of the Golden Horde
1496-1497 - The war between Moscow and Sweden.
1496-1502 - the reign of Abdyl-Letifa (Abdul-Latifa) in Kazan under the protectorate of the Grand Duke Ivan III
1497 - Code of Law of Ivan III. First Russian Embassy in Istanbul
1499 -1501 - Hike of Moscow governors F. Kurbsky and P. Ushaty to the Northern Trans-Urals and the lower reaches of the Ob.
1500-1503 - 2nd war of Ivan III with Lithuania for the Verkhovsk principalities. Joining the Seversk land to Moscow.
1501 - Formation of a coalition of Lithuania, Livonia and the Great Horde directed against Moscow, Crimea and Kazan. On August 30, the 20,000-strong army of the Great Horde began the devastation of the Kursk land, approaching Rylsk, and by November it reached the Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversky lands. The Tatars captured the city of Novgorod-Seversky, but did not go further to the Moscow lands.
1501-1503 - War of Russia with the Livonian Order.
1502 - The final defeat of the Great Horde by the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, the transfer of its territory to the Crimean Khanate
1503 - Accession to Moscow of half of the Ryazan principality (including Tula). Truce with Lithuania and the annexation of Chernigov, Bryansk and Gomel to Russia (almost a third of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania). Truce between Russia and Livonia.
1505 - Anti-Russian performance in Kazan. The beginning of the Kazan-Russian war (1505-1507).
1505-1533 - Board of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich.
1506 - Unsuccessful siege of Kazan.
1507 - The first raid of the Crimean Tatars to the southern borders of Russia.
1507-1508 - War between Russia and Lithuania.
1508 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Sweden for 60 years.
1510 - Liquidation of the independence of Pskov.
1512-1522 - War of Russia with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1517-1519 - Publishing activity of Francysk Skaryna in Prague. Skaryna publishes a translation from Church Slavonic into Russian - "The Russian Bible".
1512 - "Eternal Peace" with Kazan. Unsuccessful siege of Smolensk.
1513 - Joining the Moscow principality of Volotsk inheritance.
1514 - The capture of Smolensk by the troops of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich and the annexation of the Smolensk lands.
1515, April - Death of the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, a longtime ally of Ivan III;
1519 - Campaign of the Russian army to Vilno (Vilnius).
1518 - Coming to power in Kazan of Moscow's protege of Khan (Tsar) Shah-Ali
1520 - Conclusion of an armistice with Lithuania for 5 years.
1521 - The campaign of the Crimean and Kazan Tatars led by Muhammad-Girey (Magmet-Girey), the Khan of Crimea and the Kazan Khan Saip-Girey (Sahib-Girey) to Moscow. The siege of Moscow by the Crimeans. Complete annexation of the Ryazan principality to Moscow. The seizure of the throne of the Kazan Khanate by the dynasty of the Crimean khans Gireev (Khan Sahib-Girey).
1522 - The arrest of the Novgorod-Seversk prince Vasily Shemyachich. Accession to Moscow Novgorod-Seversky principality.
1523-1524 - 2nd Kazan-Russian war.
1523 - Anti-Russian demonstrations in Kazan. A campaign of Russian troops in the lands of the Kazan Khanate. Construction of the Vasilsursk fortress on the Sura river. Capture of Astrakhan by Crimean troops.
1524 - New Russian campaign against Kazan. Peace talks between Moscow and Kazan. The proclamation of Safa-Girey by the Kazan king.
1529 - Russian-Kazan peace treaty Siege of Vienna by the Turks
1530 - The campaign of the Russian army to Kazan.
1533-1584 - The reign of the Grand Duke and Tsar (from 1547) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.
1533-1538 - Regency of the mother of Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich Elena Glinskaya (1538+).
1538-1547 - Boyar rule under the juvenile Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (until 1544 - Shuiskys, from 1544 - Glinskys)
1544-1546 - Annexation of the lands of the Mari and Chuvashes to Russia, a campaign in the lands of the Kazan Khanate.
1547 - Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich accepts the royal title (wedding to the kingdom). Fires and riots in Moscow.
1547-1549 - Ivan Peresvetov's political program: the creation of a permanent streltsy army, the support of the royal power on the nobles, the seizure of the Kazan Khanate and the distribution of its lands to the nobles.
1547-1550 - Unsuccessful campaigns (1547-1548, 1549-1550) of Russian troops to Kazan Crimean Khan's campaign to Astrakhan. Construction of a protege of Crimea in Astrakhan
1549 - The first news about the Cossack towns on the Don. Formation of the embassy order. Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor.
1550 - Code of Laws (code of laws) of Ivan the Terrible.
1551 - "Stoglavy" Cathedral. Approval of the reform program (with the exception of the secularization of church lands and the introduction of a secular court for clergy). 3rd Kazan campaign of Ivan the Terrible.
1552 - 4th (Great) campaign of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich to Kazan. Unsuccessful campaign of the Crimean troops to Tula. Siege and capture of Kazan. Liquidation of the Kazan Khanate.
1552-1558 - Subordination of the territory of the Kazan Khanate.
1553 - An unsuccessful campaign of the 120-thousandth army of Prince of the Nogai Horde Yusuf to Moscow ..
1554 - the 1st campaign of Russian governors to Astrakhan.
1555 - Cancellation of feeding (completion of the labial and zemstvo reform) Recognition by the Khan of the Siberian Khanate by Ediger of vassal dependence on Russia
1555-1557 - War between Russia and Sweden.
1555-1560 - Campaigns of Russian governors to the Crimea.
1556 - The capture of Astrakhan and the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia. The transition to the rule of Russia of the entire Volga region. Adoption of the "Code of Service" - regulation of the service of nobles and the norms of local salary. The disintegration of the Nogai Horde into the Big, Small and Altyul Hordes ..
1557 - The ambassadors of the ruler of Kabarda swear allegiance to the Russian tsar. Recognition by the prince of the Great Nogai Horde Ismail by vassal dependence on Russia. The transition of the western and central Bashkir tribes (subjects of the Nogai Horde) to the Russian tsar.
1558-1583 - Livonian war of Russia for access to the Baltic Sea and the lands of Livonia.
1558 - The capture of Narva and Dorpat by the Russian troops.
1559 - Truce with Livonia. D. Ardashev's hike to the Crimea. The transition of Livonia to the protectorate of Poland.
1560 - The victory of the Russian army at Ermes, the capture of the Fellin castle. The victory of A. Kurbsky against the Livonians near Wenden. The fall of the government of the Chosen Rada, A. Adashev's disgrace. Transfer of Northern Livonia to Swedish citizenship.
1563 - The capture of Polotsk by Tsar Ivan IV The seizure of power in the Siberian Khanate by Kuchum. Break of vassal relations with Russia
1564 - Publication of the "Apostle" by Ivan Fedorov.
1565 - Introduction of the oprichnina by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The beginning of the oprichnina persecution 1563-1570 - Northern Seven Years Danish-Swedish War for domination of the Baltic Sea. The Stettin Peace of 1570 largely restored the status quo.
1566 - Completion of the construction of the Big Zasechnaya Line (Ryazan-Tula-Kozelsk and Alatyr-Temnikov-Shatsk-Ryazhsk). The city of Oryol was founded.
1567 - Union of Russia with Sweden. Construction of the Terki fortress (Tersky town) at the confluence of the Terek and Sunzha rivers. The beginning of Russia's advance to the Caucasus.
1568-1569 - Mass executions in Moscow. Destruction, by order of Ivan the Terrible, of the last appanage prince Andrei Vladimirovich Staritsky. Conclusion of peace agreements between Turkey and Crimea with Poland and Lithuania. The beginning of the openly hostile policy of the Ottoman Empire towards Russia
1569 - Campaign of the Crimean Tatars and Turks to Astrakhan, unsuccessful siege of Astrakhan Union of Lublin - Formation of a unified Polish-Lithuanian state Rzeczpospolita
1570 - Punitive campaigns of Ivan the Terrible to Tver, Novgorod and Pskov. The ruin of the Ryazan land by the Crimean Khan Davlet-Giray. The beginning of the Russian-Swedish war. Unsuccessful siege of Reval Formation of the vassal kingdom of Magnus (brother of the King of Denmark) in Livonia.
1571 - Hike of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey to Moscow. Taking and burning of Moscow. The flight of Ivan the Terrible to Serpukhov, Aleksandrov Sloboda, then to Rostov ..
1572 - Negotiations between Ivan the Terrible and Devlet-Girey. A new campaign of the Crimean Tatars to Moscow. Victory of the voivode M.I. Vorotynsky on the Lopasna river. Retreat of Khan Devlet-Giray. The abolition of the oprichnina by Ivan the Terrible. Execution of the leaders of the oprichnina.
1574 - Foundation of the city of Ufa;.
1575-1577 - Campaigns of Russian troops in Northern Livonia and Livonia.
1575-1576 - Nominal reign of Simeon Bekbulatovich (1616+), Kasimov khan, proclaimed by Ivan the Terrible "Grand Duke of All Russia".
1576 - Foundation of the city of Samara. Capture of a number of strongholds in Livonia (Pernov (Pärnu), Wenden, Paidu, etc.) Election to the Polish throne of the Turkish protege Stephen Bathory (1586+).
1577 - Unsuccessful siege of Reval.
1579 - Capture of Polotsk by Stefan Bathory, Velikiye Luki.
1580s - The first news of the Cossack towns on the Yaik.
1580 - the 2nd campaign of Stephen Batory to the Russian lands and the capture of Velikie Luki by him. The capture of Korela by the Swedish commander De la Gardie. The decision of the church council to ban the acquisition of land for churches and monasteries.
1581 - The capture of the Russian fortresses of Narva and Ivangorod by the Swedish troops. Cancellation of St. George's Day. The first mention of the "reserved" years. The assassination of his eldest son Ivan by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible.
1581-1582 - The siege by Stephen Bathory of Pskov and its defense by I. Shuisky.
1581-1585 - Campaign of the Cossack Ataman Ermak to Siberia and the defeat of the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum.
1582 - Yam-Zapolsk truce between Russia and the Commonwealth for 10 years. Transfer to the possession of Poland of Livonia and Polotsk. Resettlement of part of the Don Cossacks in the Grobni tract in the North. Caucasus Bull of Pope Gregory XIII on calendar reform and the introduction of the Gregorian calendar.
1582-1584 - Mass uprisings of the peoples of the Middle Volga region (Tatars, Mari, Chuvash, Udmurts) against Moscow The introduction of a new calendar style in Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Poland, France, etc.). "Calendar disturbances" in Riga (1584).
1583 - Plyusskoe truce between Russia and Sweden for 10 years with the concession of Narva, Yama, Koporye, Ivangorod. End of the Livonian War, which lasted (intermittently) 25 years.
1584-1598 - The reign of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich 1586 - the election of the king of the Commonwealth of the Swedish prince Sigismund III Vasa (1632+)
1586-1618 - The annexation of Western Siberia to Russia. Founding of Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Berezov (1593), Obdorsk (1595), Tomsk (1604).
OK. 1598 - death of Khan Kuchum. The power of his son Ali remains in the upper reaches of the Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol rivers.
1587 - Renewal of relations between Georgia and Russia.
1589 - Foundation of the Tsaritsyn fortress at the port between the Don and the Volga. Establishment of the patriarchate in Russia.
1590 - The city of Saratov was founded.
1590-1593 - Successful war between Russia and Sweden 1592 - King of the Commonwealth Sigismund III Vasa came to power in Sweden. The beginning of the struggle of Sigismund with another contender for the throne and relative Karl Vasa (future king of Sweden Karl IX)
1591 - The death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich, the uprising of the townspeople.
1592-1593 - Decree on the exemption from duties and taxes of landowners performing military service and living on their estates (the emergence of "white lands"). Decree on the prohibition of peasant exit. The final anchoring of the peasants to the land.
1595 - Tyavzin peace with Sweden. The return to Russia of the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod, Oreshek, Nyenshan. Recognition of Swedish control over Russian Baltic trade.
1597 - Decree on enslaving slaves (life of their condition without the possibility of paying off the debt, termination of service with the death of the master). Decree on a five-year period for the search for fugitive peasants (class years).
1598 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Termination of the Rurik dynasty. Adoption of the Babinovskaya road as the official government road to Siberia (instead of the old Cherdyn road).

Time of Troubles

1598-1605 - The reign of Tsar Boris Godunov.
1598 - The beginning of active construction of cities in Siberia.
1601-1603 - Famine in Russia. Partial restoration of St. George's Day and the limited release of peasants.
1604 - The construction of the fortress of Tomsk by a detachment from Surgut at the request of the prince of the Tomsk Tatars. The appearance in Poland of the impostor False Dmitry, his campaign at the head of the Cossacks and mercenaries to Moscow.
1605 - The reign of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich Godunov (1605x).
1605-1606 - Board of the impostor False Dmitry I
Preparation of a new Code, allowing peasant exit.
1606 - Conspiracy of the boyars led by Prince V.I.Shuisky. The overthrow and assassination of False Dmitry I. The proclamation of V.I.Shuisky king.
1606-1610 - The reign of Tsar Vasily IV Ivanovich Shuisky.
1606-1607 - Revolt of II Bolotnikov and Lyapunov under the motto "Tsar Dmitry!"
1606 - The appearance of the impostor False Dmitry II.
1607 - Decrees on "voluntary serfs", on a 15-year period of searching for runaway peasants and on sanctions for receiving and keeping runaway peasants. Cancellation of the reforms of Godunov and False Dmitry I.
1608 - Victory of False Dmitry II over government forces led by D.I.Shuisky near Bolkhov.
Creation of the Tushino camp near Moscow ..
1608-1610 - Unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Polish and Lithuanian troops.
1609 - Appeal for help (February) against False Dmitry II to the Swedish king Charles IX at the cost of territorial concessions. The advance of the Swedish troops to Novgorod. The entry of the Polish king Sigismund III into the Russian state (September). The beginning of the Polish intervention in Russia. Metropolitan Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) was named Patriarch in the Tushino camp. Confusion in the Tushino camp. Flight of False Dmitry II.
1609-1611 - Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops.
1610 - Battle of Klushino (24.06) of Russian and Polish troops. Liquidation of the Tushino camp. A new attempt by False Dmitry II to organize a campaign against Moscow. The death of False Dmitry II. Removal of Vasily Shuisky from the throne. The entry of the Poles into Moscow.
1610-1613 - Interregnum ("Seven Boyars").
1611 - The defeat of the Lyapunov militia. The fall of Smolensk after a two-year siege. Captivity of Patriarch Filaret, V.I.Shuisky, etc.
1611-1617 - Swedish intervention in Russia;.
1612 - Gathering of the new militia of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. The liberation of Moscow, the defeat of the Polish troops. The death of the former Tsar Vasily Shuisky in captivity in Poland.
1613 - Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow. Election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom.
1613-1645 - The reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1615-1616 - Liquidation of the Cossack movement of Ataman Balovnya.
1617 - Stolbovskiy peace with Sweden. The return of Novgorod lands to Russia, the loss of access to the Baltic - the cities of Korela (Kexholm), Koporye, Oreshek, Yam, Ivangorod went to Sweden.
1618 - Deulinskoe truce with Poland. Transfer of Smolensk lands (including Smolensk), except for Vyazma, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands with 29 cities to Poland. Refusal of the prince of Poland Vladislav from the claims to the Russian throne. Election of Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov) as patriarch.
1619-1633 - Patriarchate and reign of Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov).
1620-1624 - The beginning of the penetration of the Russians into Eastern Siberia. Hike to the Lena river and up the Lena to the land of the Buryats.
1621 - Establishment of the Siberian Diocese.
1632 - Organization of troops of the "foreign system" in the Russian army. Founding by A. Vinius of the first iron-making plant in Tula. War between Russia and Poland for the return of Smolensk. The foundation of the Yakutsk prison (in the present place since 1643) 1630-1634 - The Swedish period of the Thirty Years War, when the Swedish army, having invaded Germany (under the command of Gustav II Adolf), won victories at Breitenfeld (1631), Lutzen (1632), but was defeated at Nördlingen (1634).
1633-1638 - Campaign of the Cossacks I. Perfiliev and I. Rebrov from the lower reaches of the Lena to the rivers Yana and Indigirka 1635-1648 - Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years War, when France entered the war, the clear superiority of the anti-Habsburg coalition was determined. As a result, the plans of the Habsburgs failed, political hegemony passed to France. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
1636 - Foundation of the Tambov fortress.
1637 - The capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don.
1638 - Hetman Ostranin, who rebelled against the Poles, went with his army to the territory of Russia. The beginning of the formation of the Sloboda Ukraine (areas of Kharkov, Kursk, etc. between the Don and the Dnieper)
1638-1639 - Hike of the Cossacks P. Ivanov from Yakutsk to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka.
1639-1640 - Hike of the Cossacks I. Moskvitin from Yakutsk to the Lama (Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, access to the Pacific Ocean. Completion of the latitudinal crossing of Siberia, begun by Ermak.
1639 - Foundation of the first glass factory in Russia.
1641 - Successful defense of the Azov fortress by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don ("Azov sitting").
1642 - End of defense of the Azov fortress. The decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the return of Azov to Turkey. Registration of the noble military estate.
1643 - Liquidation of the Kod principality of the Khanty on the right bank of the Ob. Cossack sea voyage led by M. Starodukhin and D. Zdyryan from Indigirka to Kolyma. The exit of Russian servicemen and industrial people to Lake Baikal (K. Ivanov's campaign) The discovery of Sakhalin by the Dutch navigator M. de Vries, who took Sakhalin Island for part of Hokkaido ..
1643-1646 - Campaign of V. Poyarkov from Yakutsk to Aldan, Zeya, Amur to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.
1645-1676 - The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.
1646 - Replacement of direct taxes with a tax on salt. Abolition of salt tax and return to direct taxes due to riots. Census of draft and partially non-tax population.
1648-1654 - Construction of the Simbirsk notch line (Simbirsk-Karsun-Saransk-Tambov). Construction of the Simbirsk fortress (1648).
1648 - Sailing S. Dezhnev from the mouth of the Kolyma river to the mouth of the Anadyri river through the strait separating Eurasia from America. "Salt Riot" in Moscow. Revolts of townspeople in Kursk, Yelets, Tomsk, Ustyug, etc. Concessions to the nobles: convocation of the Zemsky Sobor for the adoption of a new Code, abolition of collection of arrears. The beginning of the uprising of B. Khmelnitsky against the Poles in Ukraine ..
1649 - Cathedral Code of Alexei Mikhailovich. The final registration of serfdom (the introduction of an unlimited search for fugitives), the elimination of "white estates" (feudal possessions in cities, exempt from taxes and duties). Legalization of the search by denunciation of intent against the tsar or his insult ("The Sovereign's Word and Deed") Deprivation of the British of trade privileges at the request of the Russian merchants ..
1649-1652 - E. Khabarov's campaigns to the Amur and Daurian land. The first clashes between the Russians and the Manchus. Creation of territorial regiments in Sloboda Ukraine (Ostrogozhsky, Akhtyrsky, Sumy, Kharkovsky).
1651 - The beginning of the church reform by Patriarch Nikon. Foundation of the German settlement in Moscow.
1651-1660 - Hike M. Stadukhin along the route Anadyr-Okhotsk-Yakutsk. Establishing a connection between the northern and southern routes to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.
1652-1656 - Construction of the Zakamsky notch line (Bely Yar - Menzelinsk).
1652-1667 - Clashes between secular and church authorities.
1653 - Decision of the Zemsky Sobor to accept the citizenship of Ukraine and to start a war with Poland. Adoption of a trade charter regulating trade (a unified trade duty, a ban on the collection of travel duties in the possessions of secular and spiritual feudal lords, restriction of peasant trade by trade from carts, an increase in duties for foreign merchants).
1654-1667 - Russian-Polish war for Ukraine.
1654 - The church council approved Nikon's reforms. The emergence of the Old Believers, headed by Archpriest Avvakum, the beginning of the schism of the Church. Approval of the Pereyaslav Rada of the Troops of the Zaporozhye Treaty (01/08/1654) on the transition of Ukraine (Poltava, Kiev, Chernigov, Podolia, Volhynia) to Russia with the preservation of broad autonomy (inviolability of the rights of the Cossacks, election of the hetman, independent foreign policy, non-jurisdiction to Moscow, payment of tribute without interference Moscow collectors). The capture by Russian troops of Polotsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Smolensk
1655 - The capture of Minsk, Vilno, Grodno by the Russian troops, access to Brest. Sweden's invasion of Poland. The beginning of the first Northern War
1656 - Capture of Nyenskans and Dorpat. Siege of Riga. Truce with Poland and declaration of war on Sweden.
1656-1658 - Russian-Swedish war for access to the Baltic Sea.
1657 - Death of B. Khmelnitsky. Election of the hetman of Ukraine I. Vyhovsky.
1658 - Nikon's open conflict with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The beginning of the issue of copper money (payment of salaries in copper money and collection of taxes in silver). Termination of negotiations with Poland, resumption of the Russian-Polish war. The invasion of the Russian troops into Ukraine Hadyach agreement of the hetman of Ukraine Vyhovsky with Poland on the annexation of Ukraine as an autonomous "Russian principality" to Poland.
1659 - The defeat of the Russian troops near Konotop by the hetman of Ukraine I. Vygovsky and the Crimean Tatars. Refusal of the Pereyaslavl Rada to approve the Gadyach agreement. Removal of Hetman I. Vygovsky and election of Hetman of Ukraine Y. Khmelnitsky. Rada's approval of a new treaty with Russia. The defeat of the Russian troops in Belarus, the betrayal of Hetman Yu. Khmelnitsky. The split of the Ukrainian Cossacks into supporters of Moscow and supporters of Poland.
1661 - Peace of Kardis between Russia and Sweden. Refusal of Russia from the conquests of 1656, return to the conditions of the Stolbovo peace in 1617 1660-1664 - Austro-Turkish war, division of the lands of the Hungarian kingdom.
1662 - "The Copper Riot" in Moscow.
1663 - Foundation of the city of Penza. The split of Ukraine into hetmans of the Right-Bank and Left-Bank Ukraine
1665 - Reforms of A. Ordin-Nashchekin in Pskov: the establishment of merchant companies, the introduction of elements of self-government. Strengthening Moscow's position in Ukraine.
1665-1677 - P. Doroshenko's hetmanate in the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1666 - Deprivation of the patriarch by Nikon and the condemnation of the Old Believers by the church council. The construction by the rebellious Ilim Cossacks of a new Fort Albazin on the Amur (since 1672 it was accepted into Russian citizenship) ..
1667 - Construction of ships for the Caspian flotilla. New trade charter. Exile of Archpriest Avvakum to Pustozersky prison for "heresy" (criticism) of the country's rulers. A. Ordin-Nashchekin at the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz (1667-1671). A. Ordin-Nashchekin's conclusion of the Andrusovsky truce with Poland. Implementation of the partition of Ukraine between Poland and Russia (the transition of the Left-Bank Ukraine under the rule of Russia).
1667-1676 - Solovetsky uprising of schismatic monks ("Solovetsky sitting").
1669 - The transition of the hetman of Right-Bank Ukraine P. Doroshenko under the rule of Turkey.
1670-1671 - The uprising of peasants and Cossacks led by the Don chieftain S. Razin.
1672 - First self-immolation of the schismatics (in Nizhny Novgorod). The first professional theater in Russia. Decree on the distribution of "wild fields" to servicemen and clergy in the "Ukrainian" regions. The Russian-Polish treaty on aid to Poland in the war with Turkey 1672-1676 - the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire for the Right-Bank Ukraine ..
1673 - Campaign of Russian troops and Don Cossacks to Azov.
1673-1675 - Campaigns of Russian troops against Hetman P. Doroshenko (campaigns on Chigirin), defeat by Turkish and Crimean Tatar troops.
1675-1678 - Russian Embassy Mission to Beijing. The refusal of the Qin government to regard Russia as an equal partner.
1676-1682 - The reign of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov.
1676-1681 - Russian-Turkish War for the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1676 - Occupation by Russian troops of the capital of the Right-Bank Ukraine Chigirin. Zhuravsky peace of Poland and Turkey: Turkey receives Podolia, P. Doroshenko is recognized as a vassal of Turkey
1677 - The victory of the Russian troops over the Turks at Chigirin.
1678 - Russian-Polish agreement to extend the armistice with Poland for 13 years. Agreement between the parties to prepare "eternal peace". The capture of Chigirin by the Turks
1679-1681 - Tax reform. Transition to courtyard taxation instead of row tax.
1681-1683 - The Seitov uprising in Bashkiria due to violent Christianization. Suppression of the uprising with the help of the Kalmyks.
1681 - Abolition of the Kasimov kingdom. Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty of Russia with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Establishment of the Russian-Turkish border along the Dnieper. Recognition for Russia of the Left-Bank Ukraine and Kiev.
1682-1689 - Simultaneous reign of the princess-ruler Sophia Alekseevna and Tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1682-1689 - Armed conflict between Russia and China on the Amur.
1682 - Abolition of parochialism. The beginning of the Strelets riot in Moscow. Establishment of the government of Princess Sophia. Suppression of the rifle revolt. Execution of Avvakum and his supporters in Pustozersk.
1683-1684 - Construction of the Syzran zasechnaya line (Syzran-Penza).
1686 - "Eternal Peace" between Russia and Poland. Russia's joining the anti-Turkish coalition of Poland, the Holy Empire and Venice (Holy League) with the obligation of Russia to march on the Crimean Khanate.
1686-1700 - War between Russia and Turkey. V. Golitsin's Crimean campaigns.
1687 - Foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow.
1689 - Construction of the Verkhneudinsk Fortress (present-day Ulan-Ude) at the confluence of the Uda and Selenga rivers. Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China. Establishment of the border along the Argun - Stanovoy ridge - the Ude river to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. Overthrow of the government of Princess Sophia Alekseevna.
1689-1696 - Simultaneous reign of Tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1695 - Establishment of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz. The first Azov campaign of Peter I. Organization of "kumpans" for financing the construction of the fleet, the creation of a shipyard on the Voronezh river.
1695-1696 - Uprising of the local and Cossack population in Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk and Transbaikalia.
1696 - Death of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich.

The Russian Empire

1689 - 1725 - Reign of Peter I.
1695 - 1696 - The Azov campaigns.
1699 - Reform of city government.
1700 - Russian - Turkish Armistice Treaty.
1700 - 1721 - Great Northern War.
1700, November 19 - Battle of Narva.
1703 - Foundation of St. Petersburg.
1705 - 1706 - Uprising in Astrakhan.
1705 - 1711 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1708 - Provincial reform of Peter I.
1709, June 27 - Battle of Poltava.
1711 - Establishment of the Senate. The Prut campaign of Peter I.
1711 - 1765 - The years of M.V. Lomonosov.
1716 - Military regulations of Peter I.
1718 - Establishment of the college. The beginning of the poll census.
1721 - Establishment of the Chief Magistrate of the Synod. Decree on Possessional Peasants.
1721 - Peter I took the title of ALL-RUSSIAN EMPEROR. RUSSIA BECAME AN EMPIRE.
1722 - "Table of Ranks".
1722 -1723 - Russian - Iranian war.
1727 - 1730 - Reign of Peter II.
1730 - 1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna.
1730 - The 1714 law of succession is repealed. Acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Younger Horde in Kazakhstan.
1735 - 1739 - Russian - Turkish war.
1735 - 1740 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1741 - 1761 - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1742 - Discovery of the northern tip of Asia by Chelyuskin.
1750 - The opening of the first Russian theater in Yaroslavl (F.G. Volkova).
1754 - Abolition of internal customs.
1755 - Foundation of Moscow University.
1757 - 1761 - Russia's participation in the Seven Years War.
1757 - Institution of the Academy of Arts.
1760 - 1764 - Mass riots of registered peasants in the Urals.
1761 - 1762 - Reign of Peter III.
1762 - Manifesto "on the freedom of the nobility."
1762 - 1796 - The reign of Catherine II.
1763 - 1765 - The invention of I.I. Sliding steam engine.
1764 - Secularization of church lands.
1765 - Decree on allowing landowners to exile peasants to hard labor. The Free Economic Society was established.
1767 - Decree prohibiting peasants from complaining about landlords.
1767 - 1768 - "Commission on the Code".
1768 - 1769 - "Koliivshchyna".
1768 - 1774 - Russian - Turkish war.
1771 - "The Plague Riot" in Moscow.
1772 - The first partition of Poland.
1773 - 1775 - Peasant War led by E.I. Pugachev.
1775 - Provincial reform. Manifesto on the freedom to organize industrial enterprises.
1783 - The annexation of the Crimea. Treaty of St. George on the protectorate of Russia over Eastern Georgia.
1783 - 1797 - Uprising of Srym Datov in Kazakhstan.
1785 - Certificate of honor to the nobility and cities.
1787 - 1791 - Russian - Turkish war.
1788 -1790 - Russian - Swedish war.
1790 - "Travels from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by A.N. Radishchev was published.
1793 - Second partition of Poland.
1794 - The uprising in Poland under the leadership of T. Kosciuszko.
1795 - The third partition of Poland.
1796 - 1801 - The reign of Paul I.
1798 - 1800 - The Mediterranean campaign of the Russian fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakov.
1799 - Suvorov's Italian and Swiss campaigns.
1801 - 1825 - Reign of Alexander I.
1803 - The decree "on free farmers".
1804 - 1813 - War with Iran.
1805 - Creation of an alliance of Russia with England and Austria against France.
1806 - 1812 - War with Turkey.
1806 - 1807 - Creation of an alliance with England and Prussia against France.
1807 - Peace of Tilsit.
1808 - War with Sweden. Accession of Finland.
1810 - Creation of the State Council.
1812 - The annexation of Bessarabia to Russia.
1812, June - The invasion of the Napoleonic army into Russia. The beginning of the Patriotic War. August 26 - Battle of Borodino. September 2 - leaving Moscow. December - Expulsion of the Napoleonic army from Russia.
1813 - Dagestan and part of Northern Azerbaijan annexed to Russia.
1813 - 1814 - Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1815 - Congress in Vienna. The Duchy of Warsaw is part of Russia.
1816 - Creation of the first secret organization of the Decembrists "Union of Salvation".
1819 - The uprising of military settlers in the city of Chuguev.
1819 - 1821 - A round-the-world expedition to Antarctica F.F. Bellingshausen.
1820 - Unrest of soldiers in the tsarist army. Creation of a "union of prosperity".
1821 - 1822 - Creation of the "Southern Secret Society" and "Northern Secret Society".
1825 - 1855 - The reign of Nicholas I.
1825, December 14 - The uprising of the Decembrists in the Senate Square.
1828 - Accession to Russia of Eastern Armenia and all of Northern Azerbaijan.
1830 - Military uprising in Sevastopol.
1831 - Uprising in Staraya Russa.
1843 - 1851 - Construction of the railway between Moscow and St. Petersburg.
1849 - Helping the Russian army to suppress the Hungarian uprising in Austria.
1853 - Creation of the Free Russian Printing House by Herzen in London.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War.
1854 September - 1855 August - Defense of Sevastopol.
1855 - 1881 - The reign of Alexander II.
1856 - Treaty of Paris.
1858 - Aigun Treaty on the border with China is signed.
1859 - 1861 - The revolutionary situation in Russia.
1860 - Beijing Treaty on the Border with China. Foundation of Vladivostok.
1861, February 19 - Manifesto on the emancipation of the peasants from serfdom.
1863 - 1864 - Uprising in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus.
1864 - The entire Caucasus became part of Russia. Zemskaya and judicial reforms.
1868 - Kokand Khanate and Bukhara Emirate recognize political dependence on Russia.
1870 - Reform of city government.
1873 - Khiva Khan recognized political dependence on Russia.
1874 - The introduction of universal military service.
1876 \u200b\u200b- Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate. Creation of the secret revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom".
1877 - 1878 - Russian - Turkish war.
1878 - Treaty of San Stefano.
1879 - The split of "Land and Freedom". Creation of "Black Redistribution".
1881, March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II.
1881 - 1894 - The reign of Alexander III.
1891 - 1893 - Conclusion of the Franco - Russian alliance.
1885 - Morozov strike.
1894 - 1917 - The reign of Nicholas II.
1900 - 1903 - Economic crisis.
1904 - Murder of Plehve.
1904 - 1905 - Russian - Japanese War.
1905, January 9 - "Bloody Sunday".
1905 - 1907 - The first Russian revolution.
1906, April 27 - July 8 - The First State Duma.
1906 - 1911 - Stolypin's agrarian reform.
1907, February 20 - June 2 - The Second State Duma.
1907, November 1 - 1912, June 9 - the Third State Duma.
1907 - Creation of the Entente.
1911, September 1 - Stolypin's assassination.
1913 - Celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.
1914 - 1918 - First World War.
1917, February 18 - A strike at the Putilov factory. March 1 - creation of the Provisional Government. March 2 - abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. June - July - power crisis. August - Kornilov revolt. September 1 - Russia is declared a republic. October - the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.
1917, March 2 - Formation of the Provisional Government.
1917, March 3 - Abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich.
1917, March 2 - Establishment of the Provisional Government.

Russian Republic and RSFSR

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