What do Roman names mean: interpretation and history of origin. Roman male and female names and their meaning ancient Roman names

The name of the free citizen of ancient Rome traditionally consisted of three parts: a personal name or well-named, name or native, nickname or cognom. Personal ancient Roman names were a bit. Of the 72 days that have come to our time are most often used 18. Personal names in the letter were designated, since they did not carry special information about the origin and life of a person. The most popular names were: Avl, Appia, Guy, Gnea, Dezim, Keson, Lucius, Mark, Manya, Mamerk, Numery, Publists, Quint, Sex, Services, Scene, Tit, Tiberius. The name of the genus and the nickname wrote completely. Generic names had numerous variations. Historians have about a thousand Roman nomenov. Some of them wore a certain meaning, for example: portions - "Pig", Fabiy - "Bob", Cecilia - "Blind" and so on.

Generic nicknames testified to the high origin of the Roman. Citizens from the Plebey, the lower layers of society, for example, the military, did not have it. In ancient Patrician childbirth, there have been a large number of branches. Each of them was assigned their nickname. The choice of cognom was often based on the peculiarities of the appearance of a person or its character. For example, Ciceros received their nickname due to one of the ancestors whose nose looked like a pea (cicero).

What principle was the names in ancient Rome

According to the current tradition, personal names were assigned to four senior sons, and the first of them received the name of the Father. If there were many sons in the family, then everything, starting with the fifth, received names denoting ordinarial numbers: Quint ("Fifth"), Sext ("Sixth"), etc. Also, the boy was given the name and nickname, if only he It came from a noble family.

If the child was born from his mistress or after the death of his father, he was assigned a stench name, "illegitimate, controversial." The name was abbreviated by the letter S. Such children legally did not have a father and were considered members of the civil community in which their mother consisted.

Girls were called the childbirth name of the father in the form of a female family. For example, Gaya Julia Caesar's daughter was called Julia, and Mark Tully Cicero Tully. If there were several daughters in the family, the PREDOMENOMY was added to the personal name of the girl: Major ("Senior"), Minor ("Junior"), and then on Tertia's account ("Third"), Quintilla ("Fifth") and so on . Going married, a woman in addition to his personal name received the nickname of her husband, for example: Cornelia Filia Cornelli Gracchi, which means "Cornelia, Daughter Cornelia, the wife of Grakhkha."

Slava gave a name in the area from which he was native ("Sir, from Syria"), on the names of the heroes of the ancient Roman myths ("Achille") or by the name of plants or precious stones ("Adamant"). Slaves that did not have personal names were often called the owner belonging, for example: Marcipuer, which means "slave brand." If the slave was given freedom, he received the personal and generic name of the former owner, and the personal name became a nickname. For example, when Cicero freed from the slavery of his secretary of Tyron, he became referred to as M Tullius M Libertus Tiro, which means "Mark Tuly's former slave Mark Thiron."

To date, Roman names are not particularly popular. In partly, this comes from the fact that most of them are forgotten, and their meaning is not at all. If you are in history, then at the time of dawn, children and adults gave names throughout their life, and later they turned into generic surnames. The feature of Roman names causes genuine interest among historians so far.

Structure name

In ancient times, people in the same way as now, the name consisted of three parts. Only if we are accustomed to call a man by last name, name and patronymic, then the Romans had few other features.

The first name in Roman sounded as a prenomation. It was similar to our Petya, Misham. There were very little such names - only eighteen. They were used only for men and rarely were uttered, on the letter more often designated one or two capital letters. That is, nobody wrote them completely. Until today, few values \u200b\u200bof these names came. Yes, and appia, ghiyev and quints today are difficult among children.

In fact, his name was octavian, since he was adopted by the Grand Emperor. But, having come to power, he missed the first three parts, and soon added to his named Augustus (as a state benefactor).

Oktaviana had three daughters in Julia. Without hairs boys, he had to adopt his grandchildren who were also called Julia Caesari. But since they were only grandchildren, they retained their names, birth data. So, in history, the heirs of Tiberius Julius Caesar and Agrip Julius Caesar are known. They became famous under the simple names of Tiberius and Agrip, founding their childbirth. Thus, a tendency towards a decrease in the name and disappearance of the need in parts of the nomen and coglomen is trained.

In the abundance of generic items get confused very easily. Therefore, Roman names are the most difficult in the world.

For fourteen centuries, Romans and other peoples of Italy used a name system, which was different from those used by other cultures of Europe and the Mediterranean, consisting of a combination of personal and generic names. The traditional Roman system of three names (Latin. Tria Nomina) combines a prenomen (lat. Praenomen), nomen (lat. Nomen) and cognom (lat. Cognomen), which began to be considered as the main elements of the Roman name. In fact, the Roman name system was a continuous development process, at least from the VII century BC. e. until the end of the VII century AD. Names, developing within this system, became the defining characteristic of the Roman civilization, and although the system itself disappeared during the early Middle Ages, the names of this system had a huge impact on the development of European name assignment practices, and many of them continue to live in modern languages.

Roman names

lat. Romani Nomina.

A distinctive feature of Roman names was the use of personal names and permanent surnames. Throughout Europe and Mediterranean, other ancient civilizations were distinguished by a person through the use of individual personal names. Consisting of two separate items, these names allowed hundreds or even thousands of possible combinations. A completely different system of names originated in Italy, where hereditary name was joined by a personal name. Over time, this binomine system has expanded to enable additional names and notation.

The most important of these names was nomen Gentilicium., or simply nomen., Hereditary surname, which identified a person as a member of a certain kind. This was preceded praenomen, or name, Personal name, which served to distinguish between various members of the genus. The origin of this binary system is lost in prehistoric times, but it seems that the system was created in Lazio and Etruria about 650 BC. e. In writing, Nomen was usually accompanied by origin, pointing to the personal name of the father of the individual, and sometimes the name of the mother or other predecessors. By the end of the Roman Republic, this was accompanied by the name of the selective tribe (Lat. Tribe) of a citizen. Finally, these elements could be followed by additional surnames, or Cognomina, which can be either personal or hereditary, or a combination of both.

Roman philologists began to consider the combination of renomed, nomenon, and the cognition as the determining sign of Roman citizenship known as tria Nomina.. But although all three elements of the Roman name existed for most of the Roman history, the concept tria Nomina. May be misleading because not all of these names were needed or used throughout Roman history. In the period of the Roman Republic, the PRENOMENOMA and Nomen represented the basic elements of the name; Cognomen first appeared among the Roman aristocracy at the beginning of the republic, but was not used wide until the second century BC, among the plebeians, which constituted most of the Roman people. But then, not all Roman citizens were cognious, and to the end of the republic, the cognom was considered somewhat smaller than the official name. In contrast, in the imperial times of Kohnomen became the main distinguishing element of the Roman name, and although the PREDOMENA never completely disappeared, the main elements of the Roman name from the II century were the nomen and cognom later.

Women's names also differed from the classic concept. Tria Nomina.. Initially, the Bininominal system of men's names was used for Roman; But over time, the renomen became less useful as a distinctive element, and from female renomenov gradually refused or replaced with informal names. By the end of the republic, most Roman women either had or did not use the PRENAS. Most women called them alone and a nomenon and a combination of nomenon. The prenomine was still given if necessary, and as with a male renomen, the practice survived in imperial times, but the rapid increase in personal cognoms ultimately led to the use of female renomes outdated.

In the late Empire, members of the Roman aristocracy used several different scheduling and inheritance schemes and cognom, as for the designation of their rank, and the instructions of their family and social ties. Some Romans became known alternative names, and the full names of the majority of Romans, even among the aristocracy, rarely registered.

Thus, although three types of names called as tria Nomina.There were throughout the Roman history, the period during which most citizens had exactly three names, was relatively short. However, since most of the important persons in the best of all registered periods of Roman history possessed with all three names, tria Nomina. It remains the most famous concept of the Roman name.

For a number of reasons, the Roman name system collapsed after some time after the collapse of the imperial power in the West. The renomation has already become insufficient in written sources in the IV century, and by the fifth century it was preserved only by the most conservative parts of the old Roman aristocracy. Since during the VI century, Roman institutions and social structures gradually disappeared, the need to distinguish between nomenon and cognoms also disappeared. By the end of the seventh century, the population of Italy and Western Europe returned to certain names. But many of the names originated within tria Nomina. were adapted to use and survived in modern times.

Three types of names, which began to be considered as typically Roman, were a prenomation, nomen and cognom. In his unity they were called tria Nomina.. Although not all Romans possessed three names, the practice of using several names having various functions was a distinctive feature of the Roman culture, which distinguished citizens from foreigners.

The system of Roman names distinguish the male and female names of Roman citizens, the names of the slaves and the names of the freedmen.

Names of Roman citizens

Male names

In the classic period, the full Roman male name usually consisted of three components:

— ranomen - Personal name,

— nomen - generic name,

— cognomene (Cognomen) - individual nickname or name of the genus.

Sometimes the second or third cognom was added, which was called agnomenom. Nomen and later, the cognoms were essentially hereditary. Such a system occurred from the civilization of the Etruscans.

PRENNOMENA

Personal name was like the modern male name. It was the only component of the name, where parents had at least some choice. This name was given a boy on the day of his lustration (from Lat. Lustratio - cleansing through the sacrifice). As a rule, only family members called the boy with its renomen. Women in the Roman custom did not have had.

The Romans used a small number of renomes from the total in 72 names. Approximately 98% of all male Roman names amounted to 18 most important renomes, of which the most popular - louctions, Guy, Mark - amounted to 59%. As a rule, there were so an ancient origin, the value of most of them was forgotten in the classic era. In the inscriptions, personal names were almost always written abbreviated (1-3 letters).

The boy received a personal name on the eighth or ninth day after birth. There was a tradition to give a personal name only to four senior sons, and ordinal numbers could serve as the rest of the personal name: Quintus (fifth) Sextus (sixth), septimus (seventh), Octavius \u200b\u200b(eighth), and Decimus (tenth). Over time, these names became commonplace (that is, they turned into personal), and as a result, a person who has the name of the sex, must necessarily be the sixth son in the family. As an example, you can recall the commander Sex Pompeiya , the second son of the first triumvirate member Gneuy Pompeiy Great .

Often the eldest son received a father's renomation. In 230 BC e. This tradition was fixed by the Decree of the Senate, so the personal name of the Father began, as a rule, to move towards the eldest son. For example, the emperor Octavian Augustus It was, like his grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather and father, name Guy .

Common Roman Personal Names

PRENNOMENA	Abbreviation	Note
Appius.	App.	Appia; According to legend, this name happened from Sabinsky ATTA and Rome was brought by clawdiev
Aulus.	A. or AVL.	AVL; In the surroundings existed an archaised form Olus.so the reduction of this name can also serve ABOUT.
Decimus.	D. or DEC.	Dezim; Archaic Decumos.; from the ordinal number "tenth"
Gaius.	C.	Guy; It was often written as CAIUS, therefore it is reduced by both C., and very rarely - as G ... happens from those times when C and G did not differ in the letter. The name comes from Etruscan CAE or CAI, the value is unknown.
Gnaeus.	CN.	Gna; Archaic form gnaivos; It is very rarely reduced as GN.; There are forms Naevus., Naeus, CNAEUS.
Kaeso.	TO.	Keson; Another writing option - Caeso.. Means "carved from the uterus." The non-prolonged exposure was used only in Fabiyev's family.
Lucius.	L.	Lutions; Archaic Loucios.- From LUX (light).
Mamercus.	Mam.	Mamerk; The name of Osksky origin, was used only in the family of Emiliev
Manius.	M`.	Mania; A sign in the form of a comma in the upper right corner is the balance of the five-line stack of the letter M.
Marcus	M.	Mark; There is writing Marquus.. Comes from Etruscian MARCEThe value is unknown. It was very common.
Numerius.	N.	Numery; Osksky origin. Associated with native *Fabiyev* .
Publius.	P.	Public; Archaic Poblios.reduced as Po. Comes from Lat. publius. - "People", and this, in turn, from Etruscan Puplie.
Quintus.	Q.	Quint; in spacious Cuntus.occur Quinctus., Quintulus.; From the ordinal numerical "fifth". It was very common.
Servius.	Ser.	Servia - OT sERVO. (Bear, guard). Less common.
Sextus.	Sex.	Sext; from the sequential numerical "sixth"
Spurius.	S. or Sp.	Schure; It can also be used as a prenomation, but in its original value "extramarital"
Titus.	T.	Tit - From Etruskovsky Tite.The value is unknown.
Tiberius.	Ti. or TIB.	Tiberius - From Etruscan TheFarie.that maybe means "river". It was very common.

The remaining personal names were rarely used and was usually written in full:

Agrippa (Agrippa) - "Feet born forward."

Aruns (ARUNS), led (VEL), LAR (LAR), - Etruscan origin.

Of the question (Vopiscus), friends (Drusus) - used only in Patrician genus Claudiyev .

Decius - associated with Patrician genus Minus .

Camill (Camillus) - used only in the Patrician family branch Fury who combined with his family Arruncium . More known as cognom.

Marius (Marius) - perhaps comes from the Roman God of Mars (Mars).

Maker (Marcellus) - comes from Celtic "having a fatal blow." More known as cognom.

Mettius ("Mettius) - from Etruscan Metie..

Non (Nonus) - "Ninth", Octavian (octavianus) - "Eighth", approx (Primus) - "First", seconds (second "-" SEPTIMUS) - "Seventh", Territi (Tertius) - "the third",

OPITER (Opiter) - associated with Patrician native Virginiev .

Postumus - "Born after the death of the Father."

Faust (Faustus) - "Happy", archaic renewal, regenerated by a dictator Sulla For their children-twins and its descendants used. Non-prolished renomen.

Flavius \u200b\u200b(Flavius) - from Flavus (gold), imperial renomen after III Art. Reached the VIII century. n. e.

Gellets (Caelus) - from Etruscan Cale..

Eiya (Herius) - used in Plebee Asiniyev .

Amulius (AMULIUS), ANK (ANCUS), Annius, Atta (ATTA), Vibius (Vibius), Volusus (VOLUSUS), Denter, Eppius (Eppius), Cossa (COSSUS), Mesia (Mesius), Minijus (Minatius), Mine (Minius), Nero (Nero), New (Novius), Numa (Numa), Ovius, Opiav (Opiavus), Ospolis (HOSPOLIS), Ost (Hostus), Pavel (Paullus), Lamiy (Pacvius, Paquius), Pescennius (Pescennius, Percennius), Peter (Petro), Platck (Platcus), Float (PLAUTUS), POMPO (Pompo), Popidius (Popidius), Potitus , UK (S) L (PROC (U) LUS), RET (RETUS), Salvius (Salvius), Servius (Servius), Serutors (Sertor), Sisenna (Sisenna), States (Statius), Tirrus, Trebi (Trebius), Tully (Tullus), Tour (Turus), Fertor (FERTOR).

Personal name Pupus. (Boy) used only towards children.

In some kind of birth, a limited number of personal names was used. For example, U. Corneliev Sciononov There were only gney, louches and public, Claudiyev Nerov - only Tiberius and Dezim, Domitziyev Agenobarbov - Only gnea and louches.

The personal name of the criminal could be forever excluded from the fact that he belonged; For this reason in Patrician family Claudiyev The name of the louches was not used, and in Patrician family Manlium - Name Mark. According to the Decree of the Senate, the name Mark was forever excluded from the kind Anthony After the fall of the triumvir Mark Anthony .

Nomen

The generic name was the name of the genus and corresponded, approximately, modern last name. It was indicated in the form of an adjective male genus and ended in the classic era on -ius: Tullius - Tully (from the kind Tulliev ), Julius - Julius (from the kind Juliyev ); In the Republican time there are also endings -is, -i. The generic names of the Nerimian origin had different from the indicated endings.

Origin and sumfixes of generic names:

Origin	Ending	Examples
roman	-ius.	Tullius, Julius.
	-IS.	Cacilis.
	-I.	Caecili.
sabinsko-Oskskoye	-enus.	Alfenus, Varenus.
umbr	-as.	Maenas.
	--NAS.	Mafenas.
	-enas.	Asprenas, Maecenas.
	-INAS.	Carrinas, Fulginas.
etruscan	-Arna.	Mastarna.
	-erman	PERPERNA, CALESTERNA.
	-enna	Sisenna, TapSenna.
	-ina.	Caecina, Pratina.
	-INNA	Spurinna.

In the inscriptions, generic names are usually written completely; Only the names of very famous delivery were subjected to imperial time: Aelius - Ael., Antonius - Ant. or Anton., Aurelius - AVR., Claudius - Cl. or clavd., Flavius \u200b\u200b- FL. or Fla., Julius - I. or IVL., Pompeius - Pomp., Valerius - Val., Ulpius - VLP.

The total number of generic names, Varonu. , reached a thousand. Most generic names have so ancient origin that their meaning is forgotten. Only some have a definite meaning: Asinius from Asinus (donkey), Caelius from Caecus (blind), Caninius from Canis (dog), Decius from Decem (Ten), Fabius from Faba (Bob), nonius from nonus (ninth), Octavius \u200b\u200bfrom Octavus (eighth), Ovidius from OVIS (Sheep), Porcius from Porca (Pig), Septimius from Septimus (Seventh), Sextius and Sextilius from Sextus (Six), Suillius from Suilla (Pork).

From the i century to n. e. When the prerequisites for the transition from the republican form of government to one-chief, the persons who took advancing the supreme power began to justify their rights to the power of origin from the ancient kings and heroes. Julius Caesar, for example, indicated that his genus on his father dates back to the gods: Jupiter - Venus - Eney - Yul - Rod Juliyev , and the mother to the kings: from Anca Maria. happened Marinds Rex (Lat. Rex - King).

Cognomen

An individual nickname, this once of any of the representatives of the genus, often moved to the descendants and became the name of the family or a separate branch of the genus: Cicero - Cicero, Caesar - Caesar. For example, to the family Corneliev Family belonged Scmpion , Rufins , Lentulov etc. The presence of a cognom is not necessarily in some Plebeian childbirth ( Mariyev , Anthony , Octaviev , Sertoriyev etc.) Personal nicknames were usually absent. However, the absence of a cognem was an exception to the rules, since many of the birth of Rome were such an ancient origin that each of them numbered several branches.

Since the personal name of the father passed to the eldest son, in order to distinguish the Son from his father, had to use the third name. In the inscriptions are found Lucii Sergius First , Quint Emily Best ; In one lettering grandfather, son and grandson are referred to Quint Fulvius Rustic , Quint Fulvius Attian and Quint Fulvius Carizian .

Cognomes have arisen much later than personal and generic names, so the importance of them in most cases is understandable. They can say:

- about the origin of the genus ( Foffi moved to Rome from Campace Camp Calaes and therefore had Cognomy Calenus),

- about memorable events (in Plebea Muzzi. There was a Cognomy SCAEVOLA (left-handed) after in 508 BC. e. During the war with Etrusca Guy Muition burned his hand on the fire of the brazier than he led to the thrill of enemies and their king Pussenna ),

- About the appearance or special signs of their first owners (Paullus - low, RUFUS - Redhead, Strabo - Smespiece, Habitus - Pointed, Ahenobarbus - Red, Crassus - Fat, Rutilus - Redhead, Massa - Block, Crispus - Curly, Arvina - Fat, Pilosus - Hairy, Laetus - Fat, Calvus - Bald, Macer - Lucky, Ravilla - Yellow-eyed, Celsus - High, Paetus - Lookauz Watching, Luscus - One-eyed, Longus - Long; Strabo - Space, Capito - Bolsheld, Nasica - Sharp, Dentatus - toothy, NASO - NASO, FLACCUS - Fold, Silus - Curbish, Balbus - Zaika, Blaesus - Whisper, Pansa - With Wide Fights, Scaurus - Kosolapiy, Varus - Krivo-legged, Dives - Rich, Carus - Dear, Nobilior - Valid and dr.),

- About the character (Severus - Cruel, Probus - Honest, Lucro - Grooming, Pulcher - Beautiful, Lepidus - Elegant, Nero - Brave, etc.).

Agnomen

There have been cases when one person had two nicknames, the second of which was called agnomen (Lat. Agnomen). The appearance of agnomene is due to the fact that the eldest son often inherited all three names of the Father, and thus in one family there were several people with the same names. For example, the famous speaker Mark Tully Cicero Father and the Son had exactly the same name.

The agnomen was most often a personal nickname in the event that the cognom was hereditary. Sometimes the Roman received agnomen for any special merit. Publists Cornelius Scipion In honor of the victory survived Hannibalom In Africa in 202 BC e., became referred to as solemnly African (Lat. Africanus). Lucius Emily Pavel Got a nickname Macedonian (lat. Macedonicus) for victory over the Macedonian king Pershem in 168 BC e. dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla I myself joined my name agnomen Felix (Lat. Felix is \u200b\u200bhappy), so that his full name has become Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix . Agnomen Felix. From the personal nickname, turned into hereditary (Consul 52 g. E. Favst Cornelius Sulla Felix FAUSTUS CORNELIUS SULLA FELIX)).

As a rule, Agnomen had members of ancient and noble childbirth, numbered a lot of branches and cognoms. In such kinds, the cognoms sometimes almost merged with the generic name and used inseparable with him for the name of the genus. Famous Plebee Rod Cececiliev (Caecilii) had an ancient cognomed Metel (Metellus), whose value is forgotten (liberated mercenar). This cognom, as it were, merged with the name of the genus, which became known Cecilia Metella . Naturally, almost all members of this kind have had agnomen.

Many branches had a patrician race Corneliev . One of the members of this kind got a nickname Scipio (Lat. Scipio - Rod, Stick), because he was a guide of his blind father and served him as if instead of the staff. Cognomy Scypio Passed for its descendants, with time Cornelia Scipions They won a prominent place in their family and got agnomane. In the third century BC e. Gna Cornelius Scipion He received the agnomen asina (donkey) for the fact that in the form of a pledge led to the forum of the Essay, loaded with gold. ASINA nickname passed to his son Public Publius Cornelius Scipio ASINA). Another representative Corneliev Sciononov got a nickname nasica (pointed), which passed to his descendants and began to serve as the name of the branch of the genus, so in the family Corneliev From the branch of the scipitions allocated Scipions nasika . Naturally, that Scipions nasika As an individual nickname, the third cognom was obtained, so the full name could consist of five names: Publists Cornelius Scipio Nazik Serapion (Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio), Consul 138 BC. e.; The nickname of Serapio (from the Egyptian God of Serapis) was given by People's Tribune Curias For his similarity with the trader sacrifical animals.

Some faces had two generic names, it turned out as a result of adoption. According to Roman customs, adopted by the personal name, the generic name and the cognoms of the one who adopted it, and its generic name retained in a changed form with the suffix -AN, which occupied the place of agnomen. Guy Octavius , Future emperor August after adopting it Gay Julia Caesar. Got a name Guy Julius Caesar Octavian (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus).

Women's names

In the late republican and imperial time, women did not have personal names, the female name was the female form of the generic name: Tullia - Tully (from the kind Tulliev , eg, daughter Mark Tully Cicero ), Julia - Julia (from the kind Juliyev , eg, daughter Guy Julia Caesar ), Cornelia - Cornelia (from kind Corneliev , eg, daughter Publicing Cornelia Scipion ). T. K. All women in one family had a single name, then within the genus they differed by age. When another daughter appeared in the family, the presenter was added to the name of both: minor (younger) and Major (senior); Other sisters were named Secunda (second), Tertia (third), Quinta (fifth), etc.; The minor presenter was at the youngest.

A married woman retained her name, but her husband's cognom was added to him: Cornelia, Filia Cornelii, Gracchi - Cornelia, Daughter Cornelia, (wife) of Grakh.

Noble women could wear their father's cognom except the generic name; For example, wife Sulla She was daughter Lucia Cecilia Metella Dalmatics And named Cecilia Metella , wife of the emperor August She was daughter Mark Libya Druz Claudian And named Libya Druzill .

In the inscriptions, when the names of women sometimes indicate the renomation and cognoms of the father, as well as the cognomed husband in the genus. Case: Caeciliae, Q (Uinti) Cretici F (iliae), Metellae, Crassi (Uxori) - Cecilia Metelle, Daughters of Quinta Kitka, (wife) Crassa. From the inscription it follows that this woman was a daughter Quinta Cecilia Metella Skitka And spouse Crassa . The inscription is made on the big round Mausoleum near Rome on the Appia Road, in which he is buried Cecilia Metella , Consul daughter 69 BC. e., wife Crassa , allegedly eldest son of triumvir Brand Licinia Crassa .

Names of slaves

In the oldest times, slaves of individual names did not exist. Legally, slaves were considered not a subject, but the object of law, that is, there were a thing of Mr. and were as dirty as all members of the family name. So formed archaic slave names made up from the personal name of Mr., Father's Father, and Words Puer (Boy, Son): Gaipor, Lucipor, Marcipor, Publipor, Quintipor, Naepor (Gnaeus + Puer), Olipor (Olos - Archaic form of a personal name Aulus ).

With the development of slavement, there was a need for personal names for slaves. Most often, slaves retained the name that they wore when they still lived like free people. Very often, Roman slaves had the names of Greek origin: Alexander, Antigonus, Hippocrates, Diaiden, Museum, Felodespot, Philosal, Philonik, Eros, and others. Greek names were sometimes given to Barvararam.

The name of the slave could point to its origin or place of birth: Dacus - Dakiets, Corinthus - Corinthian, Sira (Native of Syria), Gall (Gala), Friesk (from Frigia); Slaves named Peregrinus is found in inscriptions - Inogen.

Also slaves gave the names of mythical heroes: Achilles, Hector; The names of plants or stones: Adamant, Sardonik, etc. Instead of the name, the slave could have the nickname "first", "second", "third".

It is known that the slave share in Rome was very difficult, but it did not affect the names of slaves, who do not have mockery nicknames. On the contrary, the slaves meet the names of Felix and Faustus (happy). Obviously, these nicknames, who become named, received only those slaves, the life of which was relatively successful. In the inscriptions mention: Faust, Baker Tiberius Germanica , and Faust, head of the perfume shop of his owner Popia , Felix, who has ends Guy Caesar , OTHER FELIX, PRODUCER WORKER Tiberius Caesar , and another Felix, supervisor in wrestotkit workshops Messalene ; The daughter of one slave from the house of Caessees was called Fortunate and Felitsa.

Repeatedly at the slaves there is a name ingenus or ingenuus (free-birth). The slaves born in slavery are the names of Vitalio and Vitalis (Living).

There were no solid rules for the names of slaves. Therefore, when buying a slave in the official document, his name was accompanied by a reservation "or no matter how other name it was called" (Lat. Sive Is Quo Alio Nomine EST).

In the inscriptions after the name, the slave indicates the name of the Mr. in the parental case and the nature of the slave classes. After the name of Mr. It is worth the word SERVUS (slave) always abbreviated with SER, very rarely S, it can also stand between two mord cohnomes; In general, there is no strict order of words. The word "slave" is often completely absent; As a rule, it does not have slaves belonging to women. For example, Euticus, Aug (USTI) SER (VUS), Pictor - Evka, Slave August (imperial slave), painter; EROS, Cocus Posidippi, Ser (Vus) - Eros, Cook Posydippa , slave; Idaeus, Valeriae Messalin (AE) Supra Argentum - Ideas, Treasurer Valeria Mesalins .

Sold slave kept the generic name or cognoms of his former Mr. in a modified form with suffix -an-: PhilagriRus Librarius Catullianus - Philhergir, scribe, purchased from Katulla .

Names of freedoms

The freedom is (i.e., the slave received freedom) acquired the personal and family names of the former Mr., who became his cartridge, and retained his former name as a cognom. So, secretary Cicero Tyrone, freed from slavery, was called: M. Tullius M. Libertus Tiro - Mark Tuly Scaped Mark Tiron. Slave on the name of the Apella, discharged Mark Mannemy Prima , began to be called Mark Manna Apella. Slave Bass, released Luziem Hotel Pamfil , I received the name of Lelnaya Bass (women were renomed). Lucius Cornelius Sulla let go on the will ten thousand slaves who belonged to persons who died during the arrangement; All of them became louchers of Cornelias (the famous "Army" out of ten thousand "Cornelias").

In inscriptions, the names of the imperial freeds are often found: Baker Guy Julius Eros , tailoring theater costumes Tiberius Claudiy Dipter victim of the triumphal white clothing of the emperor Mark Koktska Ambrosiy Emperor Hunting Hunting Clothes Mark Ulsy Evphrosin introducing the reception of the friends of the emperor Mark Aureliy Sukzesse and etc.

In the inscriptions between the nomane and cognim of the freedman, the personal name of the Mr. and stands l or lib (\u003d libertus), the tribe is very rarely indicated: Q (Uintus) Serto, Q (Uinti) L (IBERTUS), Antiochus, Colonus Pauper - Quint Serti Antioch , Frequency of Quinta, poor column. In rare cases, instead of the personal name of the former Mr. It is its cognom: L (Ucius) Nerfinius, Potiti L (IBERTUS), Primus, Lardarius - Luzi nerfinity, Voltitan, sausage. Elevated imperial house in inscriptions are designated abbreviated AVG L (AVG LIB), i.e. Augusti Libertus (after generic name or after cognious): L (UCIO) Aurelio, Aug (USTI) lib (Erto), Pyladi, Pantomimo Temporis Sui Primo - Ludia Azerbaijan Pilar, imperial freedman, the first pantomime of his time.

You rarely meet with two cognims: P (Ublius) Decimius, P (Ublii) L (IBERTUS), Eros Merula, Medicus Clinicus, Chirrgus, Ocularius - Publishing Eros Merule, Voltopotnik Publisius, Tserapeutor, Surgeon, Okulist.

Women's voluminous inscriptions are denoted by abbreviation? L (an inverted letter C represents the rest of the archaic female Personal name Gaia): L (Ucius) Crassicius ,? (\u003d Mulieris) L (IBERTUS), Hermia, Medicus Veterinarius - Luce of the Beauty of Hermia, Women's Frequency, Veterinary Doctor.

Cities' freeds as a generic name received the name Publicius (from Publicus - public) or city name: Aulus Publicius Germanus, Lucius Saepinius Oriens et Lucius Saepinius Orestus - Sepin's jackets in Italy.

Doctors, servants of the Deichness of the Eskulap (Greek. Asclepia), usually worn his name. For example, Guy Calpurni Askletpads - a doctor from the Pruz from Olympus, who received Roman citizenship from Emperor Trajan. However, the name of Asclepius, or asclepiad, did not always belonged to the doctor: In the same inscription there is a asclepiad, a slave Caesar, a marbleder.

Corporations have retained in their names of their name: Fabri Centonarii Fabrii and CENTONII.

Provincial names

With the development of Roman expansion outside the Apennin Peninsula, foreign names were introduced. The liberated soldiers of foreign Roman legions and all others who received Roman citizenship could (and many exactly did it) to use further at least partially their old names. Most of them were Greek origin, while others came from the regions that were under Roman influence. Foreign soldiers of the current army, which were granted citizenship, often accepted the nomen of their emperor, adding their foreign name as a cognom.

New citizens often accepted a nomen of the ruling emperor. For example, after Karakalla (Marcus Aurelius Septimius Bassianus Antoninus) distributed civil rights to all free people in the Empire, many of them accepted agenic Aurelius (in fact, nomen Caracalla It was septimius. Aurelius Nomen was added with a claim to belong to Roman nobility).

An example of a full name :

MarcusAurelius.Marci.f.Quinti.n.tribu.Galeria.Antoninus.PIUS,domo.Caesaraugusta.which consists of the following elements:

pRENNOMENA: Mark

nomen: AVRELIY (belongs to the family AVRELIEV. )

father's name: son Mark.

seda name: grandson Quint

tribe: Galeria (tribe in Caesaraugusta in Spain)

cognomen: Antonin (family Antonins )

agnomen: Pius (probably because of its softness is rarely transmitted to the offspring)

city: Caesaraugusta (now Saragoza in Spain)

Another example of a full name:

C (\u003d Gaius) Cornelius, C (\u003d Gaii) F (Ilius), POM (Ptina Tribu), Dert (ONA), Verus.

Guy Cornelius Ver, son Guy, from Pokhinin Treba, originally from Derton ...

In daily communication, a combination of nomed and was usually used, or, often just a cognom. So, Mark Libyan Friends Could be simple Friend or Mark Libyem.. Julia Marciana Could be simple Julia.

Undoubtedly, the ancient Romans left the Italians the richest heritage: Palaces and Square, from the species of which captures the Spirit, Julian calendar, Roman law, and a lot more. What do you think, do the modern residents of the Apennine Peninsula also bear the names and surnames of their distant ancestors, or changed them for something else?

And yet what names and names were the ancient Romans? Answer this tricky question will again help my abstract of software.

Names were given differently depending on the social status of a person. For slaves, the rules were alone, for freedoms (that is, those who crossed the status of a free man) are others for the third, and for free citizens of Rome - the fourth. So as not to get confused, about this last group and talk. Yes, I almost forgotten - women were a special category and other laws acted in respect of them.

Personal name believed only the first four sons

First of all, the person was given a personal name - it happened on the eighth-ninth day after birth. By tradition, so name (in the historical environment it is called praenomen) There were only the first four sons, and the rest had to wear the sequence number: Quintus (fifth), Sextus (sixth) ...

Personal name was written in the documents almost always abbreviated. There were no more than 72 of them, but the most common - only eighteen, so the reduction was not difficult to remember. The names were as follows: aulus, traffic police, Gneus, Luzius, Marcus, Publish, Tiberius, Titus, Appius, Maerus, Manius, Numerius, service ... Some (for example, Numeneius or Titus) were denoted by the letter only - n, t .. .

Interestingly, women of Ancient Rome personal name did not relieve at all. Until certain time, they all wore the name of Akka Lartenzia (in honor of the one that brought the twins Romulus and Rem, which was then founded Rome), and then they generally selected this privilege.

Generic name

If a praenomen, which was described above, can be compared with the usual name, the following type ( nomen.) - This is an analogue of the modern last name. This name was worn by all representatives of the same kind, and it was almost always completely. Known are about a thousand today.

Unfortunately, the meaning of many "surnames" of antiquity is lost, but some still managed to decipher. Well, as you can not smile, learning that both in antiquity, it turns out, there were both rams, goats, and even balls:

ASINIUS - from Asinus (donkey);

Caecilius - blind;

Caninius - from the word dog, doggy;

Ovidius - from OVIS (Sheep);

Porcius - from Porca (Pig).

Nicknames and funny nicknames

But the most cute name category is cognomen -that is, the nickname, which was delivered by a separate branch of any kind. Suppose two brothers lived, relatively speaking: Sergey Dogkin and Semyon Dog, both sons appeared, they were also called Sergey and seeds. How not to get confused? So they began to introduce nicknames: Sergey Dog Kosolapiy, and Semyon Dog's left-handed, and their children also became Kosolapov and Levshi. Cognomen It was not mandatory, but very eloquent - if any ancestor had a certain feature of character or became famous, then he "grown" to his descendants.

Pilosus - hairy;

Calvus - bald;

Luscus - one-eyed;

Strabo - squint;

Scaurus - Kosolapy;

Varus - Krivo-legged;

Nero - brave;

SEVERUS - cruel.

It happened, of course, it was the basis of the nicknames and the genus of classes was laid. For example, Agrisola - Agriculture, Porcina - Pork, Pig breeders, GAILUS - Rooster, Bulbus - bulb. And some of the unlucky Romans received nicknames of type PULEX (flea) or MUS (mouse).

In general, at the end of the conclusion, it is suggested that everything new is well forgotten old. After all, our surnames with you, as well as the names of the ancient Romans, also "speaking". Because the story, like life itself, is a circle that sooner or late closes 🙂

Roman names

Introduction

Names in Latin epigraphy are of great importance, as they meet very often. To read the name in the inscription, you need to know both the epigraphic rules for writing the full name and the basic patterns of Roman anthroponymy.

By the name, you can judge the social situation of the mentioned person, and sometimes about the time and authenticity of the inscription.

Romans usually had three names like us - a name, patronymic and surname. The first name is PRAENOMEN - was personal as Peter or Maria. There were few such Roman names, they are only eighteen. On the letter they were reduced by one, two or three letters. Such contractions were very common, and therefore it is necessary to be able to disclose them; Here are the most common: Appia, Guy, Gnea, Dezim, Lucius, Manya, Mark, Publists, Quint, Serviy, Sex, Tiberius, Tit, Vrach.

The second name is Nomen (Nomen) - was the name of the genus and corresponded, approximately our surname.

The third name is Kohnomen (Cognomen) - it was a nickname, which was assigned to everyone for some signs: Red-Ruf, Delkach - Caton, Nazon - Nonason.

Consider in more detail the various elements of Roman names and their use.

1. Muzhskynames

In the classical time, the complete Roman male name usually consisted of three components: a personal name, or transomed (Praenomen), a generic name, or nomena (nomen), and an individual nickname or name of the branch of the genus, cognom (cognomen).

1.1 PREDOMENA(Praenomen)

Personal name was like the modern male name. The Romans used a small number of personal names (18 names from total 72); As a rule, they were such an ancient origin that in the classic era, the value of most of them turned out to be forgotten. In the inscriptions, personal names almost always written abbreviated (1-3 letters).

Common Roman Personal NamesProteNewsPrixappiusApp. Refined; According to legend, this name happened from the Sabinsky ATTA and was brought to Rome from Claudiyevulusa. or avl. In the surroundings there were an archaised form of Olus, so that Socre. This name can also serve O.DecimUSD. or dec.dtsim; Arch. Decumos; from the ordinal number. "Tenth" Gaiusc.Gai; It is very rarely reduced by both G.Gnaeuscn. Archaic form gnaivos; It is very rarely reduced by both GN.; There are forms of Naevus, NaeuskaEsok.Tezonluciusl.Lound; Archaic louciosmmercusmam.mamer; The name of Osksky origin, was used only in the family of EmilievMmaniusm`. Sign in the form of a comma in the upper right corner is the balance of five-line drawing of the letter Mmarcusm.Mark; There is a writing marquusnumeriusn.narya; Osksky originpubliusp.put; Archaic POBLIOS, reduced as PO.Quintusq.quint; In the surprise Cuntus, there are Quinctus, Quintulus; from the sequential numerical "fifth" serviusser.servicalsextussex.sext; from the sequence numerical "sixth" spuriuss. or Sp.Puri; It can also be used as a prenomation, but in its original value "extramarital" titust. Titiberiusti. or Tib.Tiberi

The remaining personal names were rarely used and wrote usually completely: Agrippa, Ancus, Annius, Aruns, Atta, Cossus, Denter, Eppius, Faustus, Fertor, Herius, Hospolis, Hostus, Lar, Marius, Mesius, Mettus, Minatius, Minius, Nero, Novius, Numa, Opiter, Opiavus, Ovius, Pacvius (Paquius), Paullus, Pescennius (Percennius), Petro, Plancus, Platus, Pompo, Popidius, Postumus, Primus, Proculus, Retus, Salvius, Secundus, Sertor, Statius, Servius, Tertius, Tirrus, Trebius, Tullus, Turus, Volero, Volusus, Vopiscus. PUPUS's personal name (boy) was used only towards children.

The boy received a personal name on the eighth or ninth day after birth. There was a tradition to give a personal name only by four senior sons, and the rest of the personal name could serve as a personal name: Quintus (Fifth, Wed. Starus. Pyatint), Sextus (sixth, Wed. Starus. Sheacks), septimus (seventh, cf. Starus . Semamam), Octavius \u200b\u200b(eighth, cf. Starus. Oskmak), and Decimus (tenth). Over time, these names became commonplace (that is, they turned into personal), and as a result, a person who is the name of the sex, was not necessarily the sixth son in the family. As an example, it is possible to recall the commander of the sext of Pompey, the second son of a member of the first triumvirata of Gneja Pompeiy the Great, for a long time thickened with Julia Caesar.

Often the eldest son received a father's renomation. At 230 BC e. This tradition was fixed by the Decree of the Senate, so the personal name of the Father became usually to move to the eldest son. For example, Emperor Octavian Augustow wore, like his grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather and father, name Guy.

In some kind of birth, a limited number of personal names was used. For example, the Corneliev scipons were only the gney, louches and publics, in Claudiyev Nedono - only Tiberius and Dezim, in the Domitizen Agenobarbov - only Gnei and Louchies.

The personal name of the criminal could be forever excluded from the fact that he belonged; For this reason, the name of the louctions was not used in the Patrician genus of Claudius, and the name Mark was named in Patrician genus. By the decree of the Senate, the name Mark was forever excluded from the genus Antoniyev after the fall of the triumvir Mark Anthony

1.2 Nomen (Nomen)

Origin and the generic suffixes imonProiskhozhdenieOkonchaniePrimeryrimskoe-iusTullius, Julius-isCaecilis-iCaecilisabinsko-Oscan-enusAlfenus, Varenusumbrskoe-asMaenas-anasMafenas-enasAsprenas, Maecenas-inasCarrinas, Fulginasetrusskoe-arnaMastarna-ernaPerperna, Calesterna-ennaSisenna, Tapsenna-inaCaecina, Prastina-innaSpurinna

The generic name was the name of the genus and corresponded, approximately, modern last name. It was indicated in the form of an adjective male genus and ended in the classic era on -ius: Tullius - Tully (from the genus Tulliev), Julius - Julius (from the genus Yuliyev); In the Republican time there are also endings -is, -i. The generic names of the Nehriman origin had different from these endings.

The total number of generic names, along the Varon, reached a thousand. Most generic names have so ancient origin that their meaning is forgotten. Only some have a definite meaning: Asinius from Asinus (donkey), Caelius from Caecus (blind), Caninius from Canis (dog), Decius from Decem (Ten), Fabius from Faba (Bob), nonius from nonus (ninth), Octavius \u200b\u200bfrom Octavus (eighth), Ovidius from OVIS (Sheep), Porcius from Porca (Pig), Septimius from Septimus (Seventh), Sextius and Sextilius from Sextus (Six), Suillius from Suilla (Pork).

1.3 Kohnomen

romanname Rod

An individual nickname, this once of any of the representatives of the genus, often moved to the descendants and became the name of the family or a separate branch of the genus: Cicero - Cicero, Caesar - Caesar. For example, Korneliev's family belonged to the family of scapions, ruffins, lantles, etc. The presence of a cognom is not necessarily in some Plebeian childbirth (at Mariyev, Antoniyev, Octaviev, Sertoriyev, etc.) personal nicknames were usually absent. However, the absence of a cognem was an exception to the rules, since many of the birth of Rome were such an ancient origin that each of them numbered several branches.

T. K. Personal name of the Father went to the eldest son, in order to distinguish the Son from his father, had to use the third name. In the inscriptions there are Lucius Sergiy First, Quint Emily Second; In one lettering, grandfather, son and grandson are referred to as Quint Fulvius Rustic, Quint Fulvius Attian and Quint Fulvius Carizian.

Cognomes have arisen much later than personal and generic names, so the importance of them in most cases is understandable. They can talk about the origin of the genus (Fufi moved to Rome from Campace Cales and therefore had Cognomed Calenus), about memorable events (in the plebeian kind of Muzzi, SCAEVOLA (Left-handed) appeared after in 508 BC. E. During the war With Etrusca Guy Muitions burned his hand on Fierry's fire, which led to the thrill of enemies and their king porn), about appearance (Crassus - Thick, Laetus - Fat, Macer - Lucky, Celsus - High, Paullus - Low, Rufus - Red, Strabo - Spro-eyed, Nasica - Ostropy, etc.), about the character (Severus - Cruel, Probus - honest, Lucro - Grooming, etc.).

1.4 agnomen

The agnomen was most often a personal nickname in the event that the cognom was hereditary. Sometimes the Roman received agnomen for any special merit. Publists Cornelius Scipion in honor of the victory surrounded by him over Hannibal in Africa in 202 BC. e., I began to be called solemnly African (Lat. Africanus, Wed. Nope of Russian commander - Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Suvorov-Ramnica, Potemkin-Tavrichesky). Lucius Aemilius Paullus received a nickname Macedonicus for victory over the Macedonian king by Persem in 168 BC. e. Sulla dictator himself joined his name agnomen Felix (happy), so that his full name was Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix. Felix from a personal nickname turned into hereditary (Consul 52 N. E. FAUSTUS CORNELIUS SULLA FELIX).

2. Joint names

In the late republican and imperial time, women did not have personal names, the female name was the female form of the generic name: Tullia - Tully (from the genus Tulliev, for example, daughter Mark Tully Cicero), Julia - Julia (from the genus Yulia, for example, daughter Guy Julia Caesar), Cornelia - Cornelia (from the genus Corneliyev, for example, Daughter Publishing Cornelia Scipion). T. K. All women in one family had a single name, then within the genus they differed by age. When another daughter appeared in the family, the presenter was added to the name of both: minor (younger) and Major (senior); Other sisters were named Secunda (second), Tertia (Third), Quintilla (Fifth), etc.; The minor presenter was at the youngest.

A married woman retained her name, but her husband's cognom was added to him: Cornelia, Filia Cornelii, Gracchi - Cornelia, Daughter Cornelia, (wife) of Grakh.

Noble women could wear their father's cognom except the generic name; For example, the wife of Sulla was a daughter Lucia Cecilia Metella Dalmatik and called Cecilia Metella, the wife of Emperor Augustus was a daughter Mark Libya Druz Claudian and was named Libya Druzill.

2.1 Slave names

In the most ancient times, slaves of individual names did not exist. Legally, slaves were considered the children of Mr. (more precisely, the slaves were not a subject of law, but the object of law, that is, were the thing of Mr.) and were as disassembled as all members of the family name. So formed archaic slave names made up from the Personal name of Mr., Father's Father, and Words Puer (Boy, Son): Gaipor, Lucipor, Marcipor, Publipor, Quintipor, NaePor (Gnaeus \u003d Naeos + Puer), Olipor (Olos - Archaic Form of Personal name Aulus).

In the inscriptions after the name, the slave indicates the name of the Mr. in the parental case and the nature of the slave classes. After the name of Mr. It is worth the word SERVUS (slave) always abbreviated with SER, very rarely S, it can also stand between two mord cohnomes; In general, there is no strict order of words. The word "slave" is often completely absent; As a rule, it does not have slaves belonging to women. For example, Euticus, Aug (USTI) Ser (Vus), Pictor - Evtics, Slave August (Imperial Slave), Painter, Eros, Cocus Posidippi, Ser (Vus) - Eros, Cook, Slave Posidippa, IDaeus, Valeriae Messalin (AE ) Supra Argentum - ideas, treasurer Valeria Messalena.

3. Using name

Here we will look at how to use Roman names. It should be noted that there can be no static rules.

Latin charting padege

Turning to someone, you need to change the end of the name, indicating that you contact a person, and not talk about him. Typically, the names ending on -us accept the end of -E (eg brutus -\u003e brute) (just what we are with you, Kustos. Speak), while -ius turns into -i (Tullius -\u003e Tulli ). Names ending in -a usually do not change, as well as names with other endings.

Turning to a person with one of his name, will be polite to use Cognomen. Wipam should always be handled with Cognomen. Simple people can be called Nomen, it will not be an insult, however, at least it will be difficult to understand, about whom, in fact, there is a question. If the person you handle you have more than one Cognomen, you should use the first of them. Appeal to a person on his Agnomen, if, naturally, he has such - an obvious compliment. According to Adopive, you need to contact a person only if you want to draw attention exclusively to its family and identifying to adoption: this is not necessarily polite or not politely, but depends on the context. In the same way, referring to a person on his Matronic Cognomen, first of all draws attention to the mother line of his kind. Do not make mistakes, constantly calling a person by his adoptive Cognomen. Often, there is a temptation to do so, in view of the fact that it is easy to distinguish in a conversation adopted and adopting, but this is not a Roman custom. For the Roman, the adopted became, in all the senses and the relationship, the Son who adopted his parents. Therefore, as a rule, it is not worth pressing the use of his adaptive.

Only on Pranomen, to the highest extent personal name, for use inside the family. You should not contact the Roman only on Pranomen, if it is not your relative or a very close friend. Even spouses (!), As a rule, do not call each other by PRANOMINA - usually they use Nomina or Cognomina.

Other appeals

Much more often than in the modern world, the Romans appeared to each other without the help of names, or combining such name handling.

Relatives

Talking with each other or friend about each other, relatives, call themselves by name or in the terms of kinship (for example, Pater - Father, Soror - Sister, Patruus - Uncle). These terms can be combined with caressing words, which will be discussed below. As noted, close relatives can contact each other by Praenomina.

Spouses and lovers

As mentioned above, spouses and lovers usually appealed to each other more often on Cognomen than Praenomen. They could also call each other Vir (husband) and Uxor (wife), but most often they used their mascara.

Friends and acquaintances

As a rule, people who know each other, but not particularly close, used to appeal the names, sometimes with "mi" (see below). Sometimes words like Iuvenis (young man), Amicus (friend) Senex (old man) were used. Depending on the relationship between people, they could enjoy both smear and offensive epithets.

Strangers

The Romans did not have a direct equivalent of the modern words "Mr." or "Madam." If you met anyone who you do not know, it was absolutely normal to resort to such words, such as, for example, "Petasate" ("You, in the hat") or "Senex" ("old man") or "VIATOR" ("Traveler" "). Very often spoke "Quiquis ES" ("Whoever You've"). However, if your curiosity was not limited to establishing the time of the day, the most successful approach was an attempt to figure out the name, the person to which you handle: "Adulycens, Dic Mihi Nomen Tuum, Quaeso" ("Young man, please name my name") or "O qui vocaris?" ("Oh, what is your name?")

Balary expressions and comparisons

The Romans have always been very ingenious with the mascara. Very often used "carissimus", often in combination with the name, for example. "SALVE BRUTE CARISSIME" ("Greetings, Dear Brut"), "Salve Soror Carissima" ("Greetings, dear sister"). "Dulcis" ("Sweet"), "inclitus" ("Nice"), "Magnus" ("Great"), "Optimus" ("best"), "Fortissimus" (the strongest). In general, this is enough to draw up a general impression of the subject. & Domina

Some modern Latin users use the words "Dominus" and "Domina", as the equivalents of the English Mr. and Miss (or Mrs.). This is absolutely not right. "Dominus" means "master" or "owner", and contact this to someone - disrespect for yourself. Exception is when the lovers call each other, but this word is for the bedroom. Seemper Adora

Always honor traces of the past (stations)

Conclusion

The name is a means for one person talking about a friend, to make it all clear to everyone, about whom there is a conversation. Accordingly, the correctness of the use of the name is determined by how clear it is about com.

It is accepted that the more officially the situation is, the more names are used. The use of all three (or more) names is very formally and rare. Name anyone M. Tullius Cicero is about the same thing that say: Mr. Robert James Grant, Esquir.

Two names are usually enough in order to understand about whom you say. The use of two names is formally polite enough. Call someone M. Tullius about the same as Robert Grant, or Mr. Grant. When you mention someone in a letter or speech for the first time, or welcome anyone, it is customary to use the two names.

The use of one name is relatively free and informally. If you are in the middle of communication with anyone, or in the middle of speech about someone, you can completely call it with one name, especially if you know this person relatively well. To call someone CICERO - about the same thing that in the modern world to say Robert. But in formal situations, or first mentioning someone, the use of only one name may be too familiar and, even, ignorant.

What name to choose to access anyone depends on how many names you use.

Calling someone two names, you should choose these names depending on the status of the person you call. If this is an important person, it should be called PRAENOMEN and COGNOMEN (eg. P. scipio). If your interlocutor is not such an important bird, you can call it on Praenomen and Nomen (eg M. Tullius). Since in our time, Roman patrician and senators are not so much left, you can contact people in Praenomen and Nomen. If you accidentally call so noble Roman, it is most likely not offended, especially if you apologize in time for your mistake. In the end, if you are not sure, you can always ask.

Bibliography

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.Mommesen T. History of Rome S.-PB, Lenizdat, 1993

.The history and culture of the ancient world. Under Red. Kobylil M.M. M., Science, 1977 (Vasilchenko S.N.)

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.Lyast R.E. Some problems of the nomenclature of slaves and scickers in foreign literature // Antique antiquity and the Middle Ages. Vol. 11. - Sverdlovsk, 1975.

.Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978.

.Latin-Russian and Russian-Latin dictionary of winged words and expressions. - M.: Russian. N.T. Babichev, Ya.M. Borovskaya. 1982.

.Aphorisms. Gold Foundation Wisdom. Eremishin O. - M.: Enlightenment; 2006.

Tags: roman names abstract history