The most powerful nuclear explosions in the history of mankind. The biggest explosions: in the world, in history

With the development of technical progress, people have more opportunities, but the results of the tragedies and accidents that led to the explosions have become much larger. Of course, the biggest explosion that occurred in the fault of people, in consequences, does not compare with the natural catastrophes of the planetary and even space scale, but the consequences are amazing.

Top 10 largest explosions in history

The cause of the death of six hundred people in 1947 was the explosion of the cargo ship "SS Grandcamp", in the holds of which there were 2300 tons ammonia Selitrawhich is a component of explosives. The tragedy provoked a fire on the vessel, but the consequences would be much less tragic if it were not for a shock wave that aggravated the situation.

Because of her, two flew past the aircraft were exploded and another ship with 1000 tons of Selitras on board. The chain reaction covered local plants. In addition to those killed from explosions and fires, 3.5 thousand people were injured. Although the world has happened and larger than human victims, but it is the Texas catastrophe in the first place in the list of impressive explosions.

The second place in the ranking is an explosion on a French ship in the Canadian port of Halifax. The ship with a weapon and explosives collided with the Belgian ship, so that the cargo simply detected - an explosion occurred by force in 3 kilotons in Ttatil equivalent. It happened during the First World War, in 1917.

The shock wave not only raised a dust cloud over the port up to 6.1 km high, but also caused the formation of a 18-meter tornadow. After the explosion within a radius of 2 km, the living remains at all. The victims of the tragedy were 11 thousand people - 2000 killed, 9,000 people were injured. This incident is the biggest artificial accidental explosion in the history of mankind.

Everybody heard - this tragedy occurred in 1986 in the Ukrainian city of Chernobyl. The nuclear explosion in the atomic station reactor caused the largest disaster in the consequences.

The power of the explosion threw the reactor cover weighing 2000 tons. Radioactive particles polluted 200 thousand square kilometers of land. Chernobyl cities, Pripyat and nearby areas became an alienation zone - residents evacuated. As for human victims, 600,000 people were influenced by the effects of radiation, and the consequences of this catastrophe are still felt - the video about all sorts of mutations can be found on the Internet.

Another destructive effect of exposure explosion occurred in the town of Trinity in New Mexico. It was there that the first atomic explosion was conducted, whose force corresponded to 20 kilotons in Troatil equivalent.

The tests of the bomb were successful, and the state residents received a dose of irradiation, thousands of times greater than the permissible level. Tests caused numerous diseases, including unborn children.

5. Tunguska. The biggest explosion of the meteorite occurred in 1908 by the River River Tunguska, in honor of which the 20-meter meteorite called.

Despite the modest sizes, the mass of the heavenly body was 185 thousand tons, and the blow was affected by the territory of 2000 square kilometers. According to scientists, the explosion from the collision of the fragment of a comet or an asteroid with the Earth according to force was 4 megatons in Trotil equivalent.

The biggest explosion of the volcano, recorded by mankind, occurred in 1815. An explosion on Mount Tambo in Indonesia corresponded to 1000 megatons in Trotil equivalent. The explosive eruption of the volcano was the cause of the emission of 140 billion tons of magma, which flooded the island of the night and lobs.

The number of dead amounted to 71,000 people. People's survivors suffered not only from the eruption, but also from climate change, which provoked the ashes that risen into the air: the next year after the eruption in Indonesia unexpectedly fell snow and destroyed the harvest. The coming hunger would kill hundreds of thousands of people.

The reason for the appearance of this crater is unknown, but the dimensions are simply amazed - natural objectDetected in 1978 on the Yucatan Peninsula, has a diameter of about 180 kilometers.

Scientists suggest that it was the cataclysm on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico Bay become the last point in the process of climate change on Earth and the extinction of dinosaurs. The explosive wave led to the destruction of half of living beings on the planet of 65 million years ago.

As for the largest cataclysm in the universe, which watched humanity, then this clash of the comet of Schühiker-Levi 9 and the planet Jupiter in 1994.

Explosion of the comet Schukeyaker-Levi 9

The comet on the netting to the planet crushed the giant attraction force on the fragments. But since each of the fragments reached 3 km wide, the consequences of this collision are terrified. The explosion from the strike of a comet about the planet left after a funnel width of 12,000 km. It is comparable to the size of the Earth. The force of the explosion corresponded to 6,000 Gigaton in TNT equivalent.

9. Explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The accelerating surrender of Japan and the end of World War II became the only ones in the history of the use of nuclear weapons. On August 6, 1945, the Babe bomb was dropped on Hiroshima - 3.2 meters long, 0.7 meters in diameter, weighing 4 tons.

The capacity of the bomb was 13-18 kiloton trotyl. The bomb "Tolstik", dropped after 3 days on Nagasaki, possessed a 3.25 meter long, a diameter of 1.54 meters, weighing 4.6 tons and an explosion capacity of 21 kilotonne in TNT equivalent. Destroyed cities, 220 thousand dead and contaminated territories, on which no one lives, became due to the explosion of the biggest bombs in the history of mankind.

10. Messinskaya battle. The biggest non-nuclear explosion was recorded on June 7-14, 1917 in Flanders next to the village of Messen. Preparation for the explosion lasted for 15 months - the British died 20 tunnels under the second level groundwater, deepening in the ground by 25-50 meters. In tunnels, a total length of 7.3 km laid 600 tons of explosives.

Since underground mined tunnels are located just at the location of the dislocation german troopsThe British simply covered this section with artillery fire. The explosion destroyed the line of German troops, forming a funnel with a diameter of up to 80 meters and a depth of 27 meters. The result of the operation was the death of 10 thousand German soldiers. 7200 soldiers were captured - demoralized troops did not resist. Craters remained so far and turned into artificial reservoirs.

Railway catastrophe near Ufa, USSR. At the time of two passenger trains No. 211 "Novosibirsk-Adler" and No. 212 "Adler-Novosibirsk" occurred a powerful explosion of an unlimited cloud of wide fractions of lung hydrocarbons formed as a result of the accident on the Siberian-Ural-Volga region passing nearby pipeline. 575 people died, 181 of them - children, wounded more than 600.
The explosion of a large amount of gas distributed in space was the nature of the volume explosion. The power of the explosion was estimated at 250-300 tons of trinitrogenolool. According to other estimates, the thickness of the volume explosion could reach up to 12 kilotonne TNT, which is comparable to the power of the nuclear explosion in Hiroshima (16 kilotons) /

Train explosion in Arzamas. Credited 3 wagon, total transported 121 tons of hexogen intended for mining enterprises. During the explosion, the train followed through railroad crossing In the city of Arzamas.
The explosion was destroyed 151 houses, more than 800 families were left without bed. According to official data, 91 people were killed, 1500 people were injured. 250 meters of railway canvases were destroyed, damaged train StationThe electrical substation, power lines, damaged gas pipeline are destroyed. 2 hospitals were injured, 49 kindergartens, 14 schools, 69 stores.

An explosion during the second launch of the pH H1, the USSR. Accident due to abnormal operation of the engine No. 8 block A and off all engines by 23 from the flight. The carrier fell to the start place. As a result of the largest explosion in the history of rocket, one starting table was completely destroyed, and the second is seriously damaged.

British engineers made an explosion on the island of Helgoland. The purpose of the explosion was the destruction of German bunkers and structures. About 4,000 torpedo warheads, 9000 underwater bombs, 91000 grenades of different calibers are undermined - a total of 6,700 tons of explosives. Rating - 3.2 CT. Entered in the Book of Records Guinies as the largest detonation of explosives.

Texas City. An explosion up to 2300 tons of ammonium nitrate and subsequent fires and explosions killed at least 581 people.

During the loading of the ammona in Nakhodka, an explosion of a steamer "Dalstroy" occurred. Sentification 400 tons of trotyl.

The explosion of the steamer "Fort Stinkin", Bombay - 1400 tons of explosives, died about 800 people.

The explosion of the cellars of feed towers of Lincore Muts. More than 1000 dead.

Messinsky battle is an explosion of 19 huge mines, summarically containing more than 455t ammonium explosives. Died about 10 thousand Germans.

In the Etland battle - as a result of an explosion of art. The cellars sunk 3 British ship "Indefatig Bal" (1015 dead), "Queen Mary" (1262 dead), "Invinsbel" (1026 dead).

After the first nuclear test of July 15, 1945, more than 2051 other tests of nuclear weapons worldwide were registered.

No other force personifies such an absolute destructive action as nuclear weapons. And this type of weapon is quickly becoming even more powerful for decades after the first test.

The test of a nuclear bomb in 1945 had a power of 20 kiloton, that is, the bomb had an explosive force of 20,000 tons in TNT equivalent. Within 20 years, the United States and the USSR experienced nuclear weapons with a total mass of more than 10 megaton, or 10 million tons in TNT equivalent. For a scale, it is at least 500 times stronger than the first atomic bomb. In order to bring the size of the largest nuclear explosions in the history on a scale, the data was derived using Nukemap Alex Wellerstein, a device for visualizing the terrible effects of a nuclear explosion in the real world.

In the maps given, the first explosion ring is a fiery ball, followed by radiation radiation. In a pink radius, almost all the destruction of buildings and 100% fatal is displayed. In a gray radius, stronger buildings will withstand an explosion. In the orange radius, people will suffer from burns of the third degree, and combustible materials will light up, which will lead to possible fiery storms.

The largest nuclear explosions

Soviet tests 158 and 168

August 25 and September 19, 1962, less than a month from each other, in the USSR, nuclear tests were conducted over the Novoemel region of Russia, on the archipelago in the north of Russia near the Northern Ocean.

There are no video or photo recordings remaining, but both tests included the use of 10 megaton atomic bombs. These explosions would burn all within 1.77 square miles in the epicenter, causing burns to the third degree of victims in the area of \u200b\u200b1090 square miles.

Ivi Mike

On November 1, 1952, the United States was tested by Ivey Mike's test over the Marshall Islands. Ivi Mike is the first hydrogen bomb in the world and had a power of 10.4 megaton, which is 700 times the first atomic bomb.

Ivi Mike's explosion was so powerful that Elvelab Island evaporated where he was blown away, as a result of which a 164-foot deep crater was formed in his place.

Castle Romeo.

Romeo was the second nuclear explosion from the test series, which was held in 1954, all explosions were held on the Bikini Atoll. Romeo was the third most powerful test series and had a power of about 11 megaton.

Romeo was the first barge tested in open waters, not on the reef, as the United States quickly ended the islands where nuclear weapons could be experienced. The explosion will burn all within 1.91 square miles.

Soviet test 123.

October 23, 1961 Soviet Union conducted a nuclear test number 123 above the new land. Test 123 was a capacity of 12.5 megaton nuclear bombs. The bomb of this size will burn all within 2.11 square miles, causing burns of the third degree to people on the area of \u200b\u200b1309 square miles. This test also did not leave any entries.

Castle Yankee.

Castle Yankee, the second in power of the test series, was held on May 4, 1954. The bomb had a power of 13.5 megaton. Four days later, his radioactive decay rainfall reached Mexico City, not a distance of about 7100 miles.

Castle Bravo.

Castle Bravo was held on February 28, 1954, was the first of the Castle series of tests and the largest nuclear explosion in the United States of all times.

Bravo was originally assumed as a 6-megaton explosion. Instead, the bomb produced a 15 megaton explosion. His mushroom reached 114,000 feet in the air.

The miscalculation of the American military had consequences in the amount of irradiation of about 665 inhabitants of the Marshall Islands and death from the radiation exposure of the Japanese fisherman, which was 80 miles from the explosion site.

Soviet tests 173, 174 and 147

From August 5 to September 27, 1962, the USSR held a series of nuclear tests over the new land. Test 173, 174, 147 and all stand out as the fifth, fourth, and the third strongest nuclear explosions in history.

The all three explosions produced had a power of 20 megaton, or about 1000 times stronger than the nuclear bomb of Trinity. The bomb of this force will demolish in its path all within three square miles.

Test 219, Soviet Union

On December 24, 1962, the USSR conducted a test No. 219, with a capacity of 24.2 megatons over the new land. The bomb of this force can burn everything within 3.58 square miles, causing third-degree burns in the region up to 2250 square miles.

Tsar bomb

On October 30, 1961, the USSR blew up the greatest nuclear weapons ever tested and created the largest manual explosion in history. As a result of the explosion, which is 3,000 times the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

The flash of light from the explosion was visible at a distance of 620 miles.

The bomb tsar, ultimately, had the power between 50 and 58 megaton, twice the second largest nuclear explosion.

The bomb of such a size will create a fiery ball of 6.4 square miles and will be able to inflict the burns of the third degree within 4080 square miles from the epicenter of the bomb.

First atomic bomb

The first atomic explosion was the size of a bomb-king, and so far the explosion is considered almost unimaginable.

In accordance with Nukemap data, it is a 20-kiloton weapon with a fiery ball with a radius of 260 m, approximately 5 football fields. According to the estimates of the damage caused, the bomb will incur a deadly radiation of 7 miles in width, and will produce burns of a third degree at a distance of more than 12 miles. When using such a bomb on the Lower Manhattan, more than 150,000 people will be killed and the action of radioactive precipitation will reach the central connecticut, according to the calculations of Nukemap.

The first atomic bomb was tiny by the standards of nuclear weapons. But its destructiveness is still very high for perception.

Tass dossier. On November 17, the head of the FSB, Alexander Bortnikov, said that the A321 catastrophe over Sinai, where more than 220 people died, is the terrorist attack. According to him, traces of an explosive of foreign production were found on the fragments of the aircraft and things.

In less than two weeks after the events in Egypt, terrorists made a series of attacks in Paris. 129 people were killed, over 350 were injured. This is the second in the number of victims of the terrorist attack in Europe after Madrid, when 190 people died during explosions at the stations in 2004.

Below are 10 largest in the number of victims of the terrorist attacks in the world, with the exception of the attacks that occurred in countries where the military conflict was at that time. In eight cases, terrorist attacks arranged radical Islamist groups.

Terrorist attacks September 11 in the USA. 2996 dead

On September 11, 2001, in the United States, the death bombers from the terrorist organization Al-Qaida seized passenger aircraft and crashed into two towers of the World shopping center (New York) and the Pentagon building - headquarters of the US Department of Defense (Arlington District, pcs. Virginia). The fourth captured liner crashed near the city of Shanksville (pcs. Pennsylvania). As a result of this largest series of terrorist acts, 2 thousand 996 people were killed, over 6 thousand people were injured. The organizer of the terrorist attack was the Al-Qaida group and its leader Usama Ben Laden.

Beslan. Russia. 335 dead

On September 1, 2004 in Beslan (North Ossetia - Alania), the militants led by Ruslana Huchbarov ("Rasul") seized more than 1 thousand 100 students of the school number 1, their relatives and teachers. On September 2, after negotiations with the ex-president of the Republic of Ingushetia, Ruslana Aushev, the bandits were released by 25 women and children. On September 3, the School began shooting and explosions, it forced to start the assault. Most hostages were liberated, 335 people died. Among the killed 186 children, 17 teachers and school staff, 10 employees of the FSB of Russia, two employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. The militants were destroyed, only one was survived - Nurpash Kulaev (in 2006, sentenced to the death penalty replaced by a life sentence due to the moratorium on the execution of death sentences). Responsibility for the terrorist attack assumed an international terrorist Shamil Basayev (liquidated in 2006).

Boeing 747 Air India. 329 dead

On June 23, 1985, the Air India passenger aircraft Boeing 747, which followed the AI182 flight on the route Montreal (Canada) - London - Delhi, failed in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Ireland. The cause of the disaster was the explosion of the bomb laid into the luggage of Indian Extremists-Sikhami. All those who were on board 329 people (307 passengers and 22 members of the crew) were killed in the catastrophe. On charges of participating in the preparation of the terrorist attack in 2003, a citizen of Canada Inertiz Singh Reath was convicted for 5 years of imprisonment. Before that, he was serving a 10-year prison sentence for the preparation of the explosion at the airport of Narita (Japan) that occurred on the same day as the VT-EFO catastrophe. Later, Ryatiya was accused of giving false testimony and in 2011 sentenced to 9 years.

Attack Boko-Haram in Nigeria. More than 300 dead

On May 5-6, 2014, as a result of the night attack on the city of Gambora, Born, the militants were killed over 300 inhabitants. The survivors fled to the neighboring Cameroon. Most of the city was destroyed.

Terrorist attack over Lockerby. 270 dead

On December 21, 1988, PAN AM (USA) passenger aircraft (USA) passenger aircraft, which carried out regular flight 103 on the route Frankfurt am Main - London - New York - Detroit, collapsed in the air over Lockerby (Scotland). On his board exploded the bomb embedded in the luggage. All 243 passengers and 16 crew members who were on board, as well as 11 people on Earth were killed. In 1991, two citizens of Libya were accused of organizing the explosion. In 1999, the Libyan leader Moamar Gaddafi agreed to transfer to the Netherlands of both suspects. One of them, Abdelbasset Ali Al-Megrahi, January 31, 2001 was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment (in 2009, he was released in connection with a deadly disease diagnosed in him, died in 2012). In 2003, the Libyan authorities recognized responsibility for the terrorist attack and paid compensation in the total amount of $ 2.7 billion - $ 10 million for each deceased.

The attacks in Bombay. India. 257 dead

On March 12, 1993, 13 blast devices laid in cars were performed at the same time. The victims of the attack of terrorists were 257 people, over 700 were injured. The investigation found that the organizers of the explosions were Islamic terrorists. The terrorist attack was the answer to the collision between Muslims and Hinduses that occurred before that. One of the organizers, Yakub Menemon, was sentenced to the death penalty, which was carried out on July 30, 2015. Two of his accomplices are wanted.

Airplane A321 "Kogalymavia". 224 dead

October 31, 2015 AIRBUS A321-231 passenger aircraft (EI-ETJ registration number) of the Russian airline Metrojet (Kogalymavia), who followed the flight 9268 from Sharm-Eshech (Egypt) to St. Petersburg, suffered 100 km from El-Arish in the north of the Sinai Peninsula. On board were 224 people - 217 passengers and seven crew members, they all died.

Russian President Vladimir Putin promised that the guilty and involved in the terrorist attack will be found and punished. "We must do this without the statute of limitations, know them all namely. We will look for them everywhere, wherever they hide. We will find them anywhere in the planet and kill," Putin assured.

Undermining the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. 224 dead

On August 7, 1998, in Nairobi (the capital of Kenya) and Dar Es-Salama (the former capital of Tanzania) at the same time there were two terrorist attacks, the purpose of which was the US Embassies in these countries. The parked trucks stranged by explosives exploded near the embassies. In total, 224 people died, of which 12 US citizens, the rest are local residents. The explosion organizer was the Al-Qaida group.

The attacks in Mumbai. India. 209 dead

On July 11, 2006, Islamic terrorists led the explosive devices hidden in the pressure cooker, laid out in the wagons of seven suburban trains In the suburbs of Mumbai (Station "Char Road", "Badra", "Jogshvari", "Makhim", "Boryli", "Matunga" and "Pea Road"). The terrorist attack occurred during evening hours peak. 209 people were killed, more than 700 were injured. At the end of the investigation of the crime, the court sentenced to various prison terms of 12 people, 5 of them were sentenced to death.

Terrorist attack on Bali. Indonesia. 202 dead

On October 12, 2002, as a result of the attacks of the suicide terrorist and the explosion of a mined car near the nightclubs in the resort town of Kuta (Bali Island) killed 202 people, of which 164 are foreign tourists. 209 people were injured. In case of involvement in the terrorist attack, about 30 people were arrested. The organizers of the terrorist attack Indonesian court in 2003 recognized a number of members of the organization "Jamaa Islamia". In 2008, three of them - Abdul Aziz, also known as Imam Samuestr, Ambosi Bin Nurhasim and Ali (Muklas) Hurfon - were shot by the court sentence. The brother Muklas - Ali Imronov was sentenced to life imprisonment.

The al-Qaeda mentioned in the material is entered into a single federal list of organizations recognized in accordance with the law Russian Federation terrorist. Their activity in the territory of the Russian Federation is prohibited.

Already might and main the definition of this small explosion with a power in TNT equivalent in 24 tons (in fact, the explosion was two - the first three tons, the second in 21), as the largest non-nuclear explosion in the history of mankind. That of course absolute nonsense.

In history there were many explosions, an order of magnitude, two orders of magnitude and, even, for three orders of magnitude stronger than what happened at night. Officially, the most powerful, pre-planned non-nuclear explosion is considered to be undermining the British Strengthening of the German compartment Helgoland on April 18, 1947, when 6,700 tons of explosives were used (4,000 torpedo warheads, 9,000 deep bombs, 91,000 different artillery shells). The power of the explosion was 3.2 CT TNT

Thus, the power of the explosion of Gelgoland was four times less than the power of the bomb of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima.It is clear that in the explosion, none of the people suffered, and the explosion itself was documented in detail. The island was returned to Germany in 1952. Now this is a holiday place on which, attention is prohibited to use bicycles.

However, in 1985-93 in the United States at the White Sands polygon in New Mexico, a series of 5 non-nuclear explosions was held, the capacity of two of which known as Minority Scale and Minority Picture exceeded the power of the explosion on Gelgolande: 4.304 CT June 27, 1985 years and 4.25 kt on May 14, 1987.

But the most "baagum", in no way connected with the reaction of the division of uranium nuclei occurred in the USSR, on the Baikonur cosmodrome on July 3, 1969, when during the second launch of the Soviet "lunar" n-1 carrier missile. The start of the rocket was normal, but at an altitude of 200 meters one after another, the first-stage engines began to disconnect, the last 18th unfolded the rocket at 90 degrees and on the 23rd flight of the flight, she collapsed onto the starting table. As a result of the explosion, the power of which we estimate in 5 CT of the TroTilo equivalent, and in the West (based on the amount of fuel on board the rocket) in 7 CT, was destroyed by the starting table and the adjacent one was damaged.

It should be noted that all four launch of H-1 ended the accidents, but only in the second case, the explosion of the entire rocket occurred directly on Earth.

What is interesting - during the four most powerful non-nuclear explosions in the history of mankind, not a single person suffered.

The largest "unorganized" explosions in peacetime are the explosion of ammonium nitrate on the dry cargo ship "Grancamp", which occurred in Texas City on April 16, 1947 (just two days before the explosion in Gelgoland), the capacity of which is estimated at 2.7-3.2 CT TNT, as a result of which the following fires in the city on the coast of Mexican Bay, 581 people were also injured, as well as a series of explosions on Cypriot VBM EVANEELOS FLRAKIS on July 11, 2011, the total approximately the same power. In the case of a recent explosion, during which 13 people died and 62 were wounded, there was an enchanting extinguishability - 98 explosive containers were stored on a bright sun, where at 40 degree heat was specifically heated for several days.

In wartime, the most terrible explosion was the famous explosion in the Canadian Halifax on December 6, 1917, when the French Transport "Mont Blanc" before the denial of explosives, ran into the Norwegian vessel "IMO." The power of the explosion was 2.9 CT TNT. 2,000 people died and 9,000 were injured. For the population of the city of Halifax at that time amounted to 50 thousand people.

Still of smoke after explosion in Halifax.

What is interesting, this city once again had to go through the like, when on July 18, 1945, the detonation of ammunition on Bedford Arsenal in the vicinity of the city took place. However, in this case everything cost a few easily fired.

However, an explosion in Halifax, far from the most deadly among all non-nuclear explosions in history.

If we talk about a separate explosion, then there is certainly the explosion of the Turkish Arsenal in the Rhodes Fortress on April 4, 1856. Turks used orthodox churcheslocated on the territory of the Palace as a warehouse for powder. One beautiful morning when the bells of churches rang, gunpowded. Approximately 4,000 people died.

But the most terrible non-nuclear explosion was conducted by the British on June 7, 1917 on the Hills of Messin, when during the battle of Paskemode under the positions of the Germans, 22 charges were blown up with a capacity of 9.1 to 43.4 tons of explosives (only 455 tons). The total losses of the Germans amounted to 10 thousand people.

The first truly large explosion occurred, apparently, on April 4, 1585 during the siege of the Spaniards of Antverpen. At that time, the Spaniards took a major stone bridge at the entrance to the city, which prevented the Dutch men (they became the Belgians later) receive the supply of sheld. Then the deposited equipped with four enormous faders, with a displacement of 800 tons each. Three did not reach the goal, but the last fourth fell asleep to the bridge, but immediately did not explode. The Spaniards decided to capture him and at that moment the explosive was downdown. Up to 800 Castillas died, up the sheld went to a small tsunami, and the city covered the black cloud. The land was noticeably shuddered for 35 kilometers from Antwerp, in Ghent.

Explosion in Antwerp. French engraving 1727.

So here, and you Tianzin, Tianzin ...