The destruction of historical memory was still in ancient Rome. Did Ancient Rome Exist? Since the days of ancient rome

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It turns out that Ancient Rome is not only philosophers, gladiators and theaters. The Romans left behind many mysteries, and we certainly would never have been told about some of their traditions at school in a history lesson, and this is for the best.

website has collected for you 15 of the most unusual facts about the Romans.

1. The Romans drank the blood of gladiators

It was customary among the Romans to meet strangers "by their clothes", or rather, by their color. There were two options: all “natural” colors, be they shades of brown-yellow and gray-black, were the natural color of sheep's wool and therefore were perceived as a sign of modest, poor citizens; and all shades of red, purple, green were created artificially, with the help of expensive dyes brought from afar, and were considered a sign of wealth and aristocracy. Wearing lilac clothes was considered special chic.

5. Unibrow was considered a sign of intelligence

In Rome, among women, thick, fused eyebrows were highly valued. They were considered a sign of high intelligence, so Roman women of fashion went to various tricks to increase the density and bushiness of their eyebrows. For example, fake eyebrows made from goat hair were used. And they glued them to the face using wood resin.

6. Dentistry was in demand

Ancient Rome had its own dentists, and the Romans themselves were very concerned about dental health. Archaeologists have even discovered a female jaw with dentures. Scientists believe that such products of ancient dentists were intended not so much for the successful absorption of food as for the demonstration of wealth, because only very wealthy people could afford to sparkle with a mouthful of teeth.

7. Romans disliked philosophers

Prominent philosophers such as Seneca and Marcus Aurelius were born in the Roman Empire. Nevertheless, many Romans were hostile to philosophy. From the point of view of practical Romans, the study of philosophy with its concentration on the inner world of a person makes people not adapted for an active life and service to the state. Galen, physician to the imperial court, observed that the Romans considered philosophy no more useful than drilling millet seeds.

8. Roman generals did not fight

In art, military leaders are often depicted fighting on the front lines alongside their soldiers. Usually, however, Roman commanders did not take part in the battle. They occupied command posts and directed the actions of the army from their "captain's bridge" in order to better orient themselves in what was happening. Only in exceptional circumstances, when the battle was almost lost, the military leader was supposed to either lay hands on himself, or go to seek death at the hands of the enemy.

9. There was a tradition of drinking poison

From the end of the 1st century A.D. e. Roman emperors established the tradition of consuming small amounts of every known poison daily in an attempt to gain immunity. The mixture of poisons was called mithridatum in honor of Mithridates the Great, king of Pontus, who first tried this method.

10. Persecution of Christians

The Romans believed they had good reasons to persecute Christians. The Romans believed that their empire was based on polytheism. Christians argued that the pagan gods were evil demons, or even denied their existence. If the Romans allowed them to spread their beliefs, it would anger their gods. However, the Roman persecutors gave Christians every chance to recognize the traditional gods and thus avoid martyrdom. But believers could not agree to such a deal.

The reconstruction shows what a part of the great Ancient Rome looked like.

On the model of Ancient Rome - the island of Tiberina, the Massimo circus and the theater of Marcellus.

Baths (that is, baths) of Caracalla, which once consisted of huge halls, including gymnastics and massage rooms, porticoes, fountains, gardens, and a library. There were pools with cool, warm and hot water.

A section of an ancient city road that has survived to this day. The road leads to the Arch of Titus.

Modern European civilization originated and grew up around the Mediterranean Sea. It is enough to look at the map or the globe to understand that this place is unique. The Mediterranean Sea is quite easy to navigate: its shores are very winding, there are many islands, especially in the eastern part, and they are located close to each other. And ships sailed the Mediterranean back in the days when speed depended on the amount of bread and beer eaten and drunk by rowers, and the sail was considered a fashionable novelty.

The inhabitants of the Mediterranean coast got to know each other early. Enterprising merchants and pirates (usually they were the same people) introduced the surrounding barbarians to the cunning inventions of the Egyptians and Babylonians. These are complex rituals of veneration of mysterious gods, and the technique of making metal weapons and beautiful pottery, and the amazing art of recording human speech.

Two and a half thousand years ago, the most developed people in the Mediterranean were the Greeks. They knew how to do very beautiful things, their merchants traded along the entire coast, and their warriors were considered almost invincible. From Spain to Arabia, many people spoke the Greek dialect Koine (“common”). Poems, plays and scholarly treatises, letters to friends and reports to tsars were written on it. Among the most diverse peoples, the townspeople went to gymnasium,watched theatrical performances in Greek, organized competitions in running and wrestling according to Greek models, and Greek statues adorned palaces and temples of even minor kings and gods.

But the Greeks did not create an empire. They did not seek to create it, just as, for example, ants do not seek to combine their cozy homes into one super anthill. Greeks are used to living in small communities - policies. They felt that they were one people, but first of all they remained Athenians, Spartans, Ephesians, Phoceans, etc. The newcomers could live in a foreign policy for several generations, but did not become its citizens.

Rome is another matter. The Romans were great organizers. They fought bravely, did not get lost in case of failures and, moreover, knew how to negotiate.

Initially, people from different tribes settled on the Roman hills, however, they quickly found a common language and became respected patricians.With later settlers - plebeians- the patricians did not want to share power for a long time, but in the end they agreed with them. By the time Rome embarked on large-scale conquests, patricians and plebeians had already merged into a single Roman people.

Gradually, its neighbors were drawn into the composition of this people - italics.However, the largest source of replenishment for the Roman nation was foreign slaves.

In Greece, slaves were only released in exceptional cases; in Rome it was rather the rule. Once freed, the former slave became let go- a free person, although not independent, dependent on the former owner. Power over free people, from the Roman's point of view, was much more honorable than power over slaves. Later, this view was inherited by the peoples who settled on the ruins of the Roman Empire. “In my country, government officials are proud to be public servants; it would be a shame to be its owner, ”said the famous English politician Winston Churchill in the 20th century.

It was also profitable to set the slaves free: for the liberation, the master could appoint such a ransom that he bought several slaves with the money received. In addition, Roman senators, who were not allowed by the custom to earn money by "low" occupations, bought merchant ships and shares in companies through letting goers.

As for the former slaves, already their grandchildren did not bear the stamp of slave origin and were equated with the freeborn.

What's the lesson from here?

Only big people can show themselves. Due to the fact that the Romans did not boil at the newcomers and did not shout "all sorts of people came in large numbers here", the Roman people for several centuries remained numerous enough to not only subjugate huge densely populated territories, but also keep them in subjection. If the Romans were prone to disunity, like the Greeks, there would be no Roman Empire at all. This means that there would not have been such a Europe as we see today, and in general the whole history would have gone differently.

And yet every coin has two sides.

New citizens adopted Roman customs. But they themselves influenced the native Romans, who gradually dissolved among numerous outsiders. The descendants of the freed slaves were no longer willing to risk their lives defending the Roman Empire. This ultimately led to her death.

True, this happened several centuries later. By that time, the Romans had left such a vivid mark in history that it was no longer possible to erase it. (476 is considered to be the final date of the existence of the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern, called Byzantium, existed for another thousand years.)

Figures and facts

- The population of Ancient Rome at the peak of its power was one million people. Europe reached the same level only after 2000 years: at the beginning of the twentieth century, only a few European cities had a million inhabitants.

The Roman Empire, according to various estimates, built between 1,500 and 1,800 cities. For comparison: at the beginning of the twentieth century there were about 700 of them on the territory of the entire Russian Empire. Almost all major cities of Europe were founded by the Romans: Paris, London, Budapest, Vienna, Belgrade, Sofia, Milan, Turin, Bern ...

14 aqueducts from 15 to 80 kilometers long supplied water to the population of Ancient Rome. From them, water went to fountains, swimming pools, public baths and toilets, and even to individual houses of wealthy citizens. It was a real plumbing. In Europe, similar structures appeared more than 1000 years later.

The total length of the roads of the Roman Empire was, according to various estimates, from 250 to 300 thousand kilometers - this is seven and a half of the Earth's equators! Of these, only 14 thousand kilometers ran through Italy itself, and the rest - in the provinces. Except for dirt roads, 90 thousand kilometers were real highways - paved, tunnels and bridges.

The famous Roman sewerage - Cloaca Maxima - was built in the 7th-6th centuries BC and existed for 1000 years. Its dimensions were so large that the workers could move by boat along the underground sewer canals.

Details for the curious

Roads of the Roman Empire

The huge powerful Roman Empire (on its territory today there are 36 states) could not exist without roads. The ancient Romans were famous for their ability to build first-class roads, and they did them for centuries. It's hard to believe, but part of the road network they built 2000 years ago in Europe was used for its intended purpose until the beginning of the 20th century!

The Roman road is a complex engineering structure. First, they dug a trench 1 m deep and hammered oak piles into the bottom (especially if the soil was damp). The edges of the trench were reinforced with stone slabs and inside it a “layered cake” was created from a large stone, a smaller stone, sand, again stone, lime, tile powder. On top of such a road cushion, the actual road surface - stone slabs - was laid. Don't forget: we did everything by hand!

On the edges of the Roman roads there were stone mile (verst) pillars. There were even road signs - tall stone columns indicating the distance to the nearest settlement and to Rome. And in Rome itself, the zero kilometer was laid with a commemorative sign. A postal system operated on all highways. The speed of delivery of urgent messages was 150 km per day! Sowing along the roads was a chernobyl so that travelers could put its leaves in sandals if they rubbed their feet.

Nothing was impossible for the Romans. They built roads on mountain passes and in the desert. In Northern Germany, ancient builders managed to build three-meter wide cobbled roads even through swamps. Until now, tens of kilometers of Roman roads have been preserved there, along which a truck can pass without risk. And in the days of the empire, these were military roads that could withstand heavy military equipment - siege weapons.

Usually, ordinary people associate Ancient Rome with famous myths and ancient architecture. Heroic men in golden armor and chariots, charming ladies in tunics and Democratic emperors ate grapes in their lounge chairs. But the reality in ancient Rome, as historians testify, was not so rosy and glamorous. Sanitation and medicine were at an embryonic level, and this could not but affect the life of Roman citizens.

1. Mouthwash

In ancient Rome, small need was such a developed business that the government introduced special taxes on the sale of urine. There were people who only made a living by collecting urine. Some collected it in public urinals, while others went door-to-door with a large vat asking people to fill it up. It is difficult to imagine the ways of using the collected urine today. For example, they cleaned her clothes.

Workers filled a vat with clothing and then poured urine into it. After that, one person climbed into the vat and stomped on the clothes to wash them. But that's nothing compared to the way the Romans brushed their teeth. In some areas, people have used urine as a mouthwash. It has been claimed that this makes the teeth shiny and white.

2. General sponge

In fact, the Romans, when going to the toilet, took with them special combs designed to comb out lice. And the worst happened after people relieved themselves of great need. In every public toilet, which was usually visited by dozens of other people at the same time, there was only one sponge on a stick, which was used for wiping. However, the sponge was never cleaned and was used by all visitors.

3. Explosions of methane

Every time a person entered a Roman toilet, he risked dying. The first problem was that creatures living in the sewer system often crawled out and bit people while they were fulfilling their needs. An even worse problem was the accumulation of methane, which sometimes accumulated in such quantities that it ignited and exploded.

Toilets were so dangerous that people used magic to try and stay alive. The walls of many toilets were riddled with magic spells designed to scare away demons. Also in some toilets there were statues of the goddess of luck Fortune, to whom people prayed when entering.

4 gladiator blood

There were many eccentricities in Roman medicine. Several Roman authors have written that after gladiatorial battles, the blood of dead gladiators was often collected and sold as medicine. The Romans believed that gladiatorial blood could cure epilepsy and drank it as medicine.

And this was still a relatively civilized example. In other cases, the liver of dead gladiators was completely cut out and eaten raw. Ironically, some Roman physicians actually report that this treatment worked. They claim to have seen people drinking human blood and recovering from epileptic seizures.

5. Dead flesh cosmetics

While defeated gladiators became a cure for epileptics, victors became a source of aphrodisiacs. In Roman times, soap was quite rare, so athletes cleaned themselves by covering their bodies with oil and scraping off dead skin cells, as well as sweat and dirt with a tool called a shear.

As a rule, all this dirt was simply thrown away, but not in the case of gladiators. Their scrapings of dirt and dead skin were bottled and sold to women as an aphrodisiac. It was also often added to face creams used by women in the hopes of being irresistible to men.

6. Erotic art

The volcanic eruption that buried Pompeii left this city perfectly preserved for archaeologists. When scientists first began excavating in Pompeii, they found things that were so obscene that they were hidden from the public for years. The city was full of erotic art in its craziest forms.

For example, one could see a statue of Pan copulating with a goat. In addition, the city was full of prostitutes, which was reflected on ... the sidewalks. And today you can visit the ruins of Pompeii and see what the Romans saw every day - penises carved in the roads that showed the way to the nearest brothel.

7. Penises "for good luck"

The topic of penises was quite popular in Rome, in contrast to modern society. Their images could be found literally everywhere, they were even often worn around the neck. In Rome it was considered fashionable among young men to wear copper penises on a necklace. It was believed that they were not only fashionable and stylish, but could also "prevent harm" that could cause the people who wore them.

Also, penises "for good luck" were drawn in dangerous places to protect travelers. For example, images of penises were painted almost everywhere on decrepit and rickety bridges in Rome.

8. Exposure of the buttocks

Rome is unique in that for the first time in history there has been a written record of exposure of the buttocks. The Jewish priest Josephus Flavius \u200b\u200bfirst described the demonstration of the buttocks during the riot in Jerusalem. During Passover, Roman soldiers were sent to the walls of Jerusalem to watch for an uprising.

One of these soldiers, in the words of Josephus Flavius, "turned his back to the city wall, lowered his pants, bent down and uttered a shameless sound." The Jews were furious. They demanded that the soldier be punished and then began throwing stones at the Roman soldiers. Soon, riots broke out in Jerusalem, and the gesture remained for thousands of years.

9. Artificial vomiting

The Romans took the concept of excess in everything to a new level. According to Seneca, the Romans ate at banquets until they simply "didn’t fit more," and then they artificially induced vomiting to continue eating. Some people vomited in the bowls they kept near the table, but others did not "bother" and tore right on the floor next to the table, and then continued to eat.

10. Goat dung drink

The Romans did not have bandages, but they found an original way to stop bleeding from wounds. According to Pliny the Elder, people in Rome covered their abrasions and wounds with goat dung. Pliny wrote that the best goat droppings were collected during the spring and dried, but fresh goat droppings were suitable in emergencies. But this is far from the most disgusting way the Romans used this "product".

The charioteers drank it as a source of energy. They either diluted boiled goat dung in vinegar or stirred it in their drinks. Moreover, this was done not only by poor people. According to Pliny, the biggest fanatic of drinking goat dung was the Emperor Nero.

The Great Roman Empire is rightfully considered one of the greatest civilizations of the Ancient World. Before its heyday and for a long time after the collapse, the Western world did not know a more powerful state than Ancient Rome. In a short period of time, this power was able to conquer vast territories for itself, and its culture continues to influence humanity to this day.

History of Ancient Rome

The history of one of the most influential states of Antiquity began with small settlements located on the hills along the banks of the Tiber. In 753 BC. e. these settlements united in a city called Rome. It was founded on seven hills, in a swampy area, in the very epicenter of constantly conflicting peoples - Latins, Etruscans and ancient Greeks. From this date, the chronology began in Ancient Rome.

According to an ancient legend, the founders of Rome were two brothers - Romulus and Remus, who were children of the god Mars and the vestal Remy Sylvia. Once at the center of a conspiracy, they were on the verge of death. The brothers were saved from certain death by a she-wolf, who fed them with her milk. Growing up, they founded a beautiful city, which was named after one of the brothers.

Figure: 1. Romulus and Rem.

Over time, perfectly trained warriors emerged from ordinary farmers, who managed to conquer not only all of Italy, but also many neighboring countries. The system of government, language, achievements of culture and art of Rome spread far beyond its borders. The decline of the Roman Empire fell on 476 BC.

Periodization of the history of Ancient Rome

The formation and development of the Eternal City is usually divided into three most important periods:

• Tsarsky ... The oldest period in Rome, when the local population consisted mostly of fugitive criminals. With the development of crafts and the formation of the state system, Rome began to develop at a rapid pace. During this period, power in the city belonged to the kings, the first of whom was Romulus, and the last - Lucius Tarquinius. The rulers did not receive power by inheritance, but were appointed by the Senate. When manipulation and bribery began to be used to obtain the coveted throne, the Senate decided to change the political structure in Rome and proclaimed a republic.

Slavery was widespread in ancient Greek society. The greatest privileges were enjoyed by slaves who served the masters in the house. The hardest hit was the slaves, whose former activities were associated with grueling work in the fields and the development of mineral deposits.

• Republican ... During this period, all power belonged to the Senate. The borders of Ancient Rome began to expand through the conquest and annexation of the lands of Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica, Macedonia, and the Mediterranean. The republic was headed by representatives of the nobility, who were elected at a national assembly.
• The Roman Empire ... Power still belonged to the Senate, but a single ruler, the Emperor, appeared on the political arena. During that period of time, Ancient Rome increased its territories so much that it became more and more difficult to govern empires. Over time, the power split into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern, which was later renamed Byzantium.

Urban planning and architecture

The construction of cities in ancient Rome was approached with great responsibility. Each large settlement was built in such a way that two perpendicular roads intersect in its center. At their intersection was the central square, the market and all the most important buildings.

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Engineering thought in ancient Rome reached its peak. The local architects were especially proud of aqueducts - water conduits, through which a large volume of clean water was supplied to the city every day.

Figure: 2. Aqueduct in Ancient Rome.

One of the oldest temples in Ancient Rome was the Capitol, built on one of the seven hills. The Capitoline Temple was not only the focus of religion, it was of great importance in strengthening the state and served as a symbol of the strength, power and might of Rome.

Numerous canals, fountains, an excellent sewerage system, a network of public baths (thermae) with cold and hot pools greatly facilitated their life for city residents.

Ancient Rome became famous for its roads, which provided troops and postal services with rapid movement, contributed to the developed trade. They were built by slaves who dug deep trenches and then filled them with gravel and stone. Roman roads were so solid that they could safely survive for more than one hundred years.

Culture of Ancient Rome

Deeds worthy of a true Roman were philosophy, politics, agriculture, war, civil law. The early culture of Ancient Rome was based on this. Special attention was paid to the development of sciences and various kinds of research.

Ancient Roman art, in particular painting and sculpture, had a lot in common with the art of Ancient Greece. A single ancient culture gave birth to many wonderful writers, poets, playwrights.

The Romans were very fond of entertainment, among which gladiator fights, chariot races and hunting wild animals were in greatest demand. Roman spectacles have become an alternative to the incredibly popular Olympic Games in ancient Greece.

Figure: 3. Gladiator fights.

What have we learned?

When studying the topic "Ancient Rome", we briefly learned the most important thing about Ancient Rome: the history of its origin, features of the formation of the state, the main stages of development. We got acquainted with ancient Roman art, culture, architecture.

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This question was asked by the world chess champion Garry Kasparov. And I came to the conclusion that not everything is in order with the dates in ancient history: here and there insoluble contradictions arose. An objective analysis of an open-minded explorer of stone unturned leaves no trace of the official story to which we are accustomed. Simple logic proves that, most likely, no antique period in the development of mankind existed. There is no real evidence for this - some myths and dubious "documents", the original sources of which are unknown.

It is interesting to study the rate of reproduction of the human race. For example, in England, from the 15th to the 20th century, the population grew from 4 to 62 million. That is, a 15-fold increase in population in 500 years. In France, from the 17th to the 20th century, starting with the reign of Louis XIV, the population grew from 20 million to about 60 million. And this despite the fact that France took part in terrible wars: only Napoleonic ones claimed about 3 million lives.

This begs the question: what was the population in these provinces during the collapse of the Roman Empire in the IV-V centuries? The fertile Gallic provinces of the vast empire were densely populated. If the eastern and western parts together numbered about 20 million people (the minimum estimate), then simple logic dictates that the hordes of barbarians that swept the empire also had to number in the millions.

This means that if we try to use an inverse geometric progression in our calculations, we get an irrational result. It turns out that the reproduction of people at some stage has stopped altogether, or even somewhere "negative growth" has begun.

Attempts at logical explanations, such as that hygiene was inadequate, or references to epidemics are not convincing. According to historical documents, there was no real improvement in sanitary and hygienic conditions in the life of the population of Western Europe from the 5th to the 18th century. In addition, since the 15th century, wars with the use of firearms began, claiming many more lives.

It is even more interesting to compare the population of the ancient world from the time of Pericles (5th century BC) and the emperor Trajan (2nd century AD). If we take the number of inhabitants in large cities and the number of armies as the basis for calculations, then we will face an insane rate of demographic growth. Of course, Greece under the auspices of Athens is incomparable with the world empire centered in Rome, but the proportions are still not respected. Judge for yourself, 15 thousand free Athenian citizens - and half a million Rome and Alexandria. On the one hand, the 1,500-strong rearguard of the united army of the Greek city-states, which included 300 famous Spartans, remains to cover the retreat of the main forces in a war where the existence of the Hellenes was at stake. On the other hand, 26 legions (!) Were kept by Rome in peacetime and were recruited without the introduction of universal military service. This is more than the Russian Empire could put up in 1812 to repel Napoleonic aggression.

Another mystery. Let's look at the size of a person. We see pictures and descriptions of ancient Greek athletes. These are physically well-developed people, of large build. And then we see the armor of medieval knights, which fit only 15-year-old youths of the XX century. Against the background of ideas about the ancient mighty athleticism, this is very strange. It turns out a kind of sinusoid in the development of the muscles of the human body. Why did this change suddenly happen?

The further - the more oddities. In the piece of history we are testing, we find an absolutely incredible human urge to discover. Literally every ten years something happens, something is discovered. Continuous development. No "falling asleep for centuries" is observed. At the same time, in traditional ancient history, we find that a person seemed to be immersed in a centuries-old hibernation. There were thriving ancient empires that froze at some point and did not develop further. Why?

It is also incomprehensible that the rates of technical and cultural progress in the ancient world absolutely do not fit into the framework of human abilities for practical improvement.

For example, Rome takes over everything from Greece, but nothing happens in the field of music. Although supposedly emperors, the nobility strongly encouraged the development of the arts. But everything froze on the same level, rather primitive. Music - no! It is unclear how such a sophisticated society could do without a sound recording system. As a result, no musical monuments have survived to us.

Then there is an even more mysterious paradox: the amazing inability of ancient Rome to improve the types of weapons and tactics of military operations. The empire wages regular wars of conquest - but the Romans did not manage to forge steel and fought with short swords of low-grade iron. Ask historians what the ancient sculptor Phidias did with marble? An iron chisel will not give such a filigree result - you need hardened steel tools. But, according to the official chronology, coal was first mined in England in the 11th century. Charcoal does not give the temperature of white heat, coal is needed. If there is no white heat, then there is no steel either.

According to ancient sources, the Roman cavalry did not have harness! There were reins, but stirrups appear only in the 8th century A.D. - and then chivalry arises. Meanwhile, the ancient Romans fought with the eastern peoples, famous horsemanship. Crossbows and bows did not appear in Ancient Rome either. Moreover, many heroes of ancient Greek myths are excellent archers.

Progress in the invention of new types of weapons begins only in the XIV-XV centuries. And since then it has not stopped. And before that, for many centuries, for some reason, nothing happened.

It seems strange that the Roman Empire became famous for its extensive network of roads and communications, but there were no geographical maps. Even more mysterious is the fact that ancient documents are completely silent about the banking system and commodity credit in ancient Rome. Meanwhile, trade in the empire - especially on the scale we are told about - needs the emergence of credit institutions. It is interesting that, according to the official historical version, the banking system will appear in the Middle Ages in Italy: in Genoa, in Florence, in Milan.

Another mystery of the ancient world. We know a lot about the scientists of Ancient Greece - Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Archimedes, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Euclid. But from about the 1st century BC, a collapse occurs. No more scientists! The development of science has completely stopped! It is strange that with an abundance of complex architectural structures, there was no good counting system in Rome. The one that was is not suitable for serious calculations. Try dividing large numbers into columns or calculating the volume of a complex geometric shape. But the Romans did some calculations. And quite complex. And what system of counting did the famous ancient Greek scientists Archimedes, Euclid, Ptolemy use? And why did the pragmatic Romans, who took over the best from the Greeks, ignored mathematics? Or the Greeks did not have such a system. But then how did they count? The Arabic medieval account appeared more than ten centuries after the creation of the fundamental works of the ancient Greek founders of mathematics and physics. It turns out an absolutely incredible time gap!

Nothing is heard in the ancient world about chemical research. There were no chemists or alchemists. Why did alchemists appear only in the Middle Ages? Let's add a few words about anatomy and medicine. The works of Hippocrates have not reached us, and this is strange, because the emperors and kings needed medicine. For some reason, Homer's poems in the dark era of the Middle Ages have survived much better than priceless treatises on the healing of the human body.

The inquisitive thought of the ancient genius for ten centuries could not come up with anything that would surpass the achievements of Europeans, who had a maximum of 300 years of Renaissance progress behind them! What's the matter?

There is a version that medieval authors simply invented the whole "ancient history" in the XV-XVI centuries. They took the everyday environment of their era and projected it into the past - on Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The life of the “ancient world” created by the imagination improved due to the fact that “the ancients had more of everything”. But, naturally, no innovations were invented either in weapons, or in science, or in everyday life, or in culture. No one was embarrassed by the fact that the 15th-16th centuries in official history were at the same level of development as the Roman Empire during the period of its greatest power.

The daily life of the Roman Empire is described in some detail. But let's look at the everyday environment. Forks, knives, chairs, functional utensils - these household items are not available. But feasts were rolled all over the world! I immediately recall that in the 16th century, the European nobility continued to eat with their hands and chomp loudly!

The absence of ancient inscriptions with dates is also embarrassing. On the walls of numerous cathedrals, palaces, churches there are only tablets with dates in the chronological system adopted today. You are told that this cathedral is 500 years old, but the plaque was nailed only in the 19th or 20th century. No old dates. Even scribbled by hand. In Western Europe, you will not find a single truly old building with an inscription on the walls that would be authentic to the announced year of completion.

Nevertheless, humankind unconditionally believes in the current panorama of world history. We are used to considering ourselves a part of an infinitely ancient historical process, in which the Egyptian pharaohs and Chinese emperors, Greek philosophers and Roman gladiators have settled comfortably. This world is formed from children's books, school textbooks, masterpieces of world literature, reflected in films, commercials, Internet sites. A world in which everything is arranged on the shelves and every question has an answer. Most people prefer to get to know the past in theaters or on TV. For them, Hollywood versions of significant historical events become reality.

But in fact, we have all the signs of a chronic, centuries-old falsification of facts. Scientists have constructed seven centuries of ancient Greek history based on ancient Greek myths. I had questions for a long time, but I did not dare to ask them out loud, until in 1996 I read the book by Anatoly Fomenko "Empire". That was when I first questioned the entire official chronology. Much, mathematically calculated and predicted by Fomenko, is confirmed in reality.