Leningrad blockade
	Leningrad, USSR
	The victory of the Red Army, the final removal of the blockade of Leningrad
	Third Reich
	Finland
	Blue Division
Commander
K. E. Voroshilov	V. von Leeb
G. K. Zhukov	G. von Kühler
I. I. Fedyuninsky	K. G. Mannerheim
M. S. Hozin	A. Munos Grandez
L. A. Govorov
V. F. Tributz
Forces side
Unknown	Unknown
Military losses 332 059 killed 24 324 Neheboy losses 111 142 missing civil losses 16 747 killed during art printing and bombardments 632 253 died from hunger	Unknown

Leningrad blockade - Military blockade by German, Finnish and Spanish (Blue Division) with troops with volunteers from North Africa, Europe and the Naval Forces of Italy during the Great Patriotic War of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). Lost from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944 (the blockade ring was broken on January 18, 1943) - 872 days.

By the beginning of the blockade in the city there was no sufficient food and fuel reserves. The only way to communicate with Leningrad remained Lake Lake, which was located within the reach of artillery and aviance of precipitating, on the lake also acted by the United Navy of the opponent. The throughput of this transport artery did not comply with the needs of the city. As a result, a massive hunger, which began in Leningrad, was aggravated by a particularly harsh first blockade in winter, problems with heating and transport, led to hundreds of thousands of deaths among the inhabitants.

After removing the blockade of the siege of Leningrad, enemy troops and the fleet continued until September 1944. To force the enemy to remove the siege of the city, in June - August 1944, Soviet troops, with the support of ships and aviation of the Baltic Fleet, held a Vyborg and Svir-Petrozavodsk operation, 20 June, Vyborg, and on June 28 - Petrozavodsk. In September 1944, Gogind Island was released.

For mass heroism and courage in the protection of the Motherland in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, shown by defenders of a blockade Leningrad, according to the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 8, 1965. The city is assigned the highest degree of differences - the title of the hero city.

German attack on the USSR

The seizure of Leningrad was an integral part of the War Plan developed by Nazi Germany against the USSR Plan "Barbarossa". It was envisaged that the Soviet Union should be completely crushed within 3-4 months of summer and the fall of 1941, that is, during the lightning war (Blitzkrieg). By November 1941, German troops had to seize the entire European part of the USSR. According to the "OST" plan ("East"), it was assumed for several years to destroy a significant part of the population of the Soviet Union, first of all, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, as well as all Jews and Gypsies - just 30 million people. None of the peoples inhabited by the USSR should not have the right to their statehood or even autonomy.

Already on June 23, the commander of the Leningrad Military District, Lieutenant General M. Popov, an order was given to the start of work on the creation of the final line of defense at the Pskov direction in the Luga area.

On July 4, this decision was confirmed by the Directive of the Master Command rate signed by G. K. Zhukov.

Finland entry into war

On June 17, 1941, a decree was issued on the mobilization of the entire field army in Finland, and on June 20, the mobilized army focused on the Soviet-Finnish border. On June 21-25, the naval and military air forces of Germany acted from the territory of Finland against the USSR. On June 25, 1941, in the morning, a massive blow to nineteen (according to other data - 18) airfields of Finland and Northern Norway was inflicted on the orders of the Baltic Fleet. There were based on the aircraft of the Air Force of Finland and the German 5th Air Army. On the same day, the Finnish Parliament voted for the War from the USSR.

On June 29, 1941, Finnish troops, going through the state border, began a land surge against the USSR.

Non-enemy exit to Leningrad

In the first 18 days of the offensive, the 4th enemy's tank group with battles passed more than 600 kilometers (with a pace of 30-35 km per day), forced the River West Dvina Elevacious.

On July 4, part of the Wehrmacht entered into the Leningrad region, forcing the Great and overcome the strengthening of the Stalin line in the direction of the island.

On July 5-6, the enemy's troops occupied the city, and on July 9 - Pskov, located 280 kilometers from Leningrad. From Pskov, the shortest path to Leningrad passes through the Kiev highway, going through the meadow.

July 19, by the time of the exit of advanced German parts, the Luzhsky defensive frontier was well prepared in engineering: defensive structures with a length of 175 kilometers and a total depth of 10-15 kilometers were built. Defensive structures were built by the hands of Leningradians, most of their women and adolescents (men went into the army and militia).

The Luzhsky fortified area has a delayed German offensive. Connecting the commander of the German troops to the headquarters:

The command of the Leningrad Front took advantage of the delay of Hepner, who was expecting reinforcement, and prepared for a meeting of the enemy, using, including the latest heavy tanks of the KV-1 and KV-2, just released by the Kirov plant. Only in 1941 more than 700 tanks remaining in the city were built. During the same time, 480 armored vehicles and 58 armored trains were released, often armed with powerful ship guns. At Rzhev artillery polygonel, a combat-ready ship tool was found by a 406 mm caliber. It was intended for the head liner "Soviet Union", which has already been in the Shephel. This tool was used in the shelling of German positions. The German offensive was suspended for several weeks. The enemy troops failed to master the city with the go. This delay caused a sharp discontent of Hitler, who made a special trip to the North Army Group in order to prepare a plan for the seizure of Leningrad no later than September 1941. In conversations with warheads, Führer, in addition to purely military arguments, led a lot of political arguments. He believed that the seizure of Leningrad would give not only a military winnings (control over all the Baltic coasts and the destruction of the Baltic Fleet), but also bring huge political dividends. The Soviet Union will lose the city, which, being a cradle of the October Revolution, has a special symbolic meaning for the Soviet state. In addition, Hitler considered it very important not to give the Soviet command the opportunity to bring troops from the Leningrad region and use them in other front sites. He expected to destroy the defending city of troops.

In prolonged exhausting battles, overcoming crises in different places, the German troops were preparing for the storm of the city during the month. The Baltic fleet came to the city with its 153 instruments of the main caliber of the ship artillery, as the experience of Tallinn's defense showed, in its combat effectiveness of the superior tools of the same coastal artillery caliber, also under Leningrad, 207 stems. The city sky defended the 2nd Air Defense Corps. The highest density of anti-aircraft artillery during the defense of Moscow, Leningrad and Baku was 8-10 times more than during the defense of Berlin and London.

On August 14-15, the Germans managed to break through the wetland, bypassing the Luzhsky UR from the West and, forcing the Lugu River in Greater Sabsk, to reach the operational space in front of Leningrad.

June 29, by going the border, the Finnish army began fighting on the Karelian Isthmus. On July 31, a major Finnish offensive in the direction of Leningrad began. By the beginning of September, the Finns moved to the Soviet-Finnish border on the Karelian Isthmus that existed before the signing of the peace treaty in 1940, stopped at the turn of Karelian Street. Leningrad's relationship with the rest of the country through the territories occupied by Finland was restored in the summer of 1944.

On September 4, 1941, the head of the General Staff of the German Armed Forces General Iodle was sent to Mannerheim in Mikkeli. But he received a refusal to participate in Finns in an offensive on Leningrad. Instead, Mannerheim led a successful offensive in the north of Ladoga, cutting the Kirov Railway IBELO-Baltic Channel in the area of \u200b\u200bOnega Lake, thereby blocking the route for deliveries to Leningrad cargo.

It was September 4, 1941, the city is subjected to the first artillery shelling from the city of Tosno occupied by the German troops:

In September 1941, a small group of officers on the instructions of the command was driving on a flying machine on the forest prospect from Levashovo airfield. A little ahead of us walked by the people of the tram. It slows down before stopping where there is a large group of waiting. The rupture of the projectile is heard, and many fall at the bus stop, pouring blood. The second gap, the third ... the tram is separated into the sins. Piles of killed. The wounded and crippled, mostly women and children are scattered over a cobblestone pavement, moan and cry. A blond-haired boy of seven-eight years, miraculously survived at the bus stop, closing his face with both handms, sobs over the killed mother and repeats: - Mommy that they endowed ...

On September 6, 1941, Hitler his order (Weisung No. 35) stops the offensive of the North Troops on Leningrad, who has already reached the suburbs of the city, and gives the order from Field Marshal Lee to give all hepner tanks and a significant number of troops in order to "start as quickly as possible" Offensive in Moscow. In the future, the Germans, giving their tanks on the central part of the front, continued the environment of the city by the ring of blockade, removed from the city center no more than 15 km, and moved to a long blockade. In the situation of the situation, Hitler, who really imagined the huge losses that he would carry, having joined the city fighting, its decision by the observation of his population for hungry death.

On September 8, the soldiers of the North Group captured the city of Schlisselburg (Petroxpex). From this day began with 872 days of the blockade of the city.

On the same day, German troops unexpectedly quickly found themselves in the suburbs of the city. German motorcyclists even stopped the tram on the southern outskirts of the city (route number 28 Strengthened ul. - Strelna). At the same time, the Soviet Supreme Command information about the closure of the rings of the environment did not report, hoping for a breakthrough. And on September 13, Leningradsky truth wrote:

This silence was worth the life of hundreds of thousands of citizens, since the decision to bring food was taken too late.

All summer day and night about half a million people were created in the city of Light Defense. One of them, the most fortified, called "Stalin Line" passed through the water channel. Many houses on defense borders were turned into long-term resistance reference points.

On September 13, Zhukov arrived in the city, who began commanding the front on September 14, when, contrary to the problem, converted by numerous artistic films, the offensive of the Germans was already stopped, the front was stabilized, and the opponent canceled his decision on the assault ..

Problems of evacuation of residents

Situation at the beginning of the blockade

The evacuation of the inhabitants of the city began 29.06.1941 (first trains) and was organized. At the end of June, the City Evacuation Commission was created. An explanatory work began among the population about the need to depart from Leningrad, since many residents did not want to leave their homes. Before the German attack on the USSR, no pre-developed plans for the evacuation of the population of Leningrad did not exist. The possibility of achieving the Germans of the city was considered minimal.

First Wave Evacuation

The very first stage of evacuation continued from June 29 to August 27, when part of the Wehrmacht seized the railway connecting Leningrad with the regions lying to the east of him. This period was characterized by two peculiarities:

• The reluctance of the inhabitants to leave the city;
• Many children from Leningrad were evacuated to the areas of the Leningrad region. Subsequently, this led to the fact that 175,000 children were returned back to Leningrad.

During this period, 488,703 people were taken out of the city, of which 219,691 children (395,091 were taken out, but subsequently 175,000 returned back) and 164,320 workers and employees who were evacuated with enterprises.

Second Wave Evacuation

In the second period, evacuation was carried out in three ways:

• evacuation through Lake Lake with water transport to the new Ladoga, and then to Art. Volkhovstroy vehicles;
• avacuation Aviation;
• evacuation on the ice road through Lake Ladoga.

During this period, 33,479 people were taken by water (of which 14,854 people - non-Nesting Populations), Aviation - 35 114 (of these, 16,956 non-Nesting Populations), a hiking order through Lake Ladoga and inorganized vehicles from the end of December 1941 and until January 22 1942 - 36,118 people (the population is not from Leningrad), from January 22 to April 15, 1942 on the "Road of Life" - 554,86.

In total, during the second period of evacuation - from September 1941 to April 1942 - from the city, mainly on the "road of life" through the Lake Ladoga, about 659 thousand people were exported.

Third Wave Evacuation

From May to October 1942, 403 thousand people were taken out. In total, 1.5 million people were evacuated for the blockade of the blockade. By October 1942, the evacuation was completed.

Effects

Consequences for Evacuantov

Some of the exhausted people exported from the city could not be saved. Several thousand people died from the consequences of hunger after they were crushed to "Greater Earth." Doctors did not immediately have learned how to care for starving people. There were cases when they died, having received a large amount of high-quality food, which for a depleted organism was essentially poison. At the same time, the victims could be much more, if the local authorities of the areas where they were evacuated, did not make extraordinary efforts to provide Leningraders with food and qualified medical care.

Consequences for urban leadership

The blockade has become a cruel exam for all urban services and departments that provided the vital activity of a huge city. Leningrad gave a unique experience in organizing life in conditions of hunger. The following fact draws attention: during the blockade, in contrast to many other cases of mass hunger, there were no major epidemics, despite the fact that hygiene in the city was, of course, much lower than the normal level due to the almost complete absence of water supply, Sewer and heating. Of course, the prevention of epidemics helped the harsh winter of 1941-1942. At the same time, the researchers also indicate effective preventive measures taken by the authorities and medical service.

Autumn 1941.

Failure attempts Blitzkriga

At the end of August 1941, the German offensive resumed. German parts broke through the Luzhsky defensive line and rushed to Leningrad. On September 8, the enemy went to Ladoga Lake, captured Shlisselburg, taking control of the source of the Neva, and blocked Leningrad from Sushi. This day is considered to be the beginning of the blockade. All rail, river and automotive communications were broken. Message with Leningrad was now supported only by air and Ladoga Lake. From the north the city was blocked by Finnish troops, which were stopped by the 23rd army at the Karelian Hurray. Only the only railway communication with the lake Ladoga coast from Finland Station - "Road of Life" has been preserved.

This partly confirms that the Finns stopped by order of Mannerheim (according to his memoirs he agreed to take the position of the Supreme Commander of the Finland's troops, provided that he would not conduct an offensive against the city), at the turn of the state border of 1939, that is, the border that existed between The USSR and Finland of the National Finnish war of 1939-1940, on the other hand, is disputed Isaev and N. I. Baryshnikov:

On September 11, 1941, Finland President Rosto Ryuti said the German Messenger in Helsinki:

The total area taken into the Ring of Leningrad and suburbs was about 5000 km².

According to G. K. Zhukov, "the situation underlying under Leningrad, Stalin, at that moment assessed as a catastrophic. Once he even used the word "hopeless". He said that, apparently, there will be a few more days, and Leningrad will have to be considered lost. " After the end of the Yelninsk operation, by order of September 11, K. Zhukov was appointed commander of the Leningrad Front, he began the duties from September 14.

The commander of the Baltic Fleet of V. F. Tributz, K. E. Voroshilov and A. A. Zhdanov were led by the establishment of the city defense.

On September 4, 1941, the Germans began regular artillery shelling of Leningrad, although their decision on the storming of the city remained in force until September 12, when Hitler's order followed his abolition, that is, Zhukov arrived two days after the abolition of the order of the assault (September 14). Local guide has prepared to explode the main plants. All ships of the Baltic Fleet were to be flooded. Trying to stop the enemy offensive, the beetles did not stop in front of the most cruel measures. At the end of the month, he signed a cipher No. 4976 with such text:

He, in particular, issued an order that for the unauthorized digression and stopping the border of defense around the city, all commanders and soldiers were subject to immediate execution. The retreat ceased.

The soldiers who defeated Leningrad these days were to death. Leeb continued successful actions on the nearest approaches to the city. His goal was to strengthen the blockade rings and the distraction of the forces of the Leningrad Front from the help of the 54th Army in the Deblookade. In the end, the enemy stopped 4-7 km from the city, actually in the suburbs. The front line, that is, the trenches, where the soldiers sat, passed only 4 km from the Kirov plant and 16 km from the Winter Palace. Despite the proximity of the front, the Kirov plant did not stop working throughout the entire period of the blockade. From the factory to the front line even went a tram. It was the usual tram line from the city center in the suburbs, but now it was used to transport soldiers and ammunition.

Start of food crisis

German ideology

In the Hitler Directive No. 1601 of September 22, 1941, the "Future of the city of St. Petersburg" (Him. Weisung Nr. IA 1601/41 VOM 22. September 1941 "Die Zukunft der Stadt Petersburg") It said with all certainty:

2. The Führer decided to erase the city of Leningrad from the face of the earth. After the defeat of Soviet Russia, the continued existence of this largest settlement does not represent any interest ... 4. It is supposed to surround the city with a close ring and the shelling from the artillery of all calibers and continuous bombing from the air to compriment it from the earth. If, as a result, requests that created in the city will be announced by requests for delivery, they will be rejected, since the problems associated with staying in the city of the population and its food supply cannot and should not be solved. In this war, led by the right to exist, we are not interested in preserving at least part of the population.

According to iodine's testimony during the Nuremberg process,

It should be noted that in the same order No. S.123 there was the following refinement:

... No German soldier should enter into these cities [Moscow and Leningrad]. Who will leave the city against our lines, should be reinted back with fire. Small unguarded passages that make it possible to enter the population for evacuation into the inland areas of Russia, you should only welcome. The population needs to be forced to escape from the city with the help of artillery shelling and air bombing. The numerous population of cities, running deep into Russia, the greater the chaos of the enemy and the easier it will be for us the task of management and use of the occupied regions. All the highest officers should be aware of this desire of the Fuhrer

The German military leaders protested against the order to shoot in the civilian population and said that the troops would not fulfill the troops, but Hitler was adamant.

Change the tactics of war

Fights near Leningrad did not cease, but their character has changed. German troops have begun to destroy the city by massive artillery shelling and bombing. Especially strong were bomb and artillery strikes in October - November 1941. The Germans dropped several thousand incendiary bombs to Leningrad in order to cause mass fires. Special attention was paid to the destruction of warehouses with food, and this task was successful. So, in particular, on September 10, they managed to bomb the famous Badaev warehouses, where there were considerable food reserves. The fire was ambitious, thousands of tons of products burned, melted Sugar in the city, absorbed into the ground. Nevertheless, contrary to popular belief, this bombardment could not be the main reason for the federal food crisis, since Leningrad, like any other metropolis, is supplied with "from wheels", and products destroyed together with warehouses, the city would have enough for several days .

Scientists with this bitter lesson, the urban authorities began to pay special attention to the disguise of food reserves, which were now stored only in small batches. So, hunger became the most important factor that determined the fate of the Leningrad population. The blockade, installed by the German army, was consciously aimed at extincting the urban population.

Fate citizens: demographic factors

According to January 1, 1941, a little less than three million people lived in Leningrad. For the city was characterized higher than usual, the percentage of disabled population, including children and old people. Its distinguished and disadvantageous military-strategic position associated with the proximity to the border and cutoff of commodity and fuel bases. At the same time, the City Medical and Sanitary Service of Leningrad was one of the best in the country.

Theoretically, the Soviet side could have an option to bring the troops and passing Leningrad to the enemy without a fight (using the terminology of the time, declare Leningrad "open city", as it happened, for example, with Paris). However, if you take into account the plans of Hitler regarding the future of Leningrad (or, more precisely, there is no future in general), there is no reason to argue that the fate of the population of the city in the event of the capitulation would be better in real blockade conditions.

The actual beginning of the blockade

The beginning of the blockade is considered to be September 8, 1941, when Leningrad's land bond with the whole country was interrupted. However, the inhabitants of the city lost the opportunity to leave Leningrad two weeks earlier: the railway communication was interrupted on August 27, and tens of thousands of people who wait for the breakthrough to the East were accumulated at the station and in the suburbs. The situation was also complicated by the fact that with the beginning of war, Leningrad was flooded with at least 300,000 refugees from the Baltic republics and neighboring Russian regions.

The catastrophic food position of the city became clear on September 12, when the verification was completed and accounting for all edible reserves. Food cards were introduced in Leningrad on July 17, that is, even before the blockade, but this was done only in order to bring order in supply. The city entered the war, having a normal stock of products. Norms of vacation products on cards were high, and there was no shortage of food before the blockade. The decline in the norms of product issuing for the first time occurred on September 15. In addition, on September 1, the free sale of food was prohibited (this measure operated until mid-1944). When saving the "black market", the official sale of products in the so-called commercial stores at market prices has ceased.

In October, the inhabitants of the city felt a clear shortage of food, and in November, a real hunger began in Leningrad. First, the first cases of the loss of consciousness from hunger on the streets and at work, the first cases of death from exhaustion, and then the first cases of cannibalism were noted. In February 1942, more than 600 people were convicted, in March - more than a thousand. Food reserves were extremely difficult to replenish: in the air, it was impossible to supply such a large city in the air, and shipping in Ladoga Lake temporarily ceased due to the occurrence of cold weather. At the same time, the ice on the lake was still very weak, so that cars could drive. All these transport communications were under the constant enemy fire.

Despite the lowest rates of extraction of bread, death from hunger has not yet become a massive phenomenon, and the main part of the dead was the victim of bombardments and artillery shelling.

Winter 1941-1942

Paja Leningradsa

Based on the actual flow rate, the presence of basic food products on September 12 was (the figures are given according to the details of the department produced by the Lengor Executive Committee, the Intensity of the Front and the CBF):

• Bread grain and flour for 35 days
• Crupes and pasta for 30 days
• Meat and meat products for 33 days
• Fats for 45 days
• Sugar and confectionery 60 days

The vending rates of goods on food cards introduced in the city in the city in July, due to the blockade of the city declined, and were minimal from November 20 to December 25, 1941. Food sketch size amounted to:

• Workers - 250 grams of bread per day,
• Employees, dependents and children under 12 years old - 125 grams,
• The personal composition of the militarized security, fire teams, fighter detachments, craft schools and schools of the Federal Regional Development, FZO, who was on the boiler content - 300 grams,
• The first line troops are 500 grams.

At the same time, up to 50% of bread amounted to almost incredible impurities that were added instead of flour. All other products almost ceased to be issued: already on September 23, the production of beer ceased, and all the reserves of malt, barley, soybeans and bran were transferred to bib plates in order to reduce flour consumption. On September 24, bread was 40% from malt, oats and husks, and later cellulose (at different times from 20 to 50%). On December 25, 1941, the norms of extraction of bread were elevated - the population of Leningrad began to receive 350 g of bread on a working card and 200 g according to employees, children's and dependent. From February 11, new supply standards were introduced: 500 grams of bread for workers, 400 - for employees, 300 - for children and non-working. The impurities almost disappeared from bread. But the main thing - the supply has become regular, products on cards began to issue in a timely manner and almost completely. On February 16, it was even first issued high-quality meat - ice cream beef and lamb. In the food situation in the city there was a fracture.

Settlement date	Workers hot shops	Workers and IR.	Servants	Dependents	Children under 12

The alert system of residents. Metronome

In the first months of the blockade on the streets of Leningrad, 1500 loudspeakers were installed. Radio network has carried information for the population about taxes and air alarm. The famous metronome, entered the history of Leningrad's blockade as a cultural monument of resistance of the population, was broadcast during the taxes exactly through this network. Fast rhythm meant air alarm, slow rhythm - from a hang. Anxiety was also announced by the announcer Mikhail Melaned.

Worsening situation in the city

In November 1941, the position of the citizens deteriorated sharply. Mortality from hunger has become a mass. Special funeral services were chosen daily only on the streets about hundreds of corpses.

Countless stories have been preserved about people who have fallen from weakness and oath - at home or at work, in stores or on the streets. A resident of the blockade town Elena Scriabin recorded:

Death hosts in the city. People die and die. Today, when I passed down the street, I walked in front of me. He barely moved his legs. Having overtaking it, I involuntarily drew attention to a terrible blue face. I thought about myself: probably will die soon. It was really possible to say that on the face of a man lay a seal of death. After a few steps, I turned around, stopped, followed him. He sank to the end, the eyes rolled out, then he slowly began to crawl into Earth. When I approached him, he was already dead. People from hunger so weakened that they did not resist death. Dying as if they fall asleep. And the surrounding semi-axis people do not pay any attention to them. Death became a phenomenon observed at every step. It was accustomed to her, a full indifference appeared: because not today - tomorrow such fate awaits everyone. When you go out of the house in the morning, you rush to the corpses lying in the doorway, on the street. The corpses lie for a long time, as some kind of cleaning them.

D. V. Pavlov, authorized by GKO to ensure the food of Leningrad and the Leningrad Front, writes:

Despite the low temperatures in the city, a part of the water supply network worked, dozens of waterborne columns were opened, of which residents of the surrounding houses could take water. Most of the Vodokanal workers were transferred to the barren position, but residents also accounted for water from damaged pipes and drove.

The number of famous victims grew rapidly - every day more than 4,000 people died in Leningrad, which a hundred times exceeded mortality rates in peacetime. There were days when 6-7 thousand people were dying. Only in December 52,881 people died, the losses for January-February - 199 187 people. Men's mortality significantly exceeded the female - for every 100 deaths accounted for an average of 63 men and 37 women. By the end of the war, women constituted the bulk of the urban population.

Impact of cold

Another important factant to increase mortality was the cold. With the onset of winter in the city, fuel reserves were almost over: electricity generation was only 15% of the pre-war level. The centralized heating of houses has ceased, water and sewage and sewage were turned off. Work stopped almost in all factories and factories (except for defense). Often citizens who came to work could not do their work due to the lack of water supply, heat and energy.

The winter of 1941-1942 was much colder and longer than the usual one. The average daily temperature sustainably fell below 0 ° C for October 11, and it became steadily positive after April 7, 1942 - the climatic winter was 178 days, that is, half of the year. During this period there were 14 days with the average daily T\u003e 0 ° C, mainly in October. Even in May 1942, 4 days were observed with a negative average daily temperature, on May 7, the maximum temperature of the day rose only to +0.9 ° C. In winter, there was also a lot of snow: the height of the snow cover towards the end of winter was more than half a meter. At the maximum height of snow cover (53 cm), April 1942 is a record holder for the entire observation period, until 2010 inclusive.

• The average monthly temperature in October was +1.4 ° C (the average value for the period of 1743-2010 is +4.9 ° C), which is 3.5 ° C below the norm. In the middle of the month, frost reached -6 ° C. By the end of the month, snow cover was installed.
• The average temperature of November 1941 was -4.2 ° C (average long-term - -0.8 ° C), the temperature move was from +1.6 to -13.8 ° C.
• In December, the average monthly temperature dropped to -12.5 ° C (with an average multi-year in -5.6 ° C). The temperature ranged from +1.6 to -25.3 ° C.
• The first month of 1942 was the coldest this winter. The average temperature of the month was -18.7 ° C (average T for the period 1743-2010 - -8.3 ° C). Frost reached -32.1 ° C, the maximum temperature is +0.7 ° C. The average snow depth reached 41 cm (the average depth for 1890-1941 is 23 cm).
• The February average monthly temperature was -12.4 ° C (the average long-term - -7.9 ° C), the temperature of the temperature from -0.6 to -25.2 ° C.
• March was a little warmer of February - the average T \u003d -11.6 ° C (with the average long-term T \u003d -4 ° C). The temperature varied from +3.6 to -29.1 ° C in the middle of the month. March 1942 became the coldest in the entire history of meteorological observations to 2010.
• The average monthly temperature of April was close to medium values \u200b\u200b(+2.8 ° C) and amounted to +1.8 ° C, at the same time, a minimum of temperature was -14.4 ° C.

In the book "Memories" Dmitry Sergeevich Likhacheva, about the years Blocade said:

Heating and transport system

The main heating agent for most inhabited apartments was special mini stoves, bourgeities. All that could burn, including furniture and books in them. Wooden houses disassembled on firewood. Fuel mining has become the most important part of the life of Leningradians. Due to the lack of electricity and mass destruction of the contact network, the movement of urban electric transport was stopped, primarily trams. This event has become an important factor contributing to mortality.

According to D. S. Likhacheva's testimony,

"Candle burned from two ends" - These words expressively characterized the position of a resident of the city, living in conditions of hungry soldering and huge physical and mental loads. In most cases, the family did not die out immediately, but one by one, gradually. While someone could walk, he brought products on cards. The streets were listed by snow, which was not removed all winter, so the movement on them was very difficult.

Organization of hospitals and bevel power

According to the decision of the Bureau of the CSP (b) and the Lengorispol Complex, additional healing nutrition was organized on increased norms in special hospitals created at factories and factories, as well as 105 urban canteens. Hospitals operated from January 1 to May 1, 1942 and served 60 thousand people. From the end of April 1942, by decision of the Lengor Executive Committee, the network of canteen enhanced nutrition was expanded. On the territory of factories, plants and institutions instead of hospitals, 89. 64 dining rooms were organized outside the enterprises. Power in these dining rooms were made on specially approved standards. From April 25 to July 1, 1942, 234 thousand people took advantage of them, of which 69% were workers, 18.5% - servants and 12.5% \u200b\u200b- dependents.

In January 1942, a hospital for scientists and creative workers began working at the Astoria Hotel. In the dining room at home scientists in the winter months was fed from 200 to 300 people. On December 26, 1941, the Leningradsky City Executive Committee was ordered by the office "Deli" to organize a lump-sum of the sale at the state prices without progresses to academics and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences: Animal oils - 0.5 kg, wheat flour - 3 kg, canned meat or fish meat - 2 boxes, sugar 0.5 kg, eggs - 3 dozen, chocolate - 0.3 kg, cookies - 0.5 kg, and grape wines - 2 bottles.

By decision of the city executive committee from January 1942, new children's homes are opening in the city. In 5 months, 85 children's homes who have taken 30 thousand children left without parents were organized in Lenigra. The command of the Leningrad Front and the leadership of the city sought to provide children's home for children. By the decision of the Military Council of the front of February 7, 1942, the following monthly norms of the supply of orphanages for one child were approved: meat - 1.5 kg, fats - 1 kg, egg - 15 pieces, sugar - 1.5 kg, tea - 10 g, coffee - 30 g , Crupes and pasta - 2.2 kg, wheat bread - 9 kg, wheat flour - 0.5 kg, dried fruits - 0.2 kg, potato flour -0.15 kg.

At high schools, their hospitals are opening, where scientists and other university workers could relax and get enhanced nutrition, which consisted of 20 g of coffee, 60 g of fats, 40 g of sugar or confectionery, 100 g of meat, 200 g of cereals , 0.5 eggs, 350 g of bread, 50 g of wine per day, and the products were outlined with cutting coupons from food cards.

An additional supply of the city's leadership and the area under the preserved testimonies was also organized, the leadership of Leningrad did not experience difficulties in nutrition and the heating of residential premises. Diaries of party workers of that time retained the following facts: any products were available in the dining room: fruits, vegetables, caviar, buns, cakes. Milk and eggs were delivered from the utility farm in the Vsevolozhsky district. The special holiday home has high-quality food and entertainment.

The instructor of the personnel department of the city assessment CBP (b) Nikolai Ribkovsky was sent to relax in the party sanatorium, where he described his life in the diary:

"For three days, as I am in the hospital of the party of the party. In my opinion, it is simply a seven-day holiday home and is placed in one of the pavilions of the currently closed holiday home of the party asset of the Leningrad Organization in the millstone. The situation and all order in the hospital is very similar to the closed sanatorium. In the city of Pushkin ... With a frost, a somewhat tired, you pour into the house, with warm cozy rooms, blissfully pull your legs ... every day meat - lamb, ham, chicken, goose, turkey, sausage; fish - bream, salaka, bore, and fried, and boiled, and filled. Caviar, baliq, cheese, pies, cocoa, coffee, tea, 300 grams of white and as much black bread for a day ... and to all this 50 grams of grape wine, good port wine to dinner and dinner. Nutrition Order On the eve of your taste. Comrades say that district hospitals are not at all inferior to the Gorkom hospital, and in some enterprises there are such hospitals, in front of which our hospital pale.

Ribkovsky wrote: "What is even better? Eat, drink, walk, we sleep or just loose by the pattephone, having exchanging jokes, having funny "konzelk" in the domino or card ... in a word rest! ... and we only pay for the trips only 50 rubles. "

At the same time, Ribkovsky claims that "such a holiday, in the conditions of the front, the long blockade of the city, is possible only from the Bolsheviks, only with Soviet power."

In the first half of 1942 hospitals, and then the canteen of reinforced nutrition played a huge role in the fight against hunger, restoring the strength and health of a significant number of patients, which saved thousands of Leningrads from death. This is evidenced by the numerous reviews of the Blocatnikov themselves and the data of the clinic.

In the second half of the year 1942, it was hospitalized to overcome the effects of hunger: in October-12 699, in November 14,738 patients in need of enhanced nutrition. As of January 1, 1943, 270 thousand Leningraders received a food security increased compared to the all-union norms, another 153 thousand people visited the table with three-time nutrition, which was made possible by conducting more successful than in 1941 to navigation in 1942.

Use of food substitutes

The use of food substitutes has played a large role in overcoming food supply problems, refiring on their production of old enterprises and the creation of new ones. In the certificate of Secretary of the city confinement of the CSP (b), Ya.F. Kapustina in the name of A. A. Zhdanov, the use of substitutes in bread, meat, confectionery, dairy, canning industry, in public catering. For the first time in the USSR, food cellulose was used in the bakery industry, produced on 6 enterprises, which made it possible to increase bread baking by 2,230 tons. As additives in the manufacture of meat products, soy flour, intestine, technical albumin, obtained from egg protein, plasma of animal blood, whey can be used. As a result, an additional 1360 tons of meat products were produced, including dining sausages - 380 tons, 730 tons, albumin sausage - 170 tons and loaf-blood loaf - 80 tons. In the dairy industry, 320 tons of soybeans and 25 tons of cotton cake, which It made additionally products 2,617 t, including: soybean milk 1 360 tons, soybean milk products (sour milk, cottage cheese, cheesecakers, etc.) - 942 tons. A group of scientists of the Forestry Academy under the leadership of V.I Kalyuzhnoye was developed technology for producing food yeast from Woods. The technology of preparation of vitamin C was widely used in the form of the inflores of the needles. Only before December, more than 2 million doses of this vitamin were manufactured. In the public catering, jelly was widely used, which was prepared from vegetable milk, juices, glycerin and gelatin. For the production of jelly, wastes of oatmeal and cranberry cake were used. The food industry of the city produced glucose, oxidic acid, carotene, Tannin.

Attempts by breaking the blockade. "The road of life"

Attempting a breakthrough. Bridgehead "Nevsky Piglet"

In the fall of 1941, immediately after establishing the blockade, the Soviet troops took two operations to restore Leningrad's land with the rest of the country. The offensive was carried out in the area of \u200b\u200bthe so-called "Sinyavinian-Shlisselburg protrusion", the width of the lake along the southern coast of Ladoga was only 12 km. However, the German troops were able to create powerful fortifications. The Soviet army suffered large losses, but never managed to move forward. The soldiers who broke through the blockade ring from Leningrad were very exhausted.

The main battles were conducted on the so-called "Nevsky Pigatch" - a narrow strip of the Earth with a width of 500-800 meters and about 2.5-3.0 km long (this is the memories of IG Svyatov) on the left bank of the Neva, held by the troops of the Leningrad Front . The entire pen was shot by the enemy, and the Soviet troops who constantly try to expand this bridgehead, carried the hardest losses. However, it was impossible to pass the patch in any way - otherwise it would have to forcing a full-flowed nevuzanovo, and the problem of breaking the blockade was much more complicated. In just 1941-1943, about 50,000 Soviet soldiers died at the Nevsky Pipatch.

In early 1942, the Higher Soviet Command, inspired by success in the Tikhvin offensive operation and explicitly underestimating the enemy, decided to take the forces of the Volkhov Front with the support of the Leningrad Front attempt to complete Leningrad from the enemy blockade. However, the initially having strategic tasks, the Lyuban operation developed with great difficulty, and ultimately ended with the severe defeat of the Red Army. In August - September 1942, Soviet troops took another attempt to break the blockade. Although the Sinyavinsk operation did not reach the goals, the troops of the Volkhovsky and Leningrad fronts managed to disrupt the plan of the German command to capture Leningrad under the code name "Northern Light" (it. Nordlicht.).

Thus, during 1941-1942, several attempts of the blockade breakthrough were undertaken, but they were all unsuccessful. The area between Lake Lake and the village of MgA, in which the distance between the Leningrad and Volkhov front lines was only 12-16 kilometers (the so-called "Sinyavinian-Schlisselburg protrusion"), continued to firmly hold parts of the 18th Wehrmacht army.

"The road of life"

Main article:The road of life

"The Road of Life" is the name of the ice road through the lady of the winter of 1941-42 and 1942-43, after reaching the thickness of the ice that allows transportation of goods of any weight. The road of life was actually the only means of the message of Leningrad with a big earth.

In the spring of 1942, I was then for 16 years, I only graduated from the school of the chaffiners, and went to Leningrad to work on "half a gun." Just my first flight lay through Ladoga. Machines broke alone after another and food for the city drove into the car is not just "under the string", but much more. It seemed that the car was about to fall apart! I drove exactly half the way and I only managed to hear the crackle of the ice, as my "half-one" was under water. I was saved. I do not remember how, but I woke up on Ice meters fifty from that Drove, where the car failed. I quickly got freeze. I was lucky on the passing machine back. Someone threw me either Shinel, or something like that, but it did not help. The clothes on me began to freeze and stopped feeling the tips of the fingers. Driving, I saw two more drowned cars and people trying to save the cargo. In the blockade area I was six months old. The worst thing that I saw it was when the corpses of people and horses popped during the ice drill. Water seemed black and red ...

Spring-summer 1942

First breakthrough of Leningrad blockade

March 29, 1942 to Leningrad arrived from Pskov and Novgorod regions Partisan traffic with food for residents of the city. The event had a huge propaganda value and demonstrated the inability of the enemy to control the rear of his troops, and the possibility of debloking the city of the regular Red Army, since it managed to make partisans.

Organization of subsidiary farms

On March 19, 1942, the executive committee of Lensovet took the provision of "On Personal Consumer Groceries of Workers and their Associations", which provides for the development of personal consumer gloomy, both in the city and suburbs. In addition to individual gardening itself, utility farms were created in enterprises. To do this, the free plots of land, adjacent to enterprises, and employees of enterprises on lists approved by the leaders of enterprises, were provided with sections of 2-3 weave for personal gardens. The subsidiary farms were guarded around the clock by the staff of enterprises. The owners of the gardens were assisted in acquiring seedlings and its economical use. Thus, with the seating of potatoes, only small parts of the fetus with the sprouted "peephole" were used.

In addition, the lengorispolk ordered some enterprises to provide residents to the necessary inventory, as well as to release exercise benefits ("Agropheravyl for individual vegetable growing", articles in Leningrad truth, etc.).

In total, in the spring of 1942, 633 subsidiary farms and 1468 associations of gardeners were created, the overall gross collection of defamations, individual gardening and subsidiary farms amounted to 77 thousand tons.

Reducing outdoor deaths

In the spring of 1942, due to warming and improvement of nutrition, the number of sudden deaths on the streets of the city was significantly reduced. So, in February, about 7,000 corpses were selected on the streets of the city, then in April - approximately 600, and in May - 50 corpses. In March 1942, all able-bodied population reached the purification of the city from the garbage. In April-May, 1942, a further improvement of the living conditions of the population took place: the restoration of utilities began. The work of many enterprises resumed.

Restoring the movement of urban public transport

On December 8, 1941, Lenenergo stopped the flow of electricity and a partial repayment of traction substations occurred. The next day, eight tram routes were abolished by decision of the city executive committee. Subsequently, individual cars have moved along the Leningradski streets, finally stopped on January 3, 1942 after the electricity supply has completely ceased. 52 trains and frozen on the snow-covered streets. Snow-lined trolley buses stood on the streets all winter. More than 60 cars were broken, burned or received serious damage. In the spring of 1942, the city authorities ordered to remove cars from highways. They could not go to the trolley buses, had to organize towing. March 8 for the first time was given a voltage to the network. The restoration of the city's tram farm began, a cargo tram is launched. On April 15, 1942, voltage was given to the central substations and the regular passenger tram was launched. To re-open a cargo and passenger movement, it was necessary to restore approximately 150 km of the contact network - about half of the entire network operated at that time. Starting trolleybus in the spring of 1942 city authorities found inappropriate.

Official statistics

Incomplete figures of official statistics: with a pre-war mortality rate of 3,000 people, in January-February 1942, in the city, about 130,000 people died in the city, 100,000 people died in Marta, in May - 50,000 people, in July - 25,000 people, in September - 7,000 people. A radical decline in mortality occurred due to the fact that the weakest have already died: old men, children, patients. Now the main victims of war among civilians were mostly dead not from hunger, but from bomb strikes and artillery shelling. In total, according to the latest research, for the first, the most difficult year of the blockade killed approximately 780,000 Leningradians.

1942-1943 years

1942 year. Activating shelling. Control the fighting

In April - MAE, the German command during the operation "Aisshtoss" unsuccessfully tried to destroy the ships of the Baltic Fleet on the Neva.

By the summer, the leadership of Nazi Germany decided to intensify the fighting on the Leningrad Front, and first of all, to strengthen the artillery shelling and bombing of the city.

New artillery batteries were deployed around Leningrad. There were, in particular, superhaolous tools were deployed on railway platforms. They beat the shells at a distance 13, 22 and even 28 km. The weight of the shells reached 800-900 kg. The Germans made a scheme of the city and outlined several thousand of the most important goals that fired upon daily.

At this time, Leningrad turns into a powerful fortified area. 110 large defense nodes were created, many thousands of kilometers of trenches, messages and other engineering structures were equipped. It created the ability to produce secretly troops, removal of soldiers with advanced, tightening reserves. As a result, the number of losses of our troops from the fragments of shells and enemy snipers decreased dramatically. Intelligence and masking of positions were established. A counter-follower struggle against siege enemy artillery is organized. As a result, the intensity of the shelling of Leningrad enemy artillery was significantly reduced. For this purpose, the Ship Artillery of the Baltic Fleet was skillfully used. The positions of the heavy artillery of the Leningrad Front were nominated forward, part of it was transferred through the Finnish bay on Oranienbaum Bridgehead, which made it possible to increase the range of shooting, and in the flanking and rear, the artillery grouping of the enemy. Thanks to these measures, in 1943 the number of artillery shells fallen into the city decreased by about 7 times.

1943. Breakthrough blockades

January 12, after artillery preparation, which began at 9 o'clock 30 minutes and lasted for 2 hours 10 minutes, at 11 o'clock 67th, the Army of the Leningrad Front and the 2nd strike army of the Volkhov Front moved to the offensive and to the outcome of the day came to three kilometers to meet each other to a friend from the east and west. Despite the stubborn resistance of the enemy, to the outcome on January 13, the distance between the armies decreased to 5-6 kilometers, and on January 14 - up to two kilometers. Command of the enemy, seeking at any cost to keep the working facilities No. 1 and 5 and support points on the flanks of the breakthrough, hastily moved its reserves, as well as parts and units from other sections of the Front. The grouping of the enemy, located north of the villages, several times unsuccessfully tried to break through the narrow neck south to its main forces.

On January 18, the troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts were connected in the area of \u200b\u200bworkers' villas No. 1 and 5. On the same day, Shlisselburg was liberated and was cleared of the opponent, all the southern coast of Lake Ladoga. 8-11 kilometers wide stiffed along the coast restored Leningrad's land with country. For seventeen days, automobile and iron (the so-called "Victory Road") roads were laid on the shore. In the subsequent troops of the 67th and 2nd shock armies tried to continue the offensive in the southern direction, but unsuccessfully. The enemy continuously moved fresh forces to the area of \u200b\u200bSinyavino: five divisions and a large amount of artillery were tightened from 19 to 30 January. To exclude the possibility of re-entering the enemy to Ladoga Lake Troops 67th and 2nd shock armies moved to defense. By the time of breakthrough, the blockade in the city remained about 800 thousand civilians. Many of these people during 1943 were evacuated to the rear.

Food fabrics began to gradually move on the products of peacetime. It is known, for example, that already in 1943 in the confectionery factory named after N. K. Krupskaya, three tons of candy were produced by the well-known Leningrad brand "Bear in the north".

After the breakthrough the ring of the blockade in the area of \u200b\u200bSchlisselburg, the enemy, however, seriously strengthened the frontiers on the southern approaches to the city. The depth of German defense lines in the area of \u200b\u200bOranienbaum bridgehead reached 20 km.

1944 year. Full liberation of Leningrad from enemy blockade

On January 14, the troops of the Leningrad, Volkhovsky and the 2nd Baltic fronts began the Leningrad-Novgorod strategic offensive operation. Already by January 20, Soviet troops have achieved significant success: the units of the Leningrad Front defeated the Krasnoselsk-Ropinsky grouping of the enemy, and part of the Volkhov Front liberated Novgorod. This allowed on January 21 L. A. Govorov and A. A. Zhdanov to contact I. V. Stalin:

I. V. Stalin satisfied the request of the command of the Leningrad Front and on January 27, in Leningrad, salute was made to commemorate the final liberation of the city from the blockade, which lasted 872 days. The order of the victorious troops of the Leningrad Front, contrary to the established order, L. A. Govorov was signed, and not Stalin. Such privileges did not receive any of the front commander during the Great Patriotic War.

Blockade results

Losses of the population

Over the years, the blockade died, according to various sources, from 300 thousand to 1.5 million people. So, in Nuremberg, the number of 632 thousand people in Nuremberg. Only 3% of them died from bombing and art robes; The remaining 97% died of hunger.

Most of the dead in the blockade of residents of Leningrad was buried at the Piscares Memorial Cemetery located in the Kalininsky district. The cemetery area is 26 hectares, the length of the wall is 150 m with a height of 4.5 m. The strings of Olga Berggolts writing the stones are carved on the stones. In a long row, the graves lie victims of the blockade, the number of which only on this cemetery is 640,000 people who died from hunger, and more than 17,000 people who have become victims of air bells and artillery shelling. The total number of civilian casualties in the city for all the time of war exceeds 1.2 million people.

Also, the bodies of many dead Leningradians were cremated in the furnaces of a brick factory, which was in the territory of the current Moscow Victory Park. A chapel was built on the territory of the park and a monument "Trolley" was built - one of the most terrible monuments of St. Petersburg. On such trolleys were taken to nearby careers after burning in the furnaces of the plant dust.

The Seraphim cemetery was also a place of mass burial of the Leningradians who died and those who died during the blockade of Leningrad. In 1941-1944, more than 100 thousand people were buried here.

The dead were buried almost on all the cemeteries of the city (Volkovsky, Krasnoyk and others). During the battle for Leningrad, more people died than Lost England and the United States for the war.

Hero city title

By order of the Supreme Commander of May 1, 1945, Leningrad, together with Stalingrad, Sevastopol, and Odsoyubil are named by the city-hero for heroism and courage shown by residents of the city during the blockade. On May 8, 1965, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Hero-Hero Leningrad was awarded the Order of Lenin and the "Golden Star" medal.

Damage to cultural monuments

Huge damage was caused by historical buildings and monuments of Leningrad. He could be even more if there were no effectively effective measures on their disguise. The most valuable monuments, for example, a monument to Peter I and a monument to Lenin at the Finnish station were hidden under bags with sand and plywood shields.

But the largest, irreplaceable damage was caused by historical buildings and monuments, which were in Leningrad's suburbs engaged in the Germans and in close proximity to the front. Thanks to the dedicated work of the personnel, a significant number of storage items were managed. However, the buildings and green plantations are not to be evacuated, directly in the territory of which the fighting was carried out, were injured extremely. Pavlovsky Palace was destroyed and burned down, in which 70,000 trees were cut down. The famous Amber Room, presented by Peter I by the King of Prussia, was entirely exported by the Germans.

The registered Fedorovsky sovereigns of the Cathedral turned into the ruins of the Cathedral in the ruins of the Cathedral, in which the wall of the gap of the sample was turned to the whole height of the building. Also, during the retreat of the Germans, a large Catherine Palace burned down in the royal village, in which Lazaret was arranged by the Germans.

Related to the historical memory of the people turned out to be almost complete destruction of considered one of the most beautiful cemeteries in the cemetery of the Holy Trinity seaside male desert, at which many Petersburgers were buried, whose names entered the history of the state.

For many years (up to the 90s), the Palace Complex of Oranienbaum came to the launch.

Social aspects of life with blockade

Foundation of the Institute of Creeding

In Leningrad, there was a All-Union Institute of Creeding, which possessed and having a giant seed foundation. Of the entire selection fund of the Leningrad Institute, which contained several tons of unique grain crops, not a single grain was touched. 28 employees of the institute died of hunger, but retained materials capable of helping agriculture to restore.

Tanya Savicheva

Tanya Savicheva lived in the Leningrad family. The war began, then blockade. In the eyes of Tanya, her grandmother, two unages, mom, brother and sister died. When the evacuation of children began, the girl managed to take out the "Life Road" to "Greater Earth". Doctors fought for her life, but medical care came too late. Tanya Savicheva died of exhaustion and illness.

Easter in a besieged city

Three temples were opened in the city in the city: Prince-Vladimir Cathedral, Savior Transfiguration Cathedral and Nikolsky Cathedral. In 1942, Easter was very early (March 22 in the old style). All day April 4, 1942 she went, with breaks, the shelling of the city. In Easter night, from 4 to 5 April, the city was subjected to cruel bombardment, in which 132 aircraft participated.

Easter utilities passed in the temples: under the root of the breakdowns of shells and broken windows.

Metropolitan Alexy (Simansky) emphasized in his Easter message that on April 5, 1942, 700 years old from the day of the Ice Wechie, in which Alexander Nevsky won the German army.

"Dangerous side of the street"

Main article:Citizens! In the artwork, this side of the street is most dangerous

During the blockade in Leningrad there was no area to which the enemy shell could not fly. Areas and streets were identified, where the risk of becoming a victim of enemy artillery was the greatest. There were special warning signs with such, for example, text: "Citizens! With the art-rider, this side of the street is most dangerous. " Several inscriptions were recreated in the city in memory of the blocade.

Cultural Life of the Blood Leningrad

In the city, despite the blockade, cultural, intellectual life continued. In the summer of 1942, some educational institutions, theaters and cinemas were opened; Even several jazz concerts took place. Several theaters and libraries continued to work in the first blockade winter - in particular, throughout the entire period of the blockade, the State Public Library and the Library of the Academy of Sciences were opened. The Leningrad Radio was not interrupted. In August 1942, urban philharmonium was reopened, where they began to regularly execute classical music. During the first concert on August 9, in the Philharmonic, the Orchestra of the Leningrad Radiocomitte under the control of Charles Eliasberg was first fulfilled by the famous Leningrad heroic symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which became the musical symbol of the blockade. The entire blockade in Leningrad had operating temples.

Genocide of Jews in Pushkin and other cities of the Leningrad region

The policy of extermination of Jews affected by the Nazis, the occupied suburbs of the Blocade Leningrad. So, almost all the Jewish population of Pushkin was destroyed. One of the punitive centers was located in Gatchina:

Soviet Navy (RKKF) in the defense of Leningrad

A special role in the defense of the city, a breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad and to ensure the existence of the city in blocking conditions was played by the Red Baltic Fleet (KBF; Commander - Admiral V. F. Tributz), Ladoga Military fleoting (formed on June 25, 1941, was disbanded on November 4, 1944; Commander : Baranovsky V. P., Zemvichenko S. V., Trinin P. A., Bogolepov V. P., Khoroshin B. V. - in June - October 1941, Chernokov V. S. - from October 13, 1941) , cadets of naval schools (a separate Classic Brigade of Muz Leningrad Commander Council Admiral Ramishvili). Also, at various stages of the battle for Leningrad, the mint and Ilmen Military Flotilla were created.

At the very beginning of the war was created Sea defense of Leningrad and Lake District (Molyorn). On August 30, 1941, the Military Council of the North-West Direction Troops determined:

On October 1, 1941, the prayer was reorganized to the Leningrad Naval Base (Admiral Yu. A. Panteleev).

Fleet's actions were useful in the course of retreat in 1941, defense and attempts of the blockade breakthrough in 1941-1943, breakthrough and relief of the blockade in 1943-1944.

Operations for the support of land forces

The activities of the fleet, who had important at all stages of the Leningrad Battle:

Marines

Personnel brigades (1,2th brigades) of marine infantry and units of seafarers participated in the battles on land (3,4,5,6th Brigades formed a training detachment, the main base, crew) from ships inserted to joke in Kronstadt and Leningrad . In some cases, key sites - especially on the coast - heroically defended themselves with unprepared and small maritime garrisons (defense of the fortress of nuts). Parts of the marines and infantry parts formed from the sailors showed themselves when breaking and removing the blockade. In 1941, 68,644 people were transferred to the Red Army in 1941 to the Red Army for action on the land fronts, in 1942 - 34 575, in 1943 - 6786, not counting the part of the marines, which were part of the fleet or temporarily transferred to the subordination by the military commands.

Ship and coastal artillery

Ship and coastal artillery (345 guns caliber 100-406 mm, in cases of necessity more than 400 guns were introduced) effectively suppressed the enemy battery, contributed to the reflection of land attacks, supported the offensive of troops. The fleet artillery had extremely important artillery support in the breakthrough of the blockade, destroying 11 fortifications sites, railway enemy railway echelon, and also suppressing a significant amount of its batteries and partially destroying the tank column. From September 1941 to January 1943, ship artillery opened fire 26,614 times, having spent 371,080 shells with a caliber of 100-406 mm, while up to 60% of the shells were spent on a control-follower struggle.

Artillery guns Fort "Red Gorka"

Aviation Fleet.

Successfully operated the bomber and fighter aircraft of the fleet. In addition, in August 1941, a separate airgroup (126 aircraft) was formed from the part of the Air Force of the KBF, operationally subordinate to the front. During the blockade breakthrough, more than 30% of the aviation used beloved. During the defense of the city, more than 100 thousand flights were made, of which about 40 thousand - to support the ground forces.

Operations in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Baltic Sea and Lake Ladoga

In addition to the role of the fleet in the battles on land, it is worth noting direct activity in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Baltic Sea and Lake Ladoga, which also has an impact on the course of battles on the land TWID:

"The road of life"

The fleet provided the functioning of "life of life" and water communication with Ladoga military flotilla. In the autumn navigation of 1941, 60 thousand tons of cargo were delivered to Leningrad, including 45 thousand tons of food; More than 30 thousand people were evacuated from the city; 20 thousand redarmeys, redflowers and commanders were transported to the eastern shore of the lake. In 1942 navigation (May 20, 1942 - January 8, 1943) 790 thousand tons of cargo were delivered to the city (almost half of goods were food), 540 thousand people and 310 thousand tons of cargo were taken out of Leningrad. In the navigation of 1943, 208 thousand tons of cargo and 93 thousand people were transported to Leningrad.

Marine blockade

From 1942 to 1944, the Baltic Fleet turned out to be locked within the Nevsky Lip. His combat operations prevented a minefield, where, before the announcement of the war, the Germans secretively exposed 1060 anchor contacts and 160 bottom unclell mines, including to the north-west of the island of Naissar, and in a month they were 10 times more (about 10,000 min) like your own and German. The action of submarines was also hampered by mined anti-submarine networks. After several boats died in them, their operations were also discontinued. As a result, the fleet was performed by operations on marine and lake communications of the enemy mainly by submarines, torpedo boats, aviation.

After complete removal of the blockade, it became possible a militant mining, where, by the condition of the truce, and Finnish trawls participated. From January 1944, a course was raised to clean the large ship carviter, then the main exit to the Baltic Sea.

On June 5, 1946, the Hydrographic Department of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet issued the notice of marigors No. 286, which reported on the opening of the swimming in the bright time of the day on the large ship factory from Kronstadt to Farviter Tallinn - Helsinki, which by that time was already cleared of mines and had an output Baltic Sea. Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg since 2005, this day is considered the official city holiday and is known as Breakthrough Day of the Marine Blockade of Leningrad . Combat fusion did not end and continued until 1957, and all the waters of Estonia became open to swimming and fisheries only in 1963.

Evacuation

The fleet was evacuating the bases and isolated groups of Soviet troops. In particular, the evacuation from Tallinn to Kronstadt on August 28-30, from Hanko to Kronstadt and Leningrad on October 26 - December 2, from the village of Naz.-Zap. The coast of Ladoga Lake in Shlisselburg and Osinovovets July 15-27, with about. Valaam in Osinovets on September 17-20, from Primorsk to Kronstadt on September 1-2, 1941, from the islands of the Biorick Archipelago to Kronstadt on November 1, from Gogind Islands, Big Tyuters, etc. October 29 - November 6, 1941. This made it possible to preserve the personnel - up to 170 thousand people - and part of the military equipment, partially take the civilian population, strengthen the troops, defended Leningrad. Due to the unpreparedness of the evacuation plan, errors in determining the routes of the conservoi, the lack of cover from air and pre-triggement, due to the action of the opponent's aviation and the death of ships on their and German mineral fields there were heavy losses.

Amphibious operations

Amateur operations were held, distracted by the forces of the enemy at the beginning of the war (a number of them ended tragically, for example, deshang food, Strelninsky landing) and allowed successfully in 1944. In 1941, the CBF and Ladoga Flotilla were planted 15 assaults, in 1942 - 2, in 1944 - 15. From attempts to prevent the nearent operations of the enemy, the destruction of the German Finnish flotilla and reflection of the landing during the battle for about. Dry in Ladoga Lake October 22, 1942.

Memory

For merits during the defense of Leningrad and the Great Patriotic War, in general, 66 compounds, ships and parts of the KBF and Ladoga flotilla were awarded government awards and differences during the war. At the same time, the irrevocable loss of the personnel of the CBF during the war amounted to 55,890 people, of which the main part falls on the period of defense of Leningrad.

Seafarers who defended the "Life Road" on the island of dryek, August 1-2, 1969, the Komsomol members of the Smolninsky RK VLKSM installed a memorial plaque with the text from the records of the defense commander.

Sailors trachers

Losses of trawls for the years of the Second World War:

• blew up on mines - 35
• torped with submarines - 5
• from avia bombs - 4
• from Artogne - 9

Total - 53 trawl. For the perpetuation of the memory of the dead ships by the sailors of the Ringing Brigade BF, memorable boards were made and installed in the Mine Harbor of Tallinn on the pedestal of the monument. Before leaving ships from an Mine Harbor in 1994, the boards were removed and transported to the Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky.

May 9, 1990 in the CPKIO. S. M. Kirov was opened a memorable stele installed at the site of the base during the blockade of the 8th division of the Baltic Fleet Catering Trails. In this place, every 9th on May 9 (since 2006, every June 5) there are veterans-travelers and from the boat lowered in the water of the middle of the wreath of the wreath of memory fence.

On June 2, 2006, a solemn meeting was held at the St. Petersburg Naval Institute of the Sea Corps of Peter the Great - a solemn meeting was held on the 60th anniversary of the sea mining blockade breakthrough. The meeting was attended by cadets, officers, teachers of the institute and veterans of combat trawling 1941-1957.

On June 5, 2006, in Finnish Gulf, Meridian Lighthouse of the island is a powerful (former Lavensaari), the order of the commander of the Baltic Fleet was declared a memorable place of "glorious victories and death of the ships of the Baltic Fleet." When crossing this meridian, Russian warships in accordance with the ship's charter are given military honors "in memory of the trashmen of the Baltic Fleet and their crews who died during the trawl of mine barriers in 1941-1957."

In November 2006, a marble plate "Glory Miners of the Fleet of Russia" was installed in the courtyard of the Sea Corps of Peter the Great.

June 5, 2008 on the pier on the middle of the streets in the CPKIO. S. M. Kirov was opened a commemorative board on the stele "Sailors Tralyers".

Memory

Dates

• September 8, 1941 - the day of the blockade
• January 18, 1943 - Blockada Day
• January 27, 1944 - the day of full relief of the blockade
• June 5, 1946 - the day of the breakthrough of the marine blockade of Leningrad

Blocade awards

On the front of the medal depicts the outlines of the Admiralty and a group of soldiers with rifles in advance. Around the perimeter inscription "For the defense of Leningrad." On the back of the medal depicted sickle and hammer. Under them text with capital font: "For our Soviet homeland." For 1985, about 1,470,000 people were awarded the medal "for the defense of Leningrad". Among those awarded - 15 thousand children and adolescents.

Established by the decision of the Lengor Executive Committee "On the establishment of a sign of the" resident of the Blood Leningrad "No. 5 of January 23, 1989. On the front side - an image of a broken ring against the background of the main admiralty, the flame language, the laurel branch and the inscription "900 days - 900 nights"; On the revolving - sickle and hammer and the inscription "inhabitant of a blockade Leningrad." As of 2006, 217 thousand people were awarded to the "resident of the Blocade Leningrad" in Russia. It should be noted that the memorable sign and the status of a resident of the blockade Leningrad were received by all born in blockadas, since the mentioned decision limits the four months the term of location in the blockade city necessary for their receipt.

Monuments of Defense Leningrad

• Eternal flame
• Obelisk "The city-hero Leningrad" on the area of \u200b\u200bthe uprising
• Monument to the heroic defenders of Leningrad on the Square of Victory
• Memorial Track "Rzhevsky Corridor"
• Memorial "Cranes"
• Monument "Torn Ring"
• Monument to the regulator. On the road of life.
• Monument to children of blockades (opened on September 8, 2010 in St. Petersburg, in the square on cash street, d. 55; Authors: Galina Dodonova and Vladimir Repepo. The monument is a figure of the girl in Shali and Stelow symbolizing the blockade Leningrad windows).
• Stele. Heroic Defense of Oranienbaum Bridgehead (1961; 32nd km of Peterhof Highway).
• Stele. The heroic defense of the city in the district of Peterhof highway (1944; 16th km of Peterhof Highway, Pine Polyana).
• Sculpture "Grieving Mother". Memory of the liberators of the Red Seall (1980; Red Selo, Lenin Ave., d. 81, Square).
• Monument-gun 76-mm (1960s; Red village, Lenin, d. 112, Park).
• Pylons. The heroic defense of the city in the Kiev highway zone (1944; 21st km, Kiev highway).
• Monument. Heroes of the 76th and 77th fighter battalions (1969; Pushkin, Alexandrovsky Park).
• Obelisk. The heroic defense of the city in the zone of the Moscow highway (1957).

Kirovsky district

• Monument Marshal Govorov (Stachek Square).
• Bas-relief in honor of the dead Kiroves - residents of the Blockade Leningrad (Marshal Govalov st. 29).
• The front edge of the Defense of Leningrad (People's Militus Ave. - at the Ligovo railway station).
• Military burial "Red Cemetery" (Ave. Stachek, d. 100).
• Military burial "South" (Krasnopuutilovskaya st., D. 44).
• Military burial "Dacha" (folk militia, d. 143-145).
• Memorial "Blocade Tram" (the angle of the age of strikes and automotive ul. Next to the dot and tank kV-85).
• Monument to the "dead canoners" (gunland, d. 19).
• Monument to the heroes - the sailors - Baltians (Megeran Canal, d. 5).
• Obelisk defenders of Leningrad (the corner of the Ave. Stachek, etc. Marshal Zhukov).
• Inscription: Citizens! At the art-rider, this side of the street is most dangerous at home number 6 Corps 2 on Kalinin Street.

Museum of Blockada

• The State Memorial Museum of Defense and the Blockade of Leningrad - was, in fact, repressed in 1952 in the Khodeningrad business. Renewed in 1989.

Defenders of Leningrad

• Green belt of glory
• Cross-monument to the interpretation of Nikolay Tusk

Residents of a besieged city

• Citizens! In the artwork, this side of the street is most dangerous
• Monument to the reproductor at the corner of Nevsky and the Small Sadovaya.
• Traces from German artillery shells
• Church in memory of the bloc days
• Memorial Plank on House 6 PO Ave. Unreasured, where the well was located, from which the villages of the Blockade City were dug
• The Museum of Electric Transport of St. Petersburg has a large collection of blockade passenger and freight trams. Currently, the collection is under threat of reduction.
• Blood substation on the fountain. On the building there is a memorial plaque " The feat of Leningrad Leningrad trams. After the harsh winter of 1941-1942, this taiga substation gave energy to the network and ensured the movement of the revived tram". The building is preparing to demolish.

Events

• In January 2009, an action "Ribbon of the Leningrad Victory" was held in St. Petersburg, dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the final removal of Leningrad blockade.
• On January 27, 2009, a "Candle of Memory" was held in St. Petersburg, to commemorate the 65th anniversary of the full removal of the blockade of Leningrad. At 19:00, the townspeople were offered to turn off the light in her apartment and light the candle in the memory of all residents and defenders of the blockade Leningrad. Urban services lit torches on Rostral columns Arrow of Vasilyevsky Island, looking out like giant candles from afar. In addition, at 19:00, all FM radio stations in St. Petersburg were transmitted a signronome signal, also 60 metronome strikes were sounded through the city system of the Emergencies Ministry and on the Radio Translation Network.
• Tram memorable flights are held regularly on April 15 (in honor of the start of a passenger tram on April 15, 1942), as well as other dates associated with the blockade. The last time the blockade trams came out on March 8, 2011 in honor of the launch of a cargo tram in a besieged city.

Leningrad blockade lasted Exactly 871 days. This is the longest and terrible siege of the city in the entire history of mankind. Almost 900 days of pain and suffering, courage and dedication. After many years after breaking the blockade of Leningrad Many historians, and simple ordinary people, wondered - was it possible to avoid this nightmare? Avoid - apparently no. For Hitler, Leningrad was a "tagged piece" - after all, there is a Baltic fleet and the road to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, from where during the war came help from the allies, and in the event that the city surrendered, it would be destroyed and stuffed from the face of the Earth. Is it possible to soften the situation and prepare for it in advance? The question is controversial and worthy of a separate study.

The first days of the blockade of Leningrad

On September 8, 1941, in the continuation of the onset of the fascist army, the city of Shlisselburg was captured, so the ring of the blockade was closed. In the first days, few people believed in the seriousness of the situation, but many residents of the city began to prepare to prepare for siege: just a few hours of savings, all savings were withdrawn from the savings, the shops were empty, everything that is possible. It was not evacuated to everyone when systematic shelling began, and they began immediately, in September, the paths for evacuation were already cut off. There is an opinion that it is the fire that happened on the first day blockada Leningrad In Badaevsky warehouses - in the repository of the strategic reserves of the city - provoked a terrible hunger of blockade days. However, not so long ago, the declassified documents give several other information: it turns out that there was no such "strategic stock", since in the conditions of the war began to create a big stock for such a huge city, which Leningrad was (and lived in it at that time about 3 Million people) could not be possible, so the city was fed by bringing products, and there would be enough existing reserves for a week. Literally from the first days of the blockade, food cards were introduced, school closed, military censorship was introduced: any investments in the letter were prohibited, and the messages containing faln nominations were made.

Leningrad blocade - pain and death

Memories of the blockade of Leningrad peoplewho survived her, their letters and diaries open us a terrible picture. A terrible hunger hit the city. Money and jewelry depreciated. Evacuation began in the fall of 1941, but only in January 1942 it became possible to bring a large number of people, mostly women and children, across the road of life. In bakery, where daily pie was issued, there were huge queues. In addition to hunger blood Leningrad Other disasters attacked: very frosty winters, sometimes the thermometer column descended to - 40 degrees. End fuel and frozen water pipes - the city remained without light, and drinking water. Another misfortune for the deposited city of the first blockade roots became rats. They not only destroyed food reserves, but also all sorts of infections. People died, and they did not have time to bury, the corpses lay straight on the streets. Cases of cannibalism and robbery appeared.

Life of blockade Leningrad

Simultaneously leningrads He tried to survive with all their might and do not die their native city. Not only: Leningrad helped the army, releasing military products - the factories continued to work in such conditions. Theaters and museums restored their activities. It was necessary - to prove to the enemy, and, the main thing about themselves: leningrad blockade Will not kill the city, he continues to live! One of the bright examples of amazing dedication and love for homeland, life, the hometown is the history of creating one musical work. During the blockade, the famous symphony of D.Shostakovich, named later "Leningrad" was written. Rather, the composer began writing it in Leningrad, and finished in evacuation. When the score was ready, she was taken to the deposited city. By that time, the symphony orchestra was already resumed in Leningrad. On the day of the concert, so that enemy raids could not disrupt him, our artillery did not allow a single fascist aircraft to the city! All blocks worked by the Leningrad Radio, which was for all Leningraders not only a lively spring of information, but also just a symbol of continuing life.

Road of life - Pulse of the deposited city

From the first days of the blockade of its dangerous and heroic business began the road of life - Pulse blocade Leningradbut. In the summer - water, and in the winter - an ice path connecting Leningrad from the "Big Earth" in Ladoga Lake. On September 12, 1941, the first barges with food came to the city on this way, and until late autumn, until the storms made shipping impossible, there were barges on the way. Each flight was a feat - enemy aviation increablely made his gangster raids, the weather conditions were often also not on hand to sailors - barges continued their flights even in the late autumn, until the very appearance of ice, when navigation is already impossible in principle. On November 20, the first equestrian traffic went down on the Ladoga Ladoga. A little later, trucks went through the ice road of life. The ice was very subtle, despite the fact that the truck is only 2-3 bags with food, ice was broken, and there were cases when the trucks were drowning. With risk to life, drivers continued their deadly flights to the Spring. Military road No. 101, as they called this route, allowed to increase bread and evacuate a large number of people. To break this thread, connecting the blockade city with the country, the Germans sought constantly, but thanks to the courage and strength of the spirit of Leningradians, the road life lived herself and gave life to the Great City.
The value of the Ladoga route is huge, she saved thousands of lives. Now on the shore of Ladoga Lake is the Museum "Road of Life".

Children's contribution to the liberation of Leningrad from blockade. Ansamble A.E.Obranta

At all times there is no greater grief than a suffering child. Blocked children are a special topic. Early matured, not children's serious and wise and wisely, they brought the victory along with adults. Heroes' children, each fate of which is the bitter szvuk of those terrible days. Children's dance ensemble A.E. Obrant - a special piercing note of a blockade city. In the first winter blockada Leningrad Many children were evacuated, but in spite of this for various reasons in the city there were still many children. Palace of Pioneers, located in the famous Anichkov Palace, with the beginning of the war, moved to martial law. It must be said that 3 years before the war on the basis of the Palace of Pioneers, the ensemble of songs and dance was created. At the end of the first blockade winter, the remaining teachers tried to find their pupils in the besieged city, and from the children remaining in the city, Balletmister A.E. Brant created a dance team. It is terribly even to imagine and compare terrible blockade days and pre-war dances! But nevertheless the ensemble was born. At first, the guys had to restore from exhaustion, only then they were able to start rehearsals. However, in March 1942, the first performance of the team took place. Fighters who have time to see a lot could not hold back tears, looking at these courageous children. Remember how many Leningrad blockade lasted? So for this considerable time the ensemble gave about 3,000 concerts. Where we just had to be guys: Often, concerts had to end in bomb shelter, since several times in the evening the speeches were interrupted by air alarms, it happened, the young dancers performed a few kilometers from the advanced, and in order not to attract the enemy with an excess noise, danced without music, and The floors were covered with hay. The strong spirit, they supported and inspired our soldiers, the contribution of this team to the liberation of the city is difficult to overestimate. Later, the guys were awarded medals "for the defense of Leningrad."

Breaking the blockade of Leningrad

In 1943, a fracture happened in the war, and at the end of the year the Soviet troops were preparing for the liberation of the city. January 14, 1944 during the general offensive of the Soviet troops began the final operation on removing the blockade of Leningrad. The task was to cause a crushing blow to the enemy south of Ladoga Lake and restore the land routes connecting the city with the country. Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts by January 27, 1944 with the help of Kronstadsk artillery implemented breaking the blockade of Leningrad. Nazis began a retreat. Soon the cities of Pushkin, Gatchina and Chudovo were liberated. The blockade was completely removed.

The tragic and great page of Russian history, which carried out more than 2 million human lives. While the memory of these terrible days lives in the hearts of people, finds a response in talented artwork, is passed from hand to the hands of descendants - this will not happen again! Leningrad blockade brieflyBut I was described by Vera Inberg, her lines - the anthem of the Great City and at the same time the requiem left.

January 27 - the Day of the Military Glory of Russia. The day of the full liberation of Leningrad from the fascist blockade.

On January 14, 1944, the Krasnoselsk-Ropshinsky Operation (Yankavar Thunder)) of the Leningrad Front troops against the 18th German army, precipitated Leningrad. This operation was part of the Leningrad-Novgorod strategic operation. As a result, on January 27, the blockade of Leningrad, which lasted 872 days was completed.

General situation

On September 8, 1941, the Germans, with the support of the Finnish army, closed the ring around Leningrad - the second most important strategic, political, economic and cultural center of the country. On January 18, 1943, the blockade was broken, and the city had a landline corridor with a country. After a breakthrough by the enemy blockade of Leningrad in January 1943, the situation in a deposited city improved in many respects. The resumption of land with a large land made it possible to increase the norms of food supply. They began to comply with the standards established for the other largest industrial centers. The situation has changed significantly and with fuel.

However, the Soviet troops failed to fully release the city from the siege. The troops of the German 18th Army were in close proximity to Leningrad and continued intensive artillery shelling of the city and the Iron Road of Victory. Leningrad continued to live in the conditions of the front furnish. The Germans fired a city. In September, for example, 5 thousand shells collapsed on it. German aviation in March - May 69 times bombed the city. True, in the fall of 1943 in the north-western direction as a result of an increase in the number and more agreed actions of the fighter aircraft of the fronts, the Leningrad Army air defense and air defense agents of the Baltic Fleet improved the air situation. Soviet aviation won domination in the air, which led to a sharp decrease in the intensity of the enemy's raids on troops and directly to Leningrad. On the night of October 17, the last bomb fell on the city.

Despite the preserved heavy combat conditions and lack of labor, the Leningrad industry has increased the release of military products. So, the production of large-caliber marine artillery resumed in the city. From the third quarter, the mass release of artillery shells and mines for all types of mortars began. The construction of small ships and boats unfolded, primarily the extremely necessary fleet of the trashrs. In this case, it was tight savings of raw materials, fuel and electricity. Partially restored the work of 85 large industrial enterprises. By the end of the year, 186 such enterprises operated in the besieged city.

I. I. Fedyuninsky so appreciated the situation under Leningrad by the end of 1943: "The situation under Leningrad was determined by the general position on the fronts. The Soviet Army has inflicted a number of strong blows in the Soviet Army for 1943 and forced the enemy to continuous retreat. By November, the enemy was forced to clean almost two thirds of the territory of our homeland captured by him. But under Leningrad, the Nazis, having gone itself with a powerful line of defensive structures, continued to improve their positions and expected to keep them as the basis of the entire left wing of the Eastern Front. "

As a result, the task of ensuring the security of Leningrad, as well as military-strategic considerations related to the further conduct of the war, the development of the offensive on the northern flank of the Soviet-German front, demanded full removal of the blockade and liberation of the Leningrad region. Her fulfillment opened the way to the Baltic States, facilitated the liberation of Karelia and the defeat of Finland, the outlet of the fleet on the expanses of the Baltic.

Forces side

The German Army Group "North" (18th and 16th Army), who commanded General-Field Marshal G. Küchler, numbered 741 thousand soldiers and officers, 10,070 guns and mortars, 385 tanks and assault guns, 370 aircraft. In two and a half years, the enemy created strong defensive positions with reinforced concrete field fortifications, numerous feeding, system of wire barriers and minefields. All settlements in defensive bands were turned into Germans into resistance nodes and reference points. Especially powerful fortifications were located in the south of Pulkovsky heights and north of Novgorod. The Nazis were confident in the disadvantage of their "northern shaft".

The German Army Group was opposed by the army of the Leningrad (without the 23rd Army), the Volkhov and the 2nd Baltic Fronts, which had 1252 thousand soldiers and officers, 20183 tools and mortars, 1580 tanks and self-propelled guns, 1386 combat aircraft.

Soviet fighters lead a machine-gun shelling of the enemy next to the old station station of a children's village near Leningrad. Pushkin, Leningrad region

Play of Parties. Preparation of the operation

In early September 1943, the Soviet command became aware that the German troops began to prepare the retreat from Leningrad to the new defensive borders on the River River line - the Church of Lake - Pskov - Island - Idrice (Panther line). Based on the established situation, the Military Councils of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts immediately began to develop a plan for a joint large-scale operation in order to defeat the 18th German army and the complete liberation of Leningrad from the blockade. Since the uncertainty about the plans of German troops remained by the end of 1943, the Soviet command has developed two options for the offensive. The first option provided for an immediate transition to the pursuit of the enemy in the event of its retreat ("NEVA 1"), and the second - a breakthrough of the echelonized defense of the enemy if the German troops continue to keep his position ("Nevva 2").

The position of the army group "North has deteriorated significantly. The German command could not strengthen it at the expense of strategic reserves, neither by transferring forces from other groups of armies, as they were shaved by the powerful onset of Soviet troops in the south-west and western directions. Throughout 1943, for Hitler, the Army Group North did not exist. From July 1943 to January 1944, Kuchler had to transfer several of the most combat-ready divisions to the Center and South Army Groups. In order to somehow compensate for the removal of troops from the North-West direction, several less efficient divisions and brigades were transferred there.

The command of the North Army Group had information on the preparation of Soviet troops to the offensive, which forced G. Küchler to contact Hitler with a request to speed up the troops on the Panther line. However, the Führer, focusing on the opinion of the commander of the 18th Army of Lindeman, who assured that his troops would form a new Soviet offensive, ordered the North Army Group to continue the siege of Leningrad. The Supreme German Command put the troops of the North Group, the task of firmly defend the positions occupied, continue the blockade of Leningrad. The stabilization of this section of the Russian front allowed reliably to cover the approaches to the Baltic States and its naval bases, to preserve the freedom of action of the German fleet in the Baltic Sea and provide sea communications with Sweden and Finland.

The Soviet rate with some adjustments approved the ideas of military councils of fronts on the planned operation. The overall idea was to defeat the Peterhof-Strelinsky and Novgorod grouping of the 18th German army with simultaneous strikes of the 18th German army, and then, developing an offensive in Kingisepp and Luzhsky directions, to complete the defeat of this army. In the subsequent stage, by the onset of all three fronts in the directions of Narva, Pskov and Idricians were planned to defeat the German 16th Army, fully release the Leningrad and Kalinin region. The actions of the ground troops were to support the 13th, 14th and 15th air armies and aviation of long-range action, as well as artillery and aviation of the Baltic Fleet.

The offensive was preparing with great care. In fronts, troops were rearranged to create shock groups. The 2nd shock army under the command of General I. I. Fedyuninsky was secretly transported on the ships from Leningrad and Lisa Nose to the Oranienbaum District. The defenders of this small seaside bridgehead, who was west of Leningrad, surrounded by a semiring of enemy troops, covered Kronstadt from Sushi, and Kronstadt fortress supported them with their batteries. Oranienbaum seaside bridgehead should have played an important role in the defeat of the opposing enemy. From November 1943 to January 1944, there were 53 thousand people, 658 guns, a lot of tanks, cars, tractors, tens of thousands of tons of ammunition and other military loads were delivered here. At the same time, the Germans were misled: Until the last moment, they believed that the Soviet command moves troops from a springboard to the city.

Offensive

On January 14, 1944, the troops of the Leningrad Front under the command of General L. A. Govovov moved to the offensive. From Oranienbaum bridgehead in the direction of Ropsh, the troops of the 2nd shock army broke out. Initially, the powerful blow to the enemy inflicted the artillery of the Army and the Baltic Fleet, having wrapped in the position of the Nazis over 100 thousand shells and mines. Then infantry went to the attack, acting in close cooperation with tanks and artillery. Hitlermen resisted hard, each meter of the earth was restless with the battle. The next day, the fierce struggle continued. Fedyuninsky's troops beat up to 30 counterattacks.

The 42nd Army of General I. I. Maslennikova, who applied a blow from the Pulkovo height district was promoted to meet them with cruel battles. On the third day of operation, the 2nd impact army completed a breakthrough of the main defense strip of the enemy, advanced to a depth of 8 - 10 km and expanding the breakthrough to 23 km. On January 19, Ropsha was taken - a powerful reference point of the enemy defense. On the same day, the troops moved from Pulkovsky heights to the storm in the red village. Here there was a meeting of parts of the 2nd shock and the 42nd armies of the Leningrad Front. The Peterhofan-Strelny Grouping of the German 18th Army was crushed.

Thus, in six days of the offensive fighting troops of the Leningrad Front, advanced to the depth of enemy defense by 25 km. German artillery, having fired Leningrad from Dudugof - Voronary Mountain, forever silent.

Bared during the operation "January Thunder" German tank PZKPFW IV

A carmakers V. Kh. Timchenko knocks off the butt machine the German road signpost. Photo taken during the period of operation on the final removal of the blockade of Leningrad

On January 14, he moved to the offensive and Volkhov Front under the command of General K. A. Metskova. The main blow here was applied to the north of Novgorod in difficult conditions of a forest-swampy terrain of the 59th Army under the command of General I. T. Korovnikov. After one and a half hours of artillery preparation, the breakthrough tanks and infantry moved to enemy positions.

"Bad weather made artillery to lead aiming fire, and due to low cloudiness, aviation did not manage to take part in the preparation of the offensive and entered into force on the second day. Part of the tanks stuck in the swamp: a sudden thaw, unusual for January, turned the smokers crocked ice fields into a dirty messenger. " However, these obstacles did not stop our troops. "Separate shelves of the 6th and 14th rifle buildings," Marshal K. A. Metskov recalled, "the attacks took place a few minutes before the end of art preparation, and when the artillery moved the fire to the depth, the shelves broke into the opponent's defense. The blow was so powerful, sudden and rapid that the first position of the Hitler's defense immediately moved into our hands, and on January 15, Novgorod - Chudovo's railway was cut.

The southern group of troops of this army forced at night on the ice of Lake Ilmen and cut the Railway Novgorod - Shimsk, which created a threat to enemy communications from the south. The troops of the 59th Army successfully broke through the main defense lane of the enemy north of Novgorod. Feldmarshal Kühler removed from MGI and the miracle 24th and 21st divisions, and from under Solz and Staray Russa - 290s and the 8th divisions and threw them to the area of \u200b\u200bLyabyad to close the gap. However, Soviet troops continued the offensive.

On the morning of January 20, the northern and southern groupings of the upcoming troops were joined by the west of Novgorod. On the same day, the decisive assault of the ancient Russian city was cleared of the Nazis. "I arrived in Novgorod at once, as soon as he was released, - recalled K. A. Metskov. - Dead silence reigned on the streets. For the whole city, about forty buildings remained. The greatest monuments of antiquity, pride and decoration of the ancient Russian architecture were blown up. " At the same time, the 8th and 54th Army of the Volkhov Front were actively active forces of the enemy at the Tosnensky, Lyuban and Childgy directions, preventing the German command to transfer troops to Novgorod from there.

The German command, seeing the threat of the surroundings of the 18th Army, assigned its compounds and parts from the Ostient Tosno, the miracle. The offensive was deployed all over the front from the Gulf of Finland to Lake Ilmen. The troops of the Leningrad Front liberated Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Gatchina and by the end of January they came on the line of the Luga rivers. Volkhov Front, coming in the direction of Luga and Shimsk, liberated cities and railway stations MGA, Tosno, Luban, Chudovo. Purified from the Germans of the Oktyabrskaya Railway. At the same time, the 2nd Baltic Front under the command of General M. M. Popova was shot by the German 16th Army.

Thus, the Red Army crushed the "Northern Val" and completely eliminated the enemy blockade of Leningrad. On January 27, the solemn artillery salute from 324 guns thundered in the city of Neva. The historic victory together with Leningrads joyfully celebrated the entire Soviet people.

Leningraders paint the inscription on the wall of the house warning about the art fixers, after the final liberation of the city from the enemy blockade. Inscriptions "Citizens! With the art-rider, this side of the street is most dangerous "was applied in Leningrad on the northern and northeastern sides of the streets, since the shelling of the city was conducted from South (Pulkovsky heights) and southwestern (fit) directions

The Hitler's rate, as well as, with severe defeat on the front, hid the authentic causes. But the Commander of the North Army Group General-Field Marshal Kühler was replaced by Colonel-General V. Model, who used the reputation of a "strategic defense specialist".

Soviet troops continued to develop an offensive. The 2nd percussion army of the Leningrad Front on February 1 forced meadow and stormed Kingisepp. The 42nd Army, moving the south, on February 4, entered the gdov liberated by the guerrillas. Volkhov Front, defeating the enemy to the Luzhskaya grouping, seduced by Luga on February 12. Soon after that he was disbanded, and his army was transferred to the Leningrad Front. The upcoming compounds were out of the rivers of Narva. The 18th Army of the Germans retired. I left the 16th Army. Pursuing her, the troops of the 2nd Baltic Front on February 18 freed the old RUSSU, and then the city of the Hill.

At the right wing of the Leningrad Front, the troops joined the territory of Soviet Estonia, and on the left flank, in cooperation with the 2nd Baltic front, an important railway assembly was occupied - the bottom station. By the end of February, the advancing Soviet troops stopped at the turn of Narva - Pskov - the island, where they occupied defense. It was necessary to regroup the forces, replenish troops, equipment and ammunition, tighten the rear.

Residents of Leningrad from the building of the Exchange Meet the news of the removal of the city's blockade

RESULTS

As a result of a two-month continuous offensive in the north-western direction, the Red Army inflicted a serious defeat of the North Army Group and dropped it at 220 - 280 km and the West. 3 German divisions were destroyed and 17 divisions were crushed. Almost all the territory of the Leningrad and Kalinin regions was released from German invaders. During the offensive operation, under Leningrad and Novgorod, the Southern and Southeast approaches to Leningrad were cleared of the Germans. Only the northern outskirts of this city still remained Finnish troops who participated in its blockade. It was necessary to carry out their defeat on the Karelian Isthmus and in South Karelia.

The Great Battle for Leningrad, one of the most significant and bloody battles of the Great War, which lasted 900 days, ended with the victory of the Red Army and the entire Soviet people. Despite the harsh tests and huge sacrifices, the hero city has surrendered in a brutal struggle.

Leningraders on Suvorovskaya Square are watching salute in marking blockade

Leningraders and Red Army women at the order of the troops of the Leningrad Front about the removal of the blockade of the city

Wars of 1941-1945 grabs dramatic, tragic pages. One of the most terrible blockades of Leningrad. Briefly speaking, this is the history of the real genocide of citizens, which stretched almost until the very end of the war. Let's remember once again how it all happened.

Offensive on the "City of Lenin"

The attack on Leningrad began immediately, in 1941. The grouping of the German-Finnish troops successfully moved forward, hacking the resistance of the Soviet parts. Despite the desperate, fierce resistance of the defenders of the city, by August of the same year, all the railways that bind the city with the country were cut, as a result of which the bulk of the supply was violated.

So when did the blockade of Leningrad begins? Briefly list the events that preceded this for a long time. But the official date is considered to be September 8, 1941. Despite the fastest fights on their slope on the approaches to the city, "from the attack" to take the Nazis could not. And because on September 13, the artillery shelling of Leningrad began, who actually continued the whole war.

The Germans had a simple order regarding the city: to erase from the face of the earth. All defenders should have been destroyed. According to other information, Hitler was simply afraid that during the massive storming the loss of German troops would be unnecessarily high, and therefore gave an order about the start of the blockade.

In general, the essence of the blockade of Leningrad came down to "the city himself fell into his hands like a ripened fetus."

Information about population

It should be remembered that at least 2.5 million inhabitants remained in the blocked city. Among them were about 400 thousand children. Almost immediately began problems with food. Standing stress and fear of bombing and shelling, a lack of medicines and food soon led to the fact that the townspeople began to die.

It was estimated that for all the time the blockade on the heads of the city inhabitants were dropped at least hundreds of thousands of bombs and about 150 thousand shells. All this led both to the massive deaths of civilians and the catastrophic destruction of the most valuable architectural and historical heritage.

The most difficult turned out to be the first year: German artillery managed to bomb food warehouses, with the result that the city was almost completely devoid of food reserves. However, there is a direct opposite opinion.

The fact is that by 1941 the number of residents (registered and visitors) numbered about three million people. Bombed Badaevsky warehouses simply physically could not accommodate such a number of products. Many modern historians quite convincingly prove that there was no strategic reserve at that time. So even if the warehouses were not injured from the actions of the German artillery, it delayed the offensive of hunger at best for a week.

In addition, just a few years ago, some documents from the NKVD archives concerning the pre-war survey of the strategic reserves of the city were declassified. The information in them is drawn by an extremely disappointing picture: "Butter is covered with a layer of mold, reserves of flour, pea and other croups are amazed by tick, the floors of the storages are covered with a layer of dust and litter of rodents."

Disappointing conclusions

From 10 to 11 September, the responsible bodies made a complete one more will overcome all the food in the city. By September 12, a full report was published, according to which in the city there was: grains and finished flour for about 35 days, the reserves of crumbs and pasta were enough for a month, for the same time it was possible to stretch meat reserves.

Oils remained exactly 45 days, sugar and ready-made confectionery products were coming immediately for two months. There were practically no potatoes and vegetables. In order to somehow stretch the reserves of flour, 12% of the ground malt, oatmeal and soy flour was added to it. Subsequently, there began putting cakes, bran, sawdust and grinding bark of trees.

How did the food question resolved?

From the very first September days in the city, food cards were introduced. All canteens and restaurants were immediately closed. Cattle, extended at local agricultural enterprises, was immediately scored and put in the procurement points. All the feed of grain origin was reduced to milling enterprises and grinding in flour, which was subsequently used to produce bread.

Citizens who were in hospitals during the blockade, soldering solders from the coupons. The same order was distributed to children who were in orphanages and pre-school education institutions. In almost all schools, classes were canceled. For children, the breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad was marked not so opportunity to finally eat how many long-awaited starts of classes.

In general, these cards cost thousands of people's lives, as cases of theft and even the murders committed by their receipt became more frequent in the city. In Leningrad, those years were frequent cases of raids and armed robbery bakery and even food warehouses.

With persons who were closed in something like that, they didn't have a ceremony, shooting in place. Ships were not. It was explained by the fact that every stolen card cost someone's life. These documents were not restored (for the rarest exceptions), and therefore the theft converted people to the right death.

Mood of residents

In the first days of the war, few people believed in the possibility of full blockade, but many began to prepare for such a turn of events. In the first days of the german offensive from the shelves of the stores, all little less, the people took off all their savings from Sberkassy. Even the jewelry stores were empty.

However, the famous hunger sharply crossed the efforts of many people: money and jewels immediately depreciated. The only currency has become food cards (which were mined exclusively by vomiting) and food. On city markets, one of the most running goods were kittens and puppies.

The NKVD documents suggest that the launched blockade of Leningrad (which is in the article) gradually began to universe alarm in people. A lot of letters were seized, in which the townspeople reported a plight in Leningrad. They wrote that even the cabbage leaves were left on the fields, in the city nowhere will not get the old flour dust from which he used to make glue for wallpaper.

By the way, in the most heavily winter of 1941, there were practically no apartments in the city, the walls of which would be plastered by wallpaper: the hungry people simply climbed and ate, since they had no other meal.

Labor feat of Leningradsev

Despite all the monstristence of the current situation, courageous people continued to work. And to work for the good of the country, the release of a lot of samples of weapons. They even managed to repair tanks, make guns and guns-machine guns literally from the "foot of the material". All weapons obtained in such difficult conditions were immediately used for battles on the approaches to the uncompressed city.

But the situation with food and medicine was complicated by day from day. Soon it became obvious that only Lake Lake could save the inhabitants. How is it connected and the blockade of Leningrad? Briefly speaking, this is the famous road of life, which was opened on November 22, 1941. As soon as the ice layer was formed on the lake, which theoretically could withstand the machines loaded by food, began to cross them.

Beginning of hunger

Hunger approached inexorably. Already on November 20, 1941, the rate of bread satisfied was only 250 grams per day for workers. As for dependents, women, children and old people, he was twice as smaller. At first, workers who saw the state of their relatives and loved ones, brought their soldering home and shared with them. But soon this practice was put an end: to people were ordered to eat their portion of bread directly at the enterprise, under the supervision.

That was the blockade of Leningrad. The photo show how much people were exhausted, who were at that time were in the city. For each death from the enemy projectile, there was a hundred people who died of terrible hunger.

At the same time, it should be understood that under the "bread" in this case was understood as a small piece of adhesive mass, in which there was much more bran, sawdust and other fillers than the flour itself. Accordingly, the nutritional value of such food was close to zero.

When a breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad was carried out, people, for the first time in 900 days, received fresh bread, often from happiness fainted.

To top it all problems, the urban water supply system has fully failed, as a result of which the townspeople had to wear water from the Neva. In addition, the winter of 1941 was extremely severe, so physicians simply did not cope with the influx of frostbite, who had pretended, the immunity of which turned out to be unable to resist infections.

The consequences of the first winter

By the beginning of winter, the bread solder was increased almost twice. Alas, but this fact was not explained by the blockade by a breakthrough and not restoring normal supply: just by that time half of all dependents had already died. NKVD documents indicate the fact that hunger took absolutely incredible forms. Cases of cannibals began, and many researchers believe that no more than a third of them were officially fixed.

Especially bad at the time had to children. Many of them were forced to break alone in empty, cold apartments. If their parents died from hunger in production or in the case of their death with constant shelling, the children were held in full time for 10-15 days. Most often they also died. Thus, the children of the blockade of Leningrad took a lot on their fragile shoulders.

Frontoviki recall that among the crowd of seven-eight-year-old teenagers in evacuation, it was always Leningraders: they had terrible, tired and too adult eyes.

Already by the middle of the winter of 1941, cats and dogs were left on the streets of Leningrad, even the crows and rats were practically not. Animals understood that from hungry people it is better to stay away from. All trees in urban squares lost most of the crust and young branches: they were collected, grinding and added to flour, just to increase its volume slightly.

Leningrad's blockade lasted at that time less than a year, but with autumn cleaning on the streets of the city, 13 thousand corpses were found.

The road of life

A real "pulse" of a blockade city has become the road of life. In the summer it was a waterway along the water area of \u200b\u200bLake Lake, and in winter this role performed his frozen surface. The first barges with food were held on the lake on September 12. Shipping continued until the thickness of the ice did an impossible passage of vessels.

Each sailor flight was a feat, as German aircraft did not stop the hunt for a minute. Going to flights accounted for daily, with all weather conditions. As we have already said, on the ice, the cargo was first sent on November 22. It was equestrian traffic. After just a couple of days, when the thickness of the ice became more or less sufficient, the trucks moved into the path.

No more than two-three bags with food put on each car, since the ice was still too unreliable and the cars were constantly tone. Madly dangerous flights continued until spring. "On the watch" stuck barges. The end of this deadly carousel put only the liberation of Leningrad from the blockade.

Road number 101, as this path was called, allowed not only to maintain at least a minimal food rate, but also to take many thousands of people from the blocked city. The Germans constantly tried to interrupt a message without sparing for this shells and fuel for aircraft.

Fortunately, they failed them, and on the shores of Lake Lake today there is a monument "Road of Life", and the Museum of the Blockade of Leningrad is open, in which many documentary evidence of those terrible days are collected.

In many ways, success with the organization of the crossing was explained by the Soviet command quickly attracted fighter aircraft for the defense of the lake. In winter, anti-aircraft batteries were mounted directly on the ice. Note that the measures taken were given very positive results: so, already on January 16, more than 2.5 thousand tons of food were delivered to the city, although only two thousand tons were shipped.

Beginning of freedom

So when did the long-awaited removal of the blockade of Leningrad occurred? As soon as the first major defeat was applied under the Kursk German army, the country's leadership began to think about how to free the sharpened city.

Improving the blockade of Leningrad began on January 14, 1944. The task of the troops was a breakthrough of German defense in the thinnest place to restore the city's land communication with the rest of the country. By January 27, fierce battles began, in which the Soviet parts were gradually overlooked. It was the year of removing the blockade of Leningrad.

Nazis were forced to start digging. Soon the defense was broken on a plot of about 14 kilometers long. On this path, the columns of the Food Trucks immediately went to the city.

So how many lasted blockade of Leningrad? It is officially believed that it lasted 900 days, but accurate duration - 871 days. However, this fact does not diminish the determination and the incredible courage of his defenders.

Liberation Day

Today, the day of removal of the blockade of Leningrad is January 27th. This date is not a festive. Rather, this is a constant reminder of those horrific events through which the inhabitants of the city were forced to pass. The sake of fairness should be said that the real day of the removal of the blockade of Leningrad is January 18, as the corridor about which we talked, it turned out to break through that day.

That blockade took more than two million lives, and they died there mostly women, children and old people. While the memory of those events is alive, nothing of the kind should be repeated in the world!

Here is the whole blockade of Leningrad briefly. Of course, it is possible to describe this terrible time quite quickly, here's just the blockadas who were able to survive, remember those terrifying events every day.

Yes, we will not hide: these days
We ate the ground, glue, belts;
But, having eaten out of belts
Got up to the stubborn master machine
To accurate the guns of the part you need.

Olga Bergolts "Leningrad Poem".

Towards the 70th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945

May 9 - a special and sacred date in the history of Russia. In 2015, there are 70 years from the day of the Great Victory over the fascist invaders. All these years, the memory of the immortal feat of the people who have established the independence of the Motherland lives in the hearts of the Russians. This year has been executed for 71 years from the time of the liberation of Leningrad from the blockade.

Russian President Vladimir Putin has signed a decree "On the preparation and celebration of the 70th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945".

The decree was signed to coordinate the activities of federal executive authorities, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and public associations on the preparation and holding of the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, and considering the world-historical importance of victory Over fascism in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

It is impossible without tears and shudder to remember the events of the Great Patriotic War, who became a victorious, heroic and tragic page of the history of our people.

One of these events was the blockade of Leningrad, which lasted a long 900 days of death, hunger, cold, bombing, despair and courage of residents of the northern capital.

The sacred time in the history of Russia dedicate the cycle of our articles ...

The Day of the Military Glory of Russia is the day of removing the blockade of the city of Leningrad (1944) is noted in accordance with the Federal Law of March 13, 1995 No. 32-FZ "On the Days of Military Glory (Victory Days) of Russia".

The beginning of the blockade of Leningrad. Hitler plans

The offensive of the fascist troops on Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), whose seizure of the German command attached important strategic and political importance, began on July 10, 1941.

In August, heavy battles were already on the approaches to the city. On August 30, the German troops cut the railways that bonded Leningrad with the country. On September 8, the fascists managed to block the city from Sushi. According to Hitler's plan, Leningrad had to stand on the face of the earth. Failure to try to break through the defense of the Soviet troops inside the blockade rings, the Germans decided to take the city of Ismor. For all calculations of the German command, the population of Leningrad should have died from hunger and cold.

September 8, on the day of the beginning of the blockade, the first massive bombardment of Leningrad occurred. About 200 fires broke out, one of them destroyed Badaevsky food warehouses.

The destruction by the blockade of the civilian population of Leningrad was originally scheduled by the Nazis. Already on July 8, 1941, for the seventeenth day of the war, in the diary of the head of the German General Staff, General Franz Halder, a very characteristic entry appeared:

... Unspoclaiming the decision of the Fuhrer to challenge Moscow and Leningrad with the Earth to completely get rid of the population of these cities, which otherwise we will be forced to feed during the winter. The task of destroying these cities must perform aviation. To do this, you should not use tanks. This will be a "folk disaster that will deprive the centers not only Bolshevism, but also Muscovites (Russians) in general.

Hitler's plans soon gained their embodiment in the official directives of the German command. On August 28, 1941, General Galder signed the order of the High Command of the Land Forces of the Wehrmacht Group of Army North about the Leningrad Blocade:

... Based on the director of the Supreme Command, I order:

1. Block the city of Leningrad Ring as close as possible to the city itself to save our strength. Capitulation requirements do not nominate.

2. In order for the city, as the last center of red resistance in the Baltic, was destroyed as quickly as possible without great victims on our part, it is forbidden to storm the city by infantry. After the defeat of the air defense and fighter aviation enemy, its defensive and life abilities should be broken by the destruction of water supply stations, warehouses, sources of power supply and power plants. Military structures and the ability of the enemy to defense should be suppressed by fires and artillery flames. Every attempt of the population to get out through the arrangement of the environment should be prevented, if necessary, with the use of weapons ...

As we can see, according to the directives of the German command, the blockade was directed against the civilian population of Leningrad. Neither the city nor its inhabitants were not needed. The rage of the Nazis in relation to Leningrad was terrifying.

The poisonous nest Petersburg, from which it hits the key of the poison to the Baltic Sea, should disappear from the face of the Earth, "said Hitler in the Armored Ambassador in Paris held on September 16, 1941. - the city is already blocked; Now it remains only to fill it with artillery and bomb until the water supply, energy centers, and everything that is necessary for the vital activity of the population will not be destroyed.

It was planned to destroy Soviet troops in the North Army Group to destroy the Soviet troops in the Baltic States, master Leningrad, to seize the most important land and sea routes and communications for the supply of troops and a favorable source bridgehead to strike into the rear for the troops of the Red Army who defended Moscow. The offensive of German forces on Leningrad began on July 10, 1941.

The situation after the attack on the city remained very tense. The enemy attacked large forces along the Moscow-Leningrad highway and at the end of August seized Luban, Tosno, reached the Neva and blocked the railway communication with Leningrad. About two weeks were fierce battles in the area of \u200b\u200bKrasnogvardeysk, where the German attacks were repulsed. However, breaking through the station MGA to Shlisselburg, Hitler's troops cut off the city from Sushi. The blockade of Leningrad began.

"Road of Life" for Blood Leningrad

About 2.5 million inhabitants remained in the city. Permanent bombings of enemy aviation destroyed people, houses, architectural monuments, warehouses with food. During the blockade in Leningrad there was no area to which the enemy shell could not fly. Areas and streets were identified, where the risk of becoming a victim of enemy artillery was the greatest. There were spent special warning signs with such, for example, text: "Citizens! With the art-rider, this side of the street is most dangerous. " Several of them have been preserved in the city and today in memory of the blockade.

Communication with the city was supported only by the air routes and in Ladoga Lake. From the first days of the blockade of its dangerous and heroic case, the road of life - the pulse of the blockade Leningrad but. In the summer - water, and in the winter - an ice way connecting Leningrad from "Big Earth" in Ladoga Lake. On September 12, 1941, the first barges with food came to the city on this way, and until late autumn, until the storms made shipping impossible, there were barges on the way.

In the city and the surrounding area at that time were almost 3 million civilians (almost two thirds of which are women), including about half a million children, and the food reserves and fuel remained for a half - two months.

The whole country helped Blood Leningrad in his heroic struggle. From a large land in a deposited city with incredible difficulties delivered products and fuel to the frozen Ladoga Lake. The people very accurately called this road - "Road of Life." From her depended the salvation of residents of Leningrad, providing the front with everything necessary. On November 22, 1941, the first trucks were released on the even-rapid ice.

In Leningrad, a card system of food supply was introduced: from November 20, 1941, working 250 grams of bread per day, and all the others were 125 grams. But even in such conditions, the city worked. Protective fortification anti-tank structures were built, the enterprises were repairs of tanks and weapons. Since the end of autumn, hunger began in the city, from which only in December 1941, about 500 thousand people died.

Military road No. 101, as they called this route, allowed to increase bread and evacuate a large number of people. To break this thread, connecting the blockade city with the country, the Germans sought constantly, but thanks to the courage and strength of the spirit of Leningradians, the road life lived herself and gave life to the Great City.

The value of the Ladoga route is huge, she saved thousands of lives. Now on the shore of Ladoga Lake is the Museum "Road of Life".

Life of blockade Leningrad

At the same time, Leningraders tried to survive the Leningrads and do not give to die their native city. Not only: Leningrad helped the army, releaseing military products - the factories continued to work even in such conditions. Theaters and museums restored their activities. It was necessary - to prove to the enemy, and, the main thing about themselves: the blockade of Leningrad will not kill the city, he continues to live!

One of the bright examples of amazing dedication and love for homeland, life, the hometown is the history of creating one musical work. During the blockade, the famous symphony D. Shostakovich, named after Leningrad, was written. Rather, the composer began writing it in Leningrad, and finished in evacuation. When the score was ready, she was taken to the deposited city. By that time, the symphony orchestra was already resumed in Leningrad. On the day of the concert, so that enemy raids could not disrupt him, our artillery did not allow a single fascist aircraft to the city! All blocks worked by the Leningrad Radio, which was for all Leningraders not only a lively spring of information, but also just a symbol of continuing life.

The blockade has become a cruel exam for all urban services and departments that provided the vital activity of a huge city. Leningrad gave a unique experience in organizing life in conditions of hunger. The following fact draws attention: during the blockade, in contrast to many other cases of mass hunger, there were no major epidemics, despite the fact that hygiene in the city was, of course, much lower than the normal level due to the almost complete absence of water supply, Sewer and heating. Of course, the prevention of epidemics helped the harsh winter of 1941-1942. At the same time, the researchers also indicate effective preventive measures taken by the authorities and medical service.

The most difficult during the blockade was hunger, as a result of which dystrophy developed in the residents. At the end of March 1942, the epidemic of cholera, abdominal typhoid, rapid typhoid broke out, but at the expense of professionalism and high qualifications of doctors, the flash was minimized.

Children's contribution to the liberation of Leningrad from blockade. Ansamble A.E.Obranta

At all times there is no greater grief than a suffering child. Blocked children are a special topic. Early matured, not children's serious and wise and wisely, they brought the victory along with adults. Heroes' children, each fate of which is the bitter szvuk of those terrible days.

Children's dance ensemble A.E. Obrant - a special piercing note of a blockade city. In the first winter, Leningrad blockade many children were evacuated, but many other children remained in various reasons in the city. Palace of Pioneers, located in the famous Anichkov Palace, with the beginning of the war, moved to martial law. It must be said that 3 years before the war on the basis of the Palace of Pioneers, the ensemble of songs and dance was created. At the end of the first blockade winter, the remaining teachers tried to find their pupils in the besieged city, and from the children remaining in the city, Balletmister A.E. Brant created a dance team. It is terribly even to imagine and compare terrible blockade days and pre-war dances! But nevertheless the ensemble was born. At first, the guys had to restore from exhaustion, only then they were able to start rehearsals. However, in March 1942, the first performance of the team took place. Fighters who have time to see a lot could not hold back tears, looking at these courageous children. Remember how many Leningrad blockade lasted? So for this considerable time the ensemble gave about 3,000 concerts. Where we just had to be guys: Often, concerts had to end in bomb shelter, since several times in the evening the speeches were interrupted by air alarms, it happened, the young dancers performed a few kilometers from the advanced, and in order not to attract the enemy with an excess noise, danced without music, and The floors were covered with hay.

The strong spirit, they supported and inspired our soldiers, the contribution of this team to the liberation of the city is difficult to overestimate. Later, the guys were awarded medals "for the defense of Leningrad."

Sacrifice of the blockade of Leningrad

We never have to find out about the exact number of victims. According to historians' stories, in the Nuremberg Tribunal it was about 641,000 dead civilians. According to the last calculations, this amount is at least 800 thousand, according to other data in Leningrad during the blockade, up to a million people died.

Russian historians and eyewitnesses of the tragedy say that post-war statistics ranked only the indigenous people of Leningrad. In fact, there was a lot of refugees before the siege of the city. They did not know what was happening in reality.

If you listen to the information of the information of the time, they said that the Germans are coming, and we are fighting back, then that we suddenly move into a successful counterattack. It was simply impossible to understand something. It was the refugees who were not registered, which means that they didn't even have the right to bread cards, became the first victims of the blockade of Leningrad. They died from hunger, frozen on the streets, their bodies filled the anonymous graves at the Piskarevsky and other cemeteries of the city. Blocade and war are complex and painful topics, both for Russia and Germany.

The plans of the Nazi leadership did not leave the right to live in Leningrad residents - just as they did not leave the rights to the life of Jews.

Nazis consciously acquired hundreds of thousands of people both in Leningrad, and in the Leningrad region occupied by them. So the blockade and the Holocaust, whatever the science of victims, is really a phenomenon of one order, undoubted crimes against humanity. This, by the way, has already been fixed legally: in 2008, the German government and the Commission on the presentation of Jewish material claims to Germany (Claims Conference) came to an agreement, according to which the Jews who survived the blockade of Leningrad were equated to the victims of the Holocaust and received the right to disposable compensation .

Due to the accommodations, the city was actually turned into a gigantic metering of ghetto, the difference between the ghetto in the territories occupied by the Nazis, it was that the auxiliary police units for conducting mass murders and the German security service did not conduct mass executions here. However, the criminal essence of the blockade of Leningrad does not change.

Liberation of blockade Leningrad

As a result of the victories of the Soviet Armed Forces in the Stalingrad and Kursk battles, near Smolensky, on the left bank of Ukraine, in the Donbas and the Dnieper in the late 1943 - early 1944 there were favorable conditions for carrying out a large offensive operation near Leningrad and Novgorod.

By the beginning of 1944, the enemy created a deep-legged defense with reinforced concrete and erect facilities, covered with minefields and wire harnesses. The Soviet command organized an offensive forces of the troops of the 2nd strike, the 42nd and 67th armies of the Leningradsky, 59th, 8th and 54th armies of Volkhovsky, the 1st shock and the 22nd armies of the 2nd Baltic fronts and Red-known Baltic Fleet. Large aviation, partisan detachments and brigades were also attracted.

The goal of the operation was to defeat the flank groups of the 18th Army, and then to the defeat of its main forces and to reach the rivers of the Meadow on the Kingisepp and Luzhsky directions. In the future, acting on the Narva, Pskov and Idritsky directions, to defeat the 16th Army, complete the liberation of the Leningrad region and create conditions for the liberation of the Baltic state.

On January 14, Soviet troops were transferred to the offensive from the seaside bridge at Ropsh, and on January 15 from Leningrad to the Red Selo. After stubborn battles on January 20, Soviet troops were connected in the Ropshi area and eliminated the enemy's surrounded Peterhof-Strelinskaya grouping. At the same time, on January 14, the Soviet troops were transferred to the offensive in the area of \u200b\u200bNovgorod, and on January 16 - Novgorod was liberated on the Lyuban direction on January 20.

To commemorate the final removal of the blockade on January 27, 1944, a festive salute was given in Leningrad.

On January 27, 1944, Leningrad saluteed 24 volley from 324 guns in honor of the complete elimination of the enemy blockade - the defeat of the Germans near Leningrad.

... and again the world with delight hear
Salute Russian Roll.
Oh, it breathes with full breasts
Liberated Leningrad!

... We remember autumn, forty first,
Transparent air of those nights,
When, like the screens, often, dimly
Whisters of the bombs of the executioner.

But we, humming fear and cry
Tried, wild explosions of the entliest:
- You lost the war, executioner,
Barely joined our land! ...

(O. Buggolts, 1944)

The army of the Leningrad, Volkhovsky and the 2nd Baltic fronts dropped the German troops from the city, freed almost the entire Leningrad region.

Blocade, in the iron ring of which Leningrad lit up a long 900 days and nights, was put an end. That day was one of the happiest hundreds of thousands of Leningraders in the life; One of the happiest - and, at the same time, one of the most sophisticated - because everyone who lived before this festive day during the blockade lost or relatives, or friends. More than 600 thousand people died a terrible hungry death in the city surrounded by the German troops, several hundred thousand - in the area occupied by the Nazis.

Exactly a year later, on January 27, 1945, the divisions of the 28th Rifle Corps of the 60th Army of the 1st Ukrainian Front released the Zevwitzim concentration camp - the ominous Nazi death factory, on which a huge number of people were destroyed. Soviet soldiers managed to save a few - seven and a half thousand depleted, similar to the living skeletons of people. All the others are those who could walk - the Nazis managed to hurt. Many of the liberated prisoners of Auschwitz could not even smile; Their strength was enough only to stand.

The coincidence of the day of removal of the blockade of Leningrad with the Day of Liberation of Auschwitz - something more than a simple accident. The blockade and the Holocaust, the symbol of which became Auschwitz, the phenomena of one order.

After the war on the granite stele of the Piskarevsky memorial cemetery, where 470,000 Leningradians, who died during the Leningrad blockade and in battles in the protection of the city, were carved by the words of Olga Bergoltz poetess:

Leningrads lie here.
Here the townspeople are men, women, children.
Next to them soldiers-redarmeys.

All life is NEW
They defended you, Leningrad,
The cradle of the revolution.

Their noble names we can not be listed here,
So they are much under the eternal protection of granite.
But know, listening to these stones:
No one is forgotten and nothing is forgotten.

The historical meaning of the Leningrad battle

The Leningrad battle had a huge political and strategic importance. Soviet troops in the battle for Leningrad pulled up to 15-20% of the enemy forces on the Eastern Front and the entire Finnish army, defeated to 50 German divisions. Warriors and residents of the city showed samples of heroism and selfless dedication to their homeland. Many parts and compounds participating in the Leningrad Battle were transformed into guards or sold ordinary. Hundreds of thousands of warriors were awarded government awards, hundreds received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, of which five of them twice: A. E. Mazurenko, P. A. Coleshev, V. I. Rakov, N. G. Stepanyan and N. V. Shuttokov.

The casual care of the Central Committee of the Party, the Soviet government and the support of the whole country was inexhaustible sources of force for overcoming the Leningrads tests and the 900-day blockade.

On December 22, 1942, the Soviet government was established by the medal "For the defense of Leningrad". On January 26, 1945, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Leningrad to the Order of Lenin, and on May 8, 1965 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 assigned Leningrad to the honorary title of the city of Hero.

On January 27, 2014, St. Petersburg noted 70 years of removing the blockade of Leningrad. According to both sides of the Nevsky Prospect, thousands of people lit candles in memory of those who died at this terrible time.

Leningrad blockade - The tragic and great page of Russian history, which carried out more than 2 million human lives. While the memory of these terrible days lives in the hearts of people, finds a response in talented artwork, is passed from hand to the hands of descendants - this will not happen again! The blockade of Leningrad briefly, but he was described by Vera Inbert, her lines - the anthem of the Great City and at the same time the requiem left.

Glory and you, the Great City,
Flowing together front and rear.
In unprecedented difficulties that
Stressed. Fucked. Won.

And you want to finish the verses of the Great Soviet poetess Olga Berggolts, who survived the blockade with his beloved city.

Enemies were broken into our free city,
Crumbled stones of the city gate.
But came to the Avenue International
Armed labor people.

He walked with immortal
Deputy
In the chest:
- die, but red peter
Do not surrender!

Red Guards, remembering the past,
Formed new detachments,
in collected bottles every home
And the own barricade built.

And so for it - long nights
Putting us the enemy with iron and fire.
- You give up, stealish, - bombs us

couch to the ground, fall apart ...
Trembling the captives, as mercy,
Not only people are stones of Leningrad.

But we stood on high roofs
with skin thumping to the sky
did not leave the fragile our tips,
Shovel with a muddy hand.

... the day comes, and, rejoicing, hurrying
still sad without removing ruins,
We will be so our city to decorate
How people never decorated.

And then on the most slender building
face to sunrise
Put marble flashes
Simple air defense worker.

Let it stand, always gouring an embraced,
So, as stood, holding an unequal battle:
with skin thumping to the sky
With the only weapon - shovel.

Berggolts Olga (1941).

The victory of Leningrads above the blockade is a truly miracle that has shown the strength of the spirit of the Russian man to the whole world.

If there are blockade in your family, be sure to congratulate them today. It is likely that after congratulations, you will hear an amazing story of the person who has known the time of the person ...