Do-it-yourself installation of wooden stairs. Wooden stairs to the second floor: views, do-it-yourself installation. Additional work on finished wooden stairs

Wooden stairs in the house are a very attractive element that can decorate or, conversely, spoil the appearance of any room. Beautiful carved stairs, like the one shown in the title photo, are the prerogative of professional assemblers and carvers, but this does not mean at all that simple self-assembled structures cannot look spectacular.

In today's article, we will analyze the installation of wooden stairs step by step. This material will allow you to assemble a solid structure with your own hands, without spending a lot of money on hiring specialists and material.

The first thing any builder faces is the design of future work. In the case of the construction of a staircase, you will need to create a real drawing to scale.

It is a drawing, not a sketch on a piece of cardboard or a pack of cigarettes. This approach will avoid the occurrence of common mistakes in the manufacture and assembly of parts.

Terminological dictionary

Before starting the story about assembling a wooden staircase with your own hands, let's plunge a little into the world of terms and concepts.

Our task is to study the main details that make up a wooden staircase:

Bowstring- a support beam that stands at a slope and holds the steps. A peculiarity of bowstrings is that the steps are inserted into the grooves sawn in the body of the board. In the diagram, this detail is shown on the left side of the viewer.
Kosour- the purpose is similar to the bowstring, but there is a difference in the structure of the part. If in the first case the steps were installed in grooves, then here the support is cut right on the upper edge of the board, and the steps are laid on top. It is located on the right in the diagram.
Tread or step- this is the part of the structure that the moving person steps on. You can also hear the name - step cover.
Riser- this is the side decorative part of the step, installed vertically. It is not a supporting element, therefore, individual structures do not provide for its presence at all.
Support pillars- there are start, finish and pivots. They are the main load-bearing element for stair railing. Swivel ones are installed if the structure has more than one flight.
Handrails- this is a holder on which a person rests when going up or down.
Balusters- vertical elements that form the filling of the railing. Unlike pillars, they are not supports, however, firmly fixed, they significantly increase the strength of the entire structure of the fence.
Ordinary stage- a standard march step with fixed dimensions.
Frieze steps- the first and last flight steps. They can differ from ordinary ones in size and shape, compensating for the remainder of the distance, when dividing the height of the span by the number of steps.

Explanation! It means that the distance between the floors of the first and second floors is rarely a multiple of the height of the steps. Because of this, the lower step has different dimensions. And the upper frieze step goes into the same plane with the upper platform, and depending on the fastening of the kosour, it can be completely retracted or protruding, with a greater tread.

The designs that we will look at today are called marching. They are characterized by the presence of straight, even sections of the rise. Depending on the height of the span, the space for the stairs and the number of floors, single-march and multi-march structures are arranged.

Multi-flight stairs must have a turn: 90, 180 or 270 degrees. The degree of rotation, again, depends on the space in which the staircase is located. In the first two options, the number of marches is two, and in the last, three.

The more turns, the more compact the ladder can be made. To connect the marches, intermediate platforms and winder steps are used.

The turntable is a horizontal plane. It is usually located in the middle of the span, dividing the rise into two equal sections.

The stair steps, like a part of a spiral staircase, provide a smooth ascent during a turn. They can be located both in the middle of the span and closer to the level of the first floor, reducing the first flight, down to several steps. In this case, the spread is most often placed in the corner of the room.

The step itself is a trapezoid of irregular shape and is mounted around the pivot support post, observing the total height of the risers and a certain degree of offset.

Drawing up a drawing

So, we became aware of the main elements that make up a wooden flight staircase. As you already understood, we will collect it in this article. Now you can safely proceed to creating a drawing.

First of all, we advise you to contact a professional designer for help, who will correctly calculate the amount of material, dimensions of the structure, optimal shape and other design features. Naturally, you have to spend money, but sometimes the savings can get even more expensive.

If you do not have the opportunity to spend extra money, then you can use the free online staircase constructors.

To work with these tools, you do not need specific knowledge of communication with a computer. Everything is extremely simple and intuitive. All you need to do is accurately carry out all measurements in place and indicate them on the calculation page.

If you have already built a two-story house or are the owner of a two-level apartment, then the topic of building a staircase on the second floor will be of interest to you.

In order to acquire a comfortable and high-quality staircase system, you have only three ways: buy a ready-made structure in a specialized store, order the necessary model for a carpentry master, make a staircase with your own hands.

For those who have chosen the third option, this article is devoted to. In it you will learn a lot of useful information about the staircase structure, as well as get acquainted with the step-by-step detailed instructions for making a staircase in photos and videos.

For owners of a two-level dwelling, a staircase on the second floor is a necessary attribute of the interior.

What are the stairs - a little theory

Before you start building a staircase with your own hands, you need to decide on the type of construction that will be most suitable for your home.

Types of stairs by design type

We will choose a system of three types:

Marching.
Screw.
Combined.

Let's figure it out a little with each of them.

Marching

This type is the easiest to manufacture and therefore, if you decide to make a ladder with your own hands, then this option will be the most suitable for you.

Single-march designs, despite their apparent simplicity, can be beautiful and effective

Marching stairs, in turn, are divided into types:

one-march;
two-flight;
multi-march.

Both the first and the second type are considered not difficult to manufacture and are in greatest demand.

Screw

Such stairs are a spiral that goes up to the second floor. This type saves a lot of room space, but it is laborious to manufacture.

The spiral staircase is original and beautiful, but it is better to entrust its production to professionals

Combined

These systems combine the two previous types. Their manufacture is the most difficult and therefore not suitable for self-erection.

Combined systems are more complex in production and it will be quite difficult for a beginner to mount them.

We make a ladder with our own hands - instructions for making

First, we will decide on the material of manufacture and prepare the tool necessary for work.

Material selection

For the production of a staircase, you can choose:

wood;
stone;
concrete;
metal;
plastic.

A variety of materials can be used to make stairs.

The most suitable material for making a staircase yourself is, of course, natural wood. Its advantages are obvious:

environmental friendliness and safety;
non-toxicity;
ease of processing;
relatively economical price;
long service life.

Therefore, we will choose natural wood for the construction of our staircase. Best of all, if it is pine wood - spruce, pine. You can also use ash, beech, maple, oak, birch and other species.

Natural wood is the best choice for making stairs with your own hands

So, we have decided on the type of structure to be erected - this is a flight staircase. We also chose the easiest to process and environmentally friendly material - natural wood. The next point is to prepare the necessary tool.

Cooking the tool

To make a wooden staircase with our own hands, we need:

Measuring devices - tape measure, ruler, level.
Hand-held electric drill.
A hacksaw for woodworking.
Screwdriver.
Hammer.
Electric planer.
Sandpaper.

The optimal set of necessary tools

Cooking basic elements

Before installing the ladder system, the following parts must be prepared:

Processed boards of the required dimensions (in accordance with the drawing).
Bars for the production of steps.
Boards for steps.
Bowstrings or stringers (depending on the type of construction).
Railings, balusters, handrails - these parts can be bought ready-made.
Fasteners - screws, screws, bolts.

This figure shows in detail all the constituent parts of the structure.

The main stages of installation

In order to make a high-quality staircase with your own hands, use the following manufacturing instructions in photos and videos.

Stage 1. Schematic drawing

Let's draw a drawing in which we will designate the main elements of the future structure.

Stage 2. We carry out the necessary calculations

Performing design calculations is probably the most exhausting process, but it still needs to be done. This can be done in a few steps:

we determine the height of the structure - to calculate it, measure the distance from the plane of the floor of the first level to the floor of the second floor. This will be the length of the march;
we determine the height of the steps - usually the most optimal height for a person of average height is 17 centimeters;
we will calculate how many steps and risers are needed - for this, the height of the stairs, which we have already measured, is divided by the height of the steps (17 cm);

Before making a ladder, it must be calculated.

step width - for convenience when walking, the smallest value of this parameter should be 22 cm, and the largest should be 40 cm.

Stage 3. Making a kosour

We cut the beam prepared for this part to the required size and cut out the notches of the required size for installing the steps.

Stage 4. Checking the stringer

To do this, we attach it to the place where the staircase will be located, if necessary, we make adjustments to the part.

This diagram shows detailed calculations of the kosour

Stage 5. We fasten the stringers

We attach the stringers and fasten them together to the upper beam using anchor bolts.

We fasten the stringers securely with anchor bolts

Stage 6. Installation of risers

The risers are attached to the stringer using self-tapping screws.

At first glance, the installation of stairs may seem like an easy job, since there are no specific mechanisms - a single structure is made up of a railing, subordinate to steps. In fact, it is difficult to install wooden stairs on your own, because in this process you will have to face moments that cannot be ignored. Therefore, today we will try to figure out how the installation of wooden stairs is performed correctly, and what is required for this.

Getting to know the design

Before proceeding directly to the process of assembling a wooden staircase, you should familiarize yourself with its main components.

The most important detail can be called a kosour - a load-bearing beam that will serve as the lower support for the steps and will withstand the main load. According to outward signs, each person is familiar with the steps, but few were interested in their design features. These elements consist of the following main parts:

horizontal beams (treads);
vertical beams (approaches).

The first person steps on when he climbs the stairs, and the second is located directly under it, performing a supporting and decorative function. There are also such models of wooden stairs that include only treads, but they are less reliable.

Photo 1. Construction of a wooden staircase.

A supporting-bearing function is also performed by such a component as a bowstring, on which steps are also attached. The fixation of these parts is as follows: the ends of the horizontal parts are inserted into certain holes located on the supporting part. But since the bowstring is not particularly reliable, the kosour is more popular.

Railings are another integral part of the stairs. They perform a protective and decorative function, that is, they allow a person to climb / descend without risk to health. Stairs with multiple flights must also include support posts. These are the parts located at the very top and bottom of the structure (final), as well as in the middle - intermediate.

You can visually familiarize yourself with the design of a wooden staircase from photo 1.

Preparatory work

To install a wooden staircase, you must prepare the following tool:

hammer;
roulette;
square;
hacksaw;
Sander;
level;
puncher.

Photo 2. Fixing the steps.

The design of the stairs is purchased, and sometimes made to order for a specific location in the room. Therefore, you should not change the place for installing the stairs, since all of its elements are made specifically for it.
The staircase should be brought home in a collapsible form, which reduces the risk of damage to its component parts. But at the same time, the assembly will be carried out from ready-made elements.
Care should be taken that at the enterprise where the structure is purchased, grooves are made in the fastening beams for fastening the flights.
Marches can be installed only after the railing has been adjusted to the level of the floor. Moreover, when adjusting the lower bowstring, it should be borne in mind that the covering on the floor can be peeled.
In order for the ladder to be durable, it is necessary to screw the marches onto self-tapping screws.
Before starting the installation of stairs, in particular a march, it is imperative to put a fence. Only after it has been adjusted correctly to the future design, you can proceed to the next stages.
Marshes should be attached to self-tapping screws, and evenly distributing them around the perimeter of the structure, attaching to the wall through a support post and a bowstring.

This video talks about installing wooden stairs:

Each staircase consists of inclined and stepped parts - flights and platforms, respectively. Depending on the location of the spans, the following types are distinguished:

one-march;
two-march;
three-march.

The distance between the spans should be greater than the width of one flight. The floor area, in turn, should exceed the span in width. To fix the steps, you can use one of the 2 options shown in the photo. The grooves connecting the ladder with the bowstring must hold the step tightly, for which it is necessary to maintain a flat surface and equal depth in the grooves.

Installation instructions

Since the ladder will be brought to your home disassembled, it can be installed without the help of specialists. All marches should be prepared initially. The sides of the ladder must match the opening and the floor surface, so you need to get rid of the excess with a hacksaw. After that, you can proceed to the upper part of the support post: we cut out the grooves that should be fixed afterwards to the crossbeam of the span. Using a pencil, we make a horizontal mark along the bottom edge of the groove, and another one of the same marking, but already equal to the distance from the ceiling to the floor. We install the riser in the grooves, and cut off the edges of the pillar, if necessary.

The assembly of a wooden staircase is done with glue. Construction details are fastened in the following sequence:

The upper support leg is glued to the side.
Then, in the same way, the railing and the fence are attached.
The next step in the installation of a wooden staircase will be the connection of the lower support of the rack and the corresponding ends of the railing.
It remains to fasten the side parts and the lower support leg.

Thorns made of wood must be hammered into all the necessary parts, and the treads and upper risers must be glued to the side parts. After the glue has completely dried, the installation is carried out again. This will require the help of three people. One should be on the top floor and two downstairs. The stairs are installed on the floor and leveled using a level. The installation of the support posts should be marked on the floor. In these places we drill holes and carry out the same work from the bottom of the support pillars.

This video talks about making and installing wooden stairs:

We fix the parts with bolts, and nail the tread to the transverse nut with two nails. We fasten the side part to the wall with five screws. It remains to sheathe the span with plywood or drywall sheets, if required.

As you can see, installing a ladder with your own hands is possible if you follow the given rules and recommendations.

In order to acquire a high-quality and comfortable staircase system, you have three ways: to purchase a ready-made structure, to order the required model for a carpentry specialist, to make a staircase with your own hands.

Where to begin?

Before tackling the construction of a staircase made of wood, you need to think over the individual details. First of all, you need to decide on the type of design. In private houses, two types of stairs are most often used. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.

The device of a wooden spiral staircase will take up much less free space. But at the same time, such systems are difficult to implement. Moreover, the stairs themselves are relatively narrow, it will be difficult for a "large" person to walk on them (not to mention the transportation of various items or furniture of large dimensions).
The most popular version for a private house is a staircase made of wood. Such systems can be easily built with your own hands. They are comfortable to operate and quite spacious. Marching stairs can have one or two flights. But there is no significant difference in the construction of each type.

what area can you isolate for the installation of the stairs;
what is the height between floors;
what ultimate load the ladder structure will have to withstand;
what is the structure of the structure (type of steps, their height and width, type of fences, etc.);
what appearance is planned.

Calculations

After you have decided on the above tasks, you can start calculating the future staircase and creating its drawing. Initially, we will calculate all the parameters.

The height of the entire timber structure. This parameter is defined as the distance between the level of the final floor of the first floor and the level of the final floor of the 2nd floor.
Width of the march... There are no limits for the largest march width. This parameter is set in accordance with the availability of free space and needs. But on the other hand, the smallest size should be at least 600 mm - otherwise, you can not part with a person walking towards you, moving along a narrow staircase will be extremely uncomfortable.

The height and number of steps. In accordance with some regulations in construction, the height of the steps is taken from 15 to 20 cm. Usually, an average indicator of 17 cm is used. The number of steps is set as the quotient of dividing the height of the entire structure by the height of each of the steps. If in the end an uneven amount comes out, then you can lower the height of the lower step.
The width of the top of the step (tread). There are also some regulations here. This value should be between 22 and 40 cm.
The size of the winder steps. The length of these steps is not so important, and the angle of rotation of each step does not matter. It is important that the narrowest place in width makes it possible to go down along it, holding on to the railing. The size of the tread in this place should be more than 220–250 mm, and the line of movement in the middle part corresponded to the conditions stipulated above - otherwise it would be unsafe to move along the stairs.

Distance between balusters... The distance between adjacent vertical posts should be no more than 300 mm (so that a person cannot slip between them when falling).
The length of the stairs itself. It is calculated by multiplying the width of the top of the step and the number of steps. Sometimes the resulting value can be excessively large and do not fit in the allotted area. In this case, you can reduce the width of the top of the step or make a two-flight staircase.
Height of the fence... The railings should be high enough to hold them comfortably. So, on a flat area, this value should be equal to 1050–1100 mm, and on an area with a slope of 900–950 mm.
Among other things, it is necessary to calculate the clearance above the stairs. When climbing stairs, there should be free space above your head so as not to bump your head. But the length of the supporting structure of the flight of stairs (stringer or bowstring) is also calculated.

Choice of materials

Knowing all the characteristics of the structure, you can proceed to the choice of materials. Ladders can be made from various types of wood. Most experts recommend using beech, oak or larch. But such wood is very expensive. As a rule, conifers are used. They are very sturdy, easy to handle, and inexpensive.

When purchasing wood, you need to pay attention to the level of its quality. Boards should not be deformed, rotting and knots falling out. The wood must be thoroughly dried.

Components

To install a wooden staircase in your home, you need quality materials.

Bars for the supporting structure of the staircase - they must be at least 50 mm thick, and commensurate with the dimensions of the steps in width. The square footage of the bar should be enough for the entire length of the flight of stairs, it is impossible to connect two bars.
Boards 40 mm thick for making treads.
Boards with a thickness of 30 mm for the manufacture of risers.
Balusters, handrails and other additions are better to buy ready-made, they will look more aesthetically pleasing.
Galvanized fasteners - screws, self-tapping screws, dowels and anchor bolts.

Along with this, you need to prepare the following tools for work:

devices for measuring and marking (building corner, tape measure, ruler);
a drill (electric drill) is required to form holes;
hacksaws for iron and wood;
screwdriver or screwdriver with a set of nozzles;
a set of chisels and a hammer for making grooves;
electric planer (can be simple);
sandpaper.

And, of course, there should be a well-thought-out drawing at hand.

Production technology

We will analyze the process of making a wooden staircase in a private house with our own hands using the example of the most common type - a staircase on kosoura.

How to do the work so as not to violate the rules and norms established for the selected staircase design, what order and manufacturing techniques - you will learn from the step-by-step instructions.

Production of stringers

To create a kosour, a well-dried, knot-free, even board 40 mm thick and 300 mm wide is taken. Now you need to mark on the stringer of the cuts for the steps (steps).

In order for the markup to be correct, you need to make a special template. It can be made from a sheet of plywood in the form of a square with angles equal to 90 ° and two strips.

We measure the distance from the corner of the plywood sheet corresponding to the width of the step and the height of the riser. We connect the received marks with each other with a straight line. After that, right along the line drawn on each side of the plywood sheet, we nail the slats.

Using the template made, we mark the cutouts on the stringer for steps and risers. After the marking is completed, we will start cutting out the sockets (cutouts) for installing the steps.

All sawn-off areas should be located strictly parallel to each other, and there should be an angle of 90 ° between the riser and the step. To do this, we carefully and carefully process the cutouts and corners with a grinder or a rasp.

If you plan a flight of stairs based on two kosour, then we put the prepared kosour on the board, and duplicate the cutouts.

For a staircase with steps narrowed at one end and widened at the other (run-in steps), the stringers will have a different configuration: steps with a wide edge are mounted on the outside, and steps with a narrow edge are mounted on the inside. Cuts in such kosoura must be carried out according to the size of each step. So, the kosour is ready, we install it in place. It is fixed to the floor and to the stair joist (top floor).

Making steps

The manufacture of steps for stairs on kosoura is a cutting (blank) of rectangular steps from a board with a width of at least 300 mm. The thickness is determined empirically - at least 40 mm.

To obtain a staircase from individual smooth steps, at the end of the work, a protective coating for wood must be applied to the surface of the manufactured elements in at least 3 layers. It is advisable to use a hard-wearing parquet varnish.

Balusters

Depending on the design, balusters can have different geometric configurations.

Wood balusters can be made in three ways:

turned balusters- the most popular method, which is carried out on a lathe using specialized cutters;
milled- on the racks of such parts there are cuts in the form of a scythe, a screw or other decorative elements;
carved balusters In other words, the pillars on which there are thread elements are used to create them on multi-axis CNC machines.

Making wood balusters is a complex process that requires certain skills and equipment. Therefore (it was said above) balusters, handrails and other additions are better to buy ready-made.

How to install it yourself?

After completing the preparatory work, you can start assembling the structure. The ladder is installed in a specific order.

We mount the support bar at the place where the staircase starts and on the upper floor. To connect the supporting stringers with a bar, you can go in two ways:

make slots in the beam;
make small grooves in the support bar into which the stringers will be inserted.

We proceed to the installation of stringers:

at the end of the stairs, we install a bar and fix it with steel anchors;
we connect the supporting elements with the timber on the upper floor;
press the stringers tightly to the support bar on the floor;
we fix the timber with anchors.

Steps

After the bearing beams have been firmly fixed, we proceed to the installation of the steps. In the manufacture of stairs on kosoura, the length of the steps must correspond to the width of the span.

First of all, it is necessary to install the vertical part of the steps - the risers. Separately, it must be said about the methods of fastening. Elements - risers and treads are connected to each other and to the stringers by means of screws and special glue.

You can fix risers and steps in different ways:

by means of glue and screws flush with the surface;
groove connection using glue;
metal corners;
by means of triangular rails.

It must be said that for greater comfort when lifting, the treads should protrude 2-3 cm forward above the risers.

Railing fence

When going up or down stairs, people often lean on the handrails. As a result, the fence must be firmly fixed and withstand a heavy load.

The installation of the railings begins with preparatory work.

At the junction points of the steps with the supporting beam, we mark the places for mounting the balusters. In this case, the side edge of the baluster should coincide with the outer end of the step.
In the designated place we drill a hole of the required diameter.
We make a small round wooden hairpin (dowel). Its diameter should coincide with the width of the hole, and in length it should look 1-1.5 cm above the surface of the step.
In the upper part, at the base of each of the balusters, we drill holes in accordance with the diameter of the dowel.
Installation of balusters made of hard wood is carried out by means of pins made of metal with a cross section of 6-10 mm and a length of 60-100 mm or dowels made of wood 50-80 mm long and 8 to 14 mm in diameter.

Consider the procedure for installing the fence.

At the beginning and end of the structure, we install support balusters.
We mount 1-2 intermediate pillars.
We control the conformity of the angle of rise (inclination) by applying a railing to the initial posts (if necessary, adjust the height of the posts).
Insert a dowel into the holes on top to fix the railing.
Apply glue to the base and grooves of the posts.

Balusters are mounted on dowels.
We apply glue to the upper rod of the post.
Upon completion of the installation of all vertical elements: balusters, decorative elements, we proceed to the installation of the stair rail. To do this, we cut the upper segment of the two extreme pillars at the required angle, attach the rail to them and mark the place for cutting the rest. Saw off all the tops at the target level. We press the railings tightly and fasten them on the balusters.
The final stage will be cleaning the finished structure. It is necessary to process the protruding parts with a sanding cloth, putty the gaps, clean them of dust and sawdust. Wipe the entire surface of the structure with a damp cloth.

After that, the fence must be allowed to dry well, and then you can start varnishing or painting.

To avoid mistakes when creating a structure, as well as when installing it in a private wooden, frame house, the recommendations of professionals must be followed.

When making a staircase, it is advisable to use a separate room (if possible). In order to assemble the structure as accurately as possible, and also not to harm furniture, household items, it is necessary to determine a separate place where it will be convenient to assemble the future product, control the dimensions, and eliminate errors.
Do not carry out finishing work in the house until the installation of embedded components, basic structural elements. In order not to have to dismantle the already installed drywall, all kinds of elements, it is necessary to install the embedded components in advance in places that are subsequently planned to be lined.

Take into account the dimensions of the assembly parts. If the staircase is not made in the place of its installation, then it is necessary to provide for its movement, delivery to the premises. It is better to divide the structure (make it a prefab) into such fragments that can fit in the elevator (if the staircase is in a multi-storey building), will pass through the door openings.
Mount the ladder securely. The most important factor in installation is rigidity. It is required to carry out well not only the installation of mortgages, but also to connect all the elements of the stairs with each other, if necessary, reinforce the structure.
Calculate the fastening of elements made of glass. In order for the glass to reliably adhere to wood, metal, it is necessary to install gaskets made of silicone, rubber or fluoroplastic bushings - only using seals can glass be connected to other materials.

Correctly install a ladder in a timber house. A wooden house tends to shrink, as a result of which the staircase should be fixed in the main part to the concrete floor, and connected with logs in such a way as not to affect the appearance of the products (grooves, specialized holes must be provided). In this case, the construction of the stairs must be adjusted in height - in order to compensate for the change in the difference in height between the floors.
Consider the special properties of the wood when choosing a painting method for handrails., since each breed reacts in its own way to the influence of paints and varnishes. In particular, it is advisable to cover pine with an exceptionally clear varnish. If you try to treat it, for example, with a stain, then the railings will become stained, because the pine in different areas absorbs the composition differently due to the fact that the resins are unevenly distributed inside the wood.

As a result, before proceeding with the full-scale processing of the railing, test the selected agent on a small area of wood, let the agent dry and see the result.

You will learn more about how to install a ladder with your own hands in the following video.

Beautiful examples in the interior

Let's take a look at beautiful and interesting wood staircase designs.

Elite stairs. For a long time, such structures, made of ash, noble oak and beech wood, were a kind of indicator of luxury and prosperity, indicating the well-being and aristocratic nature of their owners. Stunning staircases of their own architecture were the decoration of palaces, estates, or simply rich merchant houses.

Traditional. The inseparable wood staircase attracts with its ingenuousness. A solution in which the beam of the supporting structure is cut out in the form of steps, and the horizontal surface of the steps of the stairs is superimposed on it - the sidewall of a straight and long march looks reliable and beautiful.

Tape. The tree is able to take the shape of a spiral without any problems. The curved timber handrails descending in ribbons reproduce the pattern of the staircase and give the structure the characteristic features of the Art Nouveau style.

Economical. Identical material and handrail, inscribed in a spectacular structure, give this staircase the appearance of a transportable element, prepared for installation in a predetermined place for it.

In this case, an architecture studio from Mumbai uses a curious staircase design in the living room of a multi-level apartment. The originality of its design is that it the steps turn into railings, moving from one position to another.

Master of Architecture, graduated from the Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 11 years of experience in design and construction.

Two-storey houses or cottages must be equipped with reliable staircases. Wood is most often chosen as the material for the manufacture of these structures. Wooden stairs to the second floor can be purchased ready-made or made by yourself. By choosing the second option, you will reduce your material costs and do exactly what you really need.

Types of structures

To build a staircase, you must be able to use the tool, know the rules for constructing sketches and drawings. This will allow:

design all the constituent elements of the structure;
take into account potential weaknesses and correct shortcomings at the stage of the project;
calculate the size of the steps in such a way that it is convenient to go up and down.

It is best to use wood for making stairs. This building material is environmentally friendly, practical, flexible in work, which is especially important for novice craftsmen. With the help of a special tool, you can make a staircase in such a shape that would ideally fit your interior:

straight or rounded;

simple or decorative;

heavy or light.

There are the following popular types of wooden staircase designs:

Choosing a staircase scheme

For a private house or a country cottage, both a march and a spiral staircase are suitable. However, it should not be forgotten that spiral structures require very precise installation, as well as special elements (for example, rounded railings). To make them, you need to master the technology of professional editing.

This is especially true for more complex staircase structures, which at the initial stage can be used only as a model for inspiration, not imitation. You should not rely on ready-made schemes, since they do not take into account all the features of your situation.

As for the marching stairs, it is much easier to make and install them with your own hands. They come in various configurations:

U-shaped two-march;

When placing a staircase on the 2nd floor, with more than 10 steps, it is recommended to divide it with a platform with a turn, after which it can go up along the wall at an angle of 90 or 180 degrees.

The choice of this or that model depends on your taste and features of the layout of the house.

Preparation of materials

Before making a wooden staircase to the second floor yourself, you need to decide on the choice of building material. The most popular wood species are pine and larch. In terms of performance, larch products are better, since they are less prone to decay.

Larch is not afraid of moisture, moreover, when the liquid is absorbed, the structure becomes stronger. This is quite a significant advantage, since there will always be a little humidity in the house. For the construction of stairs are also suitable: oak, cedar, beech and other types of wood, but at a cost this is not the cheapest pleasure.

The lifespan of a tree largely depends on how the lumber is dried. The limiting degree of wood moisture should be no more than 12%.

Well-dried boards are more expensive, but this is more than offset by the durability of the stairs.

If the lumber is moist enough, you will have to dry the wood yourself. To do this, it is placed in a well-ventilated room with a constant temperature regime for a period of at least 3 months.

Calculation of the main parameters of the stairs

Width

Standard ladder widths - from 90 to 150 cm... But when calculating this indicator, the following points should be taken into account:

how convenient it will be for two people to meet each other halfway;
whether the width you have chosen allows you to carry bulky items (furniture, appliances) up the stairs.

A comfortable range of staircase widths for a private house is 1100-1300 mm. Less - Difficulty moving furniture; more - excess of occupied space.

Length

To calculate this indicator, you will need to take the size of the steps and count their number. Experience shows that making a drawing on paper yourself, mistakes are made. As a result, the staircase in reality becomes longer than in the picture. You can get out of this situation as follows: include several winder steps in the staircase.

Height

Determining the overall height, inexperienced craftsmen often make mistakes. They only take into account the distance from the sub-floor to the ceiling of the upper-floor room. This is not entirely correct. When drawing up the drawing, it is necessary to take into account the finishing mark of the 1st floor and the thickness of the floor on the upper floor together with the finishing.

Slab opening parameters

It is important to leave enough space between the steps and the upper floor slab. As a rule, it is equal to the height of the tallest person and is approximately 190-200 cm.

Stair slope

To build a wooden staircase to the second floor with your own hands, it is recommended to observe a staircase slope of 40-45 degrees. If this figure is exceeded, then it will be difficult to climb on it for elderly people, small children.

The optimal angle of inclination of the stairs is in the range of 30 - 37 °

When choosing a shallow structure, the consumption of building materials increases and the usable area of the room decreases. Therefore, when calculating this indicator, you should proceed from the available space.

Steps

Their constituent elements are a tread and a riser. When determining the size of the tread, it is necessary to focus on the 45 foot size. Therefore, the optimal step width is 30 cm.

The size of the riser, depending on the slope of the staircase, ranges from 15 to 20 cm.

When constructing drawings, it is important to consider the following:

All steps must be the same size.
If there are more than 18 steps in the design, then it is advisable to include 2 marches in the project and provide for a site. It is called viewing, turning or intermediate. Its location can be the center of the span or an area near the beginning of the stairs.

Online calculator for calculation

For your convenience, you can make all calculations using the convenient one. As a result, you will receive ready-made drawings and bill of materials.

Installation of a marching wooden staircase

The installation of a wooden interfloor staircase begins with the manufacture of stringers (or bowstrings), treads and risers.

Development of a staircase along the wall with indication of dimensions

Treads are cut from the board according to a previously prepared template. Their standard thickness varies from 30 to 40 cm. If you do more, it will be an unjustified consumption of materials and weighting the structure. Risers perform a decorative function in the structure. Therefore, you can save on them by using a board of 10-15 mm.

Kosoura are made from a solid board, on which there are no defects. Both stringers must be identical so that the staircase does not turn out to be asymmetrical and skewed.

Kosour markup

Assembling a bowstring with stiffeners

Assembling the frame

The installation of kosour begins with making cuts on the floor beam located at the top of the flight of stairs. Sometimes the cuts are replaced by metal stops, which should be attached to the vertical of the overlap with anchors. Regardless of which method you choose, the stringers should be firmly fixed to the floor.

On the lower floor, along the line of the very first step, a support bar is installed in the floor. Anchors are used as fasteners.

Fastening the stringer to the floor

Assembly of component parts

It will not be difficult to establish the steps. The cutouts of the stringers are coated with glue and risers are attached to them, which then need to be aligned and secured with screws.

Fastening risers to stringers

Treads are laid on top and fixed to the risers, kosoura. It is recommended to put polymer spacers in the form of tapes under them. This will prevent squeaking from rubbing wood against each other.

The function of the fence is performed by balusters, when mounting them it is important to keep the evenness correctly. For this purpose, the upper and lower posts are installed and connected together with a stretched thread. It serves as a guide when installing other elements. Balusters can be attached with screws or self-tapping screws, which are masked with grout or plugs.

The handrail is installed and fixed on the balusters. It can be made of wood, iron, or some other material.

Finishing

After installation, all surfaces must be sanded, including hard-to-reach places, ends, joints. Then the structure is treated with protective agents, or paint.

Features of the manufacture of a spiral staircase

The manufacture and installation of wooden spiral staircases to the second floor is much more difficult than marching ones. But, on the other hand, they allow you to save usable space and are placed where there would be not enough space for the marching structure.

Screw structures save living space

The best option is to install a spiral structure with a central support. In this case, the steps in the shape of a triangle or trapezoid are attached directly to it. To give the structure reliability, the support post with a specially attached foot is placed vertically and concreted at the base.

Holes are made in the steps from the narrower edge, with the help of which they are strung onto the support pipe. Cylinder-shaped inserts are installed between the steps, which determine the height of the structural elements. The last step on the upper tier is installed flush with the opening in the ceiling on the second floor and acts as an additional support element.

To make it convenient to descend and ascend, the vertical interval between the rows of steps must be at least two meters. And the width of the clean staircase is at least 90 cm.

Often they resort to more compact models of spiral staircases. It is permissible only when they do not plan to use it often. This applies, for example, to country stairs or to climb to the attic.

The most comfortable tread depth is considered to be from 15 cm at the central pillar and from 35 cm at the outer edge. The height of the riser is on average about 20 cm. However, sometimes you can even refuse them altogether. This will make the structure more convenient, reduce its weight, and also reduce the cost of building materials.