Children's uniform of the executioners of the NKVD. Why the uniforms of the fighters of the nkvd were leather jackets nkvd uniform ussr 1935 1945
Part 2.
Bodies and Internal Troops of the NKVD 1935-1937
Let me remind you that over the years of its existence, the Internal Troops have undergone numerous reorganizations, renaming, etc.
With the creation of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) immediately after the October 1917 coup, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Russian Republic (NKVD) was immediately created as one of the thirteen people's commissariats.
Then it became known as the NKVD of the RSFSR.
Then, as the union republics were formed, the NKVD of the union republics were added in parallel.
Only in 1934 was the unified allied People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR formed.
So, 06/10/1934. the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD) was formed, which also included the former troops of the Cheka-GPU-OGPU.
The uniforms of NKVD officers, border and internal security personnel remained the same (adopted back in 1924): a khaki shirt or jacket, blue trousers, colored caps, a cavalry overcoat.
Insignia by position (red enamel rhombuses, rectangles, squares and triangles) were placed on the collar tabs: maroon with crimson edging - for the organs and troops of the NKVD and green - for the border guard.
A similar uniform was worn by employees of other structures that were part of the NKVD system:
- Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps of Labor Settlements and Places of Detention (GULAG),
- the Main Directorate of Fire Protection (GUPO),
- Administrative and economic management (AHU) and its divisions.
From the author. During that period of the life of the Soviet state, a peculiar fashion developed for wearing a military or paramilitary uniform. All leading workers, starting with Stalin, wore a paramilitary jacket, a "Stalinist" cap, and boots. Remember, for example, the film "Volga-Volga".
In addition, many departments have acquired their own uniforms and insignia - the police, firefighters, OSOAVIAKHIM (the predecessor of DOSAAF), in particular, the merchant marine and river fleet, civil aviation and even urban electric transport workers. All these uniforms were, to one degree or another, based on the uniform of the Red Army.
This introduced a certain confusion and confusion, and therefore, by the Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) No.PZZ / 95 dated 09/10/1935, all organizations, institutions and individuals were absolutely forbiddenwearing uniforms and insignia similar to the Red Army (with the exception of military personnel of the NKVD border and internal guard units, recruited by conscription).
Let me remind you that at this time a very peculiar period of the life of the Soviet state began and the role of the NKVD in the life of the country increased significantly.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev. The catch phrase "the revolution always devours its children." A common stage in the process of a revolutionary change of government of any kind (be it a bourgeois, democratic, socialist or Nazi revolution) in any country is that those who together stood at the head of the revolutionary forces in the initial period are now beginning to share power. the head of the country should now be the one who should be. An acute political struggle begins, in which any means of ousting, isolating, eliminating or annihilating (including physical) rivals in power are used. In addition, in the country during such a period there are quite a few of those who considered themselves offended by their positions, and his revolutionary merits were not appreciated at their true worth. It is from them that the head of the opposition draws cadres, while those at the helm of the government use the law enforcement apparatus (police, militia, gendarmerie, state security bodies, SS, etc.) to suppress the opposition. Naturally, this apparatus is endowed with special powers in such a period.
And if not Stalin, but Kirov, Trotsky, Bukharin or someone else had been in power, nothing would have happened otherwise. This is the dialectic of any revolution. So it was in the bourgeois revolution of the mid-17th century in England, so it was during the revolutions of the late 18th century in France, and so it was after the Nazis came to power in 1933. In today's Russia, this stage is still ahead.
Most of those who swear at the Cheka-GPU-NKVD believe and try to convince everyone that the actions of the employees of these bodies in the thirties were a manifestation of personal malice, personal negative qualities, or even more tart - the desire of "bodies" to generally stand at the head of state for himself the party (as stated by N.S. Khrushchev).
However, in reality, the "organs" were just an instrument of the internecine struggle of the top of the party and state leadership. For example, an ax may end up in the hands of a carpenter or a murderer. But an ax is an ax; in all cases it remains just a tool.
People's Commissar GG Yagoda felt the "taste of power" and, apparently, decided to distinguish his employees with new uniforms and insignia. The leadership of the NKVD immediately developed a vigorous activity regarding the introduction of new uniforms. The People's Commissar in letters to J.V. Stalin put forward many projects of uniforms and insignia.
10/04/1935, the Politburo approved the projects of new uniforms. It was decided to make the uniform for the organs and troops of the NKVD uniform, and not as varied as Yagoda had suggested.
On November 27, 1935, by order No. 399 for the NKVD troops, a new uniform and insignia of the Internal Guard personnel were announced.
Due to the low capabilities of the country's garment industry, it was impossible in a short time to change into new uniforms for all employees of the units, bodies and units of the NKVD troops. Therefore, the command staff of the internal security (decision of the Politburo of 11/29/1935) was allowed to wear the old uniforms with new insignia and buttonholes until 10/01/1937 until the expiration date: - a shirt with edging, according to the assigned rank; - raincoat without edging; - overcoat without edging.
The timing of the transition to the wearing of new insignia and buttonholes was determined: for the command personnel of bodies and troops - as they were assigned special and military ranks, and for privates and junior command personnel of the NKVD troops - from 1 March 1936.
Outfit by order No. 399 dated 11/27/1935.
1. Headwear:
a) The main headgear of the NKVD bodies and troops was the Red Army cap of the 1935 model. The cap was made of woolen fabric in the colors traditional for the NKVD: - cornflower-blue crown and maroon band for internal troops; On the top of the band and crown on all types of caps, crimson edging was sewn in. The cap had a slightly widened black fiber lacquered visor, above which a lacquered black sliding chin strap was also attached on two small uniform buttons. The highest, senior and middle command personnel wore a cap all year round, and the private and junior command personnel only in the summer. In summer, out of order with a white uniform, the command personnel could wear a white cap with a white fabric visor and chin strap.
b) For wearing in the field, the command personnel of the ground units of the NKVD troops were equipped with a khaki woolen cap. The pilots of the NKVD troops were assigned a dark blue woolen cap, which was worn along with a cap with a dark blue jacket or shirt. The rank and file of all branches of the army wore a khaki cotton cap with a marching uniform. Crimson edging was sewn into the seams of the cap and sides of all the caps of the command personnel, and a woolen five-pointed star made of instrument cloth with a diameter of 3 cm was sewn onto the front seam.
c) For the military personnel of the NKVD troops serving in areas with hot climates, a khaki cotton helmet with a five-pointed star made of instrument cloth with a diameter of 7.5 cm was introduced. 
d) As a winter headdress, they introduced
* command staff: a Finnish hat made of gray or brown fur, with a top (cap) made of dark gray woolen fabric - was worn only with a coat with a buttoned fur collar.
* for the rank and file: a winter helmet - "budenovka" made of dark gray semi-coarse cloth with a five-pointed star made of instrument cloth with a diameter of 8 cm in the front part of the cap.
Instrument cloth:
- maroon - for internal security and air units;
- light green - for border guards.
A red enamel five-pointed Red Army star of the established pattern, 3.4 cm in diameter with gilded outer edges and a sickle and a hammer in its center, was located on the band of the caps and over the cloth stars on the helmets. On the caps, by order, only cloth stars were worn.
2. Outerwear.
Instead of the overcoat adopted in the Red Army for the command staff (except for the junior) of the organs and troops of the NKVD, a double-breasted coat-raincoat "raglan" made of dark gray woolen fabric, on 4 large uniform buttons, with a turn-down collar was introduced as outerwear. In winter, a fur lining and a collar in the color of the fur of a Finnish hat was attached to the coat. The collar of the coat of the highest command personnel of the NKVD troops was edged with crimson cloth.
Note: In addition to the outerwear established by orders, the commanding staff were allowed to wear out of order raincoats, coats and jackets made of black or dark brown leather, with and without insignia.
In the photo: on the left, a major of the NKVD troops in a coat-cloak with a fur collar and a Finnish hat. Insignia are located on the sleeve. On the right is a colonel of the NKVD troops in a coat. (reconstruction).
For the uniforms of the command personnel, metal buttons of a special type were introduced without a rim, with a convex image of a straight five-pointed star with a sickle and a hammer, with a diameter: small - 17 mm and large - 28 mm; for the highest command staff - golden; for senior and middle - silver; for outerwear of the entire command structure - oxidized, dark gray. Ordinary army buttons were often used. Buttons for private and junior command personnel - the existing Red Army model, black
The rank and file, as well as the junior command and command staff, were left with the former single-breasted overcoat of the Red Army model from a semi-coarse gray overcoat cloth, with a fastener on hooks.
3. Dress code.
The uniform of the internal troops of the NKVD consisted of the following items:
a) For middle, senior and senior command personnel:
- woolen tunic in dark khaki color with two breast patch pockets;
- cloth dark blue harem pants with crimson edging;
- summer tunic made of light khaki cotton with two breast patch pockets;
- summer harem pants made of light khaki cotton fabric, without edging;
b) For junior command personnel and rank-and-file personnel:
- T-shirt made of light khaki cotton fabric with two breast patch pockets;
- harem pants made of light cotton fabric of a khaki color, without edging;
4. Equipment.
For the commanding staff, army equipment of a single sample of brown leather with white metal fittings was installed. To carry the weapon, a holster was put on the waist belt on the right side. A pendant holster was worn with a jacket, attached with trenches to a waist belt. The rank and file and junior command personnel wore a brown or natural waist belt with a metal single-pin buckle.
In the pictures: on the left is the captain of the internal troops of the NKVD, on the right is a Red Army soldier of the internal troops of the NKVD.
Leggings with chrome boots made of black or dark brown leather, or black chrome boots were worn for the command staff of directorates and institutions of the NKVD troops with trousers such as breeches, for the command personnel of combat units and schools - black chrome or cowhide boots, and out of order - boots with leggings ... With trousers worn out (out of order), the entire command staff wore chrome boots or low shoes made of black or brown leather. The rank and file and the junior command staff were assigned the wearing of cowhide boots with windings or black cowhide boots.
From the author. I would like to emphasize once again that this article describes the uniform and insignia of only the Internal Troops of the NKVD, which had nothing to do with the protection of places of detention (GULAG), or the state security bodies (GB), or the police. The main tasks of the internal troops were the protection of important state facilities and military support of the internal integrity and security of the state. Of course, since the internal troops belonged to the NKVD system, their shape and insignia were very similar to the shape and insignia of other NKVD structures.
Similar, but nothing more.
In addition, the system of ranks of the internal troops practically coincided with the ranks adopted in the Red Army, while the ranks in state security, protection of places of detention and the police differed quite significantly.
Insignia of the internal troops of the NKVD.
On March 1, 1936, insignia of a completely new model were introduced, which differed sharply from previously existing ones, as well as from the insignia of the Red Army. And no longer by positions, but by personal titles.
They existed for a relatively short time - from 1 March 1936 to 1937, therefore they are little known.
The insignia consisted of a combination of lapel insignia and sleeve stars.
From the author. In the Soviet state, stars as the main insignia first appeared in the NKVD (on the collar tabs). The insignia of the military ranks of the Red Army at that time were geometric shapes - "rhombuses", "sleepers", "kubari", "triangles". We will see the stars in the Red Army, and then only on the collar tabs of the highest command personnel of the Red Army with the introduction of general ranks in 1940. And only at 43 they will appear on the shoulder straps of the officers of the Red Army. 
I would like to remind you that at that time in the Internal Troops (as well as in the Red Army) the commanding and commanding staff were divided into:
1.commanders,
2. commanding staff:
a) - military-political composition,
b) - military-economic and administrative staff
c) - military-technical staff
d) - military medical personnel,
e) - military veterinary staff,
f) - military-legal composition.
Once again from the author. Within the NKVD system, there were several ranks in parallel:
* scale of ranks of the internal troops of the NKVD,
* scale of ranks of state security officers,
* scale of ranks of militia,
* scale of insignia according to the positions of employees and protection of places of detention,
* scale of ranks of fire brigade employees.
Moreover, the insignia were often very similar, differing only in the color of the buttonholes and insignia. On black and white photographs of that time, it is sometimes impossible to determine who it is - a serviceman, an employee of the State Security Service or the police.
In the photo on the right (reconstruction), a colonel of the internal troops of the NKVD. Note that three stars in the buttonholes, but without the golden triangles at the bottom of the buttonholes, were also worn by the state security captain. However, it does not follow from this that the captain of the GB is equal to the colonel of the BB. These rank scales are too different, even in the number of ranks.
First, let's understand the difference between special and the militarytitles.
So, "employees" persons with special titles are named, "military personnel" - having military ranks.
Let's think about the names. What is an "employee" (a variant of the concept is an employee) and how does it differ from a serviceman?
Employee this is a person who voluntarily enters a job at an institution, including the NKVD, and leaves of his own free will. It is subject to the provisions of the Labor Code, but is not subject to the provisions of military law.
Serviceman, no matter how he enters military service (by conscription or voluntarily), he is obliged to serve the period established by law in those positions and in those localities where he was sent. He has no right to refuse to perform duties and quit at his own request. His service is governed exclusively by military law.
It is this fundamental difference that leaves a certain imprint on the performance of official duties.
The internal troops of the NKVD are a purely military organization (one can say simply military units, only subordinate not to the People's Commissariat of Defense, but to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs), while the NKVD organs are a semi-civilian organization. Discipline, diligence and order in a military organization are many times higher than in a semi-civilian one. They serve in the Internal Troops, and work in the agencies.
In the NKVD system of that time (and even now in the Ministry of Internal Affairs) there were both military and special ranks.
All who served in the Internal Troops were considered and are considered military personnel and have military ranks. Upon dismissal from service, they are registered with the district military enlistment office on a par with army servicemen and their ranks are taken into account as well as the ranks of the military personnel of the Ministry of Defense.
But everyone else who served in the "bodies" (state security, police, firefighters, various business executives) were assigned special titles - with the prefix "state security", "police", "internal service". For example - a lieutenant of state security, a police captain, a major in the internal service.
Special ranks are not equated with military ranks at all. And although many of them wear army uniforms, in fact, they have nothing to do with the army or the troops of the NKVD (MVD). For example, the current Minister of Internal Affairs Nurgaliev wears the uniform of an army general, although he does not serve in the army or in the internal troops.
For example, a man served in the army, retired to the reserve with the rank of "corporal", after which he went to work in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the administrative and economic bodies. He was given a special rank, worked for many years, received a promotion, and eventually quit with the special rank of "Colonel of the Internal Service".
So, upon arrival at the military enlistment office for military registration, he will be recorded as a corporal, and not as a colonel, since his military (military) rank is corporal. The special rank for the military registration and enlistment office has no meaning.
Another example. The officer served under a contract, retired from the army, enters the police (police). In the militia, he is unconditionally assigned a special militia (police) rank, corresponding to his military rank (i.e., confirmed), by way of recertification.
But the opposite will not work.
Suppose that a lieutenant from the Internal Troops retired from the troops, went to work in the police, rose to the rank of police major and then decided to return again to the Internal Troops. He can only be recruited as a lieutenant.
This is how military ranks have dominated the Russian state since the time of Peter the Great.
The military ranks for the internal security personnel of the NKVD of the USSR (internal troops) were introduced by the Council of People's Commissars Decree No. 2250 of October 7, 1935 and announced by the order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs No. 319 of October 10, 1935.
Command staff:
| Military rank | |
| Rank and file | Red Army soldier |
| Junior command and command staff | Detached commander |
| Junior platoon commander | |
| Sergeant Major | |
| Title candidate | |
| Average command staff | Lieutenant |
| Senior lieutenant | |
| Senior command staff | Captain |
| Major | |
| Colonel | |
| Supreme command staff | The brigade commander |
| Division commander | |
| Komkor | |
Military-political composition:
Military-economic and administrative staff:
| Military rank | |
| Average military-economic and administrative composition | Rank 2 Quartermaster Technician |
| Rank 1 Quartermaster Technician | |
| Senior military-economic and administrative staff | Rank 3 quartermaster |
| Quartermaster 2nd rank | |
| Quartermaster 1st rank | |
| Higher military-economic and administrative staff | Briginant |
| Divintendant |
Military-technical staff:
| Military rank | |
| Medium military-technical composition | Military technician rank 2 |
| Military technician rank 1 | |
| Senior military-technical staff | Military Engineer Rank 3 |
| Military Engineer Rank 2 | |
| Military engineer rank 1 | |
| Higher military-technical staff | Brigengineer |
| Divengineer |
Military medical personnel:
Military veterinary staff:
Military-legal composition:
| Military rank | |
| Medium military legal composition | Junior military officer |
| Warlord | |
| Senior military legal staff | Warlord 3 ranks |
| Warlord rank 2 | |
| Warlord 1 rank | |
| Higher military-legal composition | Brigade |
| Divvoenurist |
The insignia for military ranks were stars of various colors in buttonholes and sleeve insignia. 
Let's start with the sleeve insignia.
In the picture: from left to right: sleeve insignia of the middle command personnel, senior command personnel, senior command personnel, military-political personnel.
The middle command staff wore on both sleeves above the cuff (above the cuff) two or three so-called. "truncated triangle" embroidered with red silk thread depending on the rank.
The senior command staff wore on both sleeves above the cuff (above the cuff) red stars embroidered in red silk with silver edging according to the rank (how many stars are in the buttonholes, so many on the sleeves).
The highest command staff wore on both sleeves above the cuff (above the cuff) red stars embroidered in red silk with golden edging according to the rank (how many stars are in the buttonholes, so many on the sleeves) ..
The military-political composition on both sleeves above the cuff (above the cuff) wore one star, regardless of rank. These stars were completely analogous to the stars of the political composition of the Red Army, i.e. a red star with a golden hammer and sickle embroidered inside it.
The military-economic and administrative, military-technical, military-medical, military-veterinary and military-legal staff did not have sleeve insignia according to ranks.
The main means of distinguishing the ranks of the internal troops (internal security) of the NKVD were buttonholes.
Buttonholes, Model 1935, were parallelogram-shaped cloth valves, 10 cm long and 3.3 cm wide. 
The color of the buttonholes has remained traditional - maroon. Buttonholes were trimmed with crimson edging 0.25 cm wide.
Along the middle part of the field on the buttonholes, a longitudinal strip (clearance) was sewn from a soutache cord 0.3-0.35 cm wide:
- golden color - for the highest command staff;
- silver color - for senior and middle command personnel;
- crimson - for private and junior command staff.
At the front not edged edge of the buttonholes there were:
* the command personnel have equilateral triangles (side 3 cm): golden (galloon or metal)
* for the military-economic and administrative staff, dark blue (fabric or metal enameled)
On the collar tabs of the military-political, military-medical, military-veterinary, military-technical and military-legal personnel of the NKVD troops of the USSR, the wearing of triangles was not established.
The commanding staff (military-technical, military-medical, military-veterinary, military-legal) of the specialized services of the NKVD troops at the edged edge of the buttonholes, according to their specialty, wore emblems of white or yellow metal, which were located like those of the Red Army specialists .. Moreover, before the introduction in 1936, the new emblems of the Red Army (Order of the NKO No. 33 of 10.3.1936) used the emblems of the Red Army arr. 1922 (Order of the RVSR No. 322 of 31.1. 1922).
In the picture on the left:
1st Major of Internal Troops,
2-quartermaster of the 2nd rank,
3rd rank 2nd military engineer,
4th battalion commissar (political worker star on the sleeve),
5th rank 2 military doctor,
6th rank 2 military veterinarian.
Rank insignia:
* Private and junior command and command personnel - metal red enamel squares with silver-plated sides, which had the shape of a chevron. The squares were placed on the collar tabs in one row on a longitudinal strip with their apex to the non-edged end of the collar tab. The top of the inner corner of the first square was located at a distance of 4 cm from the edged end of the buttonhole, the distance between the squares was 0.3 cm.The squares had a height of 2.6 cm, the width of the side sections was 0.7 cm.The length of the side was 1.6 cm, and the width of the plane was enamel 0.4 cm. The Red Army men wore clean buttonholes with a longitudinal stripe, without insignia.
The Red Army men and junior commanders did not wear any emblems or insignia of the command and military-economic personnel.
1-petty officer,
2nd junior platoon commander,
3-detached commander,
4-Red Army soldier.
"Title candidate" was an intermediate step between junior and middle command personnel.
This title existed in the internal troops of the NKVD very 
not for long. Already in April 37th, by order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 169 of 04/21/1937, it was abolished as unnecessary.
In the picture on the left: the insignia of the candidate for the title.
From the author. In fact, any rank should correspond to a certain position or a group of approximately equal positions.And it is normal practice when a serviceman who has a certain rank is promoted, and then, after making sure that he is able to perform new duties for himself, he is assigned another rank. And the title candidate for the title (which is a tautology in itself) means that the person is no longer a sergeant-major, but not yet an officer (for the sake of simplicity, let me use a modern concept). And what to do if you decide that the candidate is not worthy of being awarded an officer rank. With the foreman it is simple - they returned to the foreman's position and that's it. And what about the candidate? His rank is higher than petty officer, but he cannot be an officer.
Obviously, this duality of the situation prompted the authorities to abandon this title.
* Middle command and commanding staff - wore metallic red enamel so-called. "truncated 
triangles "with silvered sides.
1st lieutenant,
2nd lieutenant,
3-political instructor (political worker star on the sleeve),
4-technician-quartermaster of the 2nd rank,
5th Rank 1 Quartermaster Technician,
6th rank 2 military technician,
7th rank 1 military technician,
8th rank 2 military paramedic,
9th rank 1 military assistant.
It should be noted that if doctors wore their own emblems, which were defined by them back in 1922 and had not changed by 1935, then the emblems of veterinarians and technicians are shown here of the 1936 model. It is not completely clear what emblems the commanding staff wore in the collar tabs of the 1935 model, and wore them in general. It should also be noted that until July 1940, the military-political composition in buttonholes did not wear any emblems at all. Both in the NKVD and in the Red Army, they distinguished themselves with commissar stars on their sleeves.
* Senior command and command staff wore silver gaps and metal silver stars with a diameter of 13 mm in their buttonholes.
1- colonel,
2nd major,
3-captain,
4th regimental commissar,
5th battalion commissar,
6-senior political instructor,
7th rank 1 quartermaster,
8th rank 2 quartermaster,
9th rank 3 quartermaster,
10 - military engineer of the 1st rank,
11th rank 2 military engineer,
12th rank 2 military engineer,
13th rank 1 military doctor,
14th rank 2 military doctor,
15th rank 3 military doctor.
Note. Persons with a higher education and entering military service in the Red Army or the internal troops of the NKVD as commanding (but only commanding!) Personnel immediately receive the rank of senior commanding personnel, bypassing all lower ranks. That is, a young man who graduated from a medical institute immediately receives the title of a military doctor of the 3rd rank, a young man who graduated from a technical university - a military engineer of the 3rd rank. Graduate of the Institute of National Economy - quartermaster 3rd rank.
* The highest commanding and commanding staff wore golden gaps and metal golden stars with a diameter of 13 mm in their buttonholes.
The highest rank in the internal troops of the NKVD was established as "commander of the 2nd rank." However, it was never assigned to anyone and remained purely nominal. In the picture on the right, the insignia of the 2nd rank army commander.
1-corps commander,
2nd division commander,
3rd brigade commander,
4-corps commissar,
5th Division Commissioner,
6 brigade commissar,
7-divintendant,
8th briginant,
9-diviner,
10 brigade engineer,
11-divine
12 brigade doctor.
I repeat that these insignia did not last long in the Internal Guard - from October 1935 to July 1937. Many servicemen of the Internal Troops did not even have time to put them on, since they did not switch to new insignia at one time, but as they were awarded ranks. And this was not a mechanical process. For each serviceman, the issue of assigning one or another rank was decided individually in the order of certification. And the junior command staff generally switched to new insignia only in March 1936.
At the same time, I considered it necessary to describe in detail these insignia and shape, so that the reader does not get stumped when he sees a photograph with strange, very rare buttonholes. For the same purpose, and also in order for the reader to see the differences in the signs, in the appendices I give the insignia of the personnel of the NKVD and the GULAG of the NKVD
Sources and Literature
1. Magazine "Zeikhgauz" №1 - 1991.
2. Materials of the Central Museum of Internal Troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs
3. M.I.Shcherbak. "Your military uniform." Main Political Directorate of the BB Moscow, 1986
4. J. Rutkiewicz, W. N. Kulikow. Wojska NKWD 1917-1945, Barwa i Broh, Lampart, Warszawa 1998.
5. V. Voronov, A. Shishkin "NKVD of the USSR: structure, leadership, uniform, insignia 1934-1937." - Moscow. LLC Publishing House "Russian Exploration". 2005
6.L. Tokar. The history of the Russian uniform. Soviet militia 1918-1991. Exclusive. St. Petersburg. 1995
In early February 1943, during the period of the beginning of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs filed a petition with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to replace the existing new insignia - shoulder straps for the personnel of the NKVD, including the police.
This was preceded by the introduction of new special ranks, the establishment of full one-man command, the assignment of special ranks to the command staff of political workers.
Simultaneously with the introduction of shoulder straps, the cut of uniforms was changed, and new ceremonial uniforms were introduced for all personnel of the NKVD.
The introduction of new insignia was one of the government's measures aimed at further strengthening discipline, one-man command, increasing the role and authority of the NKVD commanders.
When establishing a sample of these new insignia, the insignia of the Russian army that existed before 1917 were used.
In the post-war years, a number of changes were made to uniforms, significantly improving the appearance and uniform of police officers.
All changes in uniforms were caused by the desire to improve its quality and the need to replace items of uniform that turned out to be impractical or did not correspond to the new conditions of service.
The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the introduction of new insignia for the organs and troops of the NKVD was announced by order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 103 of 02/11/1943.
By order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 104 of 02/11/1943 new special ranks were established for militia personnel: militia commissar of the 1st rank, militia commissar of the 2nd rank and militia commissar of the 3rd rank. For senior command personnel: police colonel, police lieutenant colonel, police major. For the middle command personnel: a police captain, a senior police lieutenant, a police lieutenant, a police junior lieutenant. For the junior commanding staff - a militia sergeant, a militia senior sergeant, a militia sergeant, a militia junior sergeant and a senior militia officer.
By order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 126 dated 02/18/1943new uniforms and insignia were introduced for militia personnel. Insignia - shoulder straps - served to determine a special rank. The shoulder strap for the police commissars is made of a special zigzag weave in silver, edging is turquoise. Zigzag shoulder straps have turquoise gaps. The stars on the shoulder straps of the militia commissars, embroidered in gold, the number corresponded to the special rank: for militia commissars of the 1st rank - 3 stars, located in a row in the middle of the shoulder straps, for the militia commissars of the 2nd rank - 2 stars, and for the militia commissars of the 3rd rank - 1 star. The buttons on the shoulder straps are golden with a coat of arms. Dimensions of shoulder straps: length - 14-16 cm, width - 6.5 cm.
For the senior and middle commanding staff of the militia, the field of shoulder straps is made of galloon or silvery silk. On the shoulder straps of the middle command staff, there is one gap and metal gilded stars measuring 13 mm. The number of stars, depending on the special rank. On the shoulder straps of the senior command personnel there are two gaps and gilded metal stars measuring 16 mm. The number of stars on the pursuit corresponded to the rank. On the shoulder straps of the middle and senior command personnel, there are uniform gilded buttons with the image of a hammer and sickle. The color of the edges and gaps is turquoise. Dimensions of shoulder straps: length - 14-16 cm, width - 4 cm. Ensign
|
Police lieutenant |
Senior lieutenant
|
Police captain |
Police Major |
Police lieutenant colonel |
Police Colonel |
Militiaman |
Senior policeman |
Lance Sergeant
|
Police Sergeant |
Staff Sergeant
|
Police chief |
Police cadet |
Senior cadet
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Junior cadet
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Cadet sergeant
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Senior cadet
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Cadet-foreman
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Uniforms of junior commanding officers and militiamen in cut and color, as well as the color of the buttonhole field, they correspond to the uniforms of the command personnel (Table 64). Along the length of the buttonholes of the junior commanding staff, there is one longitudinal strip of silver braid, 6 mm wide. The buttonholes on the uniforms of militiamen are clean. Gymnasts of junior command personnel and militiamen according to the samples established in the Red Army, dark blue, with a wartime tolerance for khaki, steel and gray (Table 67). Overcoat of senior and middle command personnel - made of dark blue cloth or drape, gilded buttons with the image of a hammer and sickle; buttonholes - turquoise with dark blue edging (Table 63).
Overcoat of junior command staff and police officers made of semi-coarse dark blue cloth, buttons of white metal with the image of a sickle and a hammer. Turquoise buttonholes with crimson piping (Table 63).
Outside trousers for police commissars by the color of the uniform and jacket. Trousers - breeches in dark blue. Edges and stripes are turquoise.
Oversized trousers and trousers-breeches for senior and middle command personnel - dark blue with turquoise piping. The trousers of the junior commanding staff and militiamen are dark blue.
Caps. The ceremonial cap of the militia commissars made of dark blue cloth, turquoise band, red edging. On the front of the band there is embroidery in the form of silver laurel branches and a silvery filigree chin strap. Everyday cap without sewing, with a silvery filigree (Table 73).
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The same order announced the statements of the uniform of the police personnel (Appendix 13).
By order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 225 dated March 29, 1943 for the commanding staff of the State Traffic Inspectorate, it was established that the emblems of the engineering and technical staff - "a key and a hammer", were worn on shoulder straps.
IN clarification of the OBSP GUM of the NKVD of the USSR No. 29 / p1672 of 06/29/1943 explanations were given on the imposition of cipher stencils on the shoulder straps of junior command personnel and police officers. The cipher for imposing a stencil on shoulder straps was installed only for privates and junior command personnel of combat units, railway and water departments, and city police departments. A cipher was installed on the shoulder straps of the railway police - a metal key with a hammer, and for the water police - a white anchor. Ordinary and junior command staff of the district police departments wore shoulder straps without a stencil. Shoulder straps made of silver braid with a special weave with red edging, removable. Asterisks on shoulder straps are of golden color, sewn. The buttonholes on the overcoat are longitudinal, red, edged with silver embroidery from the gimp, with large brass buttons at the end. On the collar, parallel to the colored piping, there is a silver double piping. On the front end of the collar, a narrow silver laurel branch is sewn. Closed woolen tunic, blue, with two welt chest pockets, with a single-wing flap without a fastener. Jacket clasp with five brass buttons, stand-up collar. Sewn-in sleeve with cuff. There is a red piping on the collar and top of the cuff. Shoulder straps of the established pattern. In summer, it was allowed to wear a white tunic with a cut similar to a blue tunic, but without edging (Table 83). Cap made of blue woolen fabric, band and edging made of red instrument cloth. Black lacquered visor. A filigree silver truncation strap above the visor is on the front. Badge of the established pattern. In summer, the cap was allowed to be worn with a white case.
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For the senior and middle commanding staff of the militia, the following uniform was established:
Overcoat made of blue cloth, double-breasted, fastener for six large brass buttons arranged in two rows with the image of a five-pointed star with a sickle and a hammer in the center. Sewn-in sleeve with cuff. Along the edge of the collar, along the side, cuffs, pocket flaps, posts, tab and slot - edging made of red cloth. (Table 78). On the collar there are red rectangular buttonholes with dark blue edging, with large sewn buttons.
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Oversized trousers and breeches blue, with red piping in the side seams.
Cap made of blue woolen fabric, rim and piping - red. Visor and chin strap - black, lacquered. Badge of the established pattern. Equipment leather brown with a shoulder harness, two-pin brass buckle. In full dress uniform, the shoulder harness was not worn.
In winter, a collar made of natural black tsigeika, edged with red cloth, was fastened to the overcoat of the command personnel. For privates and sergeants of the militia, the following uniform is established:
Overcoat in cut and color it is similar to the overcoat of the senior and middle command personnel. For winter time, a fur collar made of natural black tsigeika fur with red edging was fastened to the overcoat. Buttonholes of the established color and pattern were sewn on the back of the collar. Peaked cap, Kubanka hat and breeches are also similar to the specified items of uniforms for senior and middle command personnel.
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Militiaman |
Senior policeman |
Lance Sergeant
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Police Sergeant |
Staff Sergeant
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Police chief |
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Police cadet |
Senior cadet |
Junior cadet
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Cadet sergeant
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Senior cadet
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Cadet-foreman
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In the summer, the rank and file were allowed to wear a tunic and a summer officer's jacket. By order of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR No. 0155 dated 30.10.1950 a uniform uniform was announced for the officers and enlisted personnel of the militia of the entire Soviet Union. By order of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR No. 15 of 17.01. 1953 g.the revolving cord from the red garus was removed from the supply for the privates and junior commanding staff of the militia. By order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 193 the red edging on the overcoats of the commanders and rank and file of the militia, except for the militia commissars, was canceled.
By order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 193 dated 27.03. 1956,in order to improve the supply of police officers, establish uniformity of uniforms, and strengthen the responsibility of employees for a careful and accurate attitude to their uniforms, transport police, traffic control departments, and traffic safety services, a uniform was established that was common to all police. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 437 of 12.06. 1957 g.for the personnel of the ORUD, the OBD and the transport police, sleeve decals were installed.
The sleeve insignia was a rhombus in size between opposite corners: vertically - 50 mm, horizontally - 90 mm. In the center of the rhombus is attached a yellow metal letter with a height of 23 mm: for the personnel of the ORUD (traffic control department) and OBD (traffic safety department) - "R", for the transport police - "T". The rhombus was made of dark blue fabric with red edging.
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Valentin VORONOV
After the formation of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR on June 10, 1934, the staff of the state security agencies, the border and internal security servicemen retained the uniforms adopted by the OGPU: a khaki shirt or jacket, blue trousers, colored caps, and a cavalry overcoat.
A similar uniform was worn by employees of the "nonchikist" structures of the NKVD - the Main Directorate of Forced Labor Camps for Labor Settlements and Places of Imprisonment (GULAG), the Main Directorate of Fire Protection (GUPO), and divisions of the Administrative and Economic Directorate (AHU). Insignia (red enamel rhombuses, rectangles, squares and triangles) were placed on the collar tabs: maroon - for the organs and troops of the OGPU and green - for the border guard.
By Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (6) No. PZZ / 95 of 10.IX.1935, all organizations, institutions and individuals, with the exception of the NKVD border and internal security servicemen, recruited upon conscription, were categorically prohibited from wearing uniforms and insignia similar to the Red Army. The NKVD leadership immediately entered
active correspondence with the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the Council of People's Commissars about the introduction of new uniforms. In letters to the secretaries of the Central Committee P.V. Stalin and L.M. Kaganovich, the People's Commissar G.G. Yagoda and his first deputy Ya.S. Agranov put forward many projects of uniforms and insignia. Agranov insisted, in particular, on the need to introduce a unified system of insignia in the agencies and troops, arguing that all structures of the People's Commissariat are called upon to solve similar problems. They saw an official uniform in the form of a traditional colored cap, a dark blue open jacket with patch pockets (like an open jacket of the Red Army Air Force), the same color of trousers outside. In the summer, it was supposed to wear a similar set of white uniforms with a white cap. A protective shirt and dark blue breeches were supposed to be worn only in the field. For border and internal protection, it was proposed to introduce a uniform similar to the uniform of the Red Army, with the exception of caps and insignia.
Ultimately, on October 4, 1935, the Politburo approved the projects. The dark blue color of the uniform, as the main one, was not accepted by the leaders, it was decided to make the uniform for the organs and troops uniform. In December, the parties came to an agreement and on 27.XII.1935 by orders of the NKVD of the USSR No. 396 (for the GUGB) and No. 399 (for the troops of the NKVD), a new uniform and insignia of the personnel of the GUGB, border and internal guards were announced. Due to the impossibility in a short time to change into new uniforms for employees of all the numerous subdivisions of bodies and units of the NKVD troops, the chief staff of the GUGB, the border and internal security, according to the decision of the Politburo of November 29, it was allowed to wear with new insignia until October 1, 1937. and buttonholes the following items of uniform of the old model: a shirt with edging, according to the assigned rank; raincoat, without edging; overcoat, without edging.
The timing of the transition to wearing new insignia and buttonholes was determined: for the command personnel of bodies and troops - as they were assigned special and military ranks, and for private and junior. command staff of the NKVD troops - from l.III.1936.
1. Headwear
a) The main headgear of the NKVD bodies and troops was a cap of the model established for the Red Army in 1935. The cap was sewn from woolen fabric in the colors traditional for the department: a cornflower-blue crown and a maroon band for the GUGB and internal security; a light green crown with a dark blue band - for the border guard. On the top of the band and crown on all types of caps, crimson edging was sewn in. A slightly widened black fiber lacquered visor, above which a lacquered black sliding chin strap was also attached on two small uniform buttons.
The higher, senior and middle command personnel (hereinafter referred to as the command personnel) wore a cap all year round, and the privates and junior command personnel (hereinafter referred to as the command personnel) - only in the summer.
In summer, out of order with a white uniform, the command personnel could wear a white cap with a visor and a chin strap made of fabric of the same color.
Employees of the transport departments of the regional UGB, while on duty at the piers, aprons of railway stations and stations, were left with a previously introduced crimson cap with a black velvet band.
b) For wearing in the field, the command personnel of the ground units of the NKVD troops were fitted with a khaki woolen cap. The pilots of the NKVD troops were assigned a dark blue woolen cap, which was worn along with a cap with a dark blue jacket or shirt. The rank and file of all branches of the army wore a khaki cotton cap with a marching uniform. Crimson edging was sewn into the seams of the cap and sides of all caps, and a woolen five-pointed star made of instrument cloth with a diameter of 3 cm was sewn onto the front seam.
c) For the NKVD troops serving in areas with hot climates, a khaki cotton subtropical helmet with a five-pointed star made of instrument cloth with a diameter of 7.5 cm was introduced.
d) Women-employees of the GUGB wore a knitted half-woolen beret in dark blue as a daily headdress. In summer, with a white suit out of order, it was allowed to wear a white beret.
e) The following were introduced as a winter headdress:
Composition: a Finnish hat made of gray or brown fur, with a top (cap) made of dark gray woolen fabric - was worn only with a coat with a buttoned fur collar.
Ordinary personnel: a winter helmet of an existing sample made of dark gray semi-rough cloth with a five-pointed star made of instrument cloth with a diameter of 8 cm in the front part of the cap.
NOTE:
* Instrument cloth (stars on caps and helmets): maroon - for internal security and air units; light green for border guards.
* On the band of the caps and on top of the cloth stars on the helmets there was a red
enamel five-pointed Red Army star of the established sample, diameter
3.4 cm with gilded outer edges and a hammer and sickle in its center. On caps on
only cloth stars were worn to order.
* A subtropical helmet and a cap of the NKVD troops (except for air units) were introduced for
combined wearing with a steel helmet.
2. Clothes
a) A khaki-colored shirt with a stand-up collar, straight cuffs, breast patch pockets with a flap on a small uniform button, a front cutout covered with a strap with an open fastener for 3 small uniform buttons:
- command staff (with edging along the collar and cuffs): winter - cloth; summer - made of cotton fabric (as a rule, it was worn without the required edging);
- privates (without edging): made of cotton fabric.
b) Along with the shirt, the chief of the NKVD air units wore an open single-breasted jacket of a dark blue woolen fabric adopted in the Red Army Air Force, with 4 large uniform buttons, toe cuffs, breast patch pockets with a flap on a small uniform button.
c) Out of order, the entire command staff was allowed to wear an open single-breasted jacket made of dark blue woolen fabric, with 3 large uniform buttons.
d) Women-employees of the GUGB, in addition to a shirt, wore an open, single-breasted suit of English cut made of dark blue woolen fabric, with a smooth skirt of the same color. It was not necessary for female employees of the GUGB to wear uniforms.
NOTE:
* The collars and cuffs of shirts, jackets and service jackets were trimmed with soutache, 0.2-0.3 cm wide: golden - for senior and silver - for senior and middle staff.
* With a jacket and an open jacket, shirts with a stand-up collar and a cuff were worn
mi: light blue with a dark blue tie, white with a black tie.
For a woman's suit - an English blouse with a tie of the same color.
* The chief staff of the GUGB, as well as the flight and technical personnel of the air units of the NKVD troops, wore emblems established for them on the left sleeve of all types of uniforms.
* In the summer, out of order, command personnel could wear a white shirt, jacket, suit (for women), without edging, with removable buttons of the established pattern.
e) With a winter shirt and a dark blue jacket, the command personnel wore breeches of the existing model: winter breeches made of dark blue woolen fabric. In summer, khaki breeches were worn with a cotton shirt, but winter breeches were also allowed.
f) Trousers made of dark blue woolen fabric were worn by the command staff out of order with a jacket (dark blue or white) and a dark blue open jacket.
NOTE:
* Crimson piping, 0.25 cm wide, was sewn into the side seams of the trousers and winter breeches of the command personnel. Summer breeches were not edged.
f) For all types of clothing, the rank and file wore the harem pants of the existing
sample: in winter from dark blue semi-woolen fabric, and in summer from cotton fabric of khaki color, without edging.
2. Outerwear
Instead of the overcoat adopted in the Red Army for the command personnel of the organs and troops of the NKVD, a double-breasted coat-raincoat ≪reglan≫ made of dark gray woolen fabric, on 4 large uniform buttons, with a turn-down collar was introduced as outerwear. In winter, a fur lining and a collar in the color of the fur of a Finnish hat was attached to the coat. The collar and sides of the coat of the General Commissioner and Commissars of the State Security Service of the 1st rank and only the collar of the coat of the rest of the top command staff of the GUGB and the NKVD troops were edged with crimson cloth.
NOTE:
* In addition to the outerwear established by orders, the command personnel were allowed to wear out of order raincoats, coats and jackets made of black or dark brown leather, with and without insignia.
The rank and file were left with a single-breasted overcoat of the existing sample made of semi-coarse gray overcoat cloth, with a fastener on hooks. For hats and uniforms of command personnel, metal buttons of a special type were introduced, with a pallet, without a rim, with a convex image of a straight five-pointed star with a sickle and a hammer, with a diameter: small - 17 cm and large - 28 cm; for the highest command personnel - golden; for senior and middle - silver; for outerwear of the entire command staff - oxidized, dark gray. Ordinary army buttons were often used.
The buttons of the rank and file are of the existing Red Army model, black.
4. Equipment
For the command personnel, army equipment of a single sample made of brown leather with white metal fittings was installed. To carry the weapon, a holster was put on the waist belt on the right side. A pendant holster was worn with a jacket, attached with trenches to a waist belt. The rank and file wore a waist belt, brown or natural, with a metal single-pin buckle.
5. Shoes
For the command staff of the GUGB, directorates and institutions of the NKVD troops, leggings with chrome boots made of black or dark brown leather, or black chrome boots were worn with breeches, for the command personnel of combat units and schools - black chrome or cowhide boots, and out of order - boots with leggings ... With trousers worn out (out of order), the entire command staff wore chrome boots or low shoes made of black or brown leather. Female employees of the GUGB, with a suit with a skirt, wore boots or low shoes made of black or brown leather with low (English) heels. Wearing French (high) heels was prohibited. White low shoes were allowed to be worn out of order in summer with a white suit. The rank and file were assigned the wearing of cowhide boots with windings or cowhide (tarpaulin) black boots.
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Sailor 1939 Sailor of the Navy 1939 The uniforms of the Navy of the USSR as a whole differed little from the clothes of sailors of other countries, although they had two distinctive features. Firstly, only in the Soviet Navy did the foremen wear a traditional uniform with a cap, and secondly, in the naval uniform, blue and black colors were combined. The officers wore a black uniform, which included a cap, a jacket with a white shirt and a black
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Types of fabrics used for sewing uniforms in the Red Army. Name, article Composition of fabric Color Application Diagonal merino art. 1408 khaki wool, steel, dark and light blue uniforms, tunics and breeches of generals Gabardine merino art. 1311 khaki wool, steel, dark and light blue uniforms, tunics and breeches of generals
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Winter uniforms of the Red Army 1940-1945 Overcoat Introduced by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR 733 dated December 18, 1926. Single-breasted overcoat made of gray overcoat cloth. Turn-down collar. Hidden clasp with five hooks. Split welt pockets without flaps. Sleeves with stitched straight cuffs. The fold ends in a slot at the back. The strap fastens to the posts with two buttons. The overcoat for the command and command staff was introduced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR
PILOT Introduced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR No. 176 of December 3, 1935. A pilot's cap is made of woolen fabric, which is similar to a jacket's jacket. The color of the cap for the command personnel of the air forces is blue, for the command personnel of the auto-armored forces it is steel, for all the others it is khaki. The cap consists of a cap and two sides. The cap is made on a cotton lining, and the sides are made of two layers of the main fabric. In front
By order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR 005 of February 1, 1941, a new Standard List of items of clothing was introduced that make up the attire of the junior commanding officers and rank-and-file personnel of the Red Army for summer and winter for peacetime and wartime. FOR NOMINAL STAFF IN SUMMER for peacetime I. Uniforms 1. Woolen cap of khaki color. 2. Khaki cotton cap only in combat units for field training. 3. Woolen overcoat gray
The clothing of military personnel is established by decrees, orders, rules or special regulations. Wearing a naval uniform of a naval uniform is mandatory for servicemen of the armed forces of the state and other formations where military service is provided. In the Russian armed forces, there are a number of accessories that were in the naval uniform of the times of the Russian Empire. These include shoulder straps, boots, long overcoats with buttonholes
TABLE ABOUT THE RANKS OF THE USSR MILITARY SERVICE 1935-1945 1935 1 By the decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 09.22.1935 On the introduction of personal military ranks of the commanding staff of the Red Army and on the approval of the provision on the passage of service by the command and command personnel of the Red Army for the military personnel of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, command and special military ranks of the commanding officer were established composition Military ranks of command and command personnel of land and air
By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic 572 of April 3, 1920, the sleeve insignia of the Red Army were introduced. Detailed analysis of the history of stripes and chevrons of the Red Army of all periods in the material Voenpro. The introduction of the RKKA sleeve insignia stages, features, symbols Distinctive insignia of the sleeve type are used to identify servicemen of certain branches of the armed forces. To better understand the specifics of the sleeve insignia of the Red Army and the chevrons of the Red Army, we recommend
Black Death is how German soldiers during World War II called the Soviet marines, dressed in black pea jackets. And the Germans perceived the incomprehensible battle cry of half-tundra as fall under. When the marines were dressed in combined-arms uniforms, the fighters kept their vests and peakless caps and went on the attack wide open and in beskahs, biting the ribbons in their teeth. Let the enemies see who they are dealing with. History of the Marine Corps Already in the second half of the 16th century as part of the crews of ships
The first mass Soviet steel helmet SSh-36 appeared in the Red Army in 1936, and by the end of the year it became obvious that it had a lot of shortcomings. The most important of them were the brittleness of steel and low bullet resistance at the bending points. Attempts to improve the helmet led to the emergence of a number of experimental models, some of which underwent military trials. Red Army soldiers at the parade in steel helmets SSh-36. http forum.guns.ru In June
Metal helmets, widely used in the armies of the world long before our era, lost their protective value by the 18th century due to the massive proliferation of firearms. By the period of the Napoleonic Wars in European armies, they were used mainly in heavy cavalry as protective equipment. Throughout the 19th century, military hats protected their wearers from cold, heat, or rain at best. Returning steel helmets to service, or
The abundance of samples of uniforms and equipment accepted for supply in the Red Army led to the fact that tankers, even within the same military unit or unit, could be equipped in different ways. The commanders of the light tanks of the Red Army and the Wehrmacht shown in the photo look like what thousands of tankmen looked like on the first day of the war. If possible, the most common options for uniforms and equipment are indicated in the descriptions, but, of course, the material cannot claim to be exhaustive.
The image shows two Red Army infantrymen, a regular army soldier on June 22, 1941, and a victorious sergeant on May 9, 1945. Even from the photo you can see how over time the uniform and equipment were simplified, something turned out to be too expensive to manufacture in wartime, something did not take root, something did not like the soldiers and was removed from supply. And some items of equipment, on the contrary, were spied on from the enemy or taken as a trophy. Not everything in item placement
Afganka is a slang term used by some military personnel to name a set of field summer winter uniforms for servicemen of the Armed Forces of the USSR, and later the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries. The field was later used as a daily routine due to the poor supply of military uniforms of the Soviet Army and the USSR Navy, the marines, coastal missile and artillery troops and the Navy Air Force, in the initial period used in SAVO and OKSVA
Until the end of the 70s, the field uniform of the KGB PV was not much different from that of the Soviet ground army. If only not green shoulder straps and buttonholes, and the more frequent and widespread use of KLMK camouflage summer camouflage suit. At the end of the 70s, in terms of the development and implementation of special field uniforms, some shifts took place, which resulted in the appearance of summer and winter field suits of a hitherto unusual cut. one.
In 1985, by Order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR 145-84, a new field uniform was introduced, the same for all categories of military personnel, which received the everyday name of an Afghan woman was the first to receive parts and units located in the territory of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In 1988, in 1988, Order 250 of the USSR Ministry of Defense of 03/04/88 introduced the wearing of a full dress uniform by soldiers, sergeants and cadets without a tunic in a green shirt. From left to right
From left to right Summer parade of marshals and generals except for the Air Force - for the formation. Winter ceremonial parade of marshals and generals except for the Air Force is out of order. Summer parade of marshals and generals of the Air Force - for order and out of order. Summer parade day of marshals and generals in the Air Force cap and blue trousers. Summer everyday for marshals and generals - out of order trousers outside. Summer field marshals and generals
Official insignia of servicemen of the Red Army 1919-1921 With the coming of the RCP b to power in November 1917, the new leaders of the country, relying on Karl Marx's thesis about replacing the regular army with general armament of the working people, took an active part in eliminating the imperial army of Russia. In particular, on December 16, 1917, by decrees of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars On the Elective Beginning and Organization of Power in the Army and On Equalization in the Rights of All Servicemen, all military ranks were abolished.
Insignia of servicemen of the Red Army according to the ranks of 1935-40. The period under consideration covers the time from September 1935 to November 1940. By a decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of September 22, 1935, personal military ranks are established for all military personnel, which are strictly correlated with the positions they hold. Each position corresponds to a certain title. A soldier may have a rank lower than that defined for this position, or appropriate. But he cannot receive
Insignia and buttonholes of the Red Army 1924-1943 The Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army is abbreviated as the Red Army, the term Soviet Army SA appeared later, the beginning of the Second World War, oddly enough, was met in military uniform of the 1925 model.The People's Commissariat of Defense, by its order of December 3, 1935, introduced new uniforms and insignia. The old official ranks were partially retained for the military-political, military-technical.
PERSONAL MILITARY RANKS OF MILITARY SERVICES 1935-1945 PERSONAL MILITARY RANKS OF LAND AND MARINE FORCES OF THE RKKA 1935-1940 Introduced by resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars 2590 for the land and air forces of the Red Army and 2591 for the naval forces of the RKKA of September 1919 1935 for the naval forces of the RKKA of September 1935. Announced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense 144 of September 26, 1935. Private and command personnel Political composition
On January 6, 1943, shoulder straps were introduced in the USSR for the personnel of the Soviet Army. Initially, shoulder straps had a practical meaning. With their help, the belt of the cartridge bag was held. Therefore, at first there was only one shoulder strap, on the left shoulder, since the cartridge bag was worn on the right side. In most fleets of the world, shoulder straps were not used, and the rank was indicated by stripes on the sleeve, the sailors did not wear a cartridge bag. In Russia shoulder straps
Uniforms of the Red Army Red Army headwear Patches of distinction Patches of distinction Patches of distinction Patches of insignia Patches of insignia Patches of distinction Patches of insignia Patches of distinction Patches of distinction Patches of distinction Patches
This attribute of military equipment has earned a worthy place among others, due to its simplicity, unpretentiousness and, most importantly, complete irreplaceability. The very name of the helmet comes from the French casque or from the Spanish casco skull, helmet. If you believe the encyclopedias, then this term means a leather or metal headdress used to protect the head by the military and other categories of persons operating in dangerous conditions by miners,
The name From the hero to the frunzevka In publicism there is a version that the Budenovka was developed back in the First World War in such helmets, the Russians supposedly had to go through a victory parade in Berlin. However, no confirmed evidence of this has been found. But according to the documents, the history of the competition for the development of uniforms for the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army is well traced. The competition was announced on May 7, 1918, and on December 18, the Revolutionary Military Council of the republic approved a sample of a winter headdress - a helmet,
June 3, 1946 In accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, signed by J.V. Stalin, the Airborne Forces were withdrawn from the Air Force and subordinated directly to the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Paratroopers at the November 1951 parade in Moscow. The sleeve insignia is visible on the right sleeve of those walking in the first rank. The decree instructed the chief of Logistics of the USSR Armed Forces, together with the commander of the Airborne Forces, to prepare proposals
The emblem of the Airborne Forces - in the form of a parachute surrounded by two aircraft - is known to everyone. It became the basis for the subsequent development of all the symbols of units and formations of the Airborne Forces. This sign is not only an expression of a soldier's belonging to the winged infantry, but also a kind of symbol of the spiritual unity of all paratroopers. But few people know the name of the author of the emblem. And this was the work of Zinaida Ivanovna Bocharova, a beautiful, intelligent, hardworking girl who worked as a leading draftsman at the headquarters of the Airborne
Knapsack of a soldier of the RKKA 1. Fighter's backpack - infantry arrow Camping equipment Fig. 5-9 of a soldier - an infantry gunner is divided into a full camp equipment, when all equipment is taken with him, including a backpack with a layout and an assault backpack, when a backpack with the calculation of wearable stocks is not taken. ASSEMBLING AND FITTING THE ASSAULT EQUIPMENT Put the following items on the waist belt in order of sequence,
INSTRUCTIONS FOR FITTING, ASSEMBLING AND MAINTAINING A UNIFORM COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT OF THE RKKA CHOICE OF THE RKKA RVS Order 183 1932 1. General provisions 1. The uniform equipment of the command personnel of the ground and air forces of the RKKA arrives for supply of one size, designed for the greatest growth of command personnel and overcoats and warm overalls leather uniforms, fur clothes with waist and shoulder belts of three sizes 1 heights, namely 1 Equipment
From buttonholes to shoulder straps P. Lipatov Uniform and insignia of the ground forces of the Red Army, internal troops of the NKVD and border troops during the Great Patriotic War The Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army of the Red Army entered the Second World War in a uniform of the 1935 model. to us the appearance of the soldiers of the Wehrmacht. In 1935, by order of the People's Commissariat of Defense of December 3, new uniforms and insignia were introduced for all personnel of the Red Army.
The Soviet system of insignia is unique. Such a practice cannot be found in the armies of other countries of the world, and it was, perhaps, the only innovation of the communist government, otherwise the order was copied from the rules of the army insignia of tsarist Russia. The insignia of the first two decades of the existence of the Red Army were buttonholes, which were subsequently replaced by shoulder straps. The rank was determined by the shape of the figures triangles, squares, rhombuses under the star,
They do not emit a warlike roar, they do not sparkle with a polished surface, they are not decorated with embossed coats of arms and plumes, and quite often they are generally hidden under jackets. However, today it is simply unthinkable to send soldiers into battle or ensure the safety of VIPs without these unpretentious-looking armor. Body armor is clothing that prevents bullets from entering the body and, therefore, protects a person from shots. It is made from materials that dissipate
In the last century, during the Soviet Union, there was the highest rank of Generalissimo. However, during the entire existence of the Soviet Union, this title was not awarded to a single person, except for Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. The proletarian people themselves asked for the highest military rank to be awarded to this person for all their services to the Motherland. This happened after the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany in the 45th year. Soon that the working people asked for such an honor
The story about the introduction of insignia in the Soviet army will have to start with some general questions. In addition, a small excursion into the history of the Russian state will be useful, so as not to formulate empty references to the past. By themselves, shoulder straps represent a kind of product that is worn on the shoulders in order to indicate the position or rank, as well as the type of troops and service affiliation. This is done in several ways, fastening strips, asterisks, making gaps, chevrons.
The era, which is a couple of decades long, which begins after the Bolsheviks came to power, marked itself with numerous changes in the life of the once former Empire. The reorganization of virtually all structures of peaceful and military activity turned out to be a rather lengthy and controversial process. In addition, we know from the course of history that immediately after the revolution, Russia was engulfed in a bloody civil war, which did not go without intervention. It is hard to imagine that the original ranks
The entire period of the existence of the USSR can be divided into several stages according to various epoch-making events. As a rule, changes in the political life of the state lead to a number of cardinal changes, including in the army. The pre-war period, which is limited to 1935-1940, went down in history as the birth of the Soviet Union, and special attention should be paid not only to the state of the material part of the armed forces, but also to the organization of the hierarchy in management. Before the beginning of this period, there was
Back in World War II, German soldiers were terrified by marines. Since then, the latter have been assigned a second name, black death or black devils, indicating the inevitable reprisal against those who encroach on the integrity of the state. Perhaps this nickname has something to do with the fact that the infantryman wore a black pea jacket. Only one thing is known for certain if the enemy is afraid, then this is already the lion's share of victory, and, as you know, the motto is considered the symbol of the Marine Corps
Considering all the stages of the creation of the armed forces of Russia, it is necessary to deeply immerse oneself in history, and although during the times of the principalities there is no talk of the Russian Empire, and even more so of a regular army, the emergence of such a concept as defense capability begins precisely from this era. In the XIII century, Russia was represented by separate principalities. Although their military squads were armed with swords, axes, spears, sabers and bows, they could not serve as reliable protection from outside encroachments. Unified army
Even before the First World War, a uniform appeared in the Russian army, consisting of a khaki trousers, a tunic shirt, an overcoat and boots. We have seen her more than once in films about the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War. Soviet uniform during the Second World War. Since then, several uniform reforms have been carried out, but they mainly affected only the dress uniform. Edging, shoulder straps, buttonholes changed in uniforms, and the field uniform remained practically unchanged.
Bodies and Internal Troops of the NKVD 1935-1937 Let me remind you that over the years of its existence, the Internal Troops have undergone numerous reorganizations, renaming, etc. With the creation of the Council of People's Commissars immediately after the October 1917 coup, the SNK was immediately created as one of the thirteen people's commissariats, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Russian Republic, the NKVD. Then it became known as the NKVD of the RSFSR. Then, as the union republics were formed,
The Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army of the Red Army entered the Second World War in a uniform of the 1935 model. Around the same time, the soldiers of the Wehrmacht acquired their familiar appearance. In 1935, by order of the People's Commissariat of Defense of December 3, new uniforms and insignia were introduced for all personnel of the Red Army. The previous official ranks by category were abolished, personal ranks were established for commanders, while the old ones were partially retained for the military-political, military-technical,
In the Red Army, two types of collar tabs were used, everyday colored and field protective. There were also differences in the collar tabs of the command and command personnel, so that it was possible to distinguish the commander from the chief. Field buttonholes were introduced by order of the NKO of the USSR 253 of August 1, 1941, which canceled the wearing of colored insignia for all categories of servicemen. It was ordered to switch to buttonholes, emblems and insignia of a completely green khaki
Soviet mountain rifle gunners in ambush. Caucasus. 1943 Relying on the significant combat experience gained during the Great Patriotic War, the Main Directorate of Combat Training of the Main Directorate of Combat Training of the Main Directorate for Combat Training of the Ground Forces of the Red Army took up a radical solution to the issues of providing the Soviet infantry with the latest weapons and equipment. In the summer of 1945, a meeting was held in Moscow to discuss all the problems facing the combined arms commanders. At this meeting, presentations were made by
Various types of small arms and edged weapons in service with partisans Trophy weapons of partisans Various independent alterations of copies of Soviet and captured weapons Partisans' actions behind enemy lines damage power lines, posting propaganda leaflets, reconnaissance, destruction of traitors. Ambushes behind enemy lines, destruction of enemy columns and manpower Undermining of bridges and railways, methods
As a result of the adoption of two decrees on December 15, 1917, the Council of People's Commissars abolished all ranks and military ranks in the Russian army that remained from the previous regime. The period of the formation of the Red Army. First insignia. Thus, all the soldiers of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, organized as a result of the order of January 15, 1918, no longer had any uniform military uniform, as well as special insignia. Nevertheless, in the same year, a badge was introduced for the soldiers of the Red Army.
Insignia of the Red Army, 1917-24 1. Patch of the infantry, 1920-24 2. Armband of the Red Guard of 1917. 3. Patch of Kalmyk cavalry units of the South-Eastern Front, 1919-20. 4. Breastplate of the Red Army, 1918-22. 5. Patch of the Republic convoy guard, 1922-23. 6. Patch of the internal troops of the OGPU, 1923-24. 7. Patch of armored parts of the Eastern Front, 1918-19. 8. Commander's sleeve patch
On the basis of the adopted norms, in a secret regime, a detailed regulation on the supply of clothing items to the army in combat was being prepared. On June 30, 1941, hastily revised in connection with the unexpected German attack on the USSR, this information was announced by the circular of the chief intendant for the information of the entire Red Army. However, at that moment, in the first place was the question not of supplying the front, but of rescuing front-line reserves from those areas where the troops were retreating. The beginning of the war turned out
The uniform of the Red Army 1918-1945 is the fruit of the joint efforts of a group of enthusiastic artists, collectors, researchers who devote all their free time and money to one common idea. Recreating the realities of the era that bothers their hearts gives them the opportunity to get closer to a truthful perception of the central event of the 20th century World War II, which undoubtedly continues to have a serious impact on modern life. Decades of deliberate distortion experienced by our people
We continue to talk about the uniform of the Red Army. This publication will focus on the period 1943-1945, that is, the very height of the Great Patriotic War, attention is paid to the changes in the uniform of the Soviet soldier that took place in 1943. A senior sergeant in the Air Force with his father who is a major. Winter and summer uniforms, 1943 and later. The winter tunic looks neat and clean, the summer one is dirty
In the early days. Following the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks began to form armed detachments of physical labor proletarians, sailors of the tsarist fleet and deserters of the Imperial Russian army. These units became known as the Red Guard. The official date of the creation of the Red Army is February 23, 1918. Until 1946, the official name of the armed forces was the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army. Red Army, since 1946 the Soviet Army.
Commanders Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov Born on February 12, 1900 in Serebryanye Prudy, near Venev, Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov was the son of a peasant. From the age of 12 he worked as a saddler's apprentice, and when he turned 18, he joined the Red Army. In 1918, during the civil war, he participated in the defense of Tsaritsyn later - Stalingrad, and in 1919 he joined the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and was appointed regiment commander. In 1925, Chuikov graduated from the Military Academy. M.V. Frunze, then participated
The leather jacket and cloak are the same cultural symbol of the fighters of the state security organs of the post-revolutionary period, like the revolver and mass shootings. Was the leather jacket really official clothing and was it only the NKVD who wore such a jacket? Apparently, everything was not quite as it seems at first.
Surely when pronouncing the words fighter (or better executioner) of the NKVD, a man with a bandit face in a cap and a leather jacket or raincoat appears in front of the eyes of most modern people. It is quite obvious that the leather clothing was a kind of uniform. It is known that leather jackets were already in tsarist Russia, where they were mainly used by drivers and pilots of the Air Force. It is known that in October 1917, the Chekists exterminated all owners of leather jackets. And then their families were massacred up to the seventh knee.
Uniform of servicemen of the Russian Imperial Army without insignia
Okay, jokes aside. First, about the clothes. To put it very briefly, after the revolution, no one bothered much about the uniforms of military personnel and fighters of state security agencies. For example, for the army, uniforms began to be developed only on May 7, 1918 after order number 326. At the same time, on September 30, 1918, by order 929, it was allowed to wear the uniform of servicemen of the Russian Imperial Army without insignia.
During the Civil War, the Cheka did not have any special uniform, which (among other things) is explained by the tasks and realities in which the state security officers had to work. When parts of the Red Army came to the disposal of the Cheka, they simply kept their shape. After its abolition and the creation of the GPU under the NKVD of the RSFSR, the uniform was very modest: a dark blue tunic without edging and a cap. The clothes were installed by GPU order number 280 dated November 3, 1922.
At the official level, there was no question of any leather jackets at all. Seriously took up the form of troops and NKVD bodies only in 1935. And even then, in the orders (number 396 for the GUGB, number 399 for the GUPVO dated December 27, 1935) there is no official leather clothing. However, it was not prohibited, referring to the category of "non-statutory permitted."
Fashionable, stylish, revolutionary
The leather jacket gained great popularity in post-revolutionary Russia starting in 1919. It was worn not only in the Cheka. Leather jackets were worn by the command staff of the Red Army, as well as by workers of the party apparatus. It is obvious that post-revolutionary Russia in the first years did not have the opportunity (including industrial) and time to put the production of leather jackets on stream and dress all the Cheka fighters in them. People simply "wore on" what was left from the tsarist times.
Why were jackets worn? That's a good question. This is partly the reason why coats and felt hats were worn in the United States. It was trendy. Much more important that leather clothing is very practical, comfortable, and most importantly, lice do not start in it... Finally, leather jackets and raincoats were rare, and therefore of a certain value, moreover, they worked as a "formal uniform" allowing you to immediately determine a person's affiliation with a particular organization... But, even so, one should not forget that the state security officer was determined primarily not by the clothes, but by the insignia on it.
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