Electronics schemes for beginners. Practical schemes of different devices. Graphic images of other elements

Learning to read fundamental electrical circuits

About how to read concept schemes I have already talked in the first part. Now I would like to reveal this topic more fully, even the newcomer in electronics does not arise any questions. So, let's go. Let's start with electrical connections.

It is no secret that there is any radio metal in the diagram, for example, a microcircuit can be connected with a huge number of conductors with other elements of the circuit. In order to free up the place on the concept and remove the "repeating connecting lines", they are combined into a kind of "virtual" harness - denote a group communication line. On schemes group line is indicated as follows.

Here look at the example.

As you can see, such a group line has a greater thickness than other conductors in the scheme.

In order not to get confused where what guides they go, they numerate them.

In the picture, I noted the connecting wire at the number 8 . It connects 30 DD2 chip output and 8 Contact connecting XP5. In addition, pay attention to where 4 wires are. At the XP5 connector, it is connected not with 2 connector contact, but from 1, therefore, and is indicated on the right side of the connecting conductor. The 2nd XP5 connector contact is connected to 5 conductor, which comes from 33 output of the DD2 chip. I note that connective conductors under different numbers are electrically between themselves are not connected, and on a real circuit board can be separated by different parts of the board.

The electronic filling of many devices consists of blocks. And, therefore, connections are applied for their compound. This is how the circuits are denoted connections.

XP1 - This is a plug (he "dad"), Xs1 - This is a socket (she is "mother"). All together is "dad-mom" or connector X1. (X2 ).

Also in electronic devices can be mechanically related elements. I will explain what it is about.

For example, there are variable resistors to which the switch is built. I talked about one of these in the article about variable resistors. This is how they are designated on the concept. Where SA1 - switch, and R1 - variable resistor. The dashed line indicates the mechanical connection of these elements.

Previously, such variable resistors were often used in portable radio receivers. When turning the knob of the volume controller (of our variable resistor), the contacts of the built-in switch were first closed. Thus, we turned on the receiver and immediately the same handle adjusted the volume. I will note that the electrical contact variable resistor and switch do not have. They are only connected mechanically.

The same situation is also the electromagnetic relay. The relay winding itself and its contacts do not have an electrical connection, but they are mechanically connected. We supply the current to winding the relay - the contacts are closed or unlocked.

Since the control part (relay winding) and executive (relay contacts) can be separated on the schematic diagram, then their connection is denoted by a dotted line. Sometimes a dotted line do not paint at all, and contacts simply indicate a relay belonging ( K1..1) and the contact group number (K1. 1 ) And (K1. 2 ).

A pretty visual example is a stereo volume controller. Two resistor variables are required to adjust the volume. But adjust the volume in each channel separately is inappropriate. Therefore, dual variable resistors are used, where two resistor variables have one regulating shaft. Here is an example from the real scheme.

In the figure, I allocated in red two parallel lines - it is they indicated to the mechanical connection of these resistors, namely that they have one common regulatory shaft. You may have already noticed that these resistors have a special positional designation R4. 1 and R4. 2 . Where R4. - this is a resistor and its sequence number in the scheme, and 1 and 2 Indicate the sections of this dual resistor.

Also, the mechanical connection of two and more variable resistors may be indicated by a dotted line, and not two solid.

I note that electrically These variable resistors Do not have contact between themselves. Their conclusions can only be connected in the scheme.

It is no secret that many nodes of radio equipment are sensitive to the effects of external or "adjacent" electromagnetic fields. This is especially true in the receiving equipment. To protect such nodes from the effects of unwanted electromagnetic effects, they are placed in the screen, shielded. Typically, the screen is connected to the shared circuit wire. This is displayed in the diagrams.

The contour is shielded here 1T1 And the screen itself is depicted by a bar-dotted line, which is connected to the shared wire. The shielding material may be aluminum, metal housing, foil, copper plate, etc.

But in this way indicate shielded links. Figure in the lower right corner shows a group of three shielded conductors.

A coaxial cable is also indicated. Here look at his designation.

In reality, the shielded wire (coaxial) is a conductor in isolation, which is covered outside or wrapped with a screen of conductive material. It can be a copper patch or a foil coating. The screen, as a rule, is connected to the shared wire and thereby disseminate electromagnetic interference and tipping.

Repeating elements.

There are often cases when absolutely identical elements are used in the electronic device and to clutch the principal scheme inexpediently. Here, take a look at such an example.

Here we see that in the diagram there are same at rates and power Resistors R8 - R15. Total 8 pieces. Each of them connects the appropriate output of the chip and a four-digit seven-segment indicator. In order not to indicate these repeating resistors in the scheme, they are simply replaced by bold dots.

One more example. Scheme of the crossover (filter) for the acoustic column. Pay attention to how instead of three identical capacitors C1 - C3, only one condenser is specified on the diagram, and the number of these capacitors is marked next to. As can be seen from the scheme, these capacitors must be connected in parallel to obtain a total capacity of 3 μF.

Similarly, with C6 - C15 condensers (10 μF) and C16 - C18 (11.7 microf). They must be connected in parallel and set to the place of the designated capacitors.

It should be noted that the rules for the designation of radio components and elements in the schemes in foreign documentation are somewhat different. But, a person who gained at least basic knowledge on this topic to understand them will be much easier.

Content:

Each electrical circuit consists of a plurality of elements that, in turn, also include different parts into its design. Household appliances are the most striking example. Even the usual iron consists of a heating element, a temperature regulator, a control light, a fuse, wires and a plug. Other electrical appliances have even more complex design, supplemented by various relays, automatic switches, electric motors, transformers and many other details. It creates an electrical connection between them, which ensures the full interaction of all the elements and the execution of its destination by each device.

In this regard, it is very often a question arises, how to learn to read electrical circuits, where all components are displayed as conditional graphic designations. This problem is of great importance for those who regularly encounter an electrical installation. Proper reading of the schemes makes it possible to understand how the elements interact with each other and how all the workflows proceed.

Types of electrical schemes

In order to properly enjoy electrical circuits, you need to familiarize yourself with the basic concepts and definitions affecting this area.

Any scheme is performed in the form of a graphic image or drawing, on which all connecting links of the electrical circuit are displayed together with the equipment. There are various types of electrical schemes that differ in their intended purpose. Their list includes primary and secondary chains, alarm systems, protection, management and other systems. In addition, there are also widely used fundamental and, full and deployed. Each of them has its own specific features.

Primary includes chains for which basic technological stresses are served directly from sources to consumers or electricity receivers. Primary chains are produced, transmitted and distributed electrical energy. They consist of the main scheme and chains that ensure their own needs. The main circuit circuits are generated, transformed and distributed the main flow of electricity. Chains for own needs provide the operation of the main electrical equipment. Through them, the voltage enters the electric motors of the installations, into the lighting system and to other sections.

Secondary are those chains in which the supplied voltage does not exceed 1 kilowatta. They ensure the execution of automation, control, protection, dispatch service. Through the secondary chains, control, measurement and accounting of electricity is carried out. Knowledge of these properties will help learn how to read electrical circuits.

Polynolinear schemes are used in three-phase circuits. They display electrical equipment connected to all three phases. On single-line diagrams, equipment placed only on the same middle phase is shown. This difference is defined in the diagram.

On concept schemes, secondary elements are not specified that do not perform basic functions. Due to this, the image becomes easier, allowing it to better understand the principle of action of all equipment. Mounting schemes, on the contrary, are performed in more detail, as they are used for the practical installation of all electrical network elements. These include single-line schemes, displayed directly on the construction plan of the object, as well as cable path diagrams together with transformer substations and distribution points deposited on a simplified master plan.

In the process of installation and adjustment, expanded schemes with secondary circuits received widespread. They are allocated for additional functional subgroups of chains associated with the inclusion and off, individual protection of any area and others.

Indications in electrical circuits

Each electrical circuit has devices, elements and parts that all together form the path for the electric current. They differ in the presence of electromagnetic processes associated with the electromotive force, current and voltage, and described in physical laws.

In electrical circuits, all components can be divided into several groups:

1. The first group includes devices that generate electricity or power supplies.
2. The second group of elements converts electricity to other types of energy. They fulfill the function of receivers or consumers.
3. The components of the third group ensure the transfer of electricity from some elements to others, that is, from the power source - to electrical receivers. This also includes transformers, stabilizers and other devices that provide the required quality and voltage level.

Each device, element or part corresponds to the conventional designation used in graphic images of electrical circuits, called electrical circuits. In addition to the main designations, they displays the power lines connecting all these elements. Sections of the chain, along which the same currents flow are called branches. The locations of their compounds are nodes indicated on electrical circuits in the form of points. There are closed current movement paths covering several branches at once and called electrical circuits. The simplest circuit of the electrical circuit is single-circuit, and complex chains are made up of several contours.

Most chains consist of various electrical devices that differ in various modes of operation, depending on the current and voltage value. In idling mode, there is no current in the chain. Sometimes such situations occur when the compounds are broken. In the nominal mode, all elements operate with the current, voltage and power, which are listed in the device passport.

All components and symbols of electrical circuit elements are displayed graphically. The figures show that each element or device corresponds to its conditional icon. For example, electrical machines can be portrayed simplified or deployed method. Depending on this, conditional graphics schemes are also being built. For displaying windings, single-line and multi-cable images are used. The number of lines depends on the number of conclusions that will be different in various types of machines. In some cases, mixed images can be used for easy-to-read schemes when the stator winding is shown in the deployed form, and the rotor winding is in a simplified one. In the same way, others are performed.

Also carried out simplified and deployed, single-core and multi-cable methods. From this depends on the method of displaying the devices themselves, their conclusions, windings and other components. For example, in current transformers for the image of the primary winding, a thickened line is used, highlighted by points. For the secondary winding, a circle can be used with a simplified method or two semicircons with the expanded image method.

Graphic images of other elements:

• Contacts. Used in switching devices and contact connections, mainly in switches, contactors and relays. They are divided into closing, disconnecting and switching, each of which corresponds to its graphic pattern. If necessary, an image of contacts in a mirror-inverted form is allowed. The base of the rolling part is noted by a special unfinished point.
• . May be single-pole and multipole. The base of movable contact is marked by a point. The circuit breakers in the image indicates the type of release. Switches differ in the type of exposure, they can be push-button or ways, with disconnecting and closing contacts.
• Fuses, resistors, condensers. Each of them corresponds to certain icons. Fuses are depicted in the form of a rectangle with removal. In permanent resistors, the icon can be with removal or without taps. The movable contact of the variable resistor is indicated as an arrow. On the capacitors patterns, a constant and variable container is displayed. There are separate images for polar and non-polar electrolytic capacitors.
• Semiconductor devices. The simplest of these are diodes with a p-transition and one-sided conductivity. Therefore, they are depicted as a triangle and crossing its electrical communication line. The triangle is an anode, and the darling - cathode. For other types of semiconductors, there are own designations defined by the standard. Knowledge of these graphic drawings significantly facilitates the reading of electrical circuits for dummies.
• Sources of light. There are practically on all electrical circuits. Depending on the purpose, they are displayed as lighting and signaling lamps using the corresponding icons. In the image of the signal lamps, it is possible to catch a certain sector, corresponding to low power and a small light stream. In the alarm systems, acoustic devices are used together with light bulbs - electrosaires, electrical connections, electricity and other similar devices.

How to read electrical circuits

The schematic diagram is a graphic image of all elements, parts and components, between which an electronic connection is made using current-carrying conductors. It is the basis for developing any electronic devices and electrical circuits. Therefore, each starter electrician must first master the abilities of reading a variety of concept schemes.

It is the right reading of electrical schemes for newcomers, it allows you to well assimilate how you need to connect all parts so that the expected end result is. That is, the device or chain must fully perform the functions assigned to them. For the correct reading of the concept of the scheme, first of all, to familiarize yourself with the symbols of all its components. Each item is marked with its own conditional graphic designation - Hugo. Typically, such conditional signs displays the overall design, characteristic features and purpose of one or another element. The most striking example is the capacitors, resistors, speakers and other simple details.

It is much more difficult to work with the components represented by transistors, simistors, chips, etc. A complex design of such elements involves a more complex display of them on electrical circuits.

For example, in each bipolar transistor there is a minimum of three outputs - base, collector and emitter. Therefore, they require special graphic symbols for their conventional image. It helps to distinguish between parts with individual basic properties and characteristics. Each conditional designation carries some encrypted information. For example, bipolar transistors may have a completely different structure - P-P-P or P-P-P, so the images in the diagrams will also differ significantly. It is recommended before reading the fundamental electrical circuits, carefully read with all the elements.

Conditional images are very often complemented by clarifying information. With attentive consideration, you can see the Latin letter symbols near each icon. Thus, one or another item is indicated. It is important to know, especially when we just learn to read electrical circuits. Along the letter designations are also numbered numbers. They indicate the appropriate numbering or specifications of the elements.

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For beginners, it is important to understand how the parts work, how they are drawn in the diagram and how to figure out the electrical principal scheme. To do this, you must first get acquainted with the principle of work of elements, and how to read the schemes of electronics, I will tell in this article on the examples of popular beginner devices.

Desktop lamp and flashlight diagram on LED

The diagram is a picture on which using certain characters, the details of the circuit, lines - their connections are displayed. At the same time, if the lines intersect - there is no contact between these conductors, and if the point is present at the point of intersection - this is a node of the connection of several conductors.

In addition to icons and lines, the diagram shows alphabetic notation. All designations are standardized, in each country its standards, for example, in Russia are adhere to the standard of GOST 2.710-81.

Let's start learning from the simplest - desktop lamp circuit.

Schemes do not always read from left to right and top down, it is better to go from the power source. What can we learn from the scheme, look at the right part of it. ~ - So the power supply is power.

Nearby is written "220" - voltage in 220 V. X1 and X2 - it is assumed to connect into a power outlet with a fork. SW1 - so the key, a toggle switch or the button in the open state is depicted. L - Conditional image of incandescent light bulb.

Brief conclusions:

The diagram shows a device that connects to a network 220 V AC with a plug into a socket or other connectors. It is possible to shut down using a switch or button. You need to power the incandescent lamp.

At first glance, it seems obvious, but a specialist should be able to make such conclusions looking at the scheme without explanation, this skill will make it possible to make a diagnosis of fault and eliminate it or collect devices from scratch.

Let us turn to the following scheme. This is a flashlight with a battery power, as the emitter is installed in it.

Take a look at the scheme, you may see new images for yourself. On the right is a power source, it looks like a battery or battery, a long conclusion is plus another name - cathode, short - minus or anode. The LED to the anode (triangular part of the designation) connects plus, and to the cathode (on the hug looks like a strip) - minus.

It is necessary to remember that the sources of power and consumers the names of the electrodes are opposed. Two arrows outgoing from the LED give you to understand that this device emits the light if the arrows would point out on the contrary - it would be a photodetector. Diodes have an alphabetic designation VDX, where the x-sequence number.

Important:

The numbering of parts in the schemes is on the columns from top to bottom, from left to right.

If you add a stabilization unit to the diagram, built, the power supply voltage will be stabilized. At the same time, only from increasing the supply voltage, when drawdowns are lower than the ultimate stabilization, the voltage will be pulsing into tact with drawdowns. VD1 is a stabilion, they are turned on in reverse displacement (cathode to a point with positive potential). Differ by the magnitude of the current stabilization (ISTAB) and stabilization voltage (Ustab).

Brief results:

What can we understand from this scheme? What It is connected by the primary side (input) to the AC voltage with a voltage of 220 volts. At its output, there are two connectors - "+" and "-" and voltage 12 V, unstabivorous.

Let's move on even more complex schemes and get acquainted with other elements of electrical chains.

Recently to me, having learned that I am a radio amateur, on the forum of our city, in the Radio branch turned for help of two people. Both for various reasons, and both different ages, already adults, as it turned out at a meeting, was one of 45 years old, another 27. Which proves that to start learning electronics, you can at any age. One thing was united, both were somehow familiar with the technique, and would like to independently master radio clothes, but did not know where to start. We continued to communicate in In contact with, in my answer, that in the internet the sea of \u200b\u200binformation on this topic, do I do not want, I heard about both about the same thing - that both do not know where to start. One of the first questions was: what is included in the required minimum knowledge of the radio amateur. Enumeration of the necessary skills, took pretty decent time, and I decided to write a review on this topic. I think it will be useful as early as my acquaintances, everyone who cannot decide where to start their studies.

I will immediately say that when learning, you need to evenly combine theory with practice. No matter how much you want to start to solder and collect specific devices, you need to remember that without the necessary theoretical base in my head, you will at best, you can unmistakably copy other people's devices. Then how if you know the theory, at least in the minimum volume, you can change the scheme, and fit it under your needs. There is such a phrase, I think the known to each radio amateur: "There is nothing more practical than a good theory."

First of all, you need to learn how to read the concepts. Without the ability to read the schemes, it is impossible to collect even the simplest electronic device. Also subsequently, it will not be superfluous to master and independently drawing up the schematic diagrams in special.

Soldering details

You must be able to identify in appearance, any radio metal, and know how it is indicated in the diagram. Of course, in order to assemble, to solder any scheme, you need to have a soldering iron, it is preferably a power not higher than 25 watts, and you can use it well. All semiconductor parts do not like overheating, if you solder, for example, a transistor on a fee, and it was not possible to solder output for 5 to 7 seconds, interrupted for 10 seconds, or solder another detail at this time, otherwise the probability of burning radioetal from overheating is high.

It is also important to solder carefully, especially those located close conclusions of radio components, and do not hang "snot", random closures. Always if there is doubt, ring a multimeter in sound transk mode is a suspicious place.

It is equally important to remove the flux residues from the board, especially if you solder the digital circuit, or the flux contains active additives. I need to flush with a special liquid, or 97% ethyl alcohol.

Beginners often collect schemes by mounting, right on the outputs of parts. I agree if the conclusions are securely twisted with each other, and after it is also registered, such a device will last long. But in this way to collect devices containing more than 5 - 8 parts, no longer worth it. In this case, you need to collect the device on the printed circuit board. The device collected on the board is distinguished by increased reliability, the connections scheme can be easily traced along the tracks, and if necessary, bring all connections to a multimeter.

The minus printed mounting is the difficulty of changing the scheme of the finished device. Therefore, before wiring and etching the printed circuit board, always, you first need to collect the device on the batch. Making devices on printed circuit boards, you can in different ways, here the main thing is to observe one important rule: the paths of the copper foil on the textolite should not have contact with other tracks, where it is not provided according to the scheme.

In general, there are different ways to make a printed circuit board, for example, disconnecting the foil areas - the tracks, the furrow, cut the cutter in the foil made from the hacker canvas. Or apply a protective drawing of a foil protecting under it, (future tracks) from the boom with a permanent marker.

Either using technology LUT (laser - irony), where the paths from the boom are protected by a toner. In any case, in any way, we did not make a printed circuit board, we need to first dilute it in the program trace. For beginners, I recommend that it is a manual tracer with great opportunities.

Also during self-wiring of printed circuit boards, or if you printed a ready-made fee, you need to work with the documentation for radio metal, with the so-called datasets ( Datasheet.), pdf pages format. On the Internet there are datasheets practically for all imported radio components, the exception is some Chinese.

On domestic radio components, you can find information in the scanned directories, specialized sites, placing pages with radio components, and information pages of various online stores like Chip & Dip. Be sure to define the basement of radio components, the name of the pinout is also found, because very many, even two output parts have polarity. Practical skills of working with a multimeter are also necessary.

Multimeter, this is a universal device using only one one, you can diagnose, determine the findings of the part, their performance, the presence or absence of a closure on the board. I think not superfluous, will be reminded, especially young novice radio amateurs, and on the observance of electrical safety measures, when debugging the device.

After assembling the device, it is necessary to arrange it in a beautiful case so that it was not ashamed to show friends, which means that the skills are needed, if the casing is made of metal or plastic, or a joinery, if the body is made of wood. Sooner or later, any radio amateur comes to the fact that he has to engage in small repair of technology, first his own, and then with the acquisition of experience, and in acquaintances. And this means that the ability to diagnose malfunction is necessary, determining the cause of the breakage, and its subsequent elimination.

Often even experienced radio amateurs, without tools, it is difficult to drop multiple parts from the board. Well, if the details go under the replacement, then we bite the conclusions from the hull itself, and we drop the legs on one one. It is worse and harder when this item is needed to build any other device, or repair, and it is possible, it may be necessary to get back, for example, when searching for a short circuit on the board. In this case, you need tools to dismantle, and the ability to use them, it is braid and tin cover.

The use of a soldering hair dryer does not mention, in view of the frequent absence of novice access to it.

Output

All of the above, it is only a part of the necessary minimum that a beginner radio amateur must know when designing devices, but having these skills, you can already collect, with the acquisition of small experience, almost any device. Especially for the site - AKV.

Discuss an article where to start a radio amateler