Read psalms in Russian translation. Psalter, psalter. Translation by Vasily Kapnist

A yellow coating is, first of all, evidence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. So, the brighter and thinner the plaque, the earlier the disease is located. Yellowing of a small thickness with a yellow coating should be taken as evidence of the penetration of infectious foci into the body. A normal occurrence is a slight yellowing of the coating in very hot weather.

Causes of yellow plaque in the tongue

So, the main factors in the appearance of yellow plaque in the language are as follows:

Digestive tract problems  - speaking of the gastrointestinal system, a certain trend should be noted. So, when the patient’s tongue is yellow on all sides, but the plaque itself does not differ in density, but is translucent and can be quickly removed, this is the first sign of the presence of toxins in the body.

In the case of a dark yellow or yellow-gray coating, accompanied by an unpleasant odor, everything is much more serious. Experts say that the darker the shade of plaque in the tongue and the higher its density, the more serious the disease. Yellow plaque, odor from the oral cavity, as well as nausea should be taken as signs of stomach diseases. With even more advanced pathologies, patients complain of a yellow-brown tongue, nausea and a bitter aftertaste in the mouth;

Progressive liver or pancreas disease  should be considered no less serious factor why the yellowing of the tongue occurs. In this situation, patients complain of a yellow-green or pure yellow tongue, as well as feelings of bitterness in the oral cavity. A taste of iron and a sensation of bitterness undoubtedly indicate that there are problems with bile;

The use of medications - Many complain that after using vitamins, the tongue turns yellow. This should be considered the norm, because the colorants included in the list of vitamin complexes are quite able to change the color of plaque for a while. You can observe yellowness after applying a course of antibiotics. The fact is explained by the fact that as a result of the use of medications, an increase in the load on the liver occurs. This provokes the release of a large amount of toxins into the body. It is important to consider that yellow plaque in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tongue alone does not provoke antibiotics. They contribute either to staining the natural yellow, or provoke a malfunction in the functioning of the digestive tract. This is what becomes the catalyst for the emergence of such a raid;

The presence of respiratory and viral ailments  - It also affects the formation of yellow plaque. In the presence of respiratory and viral ailments, yellow plaque is quite common. In a similar situation, the patient, in addition to plaque, also manifests an elevated temperature. Patients may complain of pain in the throat. In this regard, an elevated temperature and a change in the shade of the tongue give rise to a specialist to suspect the occurrence of a sore throat. No less often, a plaque in the tongue occurs at or. This is due to the fact that the common cold exacerbates the protective functions of the body, as well as gives rise to respiratory and viral diseases. As a result of the continuous division of harmful bacteria and viruses in the mouth, a dense coating forms, which begins to settle on the tongue and.

Yellow plaque on the child’s tongue

Pathological processes in the gastrointestinal tract will be confirmed by complaints of the child for pain in the abdomen.

It will also be manifested in nausea, loss of appetite, impaired stool, but there are other reasons that cause yellow plaque in children:

Recent overeating, the use of a significant amount of fatty foods - makes the load on the entire gastrointestinal system many times greater. As a result, the child has a feeling of dryness in the mouth, nausea, and a yellowish bloom in the morning or after 7-8 hours;

Infectious diseases, especially those that are accompanied by a regimen;

Wavy temperature indicators, vomiting, and may be accompanied by the formation of a yellow-brown coating due to dry tongue and the formation of bleeding and slowly healing cracks;

Intoxication - plaque is formed due to poisoning and even dehydration;

Some types of jaundice (hemolytic, provoked, physiological jaundice in infants), which to a yellow tint do not stain the plaque itself, but the tongue. The same applies to other mucous membranes, as well as the skin;

Severe pathology of the somatic type, namely, any type, autoimmune processes - all this is accompanied by metabolic dysfunctions and subsequent intoxication. This, in turn, can provoke the appearance of a yellow tinge in the tongue.

Child examination

Determining the exact cause of the presented changes in the child, relying solely on the results of examining the language, is almost impossible even for the most experienced specialist. This is due to the fact that this manifestation with a variety of diseases is not characterized by any specific features. In this regard, the specialist is obliged to conduct a full examination of the child, determine the presence of any accompanying signs and prescribe any additional examinations.

It is about consulting a pediatrician, gastroenterologist, dentist. You may also need to pass:

General tests of blood, urine and feces;

A blood test of the biochemical type, which will make it possible to determine the ratio of glucose, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea and other necessary indicators.

From additional examinations of the child, it may be necessary to conduct an ultrasound of the digestive tract, esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Of course, it is not necessary to simultaneously carry out all the procedures presented in case a yellow plaque is found in the child’s tongue. You should start with a visit to a specialist who will determine if there is a need for certain diagnostic procedures that make it possible to clarify the diagnosis.

Treatment of yellow plaque in the tongue

Recovery should be symptomatic and, first of all, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the surface of the tongue with a brush and toothpaste. In the vast majority of cases, the layer is removed without any problems and is in no hurry to form again. After that, if the phenomenon does not recur within a few days, you can stop worrying about it and just spend more time on oral cavity prevention.

However, if several hours after the completion of the hygiene procedure, the plaque reoccurs, it is necessary to think about the factors that provoke its appearance from time to time. Thus, the treatment process should not be aimed at combating plaque, but at eliminating the causes that affected its formation. If this is not done, then the yellow layer will appear in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tongue all the time, and the condition of the child or adult worsen.

It is advisable to follow a few tips:

Twice a day, in the morning and evening, you should carefully clean the surface of the tongue from the formed plaque with a soft toothbrush. The use of a solid variety can only worsen the situation, causing infection;

You need to adjust your own diet. This implies the exclusion of fatty, fried, smoked and spicy products from it, as well as the introduction of cereals and dairy products. The most useful will be kefir with a low degree of fat content, fermented baked milk, yogurt and, especially, cottage cheese;

With bile stagnant processes, drugs that are characterized by choleretic exposure can be used.

Experts recommend constantly monitoring the color and condition of their own language. In the event that after a few days the plaque density begins to decrease, and its hue from concentrated or even yellow-green begins to turn into yellowish-grayish, it means that the initial therapeutic measures have borne fruit. A similar diet should be observed for at least three to four weeks.

Next, you need to consider the recovery process for the most common causes of discoloration of the tongue. First of all, this is a sore throat. Treatment in this case involves the complete elimination of all symptoms that may be due to increased desquamation (peeling) of the epithelium and dry mucous membrane.

Experts advise with a yellow layer in the field to lubricate it with 1-2% peach oil emulsion. An equally effective way is to rinse your mouth with strong tea after each meal. With an obvious inflammatory process in the gum region, not only stomatitis, but also allergic reactions should be excluded. After that, it will be necessary to take keratoplastic type agents, namely carotoline, and the extract.

Considering problems with the gastrointestinal tract as a cause of a yellow tint, it should be noted that you can get rid of plaque using laxatives. First of all, it is necessary to cleanse the intestines, because most often stagnation in the intestine provokes a variety of problems with the mouth and digestion.

Further, doctors insist on using or conducting an enema. This will undoubtedly prove to be a much more effective method than herbal preparations, which last much longer. In the future, if the situation does not worsen, you must adhere to a strict diet. Attempts at self-treatment usually lead only to a worsening of the condition. Therefore, you should consult a doctor not only to undergo a course of treatment and prescribe a diet, but also in order to know exactly what preventive measures are necessary.

Preventative measures

Without appropriate prevention can not do. This is because the tongue is a kind of filter for food, creating obstacles to its entry into the upper respiratory tract. But, in addition to this, he is able to delay microorganisms from getting into the gastrointestinal tract, precisely in connection with this, the root of the tongue always has a layer in the form of epithelial growths. Thus, it is necessary to enable the tongue to clear itself of yellow plaque.

It is advisable to carry out brushing after brushing and rinsing the mouth, which must be carried out daily. Due to the design features of modern toothbrushes, it is possible to clean the tongue after cleansing the teeth. Be sure to monitor the strength of the impact, because, as noted earlier, too much power can further aggravate the situation.

The need for dieting and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are also included in the list of preventive measures. According to statistics, those who have had a yellow plaque associated with gastrointestinal problems will face a similar problem in the future. Therefore, the advice of a gastrologist and nutritionist should not be neglected. This is especially true for a fragile child's body.

Thus, the appearance of yellow plaque in the tongue in many cases is a “bell” about quite serious health problems. Recovery in this situation should be complex and symptomatic: it is necessary to clear the tongue and determine the exact cause of such changes. Exclusively in this case, it will be possible to permanently get rid of the problem and maintain 100% vital activity.

Education: A diploma in the specialty "General Medicine" was obtained at the Russian State Medical University. N.I. Pirogova (2005). Postgraduate studies in the specialty "Gastroenterology" - educational and scientific medical center.

On the oral mucosa, the work of the internal organs involved in digestion is reflected. A person who does not have health problems often forms a translucent layer in the tongue.

If a yellow plaque is found, it is worthwhile to consult a doctor, because the consequences can be quite serious.

Why can a tongue be coated with yellow?

The upper layer of the tongue is the mucous membrane on which the taste buds are located. The mucosal epithelium, depending on various reasons, can change its parameters, thicken or peel off, forming a plaque.

The main factors provoking this effect are:

• inflammation of the organs of the gastrointestinal system;
• changes that are formed against the background of the process of development of inflammation;
• irritations of a different nature caused by the action of chemical compounds, mechanical damage or high temperatures.

Disorders of the digestive tract

  A common cause of yellow tongue is the accumulation of bacteria on your organ of taste

A change in the color of the mucous membrane of the tongue with violations of the digestive tract occurs due to the release of bile into the stomach. This provokes the formation of chronic gastritis and ulcers.

The main symptoms are:

• pain in the area of \u200b\u200bthe duodenum (especially at night and in the morning on an empty stomach);
• nausea, often accompanied by vomiting;
• heartburn attacks;
• sharp unpleasant odor from the oral cavity;
• discoloration of the mucous membrane of the tongue to a yellow tint.

Liver disease

When the tongue is overlaid with yellow, often the suspicion falls on the liver. With an exacerbation of diseases, the exchange of bile pigments is disrupted, due to which the mucous membrane of the tongue and other tissues acquire a yellow color.

The following problems can provoke such an effect:

• Primary hepatic cell carcinomain which metastases affect the liver, migrating from the main focus: mammary glands, pancreas, rectum, lungs. It is worth noting that this form is not so common.
• Hepatitis, developing on the basis of inflammation of the liver.  The inflammatory process can be provoked by: viruses, alcohol, toxic substances. The course of the disease is characterized by damage to the liver cells and a violation of the formation of bilirubin (bile pigment), which also poses a danger to the body when it enters the bloodstream due to toxicity.

  Important!  The shade of yellowness with which the tongue has covered with hepatitis is close to bright yellow, lemon.

  Concomitant symptoms, which make it possible to recognize the disease, is expressed as:
  • stained urine in tone of strong tea;
  • physical weakness;
  • low working capacity;
  • pain in the right hypochondrium of the body;
  • staining of the proteins of the eyes, the mucous membrane of the tongue and its bridle, and the skin in yellow.
• Cirrhosis of the liver  represents a serious disease in which hepatic cells die. As a result of the formation of nodes, the structure of the organ changes, which limits its functionality. Such changes affect in particular the production and outflow of bile. You can recognize the disease by the following symptoms:
  • enlarged liver;
  • dull pain in the right hypochondrium;
  • itching and burning;
  • insomnia;
  • memory impairment;
  • dark yellow color of the skin and mucous membranes.

Diseases of the stomach

The inflammatory process in the pancreas can provoke various disorders, but pancreatitis is considered the most serious disease.

You can recognize it by the following signs:

• strong pain giving in the back;
• nausea accompanied by vomiting;
• yellow plaque with which the tongue is covered due to a violation of the outflow of bile.

ARI

  A change in the color of the mucous membrane of the tongue is also observed in the process of taking some drugs

Any infections and even respiratory diseases provoke disturbances in the formation and passage of bile.

The participation of this mechanism in the development of inflammation is possible by a yellow coating on the tongue.

It happens in a different shade: at a low temperature, a color appears that has a light tone, which becomes clearly pronounced and thick at elevated rates.

Taking certain medications

A change in the color of the mucous membrane of the tongue is also observed in the process of taking certain drugs (furazolidone, acrychin, enterofuril, cardiac glycosides).

This effect occurs for two reasons: the composition of the products includes components with increased pigmentation, and due to the effects of chemicals on the digestive tract, the liver, which provokes a violation of the outflow of bile.

Respiratory infections

In infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract (tonsillitis, pharyngitis, etc.), a dense coating on the tongue is formed. This is due to the continuous process of division of harmful bacteria and viruses in the oral cavity, therefore, a color change can be observed on the teeth and gums.

Bad habits

  Smoker's tongue

Many smokers are recognized by a characteristic brownish coating on their tongue, teeth and even nails. This effect is formed due to the effects of the resins that make up cigarettes.

In addition to pigmentation, there is an increase in the taste buds of the third posterior part of the tongue, they become similar to villi.

Another bad habit is the frequent use of coffee or strong tea.

Tissues and oral mucosa are stained yellow. To give the mucosa yellowness are also able: cola, dark chocolate, carrots, etc.

  Reference!  To determine whether yellow plaque on the tongue is related to the effects of food pigments is quite simple. It is enough to clean the oral cavity with a toothbrush. If yellowness completely disappears, there is no reason for concern.

Improper oral hygiene

Incorrect hygiene of the oral cavity or its complete absence can also provoke the formation of yellow plaque on the tongue and palate. Many are surprised by the fact that with daily cleaning, yellowness is still observed.

  Reference!Not everyone knows that the surface of the tongue needs to be cleaned just like tooth enamel. This can be done with a special toothbrush, which has two functional sides: one for the teeth, the other for the tongue.

After consuming coloring products, rinsing the oral cavity with a special liquid is not superfluous. If this is not possible, it is enough to use chewing gum with a whitening effect.

Tongue inflammation

The mucous membrane changes color for a simple reason - due to inflammation of the tongue. From the effects of bacteria or fungus, a white-yellow plaque is formed, which is often accompanied by the formation of erosion, small sores.

Among other reasons why a yellow coating may have appeared:

• infectious diseases, poisoning, in which the work of the digestive tract is disrupted;
• dehydration, severe intoxication;
• pellagra, diabetic coma;
• Addison crisis resulting from iron deficiency and the development of hemolysis.

How to “read” a plaque in a language to determine the cause?

Each disease is characterized by its own shades and other signs, knowing which you can determine the cause of yellow plaque in the tongue in adults.

By the nature of the localization of yellowness in the language, the organ of defeat is roughly determined.

You can analyze the plaque in the language by the following criteria:

• By structure:
  • the curd mass, which is encapsulated by the tongue, is a sign of a fungal infection;
  • a glossy, moist surface means chronic colitis or chronic pathology of the gallbladder;
  • a dry layer indicates a violation of the secretory function of the stomach.
• By density:
  • a thin and uniform layer on the root of the tongue and in the middle strip indicate a violation of the digestive tract, developing flu, SARS, side effects of drugs;
  • a thick and dense layer indicates chronic liver pathology, severe infection, gall bladder dysfunction.
• By localization:
  • tip of the tongue - upper body;
  • the central part - organs related to the digestive system;
  • the back (root, base) - intestines, kidneys.
• By color:
  • yellowish is observed in smokers in the morning and people who have impaired bile outflow;
  • gray-yellow is characteristic of chronic diseases of the intestine or stomach, with dehydration, high acidity;
  • yellow-brown indicates chronic cholecystitis, liver disease (with a focus on the back of the tongue, suspicion falls on the presence of toxins in the large intestine, in the center of the tongue - in the stomach, small and 12 duodenal ulcers);
  • yellow-green tint is formed as a result of taking medications (hormones, antibiotics).

  The presence of yellow plaque in the tongue in adults is a cause for concern

Causes of yellow plaque in children

Children are most susceptible to various problems with the gastrointestinal tract, metabolic processes, and the circulatory system.

  Ignoring yellow plaque in the tongue can lead to complications.

If a yellow plaque is found in your child, household reasons are primarily excluded:

• the period of the introduction of vegetables and cereals (yellow plaque often remains in the tongue for up to a year);
• inclusion of pigment-containing products in the diet;
• child's careless handling of drawing paints (pencils, felt-tip pens);
• abuse of caramel, drinks with gases, chewing gum and other sweets containing dyes.

If everyday reasons are excluded, the answer lies in one of the following options:

• hemolytic disease (infants are affected in the first year of life);
• hypomotor biliary dyskinesia;
• jaundice (nuclear or physiological);
• giardiasis;
• dehydration characteristic of infectious diseases;
• the use of drugs that have a coloring effect on the mucous membrane.

With the exclusion of safe factors that are associated with dyes in products or household items, you should consult a doctor for diagnosis.

Ignoring yellow plaque in the language can lead to complications, but valuable time for quickly localizing the problem will be hopelessly lost.

In pregnant women

In pregnant women, a yellow plaque on the oral mucosa is often noted. This is due to the increased load on the liver during the period of gestation.

Also, the reason may lie in a change in the secretory function of the stomach, a violation of its motility. Often, pregnant women find various infections that adversely affect the process of bile secretion.

Causes of plaque ulcers

The following factors can provoke the formation of plaque with ulcers:

• stomatitis;
• dysbiosis;
• poor oral hygiene;
• infections.

In case of any malfunctions in the body, he himself gives clues about the problems that have arisen.

One has only to pay attention and proceed to treatment in a timely manner. To do this, at the first manifestations of alarming symptoms, it is recommended to consult a doctor.

Many people have a yellow coating on their tongue.

Find out the reasons for its development is necessary as soon as possible in order to avoid negative consequences.

The density and shade of plaque in the tongue may indicate the development of many serious diseases.

Yellow plaque on the tongue in adults: causes

After people have a yellow coating on the tongue, many do not know what to do and who to contact. First of all, you can visit a therapist, after the examination, he will refer you to another doctor.

The reasons for the appearance of yellow plaque in the language are as follows:

- The gastrointestinal tract is impaired

If an adult has a disturbed gastrointestinal tract, a yellow coating may form on the tongue.

If the coating has a slightly white-yellow color and at the same time it is thin, then most likely high toxins in the body. Usually after the patient brushes his teeth, everything will disappear. But in order to avoid its recurrence in the future, you need to completely rethink your diet.

But if the plaque is dense, and with it an unpleasant odor arises from the mouth, then this may indicate the development of a serious disease. In this case, you need to visit a medical facility.

- Diseases of the liver and pancreas

If yellow plaque often occurs in the tongue, then this may indicate kidney disease, as well as other organs located nearby. If there is a white-green bloom, and the taste in the mouth is bitter, this is the first symptom that the production of bile is impaired.

- Taking medication

The presence of yellow or slightly gray plaque may occur after taking certain medications. In most cases, this occurs after antibiotics have been taken. The thing is that a large load is placed on the liver, as a result, a lot of toxins accumulate in the body.

If tongue turned yellow due to the intake of vitaminsNo need to worry. After a few hours, the problem will disappear by itself.

In order to avoid these problems, it is necessary to consult with your doctor in advance about taking certain drugs.

- Availability of acute respiratory infections

ARI can also lead to the fact that a plaque of a different color, mainly yellow, appears on the tongue. If the body temperature rises, a sore throat, and a yellow coating on the tongue, then this is the first sign of a sore throat. Getting rid of the disease, you eliminate plaque.

Also tongue may turn yellow during the onset of a cold. At the time of the disease, the body loses strength, harmful bacteria begin to develop in the oral cavity, which lead to plaque.

Yellow plaque on the tongue in adults: consequences

The formation of plaque always indicates some kind of disturbance in the work of organs. In addition, it is important to pay attention to whether there are cracks, swelling, or roughness.

If after a few days the problem persists, it is necessary to visit a medical institution, pass tests and undergo a complete diagnosis. Doctors often make such an unpleasant and in their own way dangerous diagnosis as an ulcer, gastritis, and much more. But sometimes it’s enough that the patient will regularly brush his teeth and then everything will go away.

It should be noted that the thicker the coating, and its color is more saturated, the more dangerous the situation can be. Therefore, you can not lose time, you need to fully examine your body.

Be sure to pay attention to your eating habits. Give up bad habits, play sports.

Yellow tongue in adult treatment

Treatment should be comprehensive, first of all, you need to thoroughly brush not only your teeth, but also your tongue. In most cases, it will easily be removed and will not form in the near future.

However, if after several hours the plaque forms again, it is necessary to find out the reason why it occurs. Thus, we can say that treatment should not be aimed at eliminating plaque, but at eliminating the reason for which it is formed.

You need to follow simple tips:

1. Thoroughly clean the surface of the tongue twice a day, use a soft toothbrush.

2. Review your diet. Avoid greasy, fried, and smoked foods. It is good to drink kefir.

After this, it is necessary to consider the recovery process. If this is a sore throat, you need to eliminate all its symptoms.

Doctors advise lubricating the tongue with 1-2% peach oil emulsion. It is also helpful to rinse your mouth with strong tea after each meal. Pay attention to the presence of diseased teeth in the oral cavity, they also need to be cured.

If we consider problems with the gastrointestinal tract, laxatives can help, unlike herbal preparations, they last a little longer.

Self-treatment does not always give positive results, especially if the patient does not know the cause of the plaque. Before taking measures to eliminate it, be sure to visit a medical institution.

Yellow language in an adult: folk remedies

As mentioned above, it is necessary to clean the tongue with the back of the brush, at least two minutes each time. After that, use special mouthwashes.

If a sticky layer forms on the tongue, then breathing will become stale and rather even unpleasant. This will lead to problems with others, since not everyone is comfortable communicating with you to feel this smell.

Use folk remedies that help quite well:

1. Prepare a decoction of plantain, oregano, yarrow and linden. Dry and chop each herb well, then separate one tablespoon from the general harvest and pour a glass of boiling water. Put the tincture for two hours in a dark place, strain, drink three times a day, 1/2 cup.

2. Waking up in the morning on an empty stomach, drink a decoction made from flaxseeds. The drink favorably affects the digestive tract.

3. Collection of medicinal herbs. Collect chamomile, mint, sage, wild strawberry leaves, dry and chop. Separate one spoonful of the collection and fill it with a glass of boiling water, set aside for 30 minutes. Strain, rinse your mouth three times a day, for 2-3 minutes.

4. Another good remedy for the treatment of yellow plaque in the tongue. In a glass of boiling water, add one spoon of oak bark, strain, rinse your mouth several times a day.

The measures listed above will help clear the tongue of plaque. But what to do in order to freshen your breath and get rid of bad smell? In this case, folk remedies that were used by our grandmothers can also help:

1. Strong tea. After drinking strong tea, be sure to rinse your mouth with plain water, slightly warm.

2. Once a day, eat one carrot or an ordinary apple.

3. If you have eaten onions or garlic, and you need to get rid of their smell as soon as possible, eat parsley or celery root.

4. If you chew a small amount of coffee grain, you can get rid of the unpleasant odor.

5. The easiest way to improve breathing is with regular chewing gum.

6. The dentist can find the cause of the bad smell, so try to visit him as often as possible.

If a yellow plaque is found, consult a doctor, do not let everything go by its own accord.

Yellow tongue in an adult: prevention

Speaking about the treatment of yellow plaque in the tongue, one cannot but mention prevention. The fact is that our language is a kind of filter for food, it is it that prevents it from entering the upper respiratory tract. But in addition to this, the tongue can delay many harmful microorganisms and prevent them from penetrating the gastrointestinal tract. The root of the tongue will always have a growth of a certain epithelium.

Each time after eating it is necessary to clean the tongue, rinse your mouth with special rinses. Passing the back of the toothbrush along it, watch out for the force of pressure, it should not be large, in order to avoid injury.

In preventive measures, it is necessary to introduce proper nutrition and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Thus, a yellow plaque is a kind of bell of the body about the presence of problems. Approach treatment comprehensively, thanks to this you will permanently get rid of problems.

Psalm of David. Not Inscribed among the Jews, 1

1 Blessed is the man who did not go to the advice of the wicked, and did not enter the path of sinners, and did not sit in a bunch of destroyers;

2 But in the law of the Lord his will, and he will learn his law day and night.

3 And he will be like a tree planted at the springs of waters, that he will bear his fruit in his time; and his foliage will not fall, and in everything that he does, he will succeed.

4 It will not be so with the wicked, not so! But they are, like dust, tossed by the wind from the face of the earth.

5 Therefore, the wicked shall not rise again to judgment, and sinners to the council of the righteous.

6 For the way of the righteous is led to the Lord, but the way of the wicked will perish.

Psalm of David 2

1 What were the nations indignant and the tribes thought of the vain?

2 The kings of the earth rebelled, and the princes gathered together against the Lord and his anointed. They say:

3 “We will break the bonds that They imposed, and overthrow their yoke!”

4 But He who lives in Heaven will laugh at them; the Lord will confound them;

5 Then He will utter to them His will in anger, and with His fury will plunge them into confusion.

6 But I am made him king over Zion, his holy mountain,

7 To declare the commandment of the Lord. The Lord told me: “You are My son, you are now born of Me.

8 Ask from Me, and I will give the peoples to you and to your possession the limits of the earth.

9 You shall feed them with a rod of iron, like the vessels of a potter; you will crush them! ”

10 And now, kings, understand, learn, judges of the earth!

11 Serve the Lord with fear and rejoice in him with trembling!

12 Take instruction, that the Lord be not angry, and you will not perish, having gone out of the way of the righteous, for His fury will soon be kindled! Blessed are all who trust in Him!

Psalm of David when he fled from Absalom his son, 3

2 Lord, how have my persecutors multiplied? Many rebel against me;

3 Many say to my soul: “There is no salvation for him in his God!”

4 But thou, O Lord, my intercessor, my glory, and thou exalt my head.

5 I called to my Lord, and he heard me from his holy mountain.

6 I fell asleep and slept, but I arose, for the Lord is my Protector.

7 I will not be afraid of thousands of people attacking me from everywhere.

8 Rise, Lord, save me, my God! For thou hast defeated all who are at war with me unrighteously, and have broken the teeth of sinners.

9 You, O Lord, grant salvation, and on thy people your blessing.

At the end, song, psalm of David, 4

2 When I called, God heard me, knowing my righteousness, in the cramped grief gave me room. Have mercy on me and hear my prayer!

3 Sons of men, how long will you be hard-hearted? That you love vanity and that you seek lies?

4 Know that the Lord made his righteous one marvelous. The Lord will hear me when I call to Him.

5 Angry, do not sin; about what you said during the day in your heart, regret on your bed!

6 Sacrifice the works of righteousness and trust in the Lord! Many say:

7 “Who will show us good?” The radiance of Your face, Lord, was imprinted on us.

8 You have given joy to my heart; they are enriched from the fruit of wheat, from wine and their oil.

9 In the world I will fall asleep and calm down, for You, Lord, have instilled in me one hope.

On the inheritance, Psalm of David, 5

2 Hear my words, Lord, accept my call!

3 Listen to my prayer, my King and my God; I pray to you, Lord!

5 For you, God, do not want lawlessness: your wicked man will not be found in you,

6 And the transgressors shall not stand before thy eyes; You hated everyone who does lawlessness,

7 Thou shalt destroy all that speak a lie; the wicked man who sheds blood, the Lord hates.

8 And I, by Your great mercy, will enter into Your house, I will worship Your holy temple in fear of Thee.

9 Lord, instruct me in Thy righteousness, in the face of my enemies, direct the way of my life to you!

10 For there is no truth in their lips, their heart is vain, their sepulcher is open with a throat, they are deceiving with their tongue. Judge them, God!

11 Let them fall away from their plans! For their great wickedness, bring them down, for they have angered Thee, Lord!

12 And may all that rely on you be merry! They will rejoice forever, and You will dwell in them; and those who love your name will boast about you.

13 For you bless the righteous, Lord; grace, like weapons, You have protected us.

At the end, the song of the eighth day, Psalm of David, 6

2 Lord, that thou shalt not convict me of thy fury, and thou shalt not punish me in thy wrath!

3 Have mercy on me, Lord, for I am weak; Heal me, Lord, for my bones trembled,

4 And my soul is in great confusion ... Oh Lord, how long? ...

5 Turn, Lord, deliver my soul, save me by Your mercy!

6 For none of the dead remembers you, and in hell who professes your greatness?

7 I was exhausted from my gasps, I wash weeping my bed every night, I tear my bed with my tears.

8 My eyes were troubled by sorrow; I became weak among my enemies.

9 Depart from me, all who do lawlessness, for the Lord has heard my cry!

10 The Lord heard my prayer; the Lord received my prayer.

11 May my enemies be ashamed and be confused, may they turn back and be ashamed soon!

Glory to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, both now and ever and forevermore, amen

Psalm of David, glorified by him to the Lord after the words of Hushi son of Yemeniah 7

2 Lord God, I trust in you, save me from my persecutors, deliver me!

3 May the enemy, like a lion, not abduct my soul, when there will be no deliverer and intercessor!

4 Lord God, if I have done evil, if I have defiled my hands with unrighteousness,

5 If I avenged myself on my evil deeds, may I be defeated by my enemies!

6 Let the enemy pursue my soul, and let it overtake me, and in vain honor in the earth my life, and bring my glory to dust!

7 Rise, Lord, in Thy wrath, rise above the borders of your enemies; Ascend, O Lord my God, that your commandment be fulfilled!

8 And a host of people will encircle you, and glorify them!

9 The Lord judges the nations. Judge me, Lord, according to my truth and my kindness!

10 May the wickedness of sinners dry up! Teach the righteous, God, You who test righteously hearts and souls!

11 God will help me, saving all those who keep the truth in their hearts!

12 God the Judge is righteous, and mighty, and long-suffering, He does not manifest His wrath all day.

13 If you do not turn to Him, His weapon will be sharpened; He strained His bow and holds it ready.

14 And he put into the bowstring the instruments of death, he made his arrows fire-bearing.

15 Behold, the sinner fell ill with iniquity, conceived malice, and gave birth to lawlessness.

16 He dug up the ditch and deepened it, but he himself fell into the pit dug by him.

17 His wickedness will turn on his head, and his iniquity will fall on his crown.

18 I will glorify the Lord for His righteous judgment, and I will sing the name of the Lord Most High!

At the end, about sharpeners, psalm of David, 8

2 Lord, our Lord, how wonderful is your name throughout the whole earth! For Thy greatness ascended above heaven!

3 Through the lips of infants and babies praise is made to Thee in the face of Your enemies, in order to crush the enemy and the avenger.

4 Behold, I look at the heavens, the deeds of Your hands, the moon and the stars created by Thee!

5 Who is the man that you remember him? Or the son of man that you visit him?

6 You have belittled him only a little before the angels, crowned him with glory and honor;

7 And he set him over the works of thy hands, subdued all under his feet:

8 Sheep, and oxen, and every livestock of the field,

9 Birds of heaven and fish of the sea, passing paths of the sea.

10 Lord, our Lord, how wonderful is your name in all the earth!

Glory to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, both now and ever and forevermore, amen.

  In the end, the servants of the Lord David, who sang to the Lord the words of this song on the day that the Lord delivered him from the hand of his enemies and from the hand of Saul, and said, 17.   At the end, Psalm of David, 18.   At the end, Psalm of David, 19.   Psalm of David, 20.   In the end, on the morning intercession, Psalm of David, 21.   Psalm of David 22.   Psalm of David, on the first day of the week, 23.   Kathisma is the fourth.   Psalm of David, 24.   Psalm of David, 25.   Psalm of David, before the anointing, 26.   Psalm of David, 27.   Psalm of David, for the transference of the tabernacle, 28.   Psalm 29: Song for the Renovation of the House of David   At the end, the psalm of David, in a frenzy, 30   Psalm of David, in instruction, 31.    Kathisma is the fifth.   Psalm of David, not inscribed among the Jews, 32.   The Psalm of David glorified by him when he pretended to be mad before Abimelech; and he let him go, and he left, 33.   Psalm of David, 34.   In the end, the servants of the Lord David, 35.   Psalm of David 36.    Kathisma is the sixth.   Psalm of David, in remembrance of the Sabbath, 37.   At the end, Idifum. Song of David, 38.   At the end, Psalm of David, 39.   At the end, Psalm of David, 40.   In the end, in the precept, to the sons of Korea, the psalm of David, is not inscribed among the Jews, 41.   Psalm of David, not inscribed among the Jews, 42.   In the end, the sons of Korea, in the sermon, Psalm 43. In the end, about those who have changed, the sons of Korea, in the preaching, a song about the Beloved, 44.   In the end, the sons of Korea, about secrets, psalm 45.   Kathisma is the seventh.   In the end, the sons of Korea, Psalm 46.   Psalm, the song of the sons of Korea, on the second day of the week, 47.   In the end, the sons of Korea, Psalm 48.    Psalm of Asaph, 49.   In the end, the psalm of David, sung by him after the coming of the prophet Nathan to him; 2 After David entered Bathsheba the wife of Uriah 50.   In the end, in the teaching, of David;   At the end, on the mafé, in the sermon, David, 52.   At the end, David's song, in teaching;   At the end, the song, in the sermon, Asaph, 54.   Kathisma is the eighth.   In the end, about the people removed from the shrines, David, for writing on the pillar, when his tribesmen kept in Gath, 55.   In the end, may you not destroy David, for writing on the pillar, when he ran away from Saul into the cave, 56.   In the end, may you not destroy David, for writing on the pillar, 57.   In the end, may you not destroy David, for writing on the pillar, when Saul sent soldiers to lie in wait at his house in order to put him to death, 58.   In the end, about having to change, for writing on a pillar, David, in a teaching;   At the end, song, David, 60.   In the end, through Idifum, the psalm of David, 61.   Psalm of David when he was in the desert of Judea, 62.   At the end, Psalm of David 63.   Kathisma is the ninth.   In the end, the psalm, the song of David, the song of Jeremiah and Ezekiel, the people resettled, when they were preparing for the exodus from captivity, 64.   At the end, a song, psalm of the resurrection, 65.   At the end, the psalm, the song of David, 66.   At the end, the psalm, the song of David, 67.   In the end, about having change, psalm of David, 68.   In the end, David, in remembrance of the fact that the Lord saved him, 69.   Kathisma is the tenth.   The Psalm of David, the sons of Jonadab and the first captives, is not inscribed among the Jews, 70.   About Solomon, Psalm of David, 71.   The songs of David, the son of Jesse, ended. Psalm of Asaph, 72.   In lecture, Asaph, 73.   In the end, may you not destroy, psalm, Asaph's song 74   In the end, the psalm of Asaph, a song about the Assyrian, 75.   At the end, through Idifum, the psalm of Asaph, 76.   Kathisma is the eleventh.   In the instruction, Asaph, 77.    Psalm of Asaph 78.   In the end, about having to change, Asaph's revelation, 79.   In the end, about the sharpeners, the psalm of Asaph, 80.    Psalm of Asaph 81.   Canto, Psalm of Asaph, 82.   In the end, about the sharpeners, the sons of Korea, psalm 83.   In the end, the sons of Korea, Psalm 84.   Kathisma is the twelfth.   Prayer of David, 85.   Sons of the Koreans, psalm, song, 86. A song, a psalm, of the sons of Korea, about the end, on a maelephus, for an answer, in a sermon, Eman of Israel, 87.   In the lecture, Epham the Israelite, Psalm 88.   Prayer of Moses, the man of God, 89.   A song of praise, not inscribed among the Jews, 90.   Kathisma is the thirteenth.   Psalm, a song, on the Sabbath, 91.   On the day before the Sabbath, when the earth was inhabited, the song of praise of David, 92.   Psalm of David, on the fourth day of the week, 93.   David's song of praise, not inscribed among the Jews, 94.   The praise of David, when the house was built after captivity, is not inscribed among the Jews, 95.   The Psalm of David, when his land was arranged, is not inscribed among the Jews, 96.   Psalm of David 97.   Psalm of David 98.   Psalm of David, laudatory, 99.   Psalm of David, 100.   Kathisma is the fourteenth.   The prayer of the wretched, when he is discouraged and pours out his prayer before the Lord, 101.   Psalm of David 102.   Psalm of David, on the existence of the world, 103.    Alleluia, 104.   Kathisma is the fifteenth.    Hallelujah, 105. Hallelujah, 106.   Song, Psalm of David, 107.   At the end, Psalm of David, 108.   Kathisma is the sixteenth.   Psalm of David, 109.    Hallelujah, 110.   Hallelujah, Aggeevo and Zakhariino, 111.    Alleluia, 112. Alleluia, 113. Alleluia, 114. Alleluia, 115. Alleluia, 116. Alleluia, 117.   Kathisma is the seventeenth.   Kathisma is the eighteenth.   Song of Ascension, 119.   Song of Ascension, 120.   Song of Ascension, 121.   Song of Ascension, 122.   Song of Ascension, 123.   Song of Ascension, 124.   Song of Ascension, 125.   Song of Ascension, 126.   Song of Ascension, 127.   Song of Ascension, 128.   Song of Ascension, 129.   Song of Ascension, 130.   Song of Ascension, 131.   Song of Ascension, 132.   Song of Ascension, 133.   Kathisma is the nineteenth.    Hallelujah, 135.   David, through Jeremiah 136.   Psalm of David, Haggai, and Zechariah 137.   At the end, David, the psalm of Zechariah, in the dispersal, 138.   At the end, Psalm of David, 139.   Psalm of David, 140.   In the teaching, David, when he prayed in a cave, 141.   Psalm of David when Absalom his son persecuted him 142.   Kathisma Twentieth.   Psalm of David, of Goliath, 143.   Song of David, 144.   Hallelujah, Haggai and Zechariah, 145.    Hallelujah, 146.   Hallelujah, Haggai, and Zechariah, 147.   Hallelujah, Haggai, and Zechariah, 148.    Hallelujah, 149. Hallelujah, 150.   This psalm is written especially by David, outside the number of 150 psalms, about martial arts with Goliath.    Comments   List of literature used in compiling comments   List of accepted abbreviations of the books of the Old and New Testament

To the reader

The Psalter of the Holy Prophet and King David is one of the holy books of the Old Testament, in the Greek and Slavic tradition consisting of one hundred fifty-one psalms. The Greek word (“psalter”) itself means a musical instrument with 10–12 strings, and the word “psalm” (lit .: “rattling”) means a song that was accompanied by playing the psalter.

The basis of the book Psalms is composed of psalms created by King David in the XI-X centuries before Christ. Echoes of many events of his life are heard in them. The rest of the psalms were written later, at different times, by the successors of King David, “the leaders of the choirs,” who possessed a poetic and prophetic gift. The Prophet and King David, the great inspired poet, in the books of the Holy Scriptures is called a “faithful husband” (), “who wholeheartedly praised his Creator (). His psalms, as it were, set the tone for everything that follows, which is why the whole Psalter is usually called Davidova.

The Psalter was the basis of the Old Testament worship: it was read and sung in the tabernacle, and then in the Jerusalem temple. In the fifth century BC, the priest Ezra, when compiling the Old Testament canon, combined the psalms into one book, preserving their divine service division. In continuity with the Old Testament, the Psalter from the very first centuries became the most important liturgical book of the Christian Church.

In the Orthodox Church, the Psalter is heard at every morning and evening service; in a week it is read in full, and twice in a week - during Lent. The Psalter is the source of most of the morning and evening prayers, verses of the psalms formed the basis of all the consequences of public and private worship. From the first centuries of Christianity, there has also been the practice of private reading of the Psalms.

From ancient times, the Psalter attracted the very special, exclusive attention of Church teachers. This book saw a condensed repetition of all that is contained in the Bible — historical narrative, edification, prophecy. One of the main advantages of psalms was considered the complete lack of distance between the reader and the text: each prayer pronounces the words of the psalms as their own, the psalms reflect the movements of the souls of each person, they can find spiritual advice for all occasions: “Everything that is useful in all books of scripture, says the saint, contains a book of psalms. She prophesies about the future, brings to memory events, gives laws for life, offers rules for activities. In a word, the Psalter is a common spiritual treasury of good instructions, and everyone will find in it in abundance what is useful to him. She also heals the old wounds of the soul, and she gives a quick healing to the recently wounded; it reinforces the weak, protects the healthy and destroys the passions that dominate souls in human life. The psalm brings peace to the soul, produces peace, tames the stormy and rebellious thoughts. He softens the angry soul and wisely covetous. The psalm makes friendship, connects the scattered, reconciles the warring. What does the Psalter not teach you? From here you learn the greatness of courage, the rigor of justice, the honesty of chastity, the perfection of prudence, the way of repentance, the measure of patience and all of the blessings that you name. Here there is perfect theology, there is a prophecy about the coming of Christ in the flesh, there is a threat by the judgment of God. Here the hope of the Resurrection and the fear of torment are instilled. Glory is promised here, secrets are revealed. Everything is in the book of psalms, as in the great and universal treasury ”( St. Basil the Great.Conversation on the first psalm).

“The book of psalms is worthy of special attention and occupation in comparison with other books of Scripture,” writes St. Athanasius of Alexandria. - Everyone can find in it, as if in paradise, everything that is necessary and useful for him. This book clearly and in detail depicts all human life, all states of mind, all movements of the mind, and there is nothing in a person, whatever it contains in itself. Do you want to repent, confess, sorrow and temptation oppress you, do you persecute or build against you; whether despondency has taken possession of you, or restlessness, or something like that you endure; Do you strive to succeed in virtue and see that the enemy is hindering you; Would you like to praise, thank, and praise the Lord? “In the Divine Psalms you will find instruction concerning all this” ( St. Athanasius of Alexandria.Message to Marcellinus on the interpretation of the Psalms).

“... You will find innumerable blessings in the Psalter,” says St. John Chrysostom. “Have you been tempted?” “You will find the best comfort in her.” Fell into sins? “You will find countless cures.” Fell into poverty or misery? “You will see many marinas there.” If you are righteous, you will get the most reliable reinforcement from there, if the sinner is the most real comfort. If your good deeds mock you, you will learn humility there. If your sins plunge you into despair - there you will find great encouragement for yourself. If you have a royal crown on your head or are distinguished by high wisdom, the psalms will teach you to be humble. If you are rich and glorious, the Psalmist will convince you that there is nothing great on earth. If you are afflicted with sorrow, you will hear comfort. You see that some here unworthily enjoy happiness - you will learn not to envy them. Do you see that the righteous are in distress along with the sinners - you will get an explanation for this. Every word there contains an infinite sea of \u200b\u200bthoughts ”( St. John Chrysostom.Interpretation of Romans. Conversation 28).

But not only in the ability to reach the depths of each heart is the value of David's songs. They carry within themselves something even greater; they see the mystery of the divine plan for man, the mystery of the sufferings of Christ. Entire psalms were seen by the holy fathers of the Church as messianic, as prophecies about the coming Messiah. In the psalms, the full composition of the doctrine of our Lord Jesus Christ and the Holy Church is revealed to us.

* * *

According to the testimony of Rev. Nestor the Chronicler, the Psalter, as a book necessary for worship, was translated into the Slavic language in the 9th century by the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius from the Greek church text of Seventy Explanators - a translation of the Bible made from the Hebrew list at the end of the 3rd century BC. Thanks to the holy brothers, the Holy Scriptures became available to the Slavic peoples, converts Christians began to worship in their native language.

The Psalter, the prayers of which are included in every liturgical succession, immediately became the favorite reading of the Russian people, the main educational book in ancient Russia. The person who studied the Psalter was considered "bookish" - literate, able to read other books and understand the Divine service, which was the spiritual foundation of the whole system of life.

Having learned to read the Psalms, the Russian man no longer parted with it. Each family had this holy book, which was passed from father to children. The psalter accompanied the person throughout his life: it was read not only at home, but was taken with him on trips, for prayer and edification; Psalms were read over seriously ill patients; to this day, the custom, leading from the first times of Christianity, is preserved to read the Psalter for the dead. The statutes of many monasteries still prescribe the reading of the “indestructible Psalter.”

In conjunction with the Hourglass - a collection of followings for a specific time of worship - and the selected troparia and kondakas, the Psalter took the form of the Following, assigned for worship in the temple. The Psalter with the addition of patristic interpretations is called the Explanatory. It is intended for private reading and gives a guide to the correct understanding and understanding of the historically obscure and prophetic places of the sacred text.

* * *

Church Slavonic language is a precious heritage, which we traditionally received from our ancestors along with the blessed gifts of the Holy Orthodox Church. Created by saints Cyril and Methodius precisely in order to become the verbal flesh of divine thought and prayer, this powerful, figurative, majestic language is for us a sacred, never used in everyday life, for expressing everyday needs. The mysterious fellowship of every Orthodox Christian with God takes place on it.

Unfortunately, the current generation has been torn away from the centuries-old traditions of Russian culture. The Russian literary language, one of the essential factors of Russian self-consciousness, underwent a brutal reform, and the life-giving Church Slavonic that nourished it for many centuries was taken out of the framework of school education and taught only in small theological educational institutions. As a result, the hierarchy of linguistic values \u200b\u200bchanged, the integrity of the worldview that distinguished the Orthodox consciousness was violated, the blood connection between the Russian literary language and Church Slavonic was broken in the minds of many people, and we hardly listen to the language of sacred books.

Our ancestors understood the teaching of reading as the first step to knowing God. For centuries, many generations of the Russian people have mastered their native language in Church Slavonic literacy. From the earliest years, the soul of a child who has learned the basics of native speech according to the church primer or the Psalter has been able to inspire inspired verbs and tune in to the perception of divine teachings. In one of the ancient editions of the Hourly Book, the instruction to any wise reader says: “It happens that a thin childhood is trained, the decrepit old age leaves it uncomfortable: for by speeding up the matter, the custom is accepted and for a long time the character has become established, it is natural for the nature to have strength. The Orthodox are diligently observing their own offspring, but they don’t learn profanity, shameful words and vain words from infancy, even the essence is destructive ... but as in the spring of their life, the fields of the hearts are heavy with the teaching and the seeds of the word of God are sown from the teaching, they joyfully accept , if it were for the soulful classes to harvest in the year of harvest, and the fruits of abundance and the winter of old age, be honest, and to heavens sent by the granary through endless eternity, those for the sake of saturated life ... Prayer is a saying to God, God's reading to you is a demon a: You are always honored, God is talking to you, and you are always praying, you are talking with God, and your sacrifice is pleasant to Him, but you have a strong allowance in labor and in battle with the demon, for she is an unbearable wand and a sharp sword, hearts are sent from pure grief, heaven penetrates and from where the vanity does not return, but brings down the gifts of grace, a wise mind and a saving soul. ”

Created on the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, the Church Slavonic language, initially having a doctrine, designed to express theological truths, prayer movements of the soul and the subtlest shades of thought, teaches us to understand the spiritual meaning of things and events; with all of its structure and spirit, the language of our Church exalts a person, helping him to ascend from everyday life into the sphere of a higher, religious feeling.

The history of the Russian church-religious consciousness comprehending the depths of the meaning of the Old and New Testaments invariably combined two trends: the desire to fully and accurately reproduce the original sacred books and the desire to make them understandable to Russian people.

Translation work on the text of the Bible has always been an integral part of the developing church life. Already at the end of the 15th century, Russian society had at its disposal not only a Slavic translation of Greek manuscripts that reproduced the text of the Seventy Explanators, but also a translation of some books from the Latin Vulgate with non-canonical books included in it (the so-called Gennadiev edition), and printed in 1581 in Ostrog Slavic Bible synthesized the Latin tradition of the Gennady Bible with corrections made on the Greek text. In the XVIII century, the Slavic Bible was returned to its original Greek tradition: the decree of Peter I on November 14, 1712 ordered the Slavic Bible to be brought into harmony with the translation of the Seventy Explanators, and this task was practically completed in the Elizabethan era.

Later, when, due to the natural development of the Russian language, the Church Slavonic Bible ceased to be generally understood, one of the ways to clarify the Church Slavonic text was to print it in parallel with the Russian translation. The Gospel, the Great Canon of the Monk Andrei of Crete and some prayer books have already been published in this form. It is clear that the Psalter also needs this kind of publication.

A complete translation of the Bible into Russian was undertaken at the beginning of the 19th century. This work was started by the Russian Bible Society from the books of the New Testament (1818) and the Psalms (1822) and completed in 1876, when the full Russian text of the Bible was published in the synodal edition. With all the enormous and undeniable significance of this translation, which we use to date, he could not adequately facilitate the reader's understanding of biblical texts that are part of the church-official circle: firstly, the compilers of the publication focused mainly on the Hebrew text, some places do not coincide with Greek, from which Bible translators proceeded to Slavic; secondly, the translation syllable does not recreate the solemnly confidential sound of the Slavic exodus.

The most acute inadequacy of the Russian translation of the liturgical text is felt in the Psalms. Attempts to translate the Greek Psalter into Russian were made after the publication of the synodal edition by the Reverend Porfiry (Uspensky) and Professor P. Yungerov. In its style, more emotional than the synodal text, but not high enough, replete with colloquial expressions, the translation of Bishop Porphyry (1893), made from a Greek source, could not serve as an analogue of the Church Slavonic Psalter. P. Jungerov, who published the new Russian translation of the Psalms in 1915, set as his goal to bring the translation of the Greek Psalms closer to the Slavic tradition. Jungerov’s translation is interesting and valuable primarily as a textual work: the scientist revealed the Greek church manuscript tradition, which relies on the Church Slavonic Psalter, and at the same time noted some small differences between them. The translation is semantically accurate and well-commented, but in style it resembles an interlinear for scientific use: its language is heavy, languid, bloodless and does not correspond to the sublime lyrical intonation of the original.

Meanwhile, for thoughtful secret reading, especially for a person taking the first steps in studying the Church Slavonic language, a Russian literary translation is necessary, in its structure and stylistic means of expression, close to the Slavic Psalms, giving the first guidance and help for reading an inspired book in the Church Slavonic language.

The publication, which is offered to the reader’s attention, presents the “traditional” Slavic Psalter. Church Slavonic text of the Psalms, including prayers for Kathism and prayers for reading several Kafisms or the entire Psalter, is printed in full accordance with the synodal editions, while maintaining the structure and all the traditional features of the publication of liturgical texts of the Church Slavonic press. Psalms are printed with parallel translation, which is made directly from the Church Slavonic language. The translation was made by E. N. Birukova († 1987) and I. N. Birukov in 1975–1985. The initiator of this work at its initial stage was Professor B. A. Vasiliev († 1976), who provided invaluable assistance to translators with his textual consultations.

Translators sought not only to help our contemporaries penetrate the spirit and meaning of the Psalms, but also to create an equirhythmic translation that could be read freely with all the intonations inherent in the Slavic text, its images and epithets. Translators, incomprehensible images and turns, carefully deciphered in the spirit of an ancient monument, highlighting such inserts in italics. At work, the following were taken into account: the translation of P. Yungerov with his valuable footnotes; Synodal translation; translation of Bishop Porfiry (Assumption); “Explanation of the 118th Psalm” by St. Theophanes the Recluse of Vyshensky; Explanatory Psalter Euthymius Zigaben; patristic interpretations of the saints Athanasius the Great, Cyril of Jerusalem, Basil the Great, John Chrysostom, Gregory of Nyssa, Theodorite of Cyrus and other teachers of the Church, revealing in their creations both the direct, historical meaning of the text, and its symbolic and prophetic significance.

Approaching the sacred text with great reverence, but fearing prosaism and literalism, translators on rare occasions were forced to depart from the syntactic structure of the Church Slavonic Psalter and, while preserving the accuracy of the meaning, resorted to small periphrases and permutation of words according to the logic of the modern Russian language.

The translation is verified with the Greek text of Seventy Explanators T. A. Miller, she also compiled notes focused on patristic tradition, designed to show the historical context and the symbolic meaning of individual verses of the Psalms, as well as to explain images that are obscure to the modern reader.

In 1994, this translation of the Psalms was blessed for publication by His Eminence John, Metropolitan of St. Petersburg and Ladoga, who led the Liturgical Commission at the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.