When about you more tender than tender. An ideological and artistic analysis of the poem by Osip Mandelstam “Tender than tender. Return to Tarm

“Tender than Tender” Osip Mandelstam

Tender than tender
Your face
Whiter than white
Your hand
From the whole world
You're far away
And all yours
From the inevitable.

From the inevitable
Your sorrow
And fingers
Non-stop
And quiet sound
Cheerless
Speech
And distance
Your eyes.

Analysis of Mandelstam’s poem “Tender than Tender”

In the summer of 1915, Osip Mandelstam met in Koktebel with Marina Tsvetaeva. This event was a turning point in the life of the poet, since he fell in love like a boy. By that time, Tsvetaeva was already married to Sergei Efront and raised her daughter. However, this did not stop her from reciprocating.

The novel of two iconic representatives of Russian literature did not last long and was, according to Tsvetaeva's memoirs, platonic. In 1916, Mandelstam arrived in Moscow and met with the poetess. They wandered around the city for days, and Tsvetaeva introduced her friend to the sights. However, Osip Mandelstam did not look at the Kremlin and Moscow cathedrals, but at his beloved, which caused Tsvetaeva a smile and a desire to constantly make fun of the poet.

It was after one of these walks that Mandelstam wrote the poem "Tender than Tender", which he dedicated to Tsvetaeva. It is completely unlike other works of this author and is based on the repetition of cognate words that are designed to enhance the effect of the general impression and most fully emphasize the merits of the one that was honored to be sung in verse. “Your face is more tender than a tender one” - this is the first stroke to the poetic portrait of Marina Tsvetaeva, which, as the poetess later admitted, did not quite correspond to reality. However, later Mandelstam reveals the character traits of his chosen one, telling that she is completely unlike other women. The author, turning to Tsvetaeva, notes that "you are far from the whole world, and all yours are from the inevitable."

This phrase was very prophetic. The first part of it hints that at that time Marina Tsvetaeva ranked herself among the futurists, so her poems really were very far from reality. She often mentally rushed to the future and played out a variety of scenes from her own life. For example, during this period, she wrote a poem, which ended with a line that later became a reality - "My poems, like precious wines, will come their turn."

As for the second part of the phrase in Osip Mandelstam’s poem “Tender than Tender”, the author seemed to have looked into the future and made clear belief that the fate of Tsvetaeva is already predetermined, and it is impossible to change it. Developing this idea, the poet notes that “from the inevitable is your sadness” and “the quiet sound of cheerful words.” These lines can be interpreted in different ways. However, it is known that Marina Tsvetaeva very painfully experienced the death of her mother. Plus, in 1916, she broke up with her best friend Sophia Parnok, to whom she had very tender and not only friendly feelings. The return to her husband coincided in time with the arrival of Osip Mandelstam in Moscow, who found Tsvetaeva in a state close to depression. True, behind a touch of feelings and words, the poet was able to discern something more. He seemed to be reading a book of life by Marina Tsvetaeva, in which he saw a lot of frightening and inevitable. Moreover, Mandelstam realized that the poetess herself guesses what is destined for her by fate, and takes it for granted. This knowledge does not overshadow the "distance" of the poetess, who continues to write poetry and stay in her own world full of dreams and fantasies.

Tsvetaeva later recalled that her relationship with Mandelstam was like a novel by two poets who constantly argue, admire each other, compare their works, curse and reconcile. However, this poetic idyll did not last long, about six months. After that, Tsvetaeva and Mandelstam began to meet much less often, and soon the poetess left Russia altogether and, being in exile, found out about the arrest and death of the poet, who wrote an epigram to Stalin and had the misfortune to read it publicly, that the poet Boris Parsnip equated to suicide.

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In the summer of 1915 Osip Mandelstam met in Koktebel with Marina Tsvetaeva. This event was a turning point in the life of the poet, since he fell in love like a boy. By that time, Tsvetaeva was already married to Sergei Efront and raised her daughter. However, this did not stop her from reciprocating.

The novel of two iconic representatives of Russian literature did not last long and was, according to Tsvetaeva's memoirs, platonic. In 1916 he came to Moscow and met with the poetess. They wandered around the city for days, and Tsvetaeva introduced her friend to the sights. However, Osip Mandelstam did not look at the Kremlin and Moscow cathedrals, but at his beloved, which caused Tsvetaeva a smile and a desire to constantly make fun of the poet.

It was after one of these walks that Mandelstam wrote a poem that he dedicated to Tsvetaeva. It is completely unlike other works of this author and is based on the repetition of cognate words that are designed to enhance the effect of the general impression and most fully emphasize the merits of the one that was honored to be sung in verse. “Your face is more tender than a tender one” - this is the first stroke to the poetic portrait of Marina Tsvetaeva, which, as the poetess later admitted, did not quite correspond to reality. However, later Mandelstam reveals the character traits of his chosen one, telling that she is completely unlike other women. The author, turning to Tsvetaeva, notes that “you are far from the whole world, and all yours are from the inevitable.”

This phrase was very prophetic. The first part of it alludes to the fact that at that time he ranked himself among the futurists, so her poems really were very far from reality. She often mentally rushed to the future and played out a variety of scenes from her own life. For example, during this period, she wrote a poem, which ended with a line that later became a reality - "My poems, like precious wines, will come their turn."

Regarding the second part of the phrase in the poem of Osip Mandelstam "Tender than tender", then the author seemed to look into the future and made a clear conviction from there that Tsvetayeva’s fate was already predetermined, and it was impossible to change it. Developing this idea, the poet notes that “from the inevitable is your sadness” and “the quiet sound of cheerful words.” These lines can be interpreted in different ways. However, it is known that Marina Tsvetaeva very painfully experienced the death of her mother. Plus, in 1916, she broke up with her best friend Sophia Parnok, to whom she had very tender and not only friendly feelings. The return to her husband coincided in time with the arrival of Osip Mandelstam in Moscow, who found Tsvetaeva in a state close to depression. True, behind a touch of feelings and words, the poet was able to discern something more. It was as if he had read the book of the life of Marina Tsvetaeva, in which he saw a lot of frightening and inevitable. Moreover, Mandelstam realized that the poetess herself guesses what is destined for her by fate, and takes it for granted. This knowledge does not overshadow the "distance" of the poetess, who continues to write poetry and stay in her own world full of dreams and fantasies.

Tsvetaeva later recalled that her relationship with Mandelstam was like a novel by two poets who constantly argue, admire each other, compare their works, curse and reconcile. However, this poetic idyll did not last long, about six months. After that, Tsvetaeva and Mandelstam began to meet much less often, and soon the poetess left Russia altogether and, being in exile, found out about the arrest and death of the poet, who wrote an epigram on Stalin and had the misfortune to read it publicly, that the poet

"The Night is Tender" (a brief summary will be given in this article) is a work on which Fitzgerald began work in 1925. Moreover, the main concept and name have changed repeatedly.

We have reached the manuscripts of the first few chapters of the novel, in which the protagonist by the name of Francis Melarki travels around Europe with his mother. They meet rich compatriots. Melarki is under their negative influence and decides to kill his mother.

In 1929, Fitzgerald began creating the second version of the novel. At this point, Rosemary Hoyt appeared, also with her mother. This time on an ocean liner they meet the popular Hollywood director Kelly and his wife Nicole. Only two chapters have survived from this version of the novel.

The third option arose in 1932. This time, the writer began by developing a detailed plan of the work, outlining the age and psychological characteristics of the characters, and describing the motives that led to Nicole's mental disorder. He graduated from the novel in 1933. Then the book appeared its final title.

Critic reviews

Reviews of the book "The Night is Tender" received the most controversial. Many critics accused the author of violating logical and chronological sequences. Therefore, in 1938, the author himself volunteered to revise the text of the novel. But I could not bring this work to the end.

Researchers have a copy of the book with the author’s notes in pencil. Focusing on them, the novel was revised by Fitzgerald's friend, the famous literary critic Malcolm Cowley. A new version was published in 1951.

The novel "The Night is Tender" (summary)

The action of this work takes place in 1925. In the center of the story is a young Hollywood actress Rosemary Hoyt. She has already managed to earn fame thanks to her role in the film "Daddy's Daughter."

With her mother she is on the Cote d'Azur. True, until the season has come, so only a few hotels are open, and on the beaches it is deserted. Heroes are met by two companies of compatriots. Rosemary calls some “dark-skinned”, and the second “white-skinned."

The first are more sympathetic to the girl. They are beautiful, tanned and relaxed. At the same time, it is emphasized polite and tactful. She gladly joins them, almost immediately falls in love with Dick Diver. Dick has a wife, Nicole. They themselves are local. All the rest are their guests who came from America.

"The Night is Tender" (a brief summary we are considering) is a work that describes how Rosemary was fascinated by their beauty and ability to live merrily. They constantly arranged innocent pranks and fun. A particularly powerful force came from Dick Diver. It seemed that he makes people obey himself with the help of his charm.

The first love

Fitzgerald in The Night is Tender, a summary of which is given in this article, especially notes that Rosemary is only 17 years old. This is her first truly great hobby for a man. In the evenings, she cries on her mother’s chest, telling how she is in love with him. She can not encroach on his happy family life, because her wife Nicole also sympathizes with her.

After some time, divers call her to go with them to Paris, to spend the guests. On the evening before departure, Dick organizes a farewell dinner. In the evening, everyone is fascinated, but everything ends unexpectedly. A duel.

One of the "fair-skinned" who were also invited to dinner, Mrs. Makkisko, saw something inappropriate in the house. She was advised not to discuss this in the villa, but it all ends with a duel between Mr. Makkisko and Tommy. Both remain alive.

Travel to Paris

The heroes of the novel are written so carefully that literally from the first pages the reader captures the novel "The Night is Tender." A chapter summary describes the heroes' trip to Paris.

Rosemary and Nicole go shopping. A young actress learns how an experienced and wealthy woman spends money. Meanwhile, Rosemary is more and more interested in Dick every day. It is becoming increasingly difficult for him to remain an adult and a serious person. He involuntarily succumbs to the spell of a young and attractive girl.

Meanwhile, one of Abe North's guests is starting to drink. He does not fly away to America, but instead provokes a conflict in one of the bars between American and Parisian blacks. Dick has to solve these problems. It all ends up with a corpse in Rosemary's room.

With great difficulty, Dick manages to arrange everything so that her name remains unsullied. They managed to hush up the case, and also do without reporters. But one has to leave hastily from Paris.

Clinic Domler

In a brief summary of the book "The Night is Tender" (a summary of this work is often asked to write to students), the fate of the doctor of medicine, Richard Diver, is described. In 1917 he returned from the army and set off to complete his education in Zurich. He expects to earn a degree. Prior to that, in Vienna, he had an internship with Sigmund Freud himself, now he worked on the book “Psychology for a Psychiatrist”.

Meanwhile, Dr. Domler’s clinic has been treating the daughter of an American millionaire named Nicole for three years. She lost her mind when at 16 she became the lover of her own father. Her cure program includes correspondence with the Diver. The sloppy content of Fitzgerald’s novel "The Night is Tender" describes that during this time her state of mind has improved significantly. They are going to write her out. At this time, Nicole falls in love with the diver. Richard himself is struggling with controversy. On the one hand, he understands that this feeling was provoked by healing goals. At the same time, he himself, knowing her identity as nobody else, realizes that it will be almost impossible to take away this feeling. Otherwise, emptiness will remain in her soul.

In addition, Nicole is a beautiful girl who attracts him. Contrary to logic, reasoning and the advice of colleagues, Dick marries Nicole. At the same time, he understands that relapses of the disease are most likely inevitable. But I’m ready to help her deal with this.

His condition seems to him a bigger problem. After all, he does not marry money, as many people think, but solely for love.

In the novel "The Night is Tender" by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, a brief summary confirms this, Dick pretends to be a convinced homebody to prevent possible relapses. For 6 years of marriage, they do not part for almost a day.

One of the protracted relapses occurs when their second child is born. During this time, he manages to form the personality of "Nicole healthy", which turns out to be a bright and strong woman. At the same time, he begins to think that she is using her illness to have power over people around her.

Family life

In Fitzgerald's The Tender Night, a brief summary of which we are considering, attention is also paid to how Dick tries to maintain financial independence in marriage. But this is not easy at all. At this time, Dick himself is torn from his ambivalent position - both husband and doctor. He is not always able to keep the distance necessary in these cases.

All this makes him aware of the appearance in the life of Rosemary.

Christmas in the Swiss Alps

A summary of Fitzgerald’s “Tender Night” describes the 1926 Christmas Day that Divers spend in the Swiss Alps. Franz Gregorovius visits them there. The latter suggests that Dick jointly buy a clinic so that Dick begins to receive patients there and receive materials for new books on psychology and psychiatry. Gregorivius himself promises to take on all the clinical work.

He turns to Dick so that he, first of all, helps him financially. Indeed, to open a clinic, starting capital is needed.

Baby convinces Dick to agree, since he sincerely considers this company profitable. In addition, she expects that being in the clinic will benefit Nicole's health.

Relapse on Lake Zug

We continue to consider the summary. "The night is tender," the paraphrases of the account describe this in detail, and it tells of another serious relapse that happened after a year and a half of relatively calm and measured life on Lake Tsugskoye. Nicole sets up a scene of jealousy, and then, beginning to laugh wildly, almost sends the car downhill.

And at this time in the cabin is not only her and Dick, but also their children. Tired of living from fit to fit, Dick leaves for Berlin to attend a congress of psychiatrists. He leaves Nicole in the care of Franz. The hero himself wants to take a break from his too restless wife.

In Berlin, he receives a telegram about the death of his father. Therefore, he is forced to go to the USA for a funeral. Returning back, Dick succumbs to temptation and calls in Rome. He hopes to meet Rosemary. In Italy, she starred in the next film.

Meeting with Rosemary

They manage to meet in Italy. Both feel that the relationship that arose in Paris has now continued. Between them, true love flashes. But she is no longer able to save Dick. He is sure that he is not capable of sincerely loving, but only brings people misfortunes.

Therefore, he resolutely breaks up with Rosemary and gets drunk. He is beaten and taken to a police station. From there he was taken by Baby, who was in Rome.

Dick is seriously starting to abuse alcohol. He is less and less able to understand and forgive others. He is hardly even offended by the readiness with which Franz decides to leave his common cause. Dick leaves the clinic. After all, his condition, when he is often drunk at work, does not benefit the clinic's reputation.

New for Nicole is the fact that she can no longer shift her problems to her husband. She has to answer for her actions herself. When this happens, the husband becomes disgusted with her. It serves as a living reminder of the years of her darkness. A crisis is brewing in their relations; in fact, they are becoming strangers to each other.

Return to Tarm

Arriving in Tarm, Divers meet Tommy Barbana. He has been to several wars and has changed a lot. With new eyes Nicole looks at him. She remembers that he always loved her.

At this time, Rosemary comes to the Cote d'Azur. A brief summary of The Tender Night, an analysis of which allows us to understand the contradictory nature of human feelings, tells how a Hollywood actress quickly recalls her first meeting with Dick, which took place about five years ago.

Nicole begins to be jealous of her husband and at the same time sees how he has aged and changed. Everything around her has also changed. Tarm has become a fashionable resort where there are many vacationers all year round. The deserted beach, which Dick used to clear with a rake, is now filled with vacationers. And their old friend Mary North, who by this time had become Countess Mingetti, refuses to recognize them. Dick leaves the beach like a king who has lost his kingdom.

In the finale of the novel, Nicole celebrates his recovery, becoming Tommy Barbana's mistress. Soon she marries him. Dick is leaving for America. He begins to receive patients in small cities, but nowhere does he linger for a long time.

What life does an empty circle shine for us?
Dreams? Suffering? All for nothing!
You play in the box, who will notice
That life has passed and you are not?

Recently, my teacher, Professor M., has been repeating more and more often that human life is like a vicious circle, the meaning of which we begin to understand only closer to old age, and the meaning is that this circle is narrow and banal. Banal - this is the main thing that M. draws his attention to. He repeats time after time that the billions of people on the planet lived their lives thinking the same way, striving equally for the same values \u200b\u200band ending their journey the same way. Everything around is just repetitions, while each of us is firmly convinced of our uniqueness. And almost all the causes and consequences of human relationships are clear and understandable in advance ... Realizing this, the sadder it is to read Fitzgerald’s novel “The Night is Tender”.
In the enormous wealth of world literature, few novels can boast that the author - one of the heroes of all novels - does not instill his ideas for us, while the creation becomes not a fresh work, but almost a century novel. I have the right to consider Francis Scott Fitzgerald to be the master of such a novel, because two of his works have firmly taken their place in classical literature of all time. I am talking about the novels “The Night is Tender” and “The Great Gestby” - they are called the only adult novels by Francis Scott, adults in content. The life of the protagonist of the novel "The Night is Tender" by Dick Diver abounds in numerous episodes, each act on his way receives its local assessment from the author, but the whole picture does not radiate a clear and understandable idea. Obviously, the theme of the novel will be the rise of Dick, his exit to the peak of vitality, fame, prospects promise much more, but there is a fall down, a kind of slope from the mountain, a descent into nothing from which it is impossible to recover. The context of the novel is its enormous autobiography, which on the one hand blinds one’s own merits, and on the other reveals the essence of the plan, the basis of things.

Who is Mr. Diver?
Among the huge number of people there are sometimes lucky units who, through their labor and personal qualities, make the villain-fate take pity on them and separate them from the crowd, giving them a chance to develop their plans. Dick Diver's plans were, neither more nor less, to become the best psychiatrist on planet Earth. All that was necessary for him was: talent, luck, human charm, which opened many doors in his life, as well as a rich wife, whose capital could become the basis for a quiet work on books. From the very beginning of his life, he went only uphill. Is it a joke: the priest’s son received a special Rhodes scholarship and studied at Oxford, during the war he managed not to go to his bones on the fields of Flanders, but, being a "too rich investment", settled in Switzerland, where, living on an officer’s salary, he studied psychology textbooks and released several works and early received a doctorate. All the doors of the world were ready to open before his smile and knowledge ... As the author writes, "The above sounds like the beginning of a biography, but without an encouraging hint that the hero will have a difficult and fascinating fate and that he already hears her call, as General Grant heard sitting in a petty shop in Galen. So it’s better not to torment the reader: the time of Dick Diver has arrived. " The turning point was his meeting with his future wife, beauty and rich, but at the same time mentally ill Nicole.
An ordinary person always thinks about himself a lot, he studies himself, his abilities, fantasizes his future glory and special destiny, observes every little thing in his relations, lives with himself for years and does not see himself, while he needs to get to know someone then, he can make up the characterization of this person for the day of acquaintance, and, strangely enough, but in most cases, the altitude of a particular person can be guessed in two or three episodes. But it is in life. In any case, the novel is only a timid reflection of it, so guessing what kind of bird Dick Diver is is somewhat more difficult. The first and very important thing we know about him is that he is a person with an intellectual inclination, whether it is a joke - a doctor of psychology. The problem with the book is that we don’t see Dick at the very beginning of the journey, there are only a few rare characteristics: “At the beginning of 1917, when coal became very tight, Dick put all his textbooks into fuel - he had a hundred of them; but any once, putting the next volume in the stove, he did it with a cheerful frenzy, as if he knew to himself that the essence of the book had entered his flesh and blood, that he could retell its contents in five years ... " It is in these words that we can notice something completely not associating with Dick - “lucky” from the Riviera beach, who takes his charm left and right, makes him admire his ability to keep himself, but not his labors, not his talent for thought.
“... - Are you a scientist?
- I am a doctor.
- Yah? “She shone all ...”
And when did he shine? It is only said that there was a time when everything worked out for him, but after all, such a time happens with each of us. It was at this time that he imagined himself to be a kind of hero who can do everything, to this moment his phrase refers to Franz: “My intention is one, Franz: to become a good psychiatrist, and not just good, but the best of the best.” I can’t note that he had opportunities, since he started quite well, as I wrote above, but it was after this time that everything slowly began to break down in his life, while the changes were imperceptible. Very well, suddenly, a desire of a man of his age appeared in Dick: “The process of opening up the whole world of youth into it already began in him ... and he wanted to be kind, sensitive, courageous and smart, which is not very easy. And also to be loved if this does not interfere. " And love came into his life, and she crept in unnoticed, at first like a game, but once she showed him all the trump cards and Dick could not resist. A thirty-year-old man decides to marry for love, is this strange? It would be strange if he fled from her, but now the dream has become eternal, not to go beyond the usual, another thing: could this ask him a new - falling vector of development? Or put the question in another way: did the “quality” of the wife affect his career as a doctor?

Who is Nicole Diver (Warren)?
Judging by the descriptions of her actions, behavior and decisions, Nicole was a rather enterprising young lady who was completely alien to everything human and female. Her beauty was long-lasting, her financial situation was stable, her intellect was quite at the level, because we do not expect knowledge of the textbook “Atomic Physics” from a beautiful woman. Everything would have been fine, but incest in her youth had broken her, she became insane and this was expressed primarily in attacks of insanity, inadequate fun, turning into anger and a feeling that everyone wants to humiliate, crush and torment her. Nicole fell in love with Dick, for whom from the very beginning it was only a special case in practice, but not to say that he really resisted her charms, which were childish, naive, dreamy. Just met two beautiful and charming people, one of whom fell in love with the other, and the other, whom Dick was, was crushed by the desire of love, bewitched, and, in the end, realized that becoming a husband of a beautiful millionaire is quite for him. That is what probably became his slack, a crack for which he was not ready.
“I can only wish you one child,” says the Black Wand fairy in
Thackeray’s “Rose and the Ring” is a little unhappiness. ”Dick’s misfortunes were rare, so rare that Dick couldn’t oppose anything to the first more or less serious one. Dr. Diver’s life cracked as a result of mental irritation, but this became an irritant Nicole: However, there’s another question who Dick Diver loved - a beautiful patient who should be babysitting or a healthy millionaire, because Nicole fully recovers at the end of the novel, while Dick “falls ill.” At the end of the book, he no longer has feelings for Nicole, but you get rid of her tiredly and tiredly, shoving Tommy Barban. The behavior of Nicole, who has recovered, is completely clear - she wants to move forward, and not live with a person who is going downhill. Should she have helped Dick regain herself, as he helped her once, devoting the best years? This is where the moral difference lies .. Dick devoted himself to his beloved being, helped her to her feet, but was tired of all this, the crack that was imperceptible at the beginning of the marriage became huge after years, she broke the main character. Now Dick needed a nurse - a support that he did not find, because Nicole hid behind selfish, stupid looks and pulled away as quickly as possible from all the bad things in Dick. She immediately left him as soon as she realized that all the good things he could give her had run out. But can we consider her decision not normal? In my opinion, 99 out of 100 people would do that. Her upbringing, when the whole world rushed at her feet, was for Nicole only a help. Nicole was tired of going under the direction of Dick, healthy, she could go alone and she went. The marriage of two people was not so strong, but this happens quite often.

Family and career?
Family life usually brings more side worries, so there is less space left for the creative process. Naked professionalism, a desire to survive, provide for a family and be happy are already included here. The problem was that “surviving and providing” was by no means a question for Dick, because Nicole was so rich, so from the administrator of Bar-sur-Ob he turned into the administrator of his clinic near the Swiss Lakes. He never stood out for anything else, for his entire family life, without having written what he had planned - “Psychologies for Psychiatrists”, and yet this work was to become only an initial aid to many works. In the Riviera, we see Dick Diver a life-burner - that's what he has become. Is he to blame for this, or has the environment made him become so? Yes and no. By marrying Nicole, he did not focus on her millions, while marrying, he voluntarily took all her weaknesses and habits. Where is she going there and he. He became a caregiver for Warren’s daughter. Loving, hoping, ringing with charm, he was still young and fresh, nothing playful and arrogant, predatory was not an obstacle for him - he entered the world of wealth and money, but did not become a bulwark of decency and prudence in him. After all, remember: whom does Rosemary meet on the beach? A clown in a jockey hat who entertains his friends. He had fun, drank a little, looked after Nicole, helped her, he had two children, but his work was messy. However, he still remained on the crest of the wave. He was still admired, but Rosemary appears on the horizon, who, like Nicole, falls in love with him in a childish way, and all his prosperous life, with a look of happiness, suddenly doesn’t need to become for several hours. A few hours and a crack in Dick shows himself for the first time. For the first time he realizes that something is not the way he wants. Adultery does not occur, but Nicole ceases to be what he needs. She begins to become a burden, which he still loves, but which does not give him happiness. Career still looms in front of Dick, but he stopped growing, the train of life begins to move, and he does not have time for it.

When does everything begin to crumble?
Rosmery became for Dick a moment of truth, his whole life was at stake, he was almost saved. ... Although “almost” of course is clearly not enough to suddenly radically change his life. The Warren actually bought Dick, he resisted this fact, but he could hardly run away from him, he subconsciously realized that he was used to a fashionable life, and when he refused Rosemary, he understood this completely. In fact, he refused everything that the author refers to "a tribute that Dick Diver paid to the unforgettable, unredeemed, unperished". It was here that his so-called mental inferiority, which was the flip side of his integrity, probably manifested itself. He never crossed the line beyond which stupidity and emotions began, and it was hard to do it when you see Rosemary flying through life like a motley butterfly, and it comes to him hard and not to face. A crack appeared and began to disperse. The torment of the train is some kind of outrageous talk, attempts to forget everything and a new meeting. All this is already an irrevocable dive into the abyss. From this moment on, the vector of Dick's development imperceptibly, but steadily falling, suddenly plummeted down. And the first echo of the dangerous line was a conversation with Baby Warren in the Swiss Alps. When it came to acquiring a clinic, she actually decided for him for the first time, for the first time he agreed with her, maybe he wanted to argue, but he couldn't, he already fully recognized his role in himself. “Hundreds and hundreds of years will have to pass before such Amazons learn, not just in words, to understand that only in their pride is a person truly vulnerable; but if touched upon in him, he becomes like Humpty Dumpty. ” From the moment Baby Warren points Dick to his place, everything begins to crumble completely. First of all, this is expressed in the line that appeared in Dick - grumbling at the French, the British, at all around, intolerance to the imperfection of this world. It was as if only at 38 years old he understood that the world consists of injustice, money gain, he learned that he must yield to the villains in order not to get into even greater trouble. He took too few failures earlier, and when he faced the first serious series of defeats, he threw out a white flag. Dick finally finished off his vacation, when, having escaped from the world of his hospital, in order to rest, first of all, from worries about Nicole, he meets Rosemary, learns about the death of his father and gets into a drunken brawl. Vacation as if breaking a pink veil from the eyes. Further, he himself understands that a collapse has come in his life.

Has the diver ever thought to be the best psychiatrist?
Returning to his phrase that he wanted to become the best of the best, it is worth noting that he hardly thought in the same vein all his life. At the start, he was more surprised at his luck, as he was surprised that the scholarship was given to him, and not to Pete Livingston. But everything went into the hands of the "lucky" and he thought that it was a sin not to use it. Then he began to think that everything would forever go, as if he had enchanted luck. But after all, she is a completely non-empirical thing, as a doctor he should have understood it. Dick, like most of his life, was sitting by the sea and waiting for the weather, the right weather came to him and he used it, and the fact that she came too often played a cruel joke with him. Already in the clinic, he does not look like a careerist. He respects himself, laughs at other doctors, but completely forgets at the same time that he has to do something great in his life.

Could Dick escape the collapse or survive it?
This question is probably the main one in the novel. The author does not give a definite answer. I would venture to suggest that his collapse was inevitable, since he was the everyday life of billions of people before him. The path of Dick, if it differs from the path of any other man, is only in the details. These are all the same hopes of youth, a good start and a bad end. Trite, gentlemen! Even a nurse would not have saved Dick, because Abe North had not saved his wife Mary, an example of a quiet assistant, and Abe is almost like Dick. All the same hopes, start and end - death in a drunken brawl. The only difference between Abe and Dick is that Abe broke earlier, almost immediately after the war, and Dick only after he felt a weakness in himself, expressed in aging, rethinking life and impairment of pride. In general, the collapse of both was debunked romanticism, which turned into Dick's disappointment and Abe's sarcasm, and found the same atonement in alcohol. All of us, it seems to me, are going to meet this disappointment, seemingly ready for it, we will still be crushed by it. Women, this phrase does not apply. Dick could not escape the crash - sooner or later it would overtake him. Not at 38, certainly until 48 years old. It is all the more interesting to study the author’s description of the person before and after the collapse in order to compare the two hypostases of one person and find patterns of expression of a fallen person. First of all, this is observed in the fact that a person holding afloat gives off a positive outlook on things, i.e. even in a negative situation, he finds a compromise or a point of contact with other people. He acts within the framework of the social movement, not trying to stand against him, while he knows his place in it and clearly oppresses his line. A forward-going personality is confident in itself, its path, and its self-confidence is transmitted to others, so that they believe in it - this personality. But if we make a mistake that hides around every corner, and another follows after it, and then an avalanche of setbacks falls, and not getting up off our knees - it's easier to hide from everyone - and this is also a defensive reaction leading to renewal and rethinking, and in later and getting up from his knees. Such is the circle of life, banal and narrow. Dick Diver failed, but who is he, if not a statistical case of a fall, and how many of us managed to avoid disappointments? We are all children over the precipice in the rye. Let's run and hide, break down, but does not the cross become great, do not achieve our goal in life? After all, the goals of life are so changeable, at first it was a career, then a family. Then what? Of course, the world of people is not perfect and many personalities fill it with their eyes on it, and each creature conflicts with others. You can fail in one company, but gain respect in another. Saying that wealth or a terrible world ruined a diver is stupid. He crushed himself. Tired of living? Maybe. There are many factors that have broken Dick, but I think the main thing is the debunking of a romantic world view. Although in the context of "Night ..." only this look moves art and science forward. As soon as we become stiff, it seems like bad taste to try to idealize or improve something.

And I'm already with you. How sweet the night is!
................................
   But it’s dark here, and only stars are rays
   Through the darkness of foliage, like a sigh of marshmallows timid,
   Here and there, they glide along the mossy trail.
   J. Keats. Ode to the Nightingale

The poem “Tender than Tender” was written by Mandelstam in 1909. It was included in the collection “Stone”. The young poet is only 18 years old. At this time, he studies at the Sorbonne, is in St. Petersburg in the "Tower" of Vyacheslav Ivanov.

There is information on the Internet that the poem is dedicated to Marina Tsvetaeva. This opinion is erroneous. Mandelstam and Tsvetaeva saw each other for the first time at Voloshin in Koktebel in 1915. Only in 1916 did Mandelstam and Tsvetaeva meet in Petersburg. Then Mandelstam came to Moscow several times to see Tsvetaeva. She called their relationship platonic. After one of the walks with Tsvetaeva in Moscow, Mandelstam allegedly wrote the poem "Tender than Tender."

It is tempting to see in this poem a portrait of Tsvetaeva and the prophetic path of her poetry, but the poems were written before the poets met.

Literary direction and genre

In 1909, the acmeist program (1912) was not yet announced, but the poem is already consonant with acmeist ideas, although it was written under the influence of evenings in the “Tower” of the symbolist Vyacheslav Ivanov. The images of the poem are concrete and material, the words are carefully selected and accurate. The poem "Tender than the Tender" is not at all studentish. About the genre, the poem is a declaration of love, love lyrics.

Theme, main idea and composition

The theme of the poem is admiration for the lover's appearance and inner world. The main idea is the exclusivity of the chosen woman. The subtext is the youthful confidence of the lyrical hero in his own exceptionalism and, hence, the ability to see the individuality, selectivity, inevitable loneliness of another person, woman.

The poem consists of eight and nine hundred. In the first stanza, certain details of the lover's appearance, her remoteness "from the whole world" find the reason - "from the inevitable." The second stanza begins with the same phrase that ends with the first. She rethought the details of her lover's appearance, which are filled with her soul.

Trails and images

The main paths in the poem are epithets that describe the face, hands, fingers, voice, eyes of a lover. Mandelstam uses tautology as an artistic device, repeating the same roots in the phrases of the adjective and noun: more tender than whiter than white. Thus, a superlative degree of quality is even brighter than when using a superlative degree of adjective: not just the most tender, but more gentle than the most tender.

Repetition of the pronoun your all the time the reader returns to the personality of his beloved. Communal constructions with a prefix not repeated thrice. Word gentle, repeated twice in the first line and as if setting the tone for the whole poem, also begins with not, although this is part of the word root. This creates a general denial, the separation of the beloved from a number of other personalities.

In the center of the poem is twice repeated "from the inevitable." The substance leaves a mystery, not indicating the subject of the inevitable. In the second stanza, Mandelstam uses metaphorical epithets, from which the images acquire depth and ambiguity: non-chilling fingers, cheerful speech. Metaphor distance of eyes again returns to the emotional alienation of the heroine declared in the first stanza.

Size and Rhyme

The poem "Tender than Tender" is unusual in terms of form. If you turn the stanzas into quatrains, you get a five-foot iambic with pyrrhic and internal rhymes, which in the last line becomes four-foot. Then only two middle lines in each stanza will rhyme, with one rhyme being male, and the second dactylistic. The rest of the lines will be rhymed. It will turn out a semi-caliber.

But Mandelstam divided each line into two parts. Thus, the poem became divergent, with two- and three-syllable lines alternating randomly. Four three-syllable lines of 16 consist of one independent word, that is, they have one stress. Such a leaping rhythm of the poem perfectly conveys the confused breath of a young man confessing his love, and this is difficult to do smoothly. In the end, the lyrical hero generally pauses, suffocates, shortening the lines.

Even more complex is the rhyming system of the poem. Each line rhymes, but randomly. In the first stanza, the central 4 lines rhyme with a cross rhyme, and the extreme - ring. That is, the rhyme is symmetrical with respect to the center of the stanza. In the second stanza, the symmetry disappears, the rhyme scheme: А‘бвГ‘вГ‘дбд. The cross rhyme of the central part of the stanza remains. But the first line of the second stanza generally rhymes with the first and last first stanzas.

The lack of orderliness and symmetry, the repeated repetition of words, sounds and rhymes - a feature of the complex formal organization of the poem, corresponding to the difficult expression of the feelings of a lover.

“Notre Dame,” analysis of Mandelstam’s poem
Leningrad, analysis of Mandelstam's poem