Construction educational program: we study the basic concepts - the end of the building is the side facade. Installing the pliers frame straps

Page 2

The end wall is made of a frame, external metal (4) and internal wooden (5) cladding, framed on the floor with a corner (6), and in the corners - with a corner (8).

The frame consists of two corner posts (2) and two intermediate posts (3), connected by an upper strapping (1). The outer metal (4) sheathing is made of corrugated sheets with a thickness of 3 mm at the bottom and 2.5 mm at the top, and the inner one (5) is made of moisture-resistant plywood with a thickness of 10 mm. Corner posts (2) are made of a bent corner 80x60x6 mm, intermediate posts (3) are made of U-shaped elements 230x135x6 mm, and the upper strapping (1) is made of a special profile 6 mm thick. The bottom rail of the wall is the end beam (7) of the frame.

The roof of the body is all-welded with four loading hatches (6) with a diameter of 400 mm and two typical furnace cuts (4).

The roof is attached to the side and end walls of the body with rivets with a diameter of 10 mm and can be removed from the body during repairs. Stove sections are provided for the installation of heating stove pipes in case of human traffic. On the roof to the loading hatches (6) and furnace sections (4) you can climb the end ladder and scaffold (5). The roof has metal carcass, sheathed on the outside with corrugated sheets (3) 1.5 mm thick, and two transoms (11), with which the roof is attached to the end walls. The transoms are made of metal sheets 2 mm thick, embossed for stiffness and wood fiber filing. The roof frame is formed by a set of arches (1), longitudinal elements (2) located in the middle part, and two lateral longitudinal straps. The arches (1) are made of bent channels 60x50x3 mm, the middle longitudinal elements (2) are made of a bent corner 32x32x3 mm, and the side straps are made of two corners 56x56x5 mm. Sheets outer cladding welded to the arches, longitudinal members and the upper rail of the side walls. The sheets and roofs are overlapped between themselves and for greater rigidity are made with transverse corrugations 22 mm high. From the inside (Fig. 3 a) the roof is hemmed moisture resistant plywood 4 mm thick in two layers, which adheres tightly to the roofing sheets from below, forming a ceiling. The plywood is attached to the sheathing with a corner (9) and brackets (10). Previously, the binder (8) was attached to wooden blocks(7) with an air gap, which led to frequent damage to the filing (Fig. 5 b).

The hatch covers (4) of the roof are attached to the sheet (6) with two hinges (5) and, in the closed position, are fixed with special locks (1) that open from the inside of the car. The covers (2) of the furnace grooves installed on the hatch covers (4) are held in the closed position by screws (3).

Table 1. Characteristics of materials

Name	Material
	Low-alloy steel 09G2D
Side walls	Outer sheathing - low-alloy steel 09G2D	bottom 3 mm top 2.5 mm
End walls	inner lining - moisture resistant plywood	bottom 3 mm top 2.5 mm
	Outer sheathing - low-alloy steel 10KhNDP inner lining - moisture resistant plywood
	metal sheets
	metal sheets
Side hatch covers	Stamped Steel Sheets

Good afternoon! I will describe the essence of the problem that arose in my two-room apartment. Location: Vologodskaya Oblast, 4 km. from Vologda.

The house is two-storey, brick, end-face apartment on the 2nd floor, year of construction - 1985. The walls are brick, the floors are wooden, the roof is slate. The bearing walls are made of stone and brick.

Looking at the attached floor plan, you can see the arrangement of the rooms: the rooms are arranged symmetrically. The end wall is quite large in area.

What problems have I faced during these 7 years of living in an apartment:

1. It is cold in the room, everything seems to be cold in winter: the floor, the end wall.

2. Despite the fact that there is always a feeling of skvznyak, that is, "like everything is ventilated", I realized that there is a problem with ventilation.

3. Recently, after 7 years after living, the "construction" was torn off, which former owners to insulate this very outer wall... The entire wall was literally soaked in moisture, mold was streaking. It is clear that people did not know what they were doing and they insulated themselves as best they could. In winter, despite such a cake, this "construction" was cold as from a freezer cabinet. Now the wall is dry, the mold has been removed with a mechanical brush. The problem wall has not yet been treated with anything.

4. Another problem is heating, which residents have been trying to deal with for many years, but no one understands what is happening. In the end apartments, the air will not warm up in winter even up to 18 degrees Celsius (measurements were taken, the radiators are cold). Neighbors who have apartments in the middle say that someone is warm, and who also have a freezer. As far as I understand, our house is located very far from the boiler house, the heating main is full of holes and there is a lot of heat loss. And in the system itself, there is something tricky with the extreme heating pipes.

Note: I will also add that there are a lot of window openings: 2 balconies, on one loggia there is a window opening to the entrance, plus a window in the bathroom. In general, the aquarium is almost. It also affects, I think, comfort and temperature.

The question is simple - what to do with the end wall? How to insulate it? I am very afraid to build any structures for insulation from the inside - I am afraid of a repetition of this problem with walls that are wet and black from mold. In general, how to do everything right so that the wall is not cold, it is warm, and the room is dry?

I will write a few more points that I definitely plan to do:

1. Strengthen ventilation in the apartment. In the kitchen, as shown by the test with a lit match in front of the ventilation hole, it does not work at all.

2. The windows in the rooms and the bathroom are still old wooden with a double frame from the year 85, I now choose between the option - to make it to order wooden frame with a special insert for double-glazed windows or still plastic, which well, I really would not want.

3. We plan to deal with heating through the housing inspection. I don't know if this will give any results.

4. I plan to install an infrared film floor in the rooms.

Since it is summer now, I would like to quickly figure out the reasons and make an adequate version of warming by winter, and indeed an understanding of the problems.

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

I. Signs and inscriptions on wagons

In the center of the carriage, the coat of arms of Russia or the symbols of the Russian Railways

Home road code 061

The five-digit serial number of the car is 25171

The 1st digit can be used to determine the type of carriage

0- soft CB 16 or 18 seats

1- docked 36 seats

2- reserved seat 54 seats

3- interregional with aircraft type seats

4- Postal

5- Luggage

6- Restaurant car

7- Spec. Railway carriage

Side wall lettering

Wagon container, a plate with the number of seats

End wall

Place of registration of the car DOP-2 or LVChD-15

Planned types of repairs:

TO-1 is carried out after each flight

TO-2 is carried out before summer and winter transportation

TO-3 (unified technical revision) is carried out 1 time in half a year or for a mileage of 150,000 km

DR depot repair once every 2 years or 300,000 km mileage

KR overhaul

В / А-1080 automatic coupling height

On the end wall there is a ladder for climbing to the roof. Must be locked and sealed.

II. Wheelset (KP)

KP is essential element of the car, she directs its movement along the rail track, rigidly perceives all the shocks from the unevenness of the track and rigidly affects the track.

KP- consists of 2 solid-rolled wheels mounted on an axle

1-hub 2-rim 3-rolling surface 4-comb 5-disc

The axle consists of a neck, a hub section and a middle section. There are 2 types of axes RU-1 and RU-2

Wheelset malfunctions

The distance between the inner edges of the gearbox is 1440 mm deviations are allowed at speeds over 120 km / h +3 -1 to 120 km / h +3 -3

1. Crawler - this is a flat place on the rolling surface of the wheel, formed as a result of the gearbox jamming and its skidding on the rail without turning. Allowed up to 1 mm deep.

From 1 to 2 mm, it is allowed to bring such a car to the nearest service station where the gearbox can be replaced at a speed of no more than 100 km / h

From 2 to 6 mm no more than 15 km / h

From 6 to 12 mm no more than 10 km / h

Above 12 mm, no more than 10 km / h with the exception of gearbox rotation (twist into the handbrake, put shoes on)

2. Navar - arises in case of short-term skidding, allowed with a height of 0.5 mm, if detected along the route, the actions are the same as with the slider.

3. Rent - natural wear of the rolling surface of the wheel arising from its interaction with the rail head and brake pads. The rental is uniform and uneven. Uniform rolling is allowed at speeds over 120 km / h no more than 5 mm up to 120 km / h no more than 8 mm, gearbox gearbox no more than 4 mm. On trains following to the point of turnover over 5000 km, no more than 6 mm.

Uneven rolling - idle gearbox no more than 2 mm, gearbox no more than 1 mm.

4. Chipping - crumbling metal from the rolling surface of the wheel. Allowed not more than 10 mm deep, no more than 25 mm long delamination going deep into the metal is not allowed. Chips up to 1mm deep, regardless of their length, are not rejected.

Ridge thickness, speed over 120 km / h 28-33 to 120 km / h 25-33.

The outer chipping of the wheel rim is rejected if less than 120 mm remains in the healthy part of the tread surface.

5. Pointed ridge roll - This is the formation of a sharp edge at the top of the ridge. An extremely dangerous defect.

Cases of partial collapse of residential buildings in the Russian Federation in 2005-2011- 2011 On May 17, in the west of Moscow, the wall of one of the apartments collapsed at 3 Rublevskoye Highway. One person was injured. The reason for the collapse could be the unskilled work on the redevelopment of the apartment. The victim was hospitalized. ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Cases of partial collapse of residential buildings in Russia in 2005-2011- Cases of partial collapse of residential buildings in Russia in 2005 2011. Residents of the house reported that during the renovation in one of the apartments on the second floor it was demolished bearing wall, and due to violation of the rules of the renovation works there was a collapse ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Cases of partial collapse of residential buildings in Russia in 2005-2010- Cases of partial collapse of residential buildings in Russia in 2005 2010. 2010 September 1 in the center of St. Petersburg on Ligovsky Prospekt collapsed floor slabs from the first to the eighth floors of a non-residential residential building. On the lower floors ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

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The end wall is inspected for defects. Cracks in welded seams are cut and welded regardless of the length in accordance with GOST 14771-76.

Break top strapping or bottom strapping weld, install overlays that should overlap the site of the defect at least 30 mm and weld with a continuous seam around the entire perimeter.

It is allowed to repair no more than two kinks or cracks along the entire length of the strapping. It is allowed to overlap adjacent fractures with one overlay reinforced with electric rivets of at least 2 with a diameter of 20 ± 1 mm.

It is allowed to repair the fracture of the upper strapping with inserts at least 500 mm long.

Cracks in the upper and lower straps, belts, racks, channels are cut, welded, cleaned to the base metal. The cracks are covered with an overlay and welded around the perimeter with a continuous seam.

Holes in the skin are cut out, sharp edges are processed and repaired by welding with a lining on the inside, which must cover the hole at least 50 mm, welding is performed on both sides with a continuous seam.

The deflection of the upper harness without reinforcement is eliminated by straightening. It is allowed to leave without repair a deflection of no more than 10 mm over the entire length of the upper harness. With the simultaneous bending of the upper and lower wall straps no more than 10 mm per 1 m of length, metal cladding along the racks to the height of the deflection, cut off, straighten the strapping and install a new insert of the metal sheathing, followed by welding it with leg 5.

Bottom harness having corrosion damage more than 1/3 of the thickness of the element is repaired by welding, followed by reinforcement of the places with one-sided linings, overlapping the damage sites by 50 mm per side. When repairing the lower trim at the place of installation and welding of the lining.

Figure End wall: 1 - upper strapping; 2 - belt; 3,4,5 - rack; 6 - lower strapping; 7.8 - sheathing sheet; 9 - bracket for the forest rack; 10 - handrail - step; 11 - stairs

Radiation cracks are cut out and a patch is installed on the inside, overlapping the defective spot at least 30 mm and welded around the perimeter with a continuous seam.

Corrosion damage with a depth of more than 30% of the sheet thickness and in an area of more than 30% is repaired by cutting out the defective place and placing an insert with its welding to the belts or to the belts and to the upper or lower strapping. Welding should be done on both sides of the insert.

Complete replacement of the end wall cladding is performed:

· In the presence of more than two cracks, the total length is more than 1000 mm;
· In the presence of holes, the total area is more than 0.5 m ";
· Corrosion damage to a sheet with a thickness of more than 1 mm on an area of more than 30% of the sheet;
· In the presence of dents with a depth of more than 30 mm on an area of more than 30% of the sheet.