The section is very easy to use. It is enough to enter the desired word in the proposed field, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Also here you can get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

Biosynthesis

biosynthesis in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of Medical Terms

biosynthesis (bio- + synthesis)

the process of the formation of organic substances from simpler compounds, occurring in living organisms or outside them under the action of enzymes.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

biosynthesis

m. Formation of various organic substances in living organisms.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

biosynthesis

the formation of substances necessary for the body in living cells with the participation of biocatalysts - enzymes. Usually, as a result of biosynthesis from simple initial substances, more complex compounds are formed, up to giant molecules of proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides. The industry uses microbiological synthesis - biosynthesis by microorganisms of antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, amino acids, etc.

Biosynthesis

(from bio ... and synthesis), the formation of organic substances from simpler compounds, taking place in living organisms or outside them under the action of biocatalysts - enzymes. Biology is part of the metabolic process of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Energy-rich compounds serve as an immediate source of energy for bioenergy (see Bioenergy), and ultimately (for all organisms, except for bacteria that carry out chemosynthesis), the energy of solar radiation accumulated by green plants (see Assimilation, Photosynthesis). Each unicellular organism, like each cell of a multicellular organism, synthesizes its constituent substances. The nature of biosynthesis in a cell is determined by hereditary information "encoded" in its genetic apparatus (see Proteins, Biosynthesis; Genetic Code). B., produced outside organisms, is widely used as a method (sometimes the only possible) for the industrial production of biologically important substances — vitamins, certain hormones, antibiotics, amino acids, and also proteins and other compounds. See Microbiological Industry.

S. E. Severin.

Wikipedia

Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis - the process of synthesis of natural organic compounds by living organisms. The biosynthetic pathway of a compound is a sequence of reactions leading to the formation of this compound, as a rule, enzymatic, but occasionally spontaneous reactions occur, which do without enzymatic catalysis. For example, in the process of leucine biosynthesis, one of the reactions is spontaneous and occurs without the participation of an enzyme. The biosynthesis of the same compounds can proceed in different ways from the same or from different starting compounds. Biosynthetic processes play an exceptional role in all living cells.

Biosynthesis - industrial production of something using microorganisms.

Examples of the use of the word biosynthesis in the literature.

The endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes are a single mechanism biosynthesis, accumulation and transportation of proteins.

Madrid laboratory workers biosynthesis launched an infusoria with a germanium-based protein.

ARGENTINIANS Luis Lelloire - biochemist, established the mechanism of enzymatic reaction biosynthesis polysaccharides.

He immediately began testing his memory on key concepts related to the technology of growing biocrystals: the main - biosynthesis, auxiliary - protein resistor, protein matrix, porphyrin groups, etc.

Transferases are a class of enzymes through which various processes are carried out in living cells - biosynthesis proteins, nucleic acids, etc.

All synthesis reactions are endothermic, and therefore each link biosynthesis always associated with the consumption of ATP.

Photosynthesis serves as the basis for the great creative process constantly occurring in nature biosynthesis, as a result of which an innumerable multitude of fng.

Activity biosynthesis This or that hormone is determined by the stage of development of the organism, its physiological state and needs.

Ribosomes - intracellular particles consisting of RNA and proteins are involved in biosynthesis squirrel.

Distinguish between mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides, as well as complex carbohydrates - glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and other carbohydrates - the primary products of photosynthesis and the main initial compounds for biosynthesis other substances in plants.

The starting material at biosynthesis histamine and biologically active muscle peptides - carnosine and anserine.

To study the processes occurring in the body, you need to know what is happening at the cellular level. And there protein compounds play the most important role. It is necessary to study not only their functions, but also the process of creation. Therefore, it is important to explain briefly and clearly. Grade 9 is best suited for this. It is at this stage that students have a sufficient amount of knowledge to understand this topic.

Proteins - what they are and what they are for

These high molecular weight compounds play a huge role in the life of any organism. Proteins are polymers, that is, they are made up of many similar "pieces". Their number can vary from a few hundred to thousands.

In the cell, proteins have many functions. Their role is also great at higher levels of organization: tissues and organs largely depend on the correct functioning of various proteins.

For example, all hormones are of protein origin. But it is these substances that control all processes in the body.

Hemoglobin is also a protein, it consists of four chains, which are connected in the center by an iron atom. This structure allows red blood cells to carry oxygen.

Recall that all membranes contain proteins. They are necessary for the transfer of substances through the cell membrane.

There are many more functions of protein molecules, which they perform clearly and without question. These amazing compounds are very diverse not only in their roles in the cell, but also in structure.

Where does synthesis take place

The ribosome is the organelle in which most of the process called "protein biosynthesis" takes place. Grade 9 in different schools differs in the curriculum for studying biology, but many teachers give material on organelles in advance, before studying the broadcast.

Therefore, it will not be difficult for students to recall the material they have covered and consolidate it. You should be aware that only one polypeptide chain can be created on one organelle at a time. This is not enough to satisfy all the needs of the cell. Therefore, there are a lot of ribosomes, and most often they are combined with the endoplasmic reticulum.

This EPS is called rough. The benefits of such "cooperation" are obvious: the protein immediately after synthesis enters the transport channel and can be sent to its destination without delay.

But if we take into account the very beginning, namely reading information from DNA, then we can say that protein biosynthesis in a living cell begins in the nucleus. It is there that is synthesized which contains the genetic code.

Required materials - amino acids, synthesis site - ribosome

It seems that it is difficult to explain how protein biosynthesis proceeds, briefly and clearly, a diagram of the process and numerous figures are simply necessary. They will help convey all the information, and students will also be able to remember it more easily.

First of all, the synthesis requires a "building material" - amino acids. Some of them are produced by the body. Others can only be obtained from food, they are called irreplaceable.

The total number of amino acids is twenty, but due to the huge number of variants in which they can be located in a long chain, protein molecules are very diverse. These acids are similar in structure, but differ in radicals.

It is the properties of these parts of each amino acid that determine into which structure the resulting chain will "fold", whether it will form a quaternary structure with other chains, and what properties the resulting macromolecule will have.

The process of protein biosynthesis cannot simply take place in the cytoplasm; it requires a ribosome. consists of two subunits - large and small. At rest, they are disconnected, but as soon as synthesis begins, they immediately connect and begin to work.

Such different and important ribonucleic acids

In order to bring the amino acid to the ribosome, a special RNA called transport RNA is needed. For abbreviations, it is referred to as t-RNA. This single-stranded cloverleaf molecule is capable of attaching one amino acid to its free end and transporting it to the site of protein synthesis.

Another RNA involved in protein synthesis is called matrix (informational). It carries an equally important component of synthesis - a code in which it is clearly spelled out when which amino acid to attach to the resulting protein chain.

This molecule has a single-stranded structure and consists of nucleotides, just like DNA. There are some differences in the primary structure of these nucleic acids, which you can read about in our comparative article on RNA and DNA.

The mRNA receives information about the protein composition from the main custodian of the genetic code - DNA. The process of reading and synthesizing mRNA is called transcription.

It occurs in the nucleus, from where the resulting mRNA is sent to the ribosome. The DNA itself does not come out of the nucleus, its task is only to preserve the genetic code and transfer it to the daughter cell during division.

Summary table of the main participants in the broadcast

In order to describe protein biosynthesis briefly and clearly, the table is simply necessary. In it we will write down all the components and their role in this process, which is called broadcast.

The very process of creating a protein chain is divided into three stages. Let's take a closer look at each of them. After that, you can easily explain to everyone the biosynthesis of protein in a concise and understandable way.

Initiation - the beginning of the process

This is the initial stage of translation, in which the small subunit of the ribosome binds to the very first t-RNA. This ribonucleic acid carries the amino acid methionine. Translation always begins with this amino acid, since the start codon is AUG, which encodes this first monomer in the protein chain.

In order for the ribosome to recognize the start codon and not start synthesis from the middle of the gene, where the AUG sequence may also appear, a special nucleotide sequence is located around the start codon. It is from them that the ribosome recognizes the place where its small subunit should sit.

After complexation with mRNA, the initiation stage ends. And the main stage of the broadcast begins.

Elongation - mid-synthesis

At this stage, a gradual build-up of the protein chain occurs. The duration of elongation depends on the amount of amino acids in the protein.

First of all, a large one is attached to the small ribosome subunit. And the initial t-RNA appears entirely in it. Only methionine remains outside. Then the second t-RNA, which carries another amino acid, enters the large subunit.

If the second codon on mRNA coincides with the anticodon at the top of the clover leaf, the second amino acid is attached to the first via a peptide bond.

After that, the ribosome moves along the m-RNA exactly three nucleotides (one codon), the first t-RNA detaches methionine from itself and is separated from the complex. In its place is the second t-RNA, at the end of which there are already two amino acids.

Then the third t-RNA enters the large subunit and the process repeats. It will continue until the ribosome hits a codon in mRNA that signals the end of translation.

Termination

This stage is the last one, it may seem very cruel to some. All molecules and organelles that worked so well to create a polypeptide chain stop as soon as the ribosome hits the terminal codon.

It does not encode a single amino acid, so whatever t-RNA enters the large subunit, they will all be rejected due to mismatch. Here termination factors come into play, which separate the finished protein from the ribosome.

The organelle itself can either split into two subunits, or continue its path along the mRNA in search of a new start codon. Several ribosomes can be located on one mRNA at once. Each of them is at its own stage of translation. The newly created protein is supplied with markers with the help of which everyone will understand its destination. And by EPS it will be sent to where it is needed.

To understand the role of protein biosynthesis, it is necessary to study what functions it can perform. It depends on the sequence of amino acids in the chain. It is their properties that determine the secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary (if it exists) and its role in the cell. You can read more about the functions of protein molecules in the article on this topic.

How to find out more about the broadcast

This article describes protein biosynthesis in a living cell. Of course, if you study the subject deeper, it will take many pages to explain the process in all details. But the above material should be enough for a general idea. Video materials in which scientists have modeled all stages of the broadcast can be very useful for understanding. Some of them have been translated into Russian and can serve as an excellent textbook for students or just an educational video.

In order to understand the topic better, you should read other articles on related topics. For example, about or about the functions of proteins.

Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis - the process of synthesis of natural organic compounds by living organisms. The biosynthetic pathway of a compound is a sequence of reactions leading to the formation of this compound, as a rule, enzymatic (genetically determined), but occasionally spontaneous reactions occur, which do without enzymatic catalysis. For example, in the process of leucine biosynthesis, one of the reactions is spontaneous and occurs without the participation of an enzyme. The biosynthesis of the same compounds can proceed in different ways from the same or from different starting compounds. Biosynthetic processes play an exceptional role in all living cells.

Biosynthesis - industrial production of something (antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, amino acids and other substances necessary for people) using microorganisms.

Other types of biosynthesis

• Protein biosynthesis is a complex multistage process of synthesis of a polypeptide chain from amino acid residues that occurs on the ribosomes of cells of living organisms with the participation of mRNA and tRNA molecules.
• Anabolism is a set of chemical processes that make up one of the sides of metabolism in the body, aimed at the formation of constituent parts of cells and tissues.
• Methanogenesis, biosynthesis of methane is the process of methane formation by anaerobic archaea, coupled with the receipt of energy by them.

see also

Notes

Links

• Biosynthesis - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
• Biosynthesis in KhiMiK.ru

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

See what "Biosynthesis" is in other dictionaries:

Biosynthesis ... Spelling dictionary-reference

Formation of substances necessary for the body in living cells with the participation of enzyme biocatalysts. Usually, as a result of biosynthesis from simple initial substances, more complex compounds are formed up to giant molecules of proteins, nucleic acids ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Synthesis, translation, transcription Dictionary of Russian synonyms. biosynthesis n., number of synonyms: 3 synthesis (18) ... Synonym dictionary

BIOSYNTHESIS, a process in living cells that creates more complex proteins (proteins) from simpler chemicals. One of the genes "gives the command" to create an RNA molecule that transfers genetic programs from DNA ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

- (from bio ... and Greek synthesis compound), organic formation. substances from simpler compounds, which occurs in living organisms under the action of enzyme biocatalysts. B. an important aspect of metabolism in living organisms, closely related to ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

ANABOLISM, ASSIMILATION - the formation of organic substances from simpler compounds, which occurs in living organisms in the course of metabolism. (Source: "Microbiology: glossary of terms", Firsov NN, M: Bustard, 2006) ... Microbiology Dictionary

BIOSYNTHESIS - see Art. Biogenesis. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: Main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989 ... Ecological Dictionary

BIOSYNTHESIS - see Body oriented psychotherapy. A large psychological dictionary. M .: Prime EUROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 ... Great psychological encyclopedia

biosynthesis - - Topics of biotechnology EN biosynthesis ... Technical translator's guide

Books

• Biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles in plants, N. G. Averina. The book covers a wide range of issues related to the biosynthesis and degradation of chlorophyll and heme, a description of the enzymes involved in these processes, their crystal structure, mechanisms ... eBook

Biosynthesis (biological synthesis) is the formation of complex substances from simpler ones in a living organism.


In the latter, biosynthesis differs from chemical synthesis, which takes place outside the cells - in laboratories, in chemical plants, sometimes - in water bodies, soil and rocks.

In addition, special substances are always involved in biosynthesis - enzymes. They make possible and / or accelerate chemical reactions. About 5000 enzymes are known, and they do not exist in nature outside living organisms.

Nature has had billions of years at its disposal and has experienced billions of synthesis methods. During this time, she selected the most suitable substances, created miniature structures for their processing. A living cell has turned into a chemical plant, where complex transformations can take place. The "plant" works automatically, quickly, with minimum losses and maximum output. The supply of "raw materials" to the cell, an uninterrupted supply of energy, is always at the ready, the information written in the genes about what and how to do.

Take, for example, a green leaf on a tree. In the light of carbon dioxide and water, it continuously forms glucose. The plant feeds on it, receives energy. Man has powerful science and powerful technology in his hands. Carbon dioxide and water - as much as necessary. C, too, seems to be no problem. But people, using only this, are not able to synthesize a single grain of glucose. We get it in a completely different way, and from starch synthesized by the same plants.

Why can't a person copy the reactions of biosynthesis?

First, because we do not have the kind of "equipment" that a cell has.

Secondly, most enzymes are proteins, in order to get them, a person must find out the structure of each, then find a way to get them. All this is possible, but not easy. As a result, a chemical synthesis product (for example, an artificial hormone) turns out to be quite expensive.


It is possible to simplify matters if at least part of the work is transferred to living cells. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is produced in factories as a result of six chemical reactions. One of them is provided by ... active bacteria. Such schemes are widely used by biotechnology.

We compared a cage to a plant. But in industry, relocation is a common practice. Genetic engineering does something similar. So, the human gene for the protein insulin was able to "get a job" into the cell of the bacteria E. coli. As a result, insulin is synthesized in a new place - unknown and completely unnecessary to E. coli, but urgently needed by patients with diabetes.

How does a person use biosynthetic products?

He, without hesitation, uses them every second of his life. When you read these lines, the biosynthesis of visual pigments is going on in your eyes, the storage substance glycogen is synthesized in the liver from glucose, the bone marrow builds hemoglobin molecules, etc.

In addition, a person consumes with might and main the finished products of "someone else's" biosynthesis. What is our food - bread, meat, butter, cereals, milk, etc.? All these are mixtures of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins. That is, the products of biosynthesis that took place in the cells of plants and animals.

Biosynthesis supplies us with industrial raw materials. We extract antibiotics and vitamins from molds and bacteria. We are dressed and shod in different types of squirrels - wool, fur and skin of mammals, as well as in cotton fiber. We select natural silk from silkworm butterflies. We transform the cellulose, which trees have been synthesizing for decades, into paper, glucose, viscose, plastic, building materials, furniture.


We can only be glad that nature has created biosynthesis - without it we would be deprived of all this. True, without biosynthesis there would be no ourselves.

Which from the beginning of the seventies of our century has been developed by D. Boadella and his followers in England, Germany, Greece and other European countries, North and South America, Japan and Australia.

The approach is based on experience:

1. 
   embryology - (in this regard, they say about biosynthesis that thanks to it psychoanalysis received its organic basis);
2. 
   reichian therapy;
3. 
   object relations theory.

For the first time the term "biosynthesis" was used by the English analyst Francis Mott. In his work, he based on in-depth studies of intrauterine life.

After the death of F. Mott, David Boadella decided to use this term to describe his own therapeutic approach. He also wanted to emphasize the difference between his method and bioenergetics, developed by A. Lowen and J. Pierracos, and biodynamics - Skoda G. Boysen and her followers, who were engaged in various forms of massage to release blocked energy.

The term “biosynthesis” means “integration of life.” It refers to the integration of three vital energy streams that differentiate in the first week of the embryo's life, the integrative existence of which is essential for somatic and mental health and which stick together in neurotics.

These energy flows are associated with three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

The digestive and respiratory organs subsequently develop from the endoderm, which are responsible for the metabolism and energy. The energy flow associated with endoderm is the flow of emotions. Endoderm is an organic substrate "ONO" (as a vegetative source of energy).

Bones, muscles and the circulatory system develop from the mesoderm. A motor energy flow is associated with this germ layer, which is responsible for posture, movement, action. The mesoderm is an organic substrate of that part of the "I", which is the coordinator of movements.

From the ectoderm, skin, brain, nerves, and sensory organs develop. The flow of perception of thoughts and images is associated with it. Ectoderm is an organic substrate of that part of "I", which is an integrator of sensations.

As for "SUPER-I", it does not have an organic (biological) substrate and its development is solely due to the influence of society.

Initially, these three germ layers and their corresponding three streams of energy are integrated and freely correspond with each other. But as a result of intrauterine or birth stress, trauma from infancy or later, this initial integration is disrupted. As a result, either action is "cut off" from thinking and feelings, or emotions from movement and perception, or understanding from movement and feelings.

In the human body, these disturbances in the interaction of thoughts, actions and feelings are most focused:

• 
  between the head and the spine (between ecto- and mesoderms), between thoughts and actions - in the back of the neck. This is the earliest block acquired by a person in intrauterine life, during childbirth and in the first days and weeks of life;
• 
  between head and body (between ecto- and endoderms), between thoughts and emotions - in the throat. This block forms when "oral problems constrict the throat";
• 
  between the spine and internal organs (between meso- and endoderms), between feelings and actions, between actions and breathing - in the diaphragm. This is a later block and corresponds to anal and genital suppression.

From W. Reich, biosynthesis inherited the point of view that personality can be understood on three levels:

• 
  on the surface, we see a mask: a carapace of characteristic relationships formed to protect against threats to personal integrity in childhood or earlier. This is the so-called. a false self, which protects the true self, whose needs were frustrated in infancy (go to birth);
• 
  when the defenses begin to weaken, a deeper level of painful feelings appears, including anger, melancholy, anxiety, despair, fear, resentment, a sense of loneliness;
• 
  below the level of painful feelings is the main nuclear level, or the core of the personality, in which feelings of basic trust, well-being, joy and love are concentrated.

Core frustration creates a level of suffering, suppression of suffering and protest creates a "mask *."

It should be noted here that many therapists, using various theoretical concepts and various techniques, easily lead a person to experience pain, fear, and rage. However, if the work is limited only to this level, the client learns emotional release and ... acquires a new pattern, reaction becomes a kind of drug. In biosynthesis, the therapist tries in each session to direct the client to the primary nuclear level of sensations, because only in contact with feelings of joy, hope, well-being, pleasure in living does a person receive energy for real changes, for healing - physical, mental and spiritual. Emotional release is not an end in itself: the intervention ceases to be therapeutic if, after responding, the client does not find new sources of internal support.

And the defense system itself is considered in biosynthesis as a strategy for survival, adaptation, and support. Therefore, any patterns of a person do not "break", but are examined with great respect. Biosynthetics say: "Before putting the train on the rails, you need to build bridges." Before transforming (not destroying!) Patterns, it is necessary to ensure the implementation of the "life-protecting function".
Biosynthesis uses and develops B. Reich's idea of \u200b\u200ba "protective muscle shell", tracing its connection with embryology. D. Boadella and other researchers describe three shells, each of which is associated with one of the germ layers: muscular (mesodermal), visceral (endodermal) and cerebral shell (ectodermal).
Muscle carapace includes and tissue, since not only musculoskeletal develops from the mesoderm. but also the vascular system. Muscle tone can be disturbed in two directions: hypotonia (weakness and lack of energy storage and expenditure) and hypertonicity (tension, increased energy charge). The tissue carapace is associated with the efficiency of the vessels and the distribution of tissue fluid. Sluggish work of blood vessels leads to a violation of the distribution of fluid, the extreme manifestation of which is rheumatic pain, high or low blood pressure, the so-called. cardiac stress.
Visceral carapace leads to a violation of peristalsis and respiration. There will be a tendency towards chronic hypo- or hyperventilation and increased intestinal irritability. In extreme cases, these disorders can be expressed, for example, in asthma and colitis.
Cerebral carapace leads to violations of the bioelectrical activity of the brain, various disorders of the interaction of the cortex, subcortex and autonomic nervous system, visual impairment, etc. The most severe expression of the cerebral armor will be a tendency to obsessive thinking or schizophrenic thinking disorders.

In each of the "shells" health disorders are manifested at all levels: somatic, mental and spiritual.

In biosynthesis, three groups of qualities inherent in a healthy person are described.
Somatic aspects of health:

1. 
   breathing regularly, rhythmically, accompanied by free movements of the chest;
2. 
   peristalsis is not spastic, but also not sluggish, accompanied by a feeling of "inner well-being";
3. 
   the muscles are ready to easily transition from tension to relaxation;
4. 
   blood pressure is normal, throbbing in the limbs is good;
5. 
   the skin is warm, with good blood supply;
6. 
   the face is mobile, facial expressions are lively, the voice and gaze are expressive, "the eyes are contact";
7. 
   orgastic functions are not impaired; orgasm is represented by rhythmic involuntary pulsation, accompanied by deep satisfaction and love for the partner. A person can have both sexual and heart feelings for the same person.

Mental health aspects:

1. 
   the ability to connect external expression with internal needs; willingness to act to meet basic life needs and the ability to distinguish them from “secondary addictions”;
2. 
   the ability to contact people without idealization and projections (or other psychological defenses that distort interaction);
3. 
   the ability to contain (hold), or express their feelings, when the situation requires or allows it;
4. 
   freedom from anxiety when there is no danger;
5. 
   the ability to act when there is danger.

Spiritual aspects of health:

1. 
   contact with deep values;
2. 
   the strength of the spirit to make decisions in the period of life crises without "falling" into despair and hopelessness;
3. 
   freedom from neurotic guilt and a willingness to take real responsibility;
4. 
   respect for your own feelings and for the feelings of others.

There is a danger of dividing people into "healthy" people who do not need therapy, and "sick" people who cannot live without it. However, it is more realistic to view health as a wide range of conditions and manifestations. Then we recognize the right to neurotic reactions of the so-called. well-off people and the ability to "healthy response" in people with severe physical and mental disorders.

Thus, the effect of therapy depends on the therapist's ability to reveal the client's inner health resources. The inner canvas of biosynthesis is the work to achieve somatic, mental and spiritual health; external - work to restore the integration of action, thought and feeling, lost in the early stages of development.

The three main processes of reintegration are drounding, centering, and facing.