The main Soviet traitors of the Great Patriotic War. Traitors to the motherland in the USSR Military traitors of the USSR

Who are the traitors of Russia? Although the list and photos may not be accurate, we will try to figure it out. These are spies, and sometimes it is not easy to separate the truth from fiction, the facts from their biography can be legends of special services, or guesses of writers and journalists.

Intelligence is a normal practice in many countries. Residents were always and everywhere, and they performed various functions, from lobbying the interests of states to the banal theft of the latest developments, which have always been valued very dearly.

Traitors intelligence officers of the USSR were not uncommon. For a more coherent legend, diplomats and prominent scientists were engaged in espionage, who, on duty, are supposed to live abroad, or travel abroad on business trips. Such people have always been in the center of attention of foreign intelligence services, and they were trying to recruit them by all available means.

Not many agreed to become double agents, because espionage was followed by execution and confiscation of property. And in case of detection, they did not stand on ceremony with the traitors, the death penalty was very quickly carried out. However, not all traitors to Russia suffered a well-deserved retribution. Many of them have safely gone abroad and are quite proud of their betrayal. From time to time they give interviews to journalists, or write memoirs.

Which of the Russians was accused of treason? Their future fate

Vasily Nikitich Mitrokhin
Born March 3, 1922 - died January 23, 2004 (aged 82).

Mitrokhin got a job in the KGB in 1984, but he was no intelligence officer. Mitrokhin did not have the qualities necessary for an intelligence officer, but they did not fire him, because of his disabled son, and transferred to work in the KGB archive, the foreign intelligence department. The archive has been storing documentation since the 1930s, and it is constantly updated with new documents.

Mitrokhin realized that this was very valuable data and began to scrupulously copy it. There were no copiers and scanners at that time, and Mitrokhin had to rewrite the documents by hand. Later, it was believed that Mitrokhin copied over 25 thousand documents, with a total volume of 6 suitcases.

After Mitrokhin was retired, the old man came up with the idea to sell these documents. Reasonably assuming that the Americans would really need information about Soviet spies and their activities, Mitrokhin went to Riga in 1992 and immediately went to the American embassy, ​​taking a bunch of documents as a sample. The Americans laughed and sent the old man home, not believing in the seriousness of the documents, but Mitrokhin did not give up. The British embassy took him very seriously, and immediately granted Mitrokhin and his family asylum in London. For the remaining archive, which was buried in the country in 40-liter milk cans, British agents set off.

The archive was very valuable, and Mitrokhin wanted fame. He demanded that part of the archive be made public, and the British went to meet him. Mitrokhin was assigned professors at the University of Cambridge, and together they began to work on a book. Mitrokhin died at the age of 82 from pneumonia.

Since 2000, he headed the department for working with illegal intelligence officers in America, and began working for American intelligence (presumably) in 2003. Then robbers broke into his apartment, severely beat his son and robbed him. Despite all his connections, the criminals could not be found, and the intelligence colonel suddenly realized his insecurity. For several years he had been preparing his flight to America. Slowly, his wife, children, and then he himself moved there. His works declassified Anna Chapman, Mikhail Vasenkov and other illegal intelligence officers.

In 2011, a criminal case was initiated against Poteev under the article “treason” and “desertion”, but the colonel was tried in absentia, since his whereabouts were not established. He was sentenced in absentia to 25 years of strict regime, but Poteev himself was never found.

In the summer of 2016, Interfax reported Poteev's death abroad, citing its sources, but no evidence or official confirmation was received.

Colonel of the GRU, worked for British intelligence from 1974 to 1985. After recruiting a British intelligence officer, the KGB learned that Gordievsky was a spy, but he managed to escape after interrogation. Sentenced in absentia in the USSR to death for disclosing 31 Soviet agents in Britain to the British intelligence services. Now lives in the UK and writes books about spies.

The scientist and military analyst was convicted in 2004 of spying for British intelligence for 15 years of “high security”. In 2010, he was exchanged for Russian spies and extradited to the United States, after which Sutyagin went to the UK, where he still works at the Royal United Institute for Defense Studies (RUSI), lectures and advises the military. Alive, well, not coughing.

Yuri Borisovich Shvets
Born in 1952

As they say, Yuri Shvets was a classmate of V.V. Putin and they went through the same KGB school. You can't call him a spy, since he retired from the authorities in 1993 and emigrated to America. He did not see himself in the service of the former KGB, and wanted to become a writer. Of course, at home, not a single publishing house accepted his manuscript, but in America, his book “Washington Residency: My Life as a KGB Spy in America” went with a bang. The book caused a public outcry, and they even wanted to deport him, because the book also mentioned high-ranking officials who worked for Russia. But, everything calmed down and now Shvets works in a financial and analytical company, assessing financial risks.

Perhaps this is one of the most famous defectors, but he is better known under the pseudonym Viktor Suvorov. After 4 years of work in the Geneva residency, in 1978 Rezun escaped and surrendered to the mercy of British intelligence. As Rezun himself said, at that time there was a series of failures of agents, and they wanted to make him responsible for this. To forestall unfair punishment and save his life, he was forced to run away.

Rezun began writing in 1981 under the pseudonym Viktor Suvorov, and his first three books about the KGB were published in English. In absentia, Vladimir Rezun was sentenced to death in the USSR. Now Viktor Suvorov still lives in England and still pleases his fans with documentary and historical books. And he writes very well.

Nobody likes traitors and defectors. Some hide behind ideas, but most do not hide the fact that they were bought with money. Did the KGB get rid of such defectors? Maybe. But if you think about it, these people worked for several intelligence agencies, they were double and even triple agents. They loved luxury, alcohol, girls, and adventure. Is it possible to call all the deaths of such people "non-accidental"? Heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, choking on meat…

One must think that all defectors were under special control of the special services of those countries that provided them with asylum, and each such death was thoroughly investigated. Then there were no questions, and all the deaths of former spies were recognized as natural. Now it seems "a series of mysterious deaths at the hands of vengeful KGB officers."

Is the death of Yevgeny Afanasyev at the age of 62 from a heart attack so strange? Or Vladimir Pasechnik from a stroke at 64? And why did the GRU change tactics, using poisonous substances that clearly point to Russia?

Three such poisonings were counted:

• Alexander Litvinenko (poisoning with radioactive polonium in 2006)
• Viktor Yushchenko (failed dioxin poisoning attempt in 2004)
• Sergei Skripal (still alive, nerve gas poisoning, Russian origin).

The use of such poisons is akin to the poster “Here I am, damned Herod, I poisoned everyone,” hung on the walls of the Kremlin. However, this does not bother anyone, and the investigation continues...

There were not so many traitors in the history of Russia, but they were. These people violated the oath, committed high treason, handed over state secrets to a potential enemy, fought against their compatriots.

Andrey Vlasov

Andrei Vlasov can be called a traitor general in Russian history. His name has become a household name. Even the Nazis hated Vlasov: Himmler called him “a runaway pig and a fool,” and Hitler disdained to meet him. In 1942, Lieutenant General Andrei Andreyevich Vlasov was commander of the 2nd shock army and deputy commander of the Volkhov Front.

Having been captured by the Germans, Vlasov deliberately cooperated with the Nazis, gave them secret information and advised the German military on how to fight against the Red Army. Vlasov collaborated with Himmler, Goering, Goebbels, Ribbentrop, with various high-ranking Abwehr and Gestapo officials. He organized the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) from Russian prisoners of war recruited into the service of the Germans. The troops of the ROA participated in the fight against partisans, robberies and executions of civilians, and the destruction of entire settlements.

After the surrender of Germany, Vlasov was captured by Soviet soldiers, taken to the headquarters of Marshal Konev and sent by plane to Moscow. In 1946 he was convicted of treason and hanged on 1 August.

Andrey Kurbsky

It is customary today to call him "the first dissident." Kurbsky was one of the most influential politicians of his time, was a member of the Chosen Rada, and was friends with Ivan the Terrible himself. When Ivan IV dissolved the Rada and subjected its active members to disgrace and executions, Kurbsky fled to Lithuania.

Today it has already been proven that Kurbsky corresponded with the Lithuanians even before his official betrayal.

Kurbsky's crossing the border is reminiscent in its drama of crossing the border by Ostap Bender at the end of the novel The Golden Calf. The prince arrived at the border as a wealthy man. With him there were 30 ducats, 300 gold, 500 silver thalers and 44 Moscow rubles. This money was not received from the sale of land, since the boyar's estates were confiscated by the treasury and not from the voivodship treasury; if so, this fact would certainly have “surfaced” in correspondence with Ivan IV. Where did the money come from then? It is obvious that it was royal gold, "30 pieces of silver" Kurbsky.

The Polish king granted Kurbsky several estates and included him in the Royal Rada. For the Polish-Lithuanian state, Kurbsky was an extremely valuable agent. When he arrived in Livonia, he immediately betrayed the Livonian supporters of Moscow to the Lithuanians and declassified Moscow agents at the royal court.

From the Lithuanian period of Kurbsky's life, it is known that the boyar was not distinguished by gentleness of morals and humanism, neither in relation to his neighbors, nor in relation to those far away. He often beat his neighbors, took away their land, and even put merchants in vats with leeches and extorted money from them.

Abroad, Kurbsky wrote the political pamphlet The History of the Grand Duke of Moscow, corresponded with Ivan the Terrible, and in 1565 participated in the Lithuanian invasion of Russia. Kurbsky in Russia ruined four provinces and took away many prisoners. After that, he even asked Sigismund to give him a 30,000-strong army and allow him to go with her to Moscow. As proof of his devotion, Kurbsky declared that “I agree that during the campaign he was chained to a cart, surrounded in front and behind by archers with loaded guns, so that they would immediately shoot him if they notice infidelity in him.” Kurbsky spoke the language better than his own honor.

Heinrich Lyushkov

Heinrich Lyushkov was the most senior defector from the NKVD. He headed the NKVD in the Far East. In 1937, during the beginning of the pre-war Stalinist “purges”, Genrikh Lyushkov, feeling that they would soon come for him, decided to flee to Japan.

In an interview with the local newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun, Genrikh Lyushkov talked about the terrible methods of work of the NKVD and admitted that he was a traitor to Stalin. In Japan, he worked in Tokyo and Dairen (Dalian) in the intelligence agencies of the Japanese General Staff (in the Bureau for the Study of East Asia, adviser to the 2nd department of the Kwantung Army headquarters).

The former NKVD officer handed over to the Japanese extremely important information about the armed forces of the USSR, the composition and deployment of the Red Army in the Far East, spoke about the construction of defensive structures, handed over Soviet radio codes to the Japanese and even urged them to start a war with the Soviet Union. Lyushkov "distinguished himself" also by the fact that he personally tortured the Soviet intelligence officers arrested in Japan, and also by the fact that he planned an incredible act of impudence - the murder of Stalin. The operation was called "Bear".

Lyushkov proposed to liquidate Stalin in one of his residences.

For the success of the operation, the Japanese even rebuilt a life-size pavilion copying Stalin's house in Matsesta. Stalin took a bath alone - this was the calculation.

But Soviet intelligence did not doze off. Serious help in discovering the conspirators was provided by a Soviet agent codenamed Leo, who worked in Manchukuo. In early 1939, while crossing the Turkish-Soviet border near the village of Borchka, machine-gun fire was opened on a terrorist group, as a result of which three were killed, the rest fled. According to one version, Leo was among those killed.

Lyushkov ended badly. According to one version, after the surrender of the Kwantung Army, on August 19, 1945, Genrikh Lyushkov was invited to the head of the Dairen military mission, Yutake Takeoka, who suggested that he commit suicide. Lyushkov refused and was shot dead by Takeoka. According to another version, he was strangled by Japanese officers while trying to exchange him for the son of the former Prime Minister of Japan, Prince Konoe.

Victor Belenko

Viktor Belenko, senior lieutenant, pilot of the MIG-25 (at that time it was a superplane, which was hunted by intelligence all over the world). On September 6, 1976, he flew to Japan and asked for political asylum in the United States. After landing, Belenko got off the plane, took out a pistol, fired into the air and demanded that the plane be hidden.

Vladimir Sopryakov, who then served as deputy resident of the KGB in Japan, recalled: “I believe that the plane could have been destroyed. The Japanese were afraid to approach him, so somewhere within 2-3 hours, even days - there was time for this. But no one dared to do this - the use of weapons on foreign territory is too scandalous.

Later, the investigation found that Belenko met with US representatives in Vladivostok and initially planned to land at an American base, but decided not to risk it and went to land in Japan. In order not to be detected by air defense systems, he walked at an ultra-low altitude.

In Japan, the aircraft was dismantled and carefully studied together with American specialists, and then returned to the Soviet Union. Belenko eventually received political asylum in the United States.

From life in the states, he was delighted. When he first went to the supermarket, he said that he did not believe it, believing that he was being played.

The material damage from Belenko's act was estimated at 2 billion rubles. In the Soviet Union, it was necessary to hastily change the entire equipment of the “friend or foe” recognition system. A button has appeared in the fighter's missile launch system that removes the lock on firing at friendly aircraft. She received the nickname "Belenkovskaya".

In the USSR, the pilot was convicted in absentia under article 64 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR for treason and sentenced to capital punishment (execution).

Oleg Gordievsky

Oleg Gordievsky, the son of an NKVD officer and a graduate of the Moscow Institute of International Relations, has been collaborating with the KGB since 1963.

According to him, he became disillusioned with Soviet politics, so he enlisted as agents of the British MI6 in 1974. There is a version that Gordievsky was betrayed by a Soviet source from the CIA. On May 22, 1985, he was suddenly summoned to Moscow and subjected to interrogation using psychotropic properties. However, the Committee did not arrest him, but took him "under the hood".

The Cap turned out to be not the most reliable - the defector managed to escape in the trunk of an embassy car on July 20, 1985.

That same autumn, a diplomatic scandal erupted when the government of Margaret Thatcher expelled more than 30 undercover Soviet embassy workers from Britain. Gordievsky claimed that they were agents of the KGB and the GRU.

He also accused a number of high-ranking British intelligence officers of working for the USSR. Former KGB chairman Semichastny said that "Gordievsky did more damage to the Soviet secret services than even General Kalugin," and British historian of the secret services, Cambridge professor Christopher Andrew wrote that Gordievsky was "the most important agent of British intelligence in the ranks of the Soviet special services after Oleg Penkovsky."

In June 2007, for his service to the security of the United Kingdom, he was consecrated to the Order of St. Michael and St. George by Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain. The order was presented by the Queen herself.

Dossier on spies

This is not a complete, but an extensive list of traitors to the Motherland convicted of treason in the form of espionage. Not all the traitors represented here were caught with the help of the FRC, however, where the traitor was a soldier, military counterintelligence, as a rule, also took part in his exposure.
Treason, according to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, is understood as espionage committed by a Russian citizen, the issuance of state secrets or other assistance to a foreign state, a foreign organization or their representatives to the detriment of the external security of the Russian Federation

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources:
Center for Strategic Security

Association of Special Service Historians. A.Kh.Artuzova
FSB website
SVR website
RIA Novosti agencies
ITAR-TASS
RIA News
Archive of the Center for Strategic Security
Prokhorov D.P. How much does it cost to sell the Motherland. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Neva", - 2005, p. 576
Marina Latysheva. They betrayed the Motherland. – Agentura.Ru
Pavel Felgenhauer - columnist for Novaya Gazeta
Nikolai Sergeev, Kirill Belyaninov - Kommersant newspaper
Alexander Shvarev - "Rosbalt"

2015
On December 4, the City Court of St. Petersburg sentenced an ex-employee of the 51st Central Design and Technological Institute of Ship Repair, Captain First Rank Vladislav Nikolsky, to 8 years in prison for espionage in favor of Ukraine and smuggling.

RIA Novosti http://ria.ru/world/20151204/1335821431.html#ixzz3ttl53NWw

On November 12, the Moscow Regional Court sentenced Yevgeny Chistov, a former Moscow Region police officer who sold Russian state secrets to the CIA, to 13 years in a strict regime colony. It was established that in 2011 Chistov, while serving in the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, established contact with the US CIA. Being recruited by American intelligence, for three years he collected and transferred information abroad, including those constituting state secrets. Chistov pleaded guilty, confirmed the recruitment of the US CIA, as well as the issuance of state secrets to a foreign intelligence service about the activities of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.

On October 14, the Moscow City Court sentenced Yury Soloshenko, former head of the Ukrainian defense plant Znamya, to six years in prison on charges of espionage. The details of the case are not known due to secrecy, but at the court session it was mentioned that the special services confiscated some equipment from Soloshenko, which has now been transferred to one of the military units. In addition, according to investigators, the man tried to use $6,000, which has now been confiscated to the Russian budget, to commit the crime.

On October 7, the Bryansk Regional Court sentenced local resident Viktor Shur to 12 years in prison under the article “treason” for spying for Ukraine. According to the press service of the court, on December 9, 2014, Russian citizen Viktor Shur carried out intelligence activities in the Bryansk region on the instructions of the State Border Service of Ukraine. He collected information about the regime facility of the Russian Defense Ministry, but did not have time to transfer it to Ukraine. On the same day, while crossing the Russian-Ukrainian border, Shur was detained by the FSB of the Russian Federation. At the court session, Shur pleaded guilty to high treason and cooperation with the special services of a foreign state. Shura will serve a 12-year term in a strict regime colony.

On September 21, the Moscow City Court sentenced former GRU officer Gennady Kravtsov to 14 years in prison for treason. As an additional punishment, the court stripped him of the rank of lieutenant colonel. Kravtsov came under criminal prosecution because he sent his resume to a Swedish company, intending to get a job. Since he previously served in the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff and, according to the investigation, disclosed secret information in his resume, his actions are qualified as high treason. The defense, in turn, believes that there was nothing secret in the said letter. Kravtsov pleaded not guilty. According to the investigation, the defendant did not receive any monetary reward from the Swedes.

On August 19, the Pskov Regional Court sentenced Estonian Security Police officer Eston Kohver to 15 years in a strict regime. The court found him guilty of espionage, smuggling, carrying weapons, as well as illegal crossing of the state border.

He was also fined 100 thousand rubles. According to the FSB of Russia, Kohver was detained in September 2014 in the Pskov region with special equipment for covert recording, a pistol and 5,000 euros. According to the Russian special services, "an undercover operation of the Estonian Interior Ministry Security Police Department" was stopped. The Estonian authorities stated that Kohver was kidnapped in Estonia on the border with the Pskov region and taken to Russia under the threat of weapons. The Estonian Security Police stated that its officer “performed official duties to prevent a cross-border crime related to smuggling.” On September 26, Kohver was handed over to Estonia in exchange for Alexei Dressen, ex-officer of the Security Police Department of the Estonian Ministry of Internal Affairs, who was serving a sentence for passing secret information to the Russian FSB.

On March 5, the Moscow City Court sentenced former Krasnoyarsk police officer Roman Ushakov to 15 years in prison for treason.

According to the prosecution, the American special services gave the task to Ushakov with the help of a “bookmark” disguised as a stone. The major was detained at the moment when he tried to take the promised money from the stone. As a result, the former police officer received 15 years in a strict regime colony under article 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Treason”, which provides for 12 to 20 years in prison. The court also limited Ushakov's freedom for two years after his release from the colony. In addition, the defendant is deprived of the rank of major. Ushakov did not agree with the sentence and challenged the verdict in a higher court. On June 17, 2015, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation upheld the verdict in the case of former Krasnoyarsk police officer Roman Ushakov.

2014
G.
On November 14, the Krasnodar Regional Court sentenced Sochi resident Ekaterina Kharebava to six years in prison for spying for Georgia. According to investigators, in 2008, Kharebava saw the movement of Russian troops in Sochi, which she reported to the military representative of Georgia.

The investigation claims that Kharebava, by passing on the information, caused damage to the interests of the state. The defendant's defense challenged the verdict. On March 24, 2015, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation recognized the verdict as legal.

On July 25, the North Caucasus District Military Court sentenced Denis Kaimakov, a serviceman from one of the military units stationed in Abkhazia, to eight years in a strict regime colony under the article “high treason in the form of espionage”. The court ruled that Kaimakov was guilty of collecting, storing and transferring information constituting a state secret for the benefit of a foreign state.

2012
On February 10, 2012, the 3rd military court sentenced the senior test engineer of the Plesetsk cosmodrome, Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Vasilyevich Nesterets. During court sessions Nesterets The.The. pleaded guilty to transferring for a monetary reward to representatives of the CIA of the United States information about the tests of the latest Russian strategic combat missile systems constituting a state secret.
For the commission of a crime under Art. 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (“high treason”), Nesterets V.V. sentenced to 13 years in prison to be served in a strict regime colony, deprivation of the military rank of lieutenant colonel.

“The rearmament of Russia's strategic forces is of great interest to the Western intelligence services, and they have shown this interest since the time of Oleg Penkovsky in the 1960s,” the expert explains.
The cosmodrome in Plesetsk is a subject of special interest. “It is from there that the launches of the newest missiles of the Strategic Missile Forces take place - both Topol-M and Yars, so the value of information from Plesetsk is very high. The arrest of a Western intelligence agent is a great achievement of our counterintelligence,” Korotchenko notes. The chairman of the public council under the Ministry of Defense draws attention to the fact that, judging by the verdict, the convict made a deal with the investigation. “Nesterets received only 13 years instead of 20. This means that he agreed to cooperate and this was credited to him at the trial,” the expert is sure.
Plesetsk is now the only cosmodrome in Russia. It is from there that the communications satellites of the Ministry of Defense, as well as satellites of the GLONASS system, are launched. In Plesetsk, tests of new combat equipment for Topol missiles were repeatedly carried out.

On May 18, 2012, at a closed hearing in the Sverdlovsk Regional Court, the engineer Alexander Gniteev was sentenced for revealing to foreign intelligence a state secret - data on the Bulava ballistic missile. An employee of the closed enterprise "NPO Avtomatika" was sentenced to 8 years in prison in a strict regime colony.

On May 31, 2012, the Moscow City Court sentenced to 12 years in a penal colony and stripped of his rank former employee of the Military Technical Directorate of the General Staff, Colonel of the Reserve Vladimir Lazar, who in December 2008, on the instructions of the American military intelligence agent Alexander Lesment, acquired and transferred to him a significant amount of raster images of topographic maps containing information constituting a state secret.

It is known about Lazar that from 1975 to 2003 he served in the Armed Forces of the USSR, and then the Russian Federation, and had access to information constituting a state secret. From April 2003 until his arrest, he worked at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Goszemkadastrsemka - VISKHAGI, where he also had access to classified information. In 1975-1979, Lazar studied at the Leningrad Higher Military Topographic Command School together with Russian citizen Lesment. This person has lived in Estonia since the mid-90s. Since that time, he began to actively cooperate with the intelligence department of the US Department of Defense. Having received a spy assignment, Lesment contacted a Russian collector of topographic maps via the Internet. In 2008, on behalf of Lesment, Lazar bought from this collector optical discs containing more than 7 thousand electronic images of topographic maps of the territories of the Russian Federation, copied them to a hard drive and took them to Belarus, where he handed them over to Lesment through an intermediary. According to experts, the information received by the US Department of Defense can cause significant damage to Russia's external security.

On June 6, 2012, the Moscow District Military Court sentenced retired FSB colonel Valery Mikhailov to 18 years in prison. As the investigation and the court established, for several years Mikhailov handed over classified materials to the American special services.
The case of Colonel Mikhailov was considered behind closed doors, and the court publicly announced only the operative part of the verdict. In accordance with it, Mikhailov was deprived of his military rank, state awards and sentenced to an 18-year term, which he will serve in a strict regime colony. In addition, the court fined the traitor 500 thousand rubles. and made a decision to turn in favor of the Russian Federation two houses in Ukraine that belonged to Mikhailov.
It should be noted that during the debate, the state prosecution asked for 13 years in a strict regime colony for him, and the defense believed that a 6-year sentence was enough for the colonel.
Mikhailov was discharged from military service in 2007. As a citizen of Russia, he lived in the United States in the state of Virginia. Mikhailov was accused of treason. According to the investigation, while serving in the FSB, he himself established contact with representatives of the US Central Intelligence Agency in Moscow and handed over data constituting state secrets to American intelligence.

The Kommersant publication clarifies that, according to the investigation, Valery Mikhailov began to cooperate with CIA agents in Moscow in 2001. “Receiving a reward, until 2007 he handed over to them more than a thousand copies of documents labeled “Secret” and “Top Secret”, which the FSB leadership prepared for the president, prime minister and the Security Council of Russia,” the publication adds.
It was only in 2010 that the FSB managed to lure Mikhailov out of the United States to Russia. On September 7, he was detained in his Moscow apartment on Leninsky Prospekt. Once in the Lefortovo pre-trial detention center, Mikhailov pleaded guilty.

A source:

On June 20, 2012, in the city court of St. Petersburg, the verdict was announced to the professors of the Baltic State Technical University "Voenmekh" named after Ustinov, who were accused of high treason. Yevgeny Afanasyev and Svyatoslav Bobyshev were found guilty of transferring secret information regarding the Bulava missile to Chinese intelligence services. Professor Afanasiev was sentenced to 12.5 years in a strict regime colony, and his colleague Bobyshev - to 12 years. The scientists pleaded not guilty.
Evgeny Afanasiev and Svyatoslav Bobyshev, professors of the Ustinov Baltic State Technical University “Voenmekh”, were detained by the FSB in March 2010. According to investigators, in May-June 2009, during a business trip to China, scientists handed over classified information constituting a state secret to representatives of Chinese military intelligence for money. The investigators clarified that the secret materials concerned the Bulava sea-based strategic missile system.
The trial of teachers was held behind closed doors. In 2010, the Public Committee for the Protection of Scientists recognized the arrested professors as “victims of spy mania”. In May 2012, Alexander Gniteev, an employee of a defense enterprise, was sentenced to eight years in prison for passing information about Bulava to foreign intelligence. The country he spied for was not named.

2011
Counterintelligence agencies of the Federal Security Service (FSB) of the Russian Federation detained an officer of one of the military units of the Southern Military District and his mother on charges of spying for Georgia.
“The bodies of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation on suspicion of treason in the form of espionage detained Russian citizens: a serviceman of one of the military units of the Southern Military District, Senior Lieutenant Aliev David Ruslanovich, who, on the instructions of the Georgian special services, collected secret information about the troops of the district, as well as his mother, Alieva Irina Yakovlevna, who intended to take the information collected by her son to Georgia, ”the FSB Public Relations Center said in a statement.
Both have already been charged with treason in the form of espionage (Article 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The defendants are currently in custody and an investigation is underway.

On March 5, 2011, the Moscow City Court passed a closed verdict on retired Defense Ministry Colonel Andrey Khlychev, who also worked at the Ministry of Atomic Energy and the Ministry of Emergency Situations at different times. He was found guilty of high treason (Article 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and received 18 years in prison.
Khlychev Andrey Alexandrovich was born in the Shakhunsky district of the Gorky region in 1962. During Soviet times, he graduated from the Institute of Military Translators, after which he served in the Ministry of Defense for many years. As a military translator, he went on long business trips to African states, in particular to Angola. For participation in one of the operations in this country, Khlychev was awarded the Order "For Personal Courage".
Khlychev retired with the rank of colonel, and in the late 1990s and early 2000s he got a job at the Interregional Investment Bank. Later, this structure appeared in the investigation against the Deputy Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation, Sergei Storchak, who was accused of trying to steal $43.4 million from the state budget under the guise of returning the Algerian debt to a private company. And the president of the bank, Vadim Volkov, was arrested as part of this case.
In addition, Andrey Khlychev held the position of General Director of Alon LLC, the main founder of which is CJSC VO Vneshtorgbiznes. The president of Vneshtorgbiznes, Igor Kruglyakov, was also taken into custody at the time in the Storchak case. Both Vneshtorgbiznes and Interregional Investment Bank were partners of many defense enterprises and Rosoboronexport. “Neither Khlychev nor the Alon firm appeared in the case file,” Andrey Romashov, Storchak’s lawyer, told Rosbalt.
In 2001, Khlychev moved to work at the Ministry of Atomic Energy, and then at the Federal Agency for Atomic Energy. In the mid-2000s, he got a job as the chief specialist of the Emercom-Demining Center for Humanitarian Demining and Special Explosive Works of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. In October 2006, Andrey Khlychev arrived in the DPRK when nuclear weapons were being tested in that country. Officially, the purpose of his visit was designated as "technical control over the unloading of Russian humanitarian aid."
At the end of 2007, Khlychev left the country and moved to the United States, where he settled in the state of Illinois. In the same period of time, he came to the attention of the FSB of the Russian Federation. One of the former counterintelligence officers told the agency that Khlychev was suspected of having close contacts with a US citizen, a former member of the US army, who had been in Russia since 1994, where he had different statuses. At first, he was officially listed as a representative of a large corporation in Moscow, then, as a regional director of an American state-owned company, he was responsible for establishing contacts between the US government and Russia in the field of defense and space industry. “There is information that this US citizen was a staff member of one of the American intelligence services and was engaged in collecting information on the territory of the Russian Federation regarding the nuclear programs of the Russian Federation,” the former counterintelligence officer noted. A suspicious foreigner left Russia in the same 2007.
There is reason to believe that Khlychev began supplying the American spy with secret information back in Russia, and then their cooperation continued in the United States. “Khlychev continued to elicit information from his acquaintances in the Ministry of Defense and various departments regarding nuclear programs,” our source said. Employees of the FSB of the Russian Federation managed to lure Khlychev to Russia, where he was arrested in May 2010. The colonel "pecked" on the promise of one acquaintance to provide some interesting information.

In July 2011, the Moscow District Military Court convicted ex-SVR officer Alexander Poteev in absentia, accused of treason, who, having fled to the United States, handed over to the US intelligence services a whole network of SVR officers who were exchanged last summer for those convicted of espionage in Russia.

The Center for Public Relations (CSP) of the FSB of the Russian Federation announced the completion of the investigation department of the department of the investigation of the criminal case of ex-employee of the Foreign Intelligence Service Alexander Poteev, accused in absentia of committing treason in the form of issuing state secrets (Article 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and desertion (part 1 of Article 338 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
According to media reports, Alexander Poteev, the son of professional serviceman Nikolai Pavlovich Poteev, who received the title of Hero of the USSR in 1944 for the destruction of nine fascist tanks, once distinguished himself in the war in Afghanistan. As part of the KGB special groups “Cascade” and “Zenith”, he visited this country several times, received the Order of the Red Banner and several medals. All his further service in the state security agencies was connected with the First Main Directorate (PGU) of the KGB, which was engaged in foreign intelligence, and then with the Foreign Intelligence Service, where he rose to the rank of deputy head of the “C” department, responsible for the work of illegal intelligence agents in the United States.
Prior to his escape overseas, Alexander Poteev was able to transport his wife, daughter and son to the USA and find employment. And in the spring of 2010, having taken a vacation to visit his relatives in Belarus, he moved to Europe, and then to the USA, using a passport issued in his name. According to some reports, the desertion of the colonel of the Foreign Intelligence Service (he did not return to military unit 33949, to which he was assigned) was associated with the problems of his wife Marina - allegedly, shortly before this, the US Department of Justice convicted her of money laundering and tax evasion.
Be that as it may, but, according to the investigation, once in the United States, Alexander Poteev handed over to the FBI a whole network of illegal immigrants working in this country. For this, the Poteev family received new documents, work and state protection.
Russia and the United States have agreed to exchange exposed agents for convicted espionage scientist Igor Sutyagin, former GRU officer Sergei Skripal, former SVR officer Alexander Zaporozhsky, and former deputy head of the NTV Plus security service, who previously worked at the KGB PGU Gennady Vasilenko. As a result, all ten received sentences in the court of the Southern District of Manhattan, which they had already served under investigation, and were deported from the United States. The lawyers of some of them, as Kommersant reported, are now trying to sue the property confiscated from them in the United States.
The US intelligence services refused to comment on the information about the completion of the criminal case against former Colonel Alexander Poteev. In response to a request from Kommersant, US Department of Justice spokesman Dean Boyd said that American law enforcement agencies were not going to assess the actions of the FSB and could not "confirm the information that Mr. Poteev had ever crossed the American border." According to former high-ranking CIA officer Donald Jameson, if Colonel Poteev really became the culprit of the failure of a group of Russian illegal intelligence officers and managed to escape to the United States, then the most serious attention is now being paid to ensuring his safety.
“According to existing instructions, after the escape, he was supposed to spend several months in one of the safe houses, communicating only with members of the FBI counterintelligence department. They must make sure that he is not a double agent and conduct a series of interrogations, ”he explained in an interview with Kommersant.
According to information published in Rosbalt, Alexander Nikolaevich Poteev was born on March 7, 1952 in the Brest region of the Republic of Belarus in the family of the Hero of the USSR Nikolai Poteev. After the army, he entered the service of the KGB of the USSR. In the 1970s, in the Brest region, Alexander met a girl, Marina, who was a year older. After some time, the young people got married. Soon after that, Poteev went on promotion, he was transferred to work in the KGB apparatus in the republic, he settled with his wife in Minsk. In 1979, the Poteevs had a daughter, Margarita. In the same year, Alexander was trained in advanced training courses for officers, where they trained personnel for the KGB special forces groups. Poteev served in the Zenit special group, then in the Cascade-1 and Cascade-2 special groups, took part in operations in Afghanistan, and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Returning from this country, Poteev graduated from the Red Banner Institute of the KGB and worked in the First Main Directorate (foreign intelligence) of the KGB of the USSR. In 1982, another child appeared in the family - son Vladimir. In the 1990s, Poteev worked in several foreign countries (including the United States) under the guise of an employee of one of the departments of the Russian Foreign Ministry. In 2000, Alexander Poteev was appointed deputy head of the "C" department, which oversaw the activities of Russian illegal agents. A Rosbalt source assures that Poteev received several cottages in the United States for his work for the CIA, and a large amount of money has accumulated in his special account. In 2010, it became obvious to the Russian intelligence services that a high-ranking "mole" was operating in their system. However, it was not possible to calculate and capture it. According to Rosbalt, the Foreign Intelligence Service was preparing to test the employees of department "C" on a lie detector, which could help identify a traitor. Alexander Poteev also knew about it. Shortly before President Dmitry Medvedev's visit to America in June 2010, he fled the country. Immediately after Medvedev left the United States, it became known that ten illegal Russian agents had been arrested in this country.

2010
On March 25, 2010, two Russian servicemen were sentenced to 9 years in prison for spying for Georgia. Lieutenant colonels Khvichi Imerlishvili and Bogdanov collected information about FSB officers and passed it on to Georgia. According to investigators, the spies received $6,000 for their work.

2009
The FSB of Russia exposed the agent network of Georgian intelligence, the North Caucasian Military Court sentenced the former deputy commander of one of the military units of the North Caucasus Military District, lieutenant colonel of the Russian army Mikhail Khachidze. At the same time, the court took into account a number of mitigating circumstances, including “the presence of young children, cooperation with the investigating authorities and repentance.”
At the trial, Khachidze admitted that in October-November 2007 in the city of Batumi he was recruited by the special services of Georgia and agreed to fulfill their task of collecting and transferring military information known to him in the service, including state secrets. At the same time, Khachidze received a monetary reward in the amount of $2,000 from a representative of the state bodies of Georgia.
By a court verdict, he was stripped of his rank and sentenced to 6 years in prison to be served in a strict regime colony.
“Over the past 50 years, we have not had such a glaring fact that happened to Mikhail Khachidze. The information provided by the former servicemen to the Georgian special services could have caused damage to the Russian Federation and its defense capabilities,” the military prosecutor of the North Caucasian Military District, Lieutenant-General of Justice Vladimir Milovanov, noted after the completion of the trial, stressing that since April 2008, Khachidze “has been transmitting information to the Georgian services, containing information about the troops of the district, including for those operations that the Georgian army then carried out in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Milovanov believes that Khachidze “committed this crime due to his low moral qualities. As the investigation established, he was constantly in debt, and when he took money from the Georgian special service, he was also in debt.”
The FSB reported about the detention of Mikhail Khachidze, a native of Georgia, on suspicion of spying for Georgia in August 2008. He was detained in one of the cities of the Stavropol Territory.
In December 2008, the director of the FSB, Alexander Bortnikov, reported that as part of an investigation into the activities of an agent network of Georgian special services in Russia, criminal cases had been initiated against five Russians. One of the organizers of the network, the deputy head of the department of the Special Foreign Intelligence Service of Georgia, a Georgian citizen Kherkeladze, was arrested.
Bortnikov then said that criminal cases had been initiated under the article on high treason against Russian citizens Bogdanov, Imerdishvili, Kushashvili, Khachidze and Khachirov, who assisted the Georgian special services in collecting information about Russian military installations and military personnel, law enforcement officers and special services, as well as bodies of state power and administration.
The Supreme Court of North Ossetia sentenced Badri Kushashvili, a native of Georgia, to 8 years in a strict regime colony, finding him guilty of espionage. During the trial, he fully admitted his guilt and repented of his deed, ITAR-TASS was told on Tuesday in the FSB Department for North Ossetia.
It was established that Badri Kushashvili, a 55-year-old native of the Kazbegi region of Georgia, being a citizen of Russia, was recruited by Georgia's foreign intelligence service in 2007 and, on its instructions, collected information about military facilities in the North Caucasus for a year.
The network of Georgian spies in the region was revealed in 2008 by the Russian FSB for North Ossetia in cooperation with the military counterintelligence and the military prosecutor's office. Badri Kushashvili was charged under article 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - "Treason", which provides for 12 to 20 years in prison. But, given that the accused fully admitted his guilt, repented of his deed and cooperated with the investigation, the panel of judges issued a relatively mild sentence.
Also in October, the North Caucasus District Military Court passed a verdict against foreman Dzhemal Nakaidze. He was found guilty of spying for Georgia and sentenced to 9 years in prison in a strict regime colony.
In total, the special services of North Ossetia revealed 9 Georgian spies who collected information of national importance in the North Caucasus.

2008
Sipachev was detained on suspicion of passing secret cartographic data to the US Department of Defense. As it turned out, the Pentagon was going to use the information received when adjusting the cruise missile guidance system to improve the accuracy of hitting targets in Russia. The defendant pleaded guilty during his arrest. In addition, he signed a cooperation agreement with the investigation.
“Sipachev provided active assistance in solving and investigating the crime, as well as in identifying the criminal activities of others, which made it possible to prevent further damage to the external security of the Russian Federation,” the verdict says. It was the admission of guilt and assistance in the investigation that softened the court's decision, since, according to the Criminal Code, the charge under Article 275 provides for a sentence of up to 20 years in prison.

Igor Reshetin, an academician of the Academy of Cosmonautics, was accused of illegally transferring state-controlled technology to China. The court sentenced him to 20 and a half years in prison.

2006
On August 23, 2006, the Moscow City Court sentenced a Russian citizen to 12 years in prison on charges of high treason in the form of espionage in favor of the German special services. According to the Center for Public Relations of the FSB, Andrey Dumenkov "came to the attention of the FSB of Russia in 2004."
From the applicant's materials received, it became known that "Dumenkov is looking for opportunities to acquire information constituting a state secret for a monetary reward, for their subsequent transfer by representatives of the German special services," ITAR-TASS quotes a report. “In the course of a set of verification measures, the FSB of Russia confirmed Dumenkov’s connection with the German intelligence service, the stability of his intentions to acquire secret information on the instructions of foreign intelligence, as well as specific facts of his collection of information on promising models of missile weapons,” the FSB DSO said. In addition, operational information was received about Dumenkov's plans to leave for permanent residence in Germany in connection with the final execution of the necessary documents.
“In order to prevent damage to Russia’s defense capability as a result of Dumenkov’s illegal activities, a decision was made to detain him when he tried to export secret military-related materials abroad,” the FSB CSO said. Dumenkov was detained on August 3, 2005 at one of the Moscow railway stations "when he tried to take secret military-related materials abroad," the report says. During the investigation of the criminal case by the Investigation Department of the FSB of Russia, Dumenkov confessed;

On October 18, 2006, an employee of the Department of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) for the Kaliningrad Region was detained, who was accused of having collaborated with the Lithuanian special services for a long time. As stated in the FSB CSO on October 24, the leakage of the most important military information was thus prevented. “On October 18, the FSB of Russia detained a Russian citizen red-handed in Kaliningrad, deputy head of the penitentiary inspectorate for the Krasnoznamensky district of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation for the Kaliningrad region, lieutenant colonel of the internal service Vasily Khitryuk, who had been collaborating with the Lithuanian special services for a long time,” said a representative of the CSO of the FSB of Russia. During the arrest, electronic media containing information of a military nature were confiscated from 39-year-old Khitryuk. “According to experts, it belongs to information constituting a state secret,” said a representative of the FSB CSO.
To obtain this information, Khitryuk used former colleagues and acquaintances serving in the Russian army and law enforcement agencies, and on the instructions of a Lithuanian intelligence officer, he persuaded them to issue copies of secret documents for a monetary reward, Interfax reports.
The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation initiated a criminal case under the article “high treason” of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, an investigation is underway. “The detainee makes a confession,” the department said, ITAR-TASS notes.
“According to experts, it belongs to information constituting a state secret,” said a representative of the FSB CSO. “Secret information about the combat and mobilization readiness of the Baltic Fleet and troops stationed in the Kaliningrad region was prevented from leaking abroad. Irrefutable evidence has been obtained of the espionage activities of an agent of the Lithuanian special services, ”says the CSO of the FSB of Russia.

On August 9, 2006, the Moscow District Military Court (MOVS) sentenced Sergei Skripal, colonel of the Russian special services, to 13 years in prison. The court found him guilty under article 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - high treason in the form of espionage. S. Skripal was found guilty of issuing state secrets to a foreign state.
“The court sentenced S. Skripal to 13 years in prison, finding him guilty almost in full,” Chief Military Prosecutor of the Russian Federation Sergei Fridinsky, who acted as the state prosecutor in the case, told reporters. Skripal's actions were qualified under Article 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - "transfer of information constituting a state secret in favor of foreign intelligence agencies," Fridinsky specified. He added that the prosecutor's office was satisfied with the verdict handed down in the case. Fridinsky stressed that Skripal's actions were qualified under such a grave article due to the fact that they were committed "against the interests of the Russian Federation." Referring to the damage caused by Sripal, Fridinsky said: “The transmission of this information in itself is a damage. I am sure that our intelligence services will disavow the consequences of the actions committed by Skripal.” The state prosecutor noted that the accused had official access to information constituting a state secret. The chief military prosecutor emphasized that, speaking in the debate, he asked for Skripal to be sentenced to 15 years in prison, while he asked that mitigating circumstances be taken into account, including Skripal's admission of guilt and contributing to the disclosure of the crime.
In turn, the CSO of the FSB of the Russian Federation clarified that Colonel of the Reserve of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Sergei Skripal, sentenced to 13 years in prison, was accused of high treason in the form of espionage in favor of the British special services. According to the court decision, Skripal will serve a thirteen-year sentence in a strict regime colony. It is not specified which Russian special service Skripal was a member of.
According to Izvestia, Colonel Sergei Skripal supplied secret information to representatives of the British intelligence service. As a result, MI6 obtained data on several dozen members of the Russian special services working abroad. According to investigators, Skripal received more than $100,000 from the British for his services in “disclosing” his intelligence colleagues. According to the investigation, in the second half of the 90s, while on a long-term business trip abroad, he began to cooperate with the British intelligence service MI6. These contacts did not stop when Skripal returned to his homeland and left the service. He met regularly with the handler from MI6 and received cash fees for his reports. According to Izvestia's sources, the British were interested in information about Skripal's colleagues working "under cover" in various European countries.
Skripal was arrested in December 2004 and charged with treason. The investigation lasted a year and a half, and at the end of June 2006, the case of Colonel Skripal was submitted to the Moscow District Military Court. For the chief military prosecutor of the Russian Federation, Sergei Fridinsky, this process was the first after his appointment to this position.

2004
On December 14, 2004, the Moscow District Military Court sentenced Igor Vyalkov, lieutenant colonel of the FPS of the FSB of Russia, to ten years in prison, finding him guilty of spying for Estonia (articles 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and 322 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The court ruled that Vyalkov's guilt was fully proved by the testimony and materials of the criminal case. According to the verdict, the convict will serve his sentence in a strict regime colony.
“The court releases Vyalkov from punishment under Article 322 (“illegal crossing of the state border”) due to the expiration of the statute of limitations,” the verdict says.
In addition, the convict was deprived of the rank of lieutenant colonel.
According to the investigation, in the period from 2001 to 2002, Vyalkov met several times with representatives of Estonian intelligence, to whom he transmitted information “on some aspects of the intelligence activities of the FSB Border Service.” The lieutenant colonel got to Estonia by illegally crossing the border.
The verdict alleges that Vyalkov, for selfish purposes, handed over secret information to Estonian intelligence, in particular about the locations of a number of Russian military units, personal data of some border guards, as well as information about the forces, means and plans of individual units of the General Staff.
According to the investigation, Vyalkov made contact with a certain Zoya Kint, an agent of the Estonian special services. According to the FSB, several times during 2001-2002, Vyalkov passed secret information to Zoya Kint on the territory of Russia and Estonia. For the disclosure of this information, Vyalkov received a reward of more than $1,000,” the verdict says.
The verdict notes that the FSB officer was caught red-handed after he photographed several publications from the journal Counterintelligence Bulletin about the methods of confronting the Scandinavian special services. “The defendant's allegations that he spoke with an agent of the Estonian special services in order to expose her in the future, and photographed materials for his future dissertation, are unfounded and not convincing,” the verdict says.

2003
On February 27, 2003, the trial of Alexander Zaporozhsky, a former officer of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, who was accused of spying for the United States, began today at the Moscow District Military Court. He was charged under Art. 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (high treason in the form of the issuance of state secrets).
The indictment contains several episodes related to A. Zaporizhsky's transfer of secret information to representatives of foreign special services over the past five years. In particular, he is charged with issuing information about the activities of Russian intelligence agencies and their employees. The investigation established that the colonel transmitted secret information not only in Moscow, but also abroad, during business trips.
52-year-old Zaporozhsky until 1997 was the deputy head of the first department of the Counterintelligence Directorate of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia. Since 1997, having retired from the reserve, he worked for an American company and lived in Maryland, USA.
He was arrested in 2001 in Moscow. Since then, he has been in custody in the Lefortovo pre-trial detention center. Since March 13, visiting meetings of the Moscow District Military Court (MOVS) have been held there in closed session.
The state prosecutor demanded that Zaporizhsky be found guilty of all the acts charged against the defendant and sentenced to 16 years in prison to be served in a strict regime colony. However, according to Maria Veselova, Zaporizhzhya's lawyer, "the prosecution has no direct evidence of the defendant's guilt."
On June 11, 2003, the Moscow District Military Court sentenced Zaporizhsky to 18 years in prison to be served in a strict regime colony. He was found guilty of high treason in the form of issuing state secrets - Article 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - in favor of the United States. The court also deprived Zaporozhye of the military rank of colonel and state awards, in particular, the medal "For Military Merit".

2002
The Moscow District Military Court sentenced Colonel Alexander Sypachev to eight years in prison for espionage. He is a career Russian intelligence officer. He is accused of giving away information constituting state secrets to the CIA. Sypachev was arrested in April of this year. He was taken red-handed. He fully admitted his guilt, repented of his deed.
During the investigation, it was established that in February Sypachev, on his own initiative, applied to the US Embassy and offered to hand over secret information known to him. In March, a representative of the American intelligence services gave the colonel a list of topics of interest to the CIA, and he prepared a report on two sheets. In particular, Sypachev was going to give the Americans top secret information about the personnel of the Russian intelligence agencies. The transfer of documents took place in a cinematic way: Sypachev left secret documents in the agreed place and tried to hide, but was detained by the FSB.

On June 26, 2002, former KGB general Oleg Kalugin was sentenced to 15 years in a strict regime colony. This verdict was handed down by the Moscow City Court in the absence of the accused. Having considered the evidence provided by the prosecution, the court ruled that Kalugin was guilty of committing high treason in accordance with Article 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. By a court decision, Kalugin was also deprived of his major general rank and awards.
Many of the prosecution's arguments were based on the book "First Directorate" written by Kalugin and an American journalist. The court concluded that in it the intelligence officer disclosed secret information about the intelligence activities of the USSR and valuable agents abroad, encroaching "on the foundations of the constitutional order and the security of the country."
The court's verdict can be appealed, which is what the retired general's lawyer Yevgeny Baru intends to do. At the end of the process, he stated that he categorically disagreed with the decision, and that the book was not evidence of Kalugin's guilt.
Such a process was possible only until July 1, when the new criminal procedure code comes into force. According to this document, it is impossible to consider the case in the absence of the defendant.
The indictment contained several episodes, including books published by Kalugin in the West and his recent testimony in an American court against George Trofimoff, who was ultimately found guilty of spying for Russia. The court excluded the story of Trofimoff from the accusatory base. But he agreed with other arguments of the prosecution, and gave a shorter term than the prosecutor demanded. Plus - the deprivation of the title and awards. By the way, Oleg Kalugin is going through a similar procedure for the second time. Exactly twelve years ago, the prosecutor's office already accused him of disclosing state secrets, and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov were deprived of both their titles and awards. After August 1991, the title and awards were returned to Kalugin, and the criminal case was dropped. The Main Military Prosecutor's Office opened the current criminal case in March 2001 last year, the trial took 22 days. A few months ago, the FSB sent him a subpoena demanding him to come to testify - Kalugin promised to hand it over to the espionage museum.

2001
On January 31, 2001, it became known that a diplomat from Russia's Permanent Mission to the UN had stayed in the United States in October last year. This was reported by the Associated Press, citing official sources in the American capital. His name has just been called. This is Sergei Tretyakov, who had the rank of first secretary. According to agency sources, the diplomat's wife Elena Tretyakova and other members of his family stayed with him. Officially, the reasons why Tretyakov decided not to return to Russia are not named. It is not even known whether he requested political asylum.
A better gift to the Americans cannot be imagined. With the same success, one of the deputies of the director of the Foreign Intelligence Service could remain in the USA. The fact is that according to the Western media, Sergei Tretyakov is the same person who for five years (from 1993 to 1997) was the Russian ambassador to Iran, and was most directly related to the cooperation program between the two countries in nuclear energy. Considering that since the autumn of last year there has been a noticeable warming of relations between Iran and Russia, the US interest in such a source in this area as Tretyakov should be very high. The fact is that, according to our data, a special program was prepared in autumn to increase cooperation. Within the framework of this program, visits to Iran by both Ivanovs (Secretary of the Security Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs), Defense Minister Igor Sergeyev and President Vladimir Putin were prepared. Some of these visits, as we know, have already taken place, the rest, apparently, may take place in the near future. True, now that the United States, which has always jealously followed Russian-Iranian relations, has got Tretyakov, serious adjustments can be made to the program.
Meanwhile, the Russian Foreign Ministry categorically denies that it was the former Russian ambassador to Iran who remained in the United States. The representative of the third department of Asian countries, Yuri Khokhlov, told the correspondent of Gazeta.Ru that the ambassador to Iran was a completely different Tretyakov, who is currently deputy director of the first CIS department of the Russian Foreign Ministry.
P.S. By the way, the former SIS agent Richard Tomlinson, whose writing career suddenly went up sharply, at one time worked in Iran, but his book was published just now. And the interests of the British intelligence services in this region, a former colony of the British Empire, are well known. It is quite possible that the decision to publish Tomlinson's works in Russia was made just after Tretyakov fled...
On February 10, the New York Times published an article Russian Defector Was Spy, Not Diplomat, U.S. Officials Say, which claimed that the Russian diplomat, the first secretary of the Russian Permanent Mission to the UN, Sergei Tretyakov, who stayed in the United States with his family last year, was in fact an intelligence officer. More.
Tretyakov Sergei Mikhailovich, diplomat. Born on November 22, 1950, graduated from MGIMO in 1973, Diplomatic Academy of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1990, diplomatic rank - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, in 1993-1997. - Ambassador of the Russian Federation to the Islamic Republic of Iran; married, has two sons.
Author of works on cooperation between the Russian Federation and Iran in nuclear energy.
In September 2010, the city of Tampa (Florida) published the conclusion of a forensic medical examination on the causes of death of spy defector Sergei Tretyakov. The 53-year-old double agent died suddenly on June 13th. The cause of death was not an acute heart attack, as the wife of the deceased, Elena, stated to the press. But it was also not a deliberate "killing of a traitor," as some media outlets have been quick to speculate. Everything turned out to be much simpler and more prosaic: Tretyakov died, "choking on a piece of meat."

On October 31, 2001, the Moscow Regional Court sentenced Victor Kalyadin, Director General of ZAO Elers Electron, to 14 years in prison in a strict regime colony. He was found guilty of spying for the United States.
The 53-year-old businessman was arrested in December 1998 by the FSB. The Chekists found out that Kalyadin, while in France, sold a technical description of the active protection complex of the Arena tank to an employee of the American company General Dynamics Limit Systems, a certain Farid Rafi. The foreigner, as established by the Russian special services, worked for US intelligence. During the investigation, it was established that Kalyadin received technical documentation from residents of the Moscow region - entrepreneurs Peter and Alexander Ivanov. They, in turn, bought it for $10,000 from Yury Serikov, head of the counter-intelligence sector of the Kolomna Machine-Building Design Bureau (KBM), and Anatoly Borisenko, a former employee of this institution. By the way, the FSB stopped the case against the latter during the amnesty investigation.
The first arrests began after the Chekists, who had operational information, detained one of the Ivanov brothers, to whom the “nonsense” from the KBM tried to transfer secret documentation for other military products, passing under the names “Iskander” and “P-500”. In the course of the investigation, it was established that Kalyadin decided to acquire documents on the Arena at the suggestion of his long-time business partner, the head of the Metal company, Yugoslav Alexander Georgievich. The Ivanov brothers were relatives of his wife.
In relation to Rafi and Georgievich, the FSB also opened a case for espionage. Both are currently wanted. During the trial, the Ivanovs admitted that they had handed over documents to Kalyadin, but they did not know that the documents were classified.
As a result, on October 31, 2001, the Moscow Regional Court reclassified the actions of the Ivanovs from the article “high treason in the form of espionage” to the article “disclosure of state secrets”. Peter and Alexander were sentenced to 1 year and 2 months and 1 year and 8 months in prison, respectively - the court took into account their repentance and active assistance to the investigation. By that time, Peter was already under house arrest. Alexander was released in the courtroom.
As for Kalyadin, he denied his guilt at the trial. According to him, he, of course, understood that he was acting illegally, but he thought that the documents on Arena were an export, unclassified version. While the trial was going on, the main defendant suffered three heart attacks, and the hearings, which began in the Moscow Regional Court, ended in the walls of Lefortovo.

2000
In March 2000, the Military Court of the Baltic Fleet sentenced the former deputy commander of the ship, Captain 3rd Rank Sergei Velichko to five years in prison for cooperation with Western intelligence services.
At the end of July 1996, Western warships visited Baltiysk in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet. The deputy commander of the military unit for intelligence, Sergei Velichko, performed the duties of a communications officer during this visit. On the Wiesborg, a Swedish naval minelayer, he met the Swedish military interpreter Peter Jensen. Velichko informed Jensen of his forthcoming transfer to the reserve, and asked for help with further employment.
In November 1997, Sergei Velichko was informed that on the 22nd he was to come to Vilnius “on a question of interest to him”. At the station he was met by an unfamiliar man and, referring to the translator Jensen, said that he was ready to talk with Mr. Velichko about possible cooperation. It was a member of the Swedish intelligence services. Velichko talked with him for several hours about the Baltic Fleet. First of all, I was interested in the structure of naval intelligence, the capabilities of its equipment, the names and purposes of military units, information about the Baltic naval base and its naval formations. For this, Velichko received a reward of three thousand dollars.
Curators from Sweden gave Velichko the first task - after his dismissal, get a job as a referent in the information center of the Intelligence Directorate of the Baltic Fleet. For emergency communications, Velichko received a telephone number and the area code for Stockholm.
From that moment on, the materials accumulated in relation to Captain Velichko in the FSB, which put him under the “hood” after contact with Jensen, received the code name “Analyst”.
In August 1998, one of Velichko's acquaintances called at his request from Vilnius on the phone that was given to him by a Swedish intelligence officer for emergency communications. The woman said that Sergei was going to personally come to Lithuania in September. Assuming that the officer would be taking some secret materials with him, the FSB officers were preparing to detain him at the border. However, during a thorough customs inspection, Velichko did not find anything unlawful for export from the territory of Russia. He traveled abroad and met with his new secret employers. As the FSB managed to establish, even one of the leaders of the country's military intelligence came to Vilnius for a special meeting with the Analyst from Sweden. For three days in a row, Sergei Velichko was interrogated by several employees of the Swedish intelligence service at once. For the given information, he was paid another three thousand dollars. Six months later, the Analyst again went on a business trip to Vilnius.
This time, he no longer relied only on memory and took with him an extract from the summary of the intelligence department of the Baltic Fleet and a draft version of one information report. All these documents contained classified information constituting a state secret. Velichko was detained right at the Kaliningrad railway station. On the same day, a search was carried out in his apartment.
Workbooks and office notes containing state secrets were found there. Addresses, phone numbers and business cards of Analyst's contacts, including his foreign contacts. The coordinates of the foreign intelligence service in Vilnius, where Velichko sent mail, indicating the dates for the next meeting. Velichko acknowledged his game.
After the exposure, Velichko agreed to work as a "double agent." He gave the FSB a phone number in Stockholm, which three years ago a representative of the Swedish intelligence service gave him for emergency communication.
The military court of the Baltic Fleet found the former radio intelligence officer guilty. As it turned out during the process, only for the period from June 1995 to February 1997, officer Velichko, in connection with the performance of his official duties, received documents marked “top secret” and “secret” more than 400 times. Nevertheless, when sentencing Sergei Velichko, the court took into account that the former naval officer sincerely repented and actively helped to solve the crime he had committed. That is why he was sentenced below the lowest limit - only five years in prison. True, Sergei Velichko was deprived of the military rank of “captain of the 3rd rank” and state awards received for 20 years of service.

On March 15, 2000, the FSB informed that in Moscow at seven in the evening at the Leningradsky railway station, a Russian citizen recruited in Tallinn, Valery Oyamäe, who was suspected of spying for Great Britain, was arrested. The detainee was placed in Lefortovo.
“The Muscovite, who in the recent past was a top KGB officer, made several business trips to Estonia during 1999,” the FSB public relations department said in a statement. “At this time, he was recruited by Pablo Miller, the head of British intelligence in Tallinn, who acted under the cover of the post of First Secretary of the British Embassy in Tallinn.” The Russian authorities accuse the detained intelligence officer of high treason.
According to the British and Russian press, it is possible that the name of the detained British-Estonian spy - a resident of Moscow - could be published in the so-called Tomlinson list, which revealed the names of British intelligence officers.
Last year, former British Intelligence MI6 officer Richard Tomlinson published a list of names of overseas British intelligence officers. It is possible that on the basis of this list, a Russian citizen who worked for Great Britain and Estonia was also identified.
Tomlinson's information exposed the mechanism of the British intelligence system in many countries. The first victim was a Russian citizen detained by the FSB, the Izvestia newspaper writes. The name of Pablo Miller, who recruited the spy, is not on this list. According to ORT, the detainee previously served in Russian foreign intelligence.
The name of the spy became known only a year later, on April 23, 2001. On that day, the Moscow City Court sentenced the Estonian-British spy Valery Oyamäe to seven years. He was sentenced under Article 275 of the Criminal Code to seven years in prison with confiscation of property. As it turned out during the trial, Oyamäe passed on simply fantastic information: about the pre-election situation in Russia, data on “prominent political figures” and “approaches” to them; on the economic and environmental situation in the regions of Russia; about Russian agents in British and American intelligence services and institutions, agencies of the US and other NATO countries; about the personnel of the Security Service… and so on, as stated in the FSB report. To carry out the assignments, he “used his numerous connections among employees of the Russian law enforcement agencies, representatives of political and business circles” - that is, he attracted former colleagues.
According to the FSB of the Russian Federation, the recruitment of Valery Ojamäe and the conduct of communications operations with him were carried out with the direct participation of the Department of Security Police of the Estonian Ministry of Internal Affairs, better known as “Kaitsepolitsai” or KAPO. In particular, work with the agent was carried out by Zoya Tint, an employee of the first main bureau of the “Kaitsepolizei”. Jüri Pichl, the then General Director of KAPO, also personally took part in the meetings with him.

At the end of July 2000, the Moscow District Military Court, in a closed court session, considered a criminal case on charges of high treason, a junior researcher at the Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant Colonel Sergei Avramenko, and sentenced him to four years' imprisonment in a strict regime correctional colony . The court decided to deprive Sergei Avramenko of the military rank of "lieutenant colonel" and state awards.
In connection with the performance of official duties, Avramenko had access to information constituting military and state secrets. Wishing to improve his financial situation, Avramenko decided to collect secret information at his place of service that was of interest to foreign intelligence services.
At the end of April 1996, he received documents from the Institute's secret scientific and technical library containing data on the performance characteristics of the aircraft weapons and military equipment being developed. In addition, in violation of the rules established at the Central Research Institute, he also managed to obtain secret documents that contained information about the Air Force weapons system, the directions for the development and construction of the Air Force in the conditions of the modern situation, the content of the research plans of the Institute, the performance characteristics, combat capabilities and the state of development of promising aviation systems, on the assessment of the combat capabilities of the Air Force in solving the main tasks in possible armed conflicts and wars ..
Sergei Avramenko re-photographed the secret documents on seven Kodak Gold films. Then he put these films back into the packages and resealed them, giving them a factory look.
On May 4, 1996, he took these photographic films to the city of Riga, where he intended to sell them to representatives of a foreign state. However, the planned deal fell through.

In December 2000, an employee of the Russian embassy in Ottawa defected to Canada. “The defector is a career foreign intelligence officer who worked at the Russian embassy in Ottawa (Canada) as a security officer ... Before the trip to Canada, the fugitive worked in the Foreign Counterintelligence Department of the Foreign Intelligence Service, and therefore is of great value to the enemy” (For the first time, information about the defector appeared in "Moskovsky Komsomolets" on March 7, 2001 in the article "Spy Marathon", by A. Khinshtein).
On March 9, the name of the defector was named in the Canadian press - Evgeny Toropov. Canadians claim that Toropov served as the first secretary of the embassy.
On March 27, RIA Novosti managed to confirm the fact of Toropov's flight, together with his wife and son, from the embassy. According to RIA Novosti, Toropov's son had recently arrived from Russia in Canada for the winter holidays. At the same time, Toropov disappeared without even capturing things belonging to the family. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation applied to the Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs with a request to establish the location of the Toropovs, but the Canadians still have not given an exact answer to their Russian colleagues.

1999
On April 21, 1999, employees of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation detained 30-year-old Estonian citizen Pyotr Kalachev while receiving secret information from a Russian serviceman in the city of Pskov. He acted on the territory of the Russian Federation on the instructions of the department of intelligence and counterintelligence of the paramilitary organization “Defense League”.
Given the small damage from the espionage activities of an Estonian citizen, which was stopped at the initial stage, his frank confession, and also guided by the desire to further develop good-neighborly relations with the Republic of Estonia, the Russian competent authorities decided “not to initiate criminal proceedings against Petr Kalachev, but limited to his expulsion outside the Russian Federation,” said General Alexander Zdanovich, head of the CSO of the FSB of the Russian Federation. With regard to the actions of Russian citizens who came into contact with Kalachev, the FSB of the Russian Federation is checking.
According to the FSB, Estonian citizen Petr Kalachev engaged in espionage activities after he was contacted by an employee of the Estonian Foreign Ministry Ahto Grav, his acquaintance from the University of Tartu. Later, Sergei Bystrov, head of the intelligence and counterintelligence department of the paramilitary Estonian Defense League organization, and his subordinate, a certain “Mart”, began working with him on behalf of Grav. During the detention of Kalachev, in the pocket of his jacket, Russian special services officers found a photocopy of a secret document regarding the combat training of the 234th regiment of the division, and an electronic notebook with questions about the next assignment. According to the press service of the FSB, Kalachev “confessed to everything.”
In turn, all Estonian special services in an interview with BNS stated that Kalachev does not work for them and did not carry out special assignments in Russia.

1998
On the night of July 4, 1998, an employee of the Foreign Ministry, Valentin Moiseev, was detained on suspicion of high treason. Recently, Valentin Moiseev served in the ministry as deputy director of the first department of Asia, and at one time worked in Pyongyang as a journalist, and then an employee of the Russian trade mission. Moiseev was detained on Saturday during an undercover meeting with the adviser to the Embassy of the Republic of Korea in Moscow, Cho Sung-woo, who was the official representative of the South Korean special services in the Russian Federation. The Korean diplomat has been declared persona non grata and has already left Russia. And in relation to Valentin Moiseev, the investigative department of the FSB initiated a criminal case under Art. 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “high treason”.
On August 14, 2001, the Moscow City Court delivered a verdict in the case of the former deputy director of the First Department of Asia of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Valentin Moiseev, ending a two-year trial with its decision. The ex-diplomat was found guilty of high treason in the form of espionage for South Korea and sentenced to 4.5 years in prison to be served in a maximum security colony and confiscation of property.

On April 20, 1998, the Moscow Military District Court sentenced GRU officer Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Tkachenko to three years in prison. He was part of a group of GRU officers who sold about 200 secret satellite images of the countries of the Near and Middle East to the Mossad. Earlier, another member of the group, Lieutenant Colonel Gennady Sporyshev, received a suspended sentence for two years. And the organizer of the trade, a retired GRU colonel Alexander Volkov, from whose house the detectives confiscated $345,000, was in court as a witness.
Tkachenko, Volokov and Sporyshev served in the GRU At the GRU Space Intelligence Center. This is where the films filmed by Russian spy satellites are stored.
Since 1992, the center began to earn currency for military intelligence by selling slides made from satellite films to foreigners. The price of one slide could exceed $2,000. Depending on the quality of the image, the pictures were divided into unclassified and secret. A group of GRU officers were put on trial for the sale of precisely secret photographs, the buyer of which was the Israeli special service Mossad represented by its official representative in Moscow, Ruven Dinel. He was interested in pictures of Iraq, Iran, Syria and Israel.
In the early 90s, Dinel was seconded to Moscow to coordinate the activities of the Russian and Israeli special services in the fight against terrorism and the drug mafia. Soon Dinel came across Colonel Volkov, the head of one of the departments of the Space Intelligence Center. Alexander Volkov said that he quite officially got unclassified slides for the Mossad, and deposited the money into the cash desk of the center. They met openly, making deals at the Israeli embassy or in restaurants. Until 1995, Russian counterintelligence officers were not interested in these meetings. In 1993, Volkov retired from the army and became one of the founders and deputy general director of the commercial association Sovinformsputnik, which is still the official and only intermediary of the GRU in the trade in satellite images. In 1994, the senior assistant to the head of the department, Lieutenant Colonel Sporyshev, also resigned from the center. He was the first to sell several secret slides depicting the territory of Israel to Dinel through Volkov. A year later, Sporyshev connected to the case an employee of the GRU, Lieutenant Colonel Tkachenko, who had access to the film library of the center. The FSB became interested in the group.
On December 13, employees of the Military Counterintelligence Department of the FSB detained Volkov red-handed at the Belorusskaya metro station at the moment when he was handing over 10 secret slides depicting the territory of the Middle Eastern countries to Mossad employee Reuven Dinel. Dinel was expelled from the country.
Tkachenko and three GRU officers who were making slides were soon detained. A case of treason was brought against all the detainees, but in the end Volkov and three officers of the center were released. They all swore that they did not know about the secrecy of the pictures, but they could not prove the opposite. (By the way, Volkov said: “Israel is our strategic partner, and Saddam is just a terrorist. And I considered it my duty to help his opponents.”) As a result, these officers became witnesses in the case. The $345,000 found during a search of Volkov’s house (this money was received from the Mossad) was deposited at the request of the investigator to the account of the state-owned company Metal-Business, an officer retraining center established by the Ministry of Defense and the Hammer and Sickle plant.
In general, only Tkachenko was guilty, who was eventually charged with disclosing state secrets. Soon Sporyshev, who was hiding, also fell into the hands of the investigation. He immediately confessed to everything, and his case quickly ended up in court, which imposed a two-year suspended sentence. They say that now the lieutenant colonel is hiding again - this time from creditors. With Tkachenko, everything was more complicated. He was charged with selling 202 secret photographs to the Mossad through Volkov, for which he himself allegedly received $30,000. Volkov told this, trying to explain where he got such a large amount of currency. At the same time, there were obvious inconsistencies in the case. So, proving Tkachenko's guilt in transferring pictures of Iraq, the investigation referred to the film with the image of Israel. And the testimonies of the witnesses were quite contradictory.

On July 23, Oleg Sabaev was arrested in Aleksandrov by officers of the Federal Security Service for the Vladimir Region. He was accused of high treason - cooperation with the CIA.
For the first time, Oleg Sabaev thought about a career as a spy back in the 80s. Things didn’t work out for him: he tried to do business - it didn’t work out. He didn't have a profession. He made a living by fartsovka. In April 1988, Sabaev came to the American embassy in Moscow. He said that he hated Soviet power, he wanted to leave for the country of victorious democracy. And to be sure, he hinted: he is ready to involve his friends, missile officers, in cooperation with the United States. As a result, he received refugee status and in the fall of 1990 went overseas with his wife and two children. However, as they write in military-patriotic books, the bread of a foreign land is bitter.
He worked either as a waiter or as a driver. Was an errand boy. His life was turned upside down after he read an ad in the New Russian Word newspaper: the FBI is asking emigrants from the USSR who own Soviet secrets to help their new country with information. Sabaev called the indicated phone number. He told FBI officer John D. Costa, who met him, about the officers of the Strategic Missile Forces he knew, especially about one of them, Captain A. The emigrant volunteered to help recruit the rocket man.
The FBI was interested in a possible recruitment. The CIA also got involved. Sabaev repeatedly met with Kosta and intelligence officer Michael (contacts took place at the New York Hyatt Hotel). For each visit he was paid one hundred dollars. Twice he called to Russia, Captain A. These conversations took place under the vigilant control of the secret services and, of course, were recorded on tape. In the spring of 1992, Sabaev arrived at his homeland, in the city of Alexandrov, Vladimir Region. True, his name was now different - Alex Norman. Although emigrants usually receive American citizenship only after 5-6 years, Sabaev was given a favor.
In the early morning of July 23, Sabakevich (such a pseudonym was assigned to him by the Chekists during development) was arrested in Alexandrov by the FSB officers in the Vladimir region. Sabaev was "taken" from a commercial stall, where he came to improve his health. It was not for nothing that the spy drank six one and a half liter (!) bottles of sparkling water at the very first interrogation. During the investigation, Sabaev fully pleaded guilty. He frankly spoke about his affairs, named the specific names of special services officers, and revealed the methods of work.
Given his frank confession and assistance to the investigation, as well as the fact that he failed to cause significant harm to the security of the country, the investigative department of the FSB for the Vladimir Region, in accordance with the notes to Art. 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (treason to the Motherland) terminated the criminal case against Sabaev. In early 1999 he was released from custody.

In August, employees of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for the Omsk Region identified Alexander Sakov, an informant for the Israeli intelligence service Nativ, at the Transmash defense plant, which produces T-80U tanks, its modifications, in particular, are developing a combat vehicle of the 21st century - the Black Eagle tank.
This was announced by the Deputy Head of the FSB Department for the Omsk Region Sergey Savchenkov. According to him, the informant turned out to be the head of the technical bureau for the preparation of the main production, 46-year-old Alexander Sakov, who transmitted information to the Israeli “Bureau for Relations with the Jews of the CIS and Eastern Europe”, known as “Nativ”, operating in Russia.
Alexander Sakov, according to a representative of the FSB, had "direct access to secrets related to the development of the Black Eagle."
Sergey Savchenkov stated that Sakov was the first Nativ informant who was contacted by Russian counterintelligence officers, and then the FSB in the Omsk region, in active cooperation with the central apparatus, “revealed the entire Russian network, which turned out to be quite extensive.”

1997
On March 13, 1997, Igor Dudnik, Major of the Strategic Missile Forces (Orenburg Missile Army), was detained by FSB officers while trying to hand over a floppy disk with classified information about the Strategic Missile Forces. I. Dudnik did not come to the American intelligence, all his actions were controlled by the FSB officers, who evaluate them as a “subtle operational game”. The detention took place in Moscow on Chistye Prudy, near the monument to Griboedov, who, as you know, was also no stranger to intelligence activities.
Igor Dudnik was born in 1964 in Konstantinovka, Donetsk region. He graduated from the military school in 1986. Dudnik served in the headquarters of the Orenburg army and had access to many state secrets. In 1996, he began collecting and processing information about the combat activities of the Orenburg army. For a cash reward of 500 thousand dollars, he decided to transfer this information to American intelligence.
According to the FSB, I. Dudnik collected very valuable information that concerned the combat composition of the missile army, its staff and weapons, methods of preparing and conducting combat operations, means of command and control, plans for combat use, and defense. I. Dudnik recorded all this information on a diskette for a personal computer. Deciding to sell this information, he went on vacation to one of the CIS countries and, through friends, began to look for a way to get into American intelligence.
But at this time, Dudnik's actions were already controlled by the FSB. The operatives, who acted within the framework of agreements between the CIS special services, managed to convince I. Dudnik that it would be easier for him to find a buyer in Russia. In March 1997, an initiative major was arrested while trying to hand over a floppy disk with classified information.
In 1998, the Military Court of the Strategic Missile Forces in the city of Odintsovo near Moscow passed a sentence against Igor Viktorovich Dudnik, a former major of the Orenburg Missile Army Directorate, who was accused of high treason in the form of espionage (Article 275 of the Russian Criminal Code). The court sentenced I. Dudnik to 12 years in prison to be served in a strict regime colony with confiscation of property, and also deprived him of his military rank and military awards.
I.Dudnik's trial became the first espionage case after the introduction of the new Criminal Code, which no longer provides for capital punishment for this crime. But if the minimum term for "treason" in the old Criminal Code was 10 years in prison, now it has risen to 12 years.

On March 28, 1997, the Moscow City Court sentenced Vladimir Gurjiyants, former assistant to the representative of Aeroflot in Zimbabwe, to eight years in prison with confiscation of property for espionage in favor of this country. This was already the second sentence handed down in the case of Mr. Gurjiyants. Two years ago, he was convicted by the court of the Moscow Military District. Then the court found him guilty of having initiated criminal relations in 1992 with employees of the intelligence agency of Zimbabwe, to whom, by the end of 1993, he had transferred, in particular, top secret data constituting a state secret about employees of the Russian special services operating under the guise of official foreign missions of the Russian Federation in Zimbabwe. However, in April 1996 the verdict was overturned by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. The main military prosecutor's office again sent the case to the court of the Moscow Military District, which, in turn, sent it to the special unit of the Moscow City Court.

On August 19, 1997, diplomat Vladimir Makarov was sentenced by the Moscow City Court to 7 years in a strict regime for treason in the form of espionage. In 1976, during a business trip to Bolivia, Vladimir Makarov, a diplomat from the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was recruited by the US Central Intelligence Agency. For three years of work for overseas intelligence officers, Makarov, as established by the investigation, managed to cause significant damage to the external security of the USSR. But in 1979, his intelligence activities suddenly stopped - the spy had to leave for his homeland. Ten years later, in 1989, during another business trip to Spain, he re-established contact with American intelligence. And shortly after that, Makarov was detained by Russian counterintelligence agents. During his work for the CIA, Vladimir Makarov received 23 thousand dollars.
However, the sentence handed down by the city court was lenient: after all, according to article 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, up to 20 years of strict regime were supposed for such a crime. Makarov received the 'discount' primarily due to enhanced cooperation with domestic special services. The former spy, frankly confessing his crime, very willingly helped the investigators, which greatly facilitated their work. And therefore, the FSB, taking into account the efforts of the defendant in clarifying the facts of interest to counterintelligence, supported his petition to the President of Russia for a pardon. On October 8, 1997, he was released from the Lefortovo detention center by order of the Russian president.

On July 2, 1997, the trial of Vadim Sintsov, accused of spying for Great Britain, ended in Moscow. The former director of a joint-stock company for special machine-building and metallurgy is accused of treason and sentenced to 10 years in prison in a strict regime colony. The investigation, which lasted 3 years, established that he was passing secret information to British intelligence, access to which he had by virtue of his official position. Semyon Aria acted as a lawyer in the case.

1996
On the evening of April 11, 1996, after another communication session, FSB officers arrested 28-year-old Platon Obukhov, an employee of the Foreign Ministry, on charges of spying for British intelligence. The first report on the detention of "a young employee of the Foreign Ministry who had access to secret information that he passed on to British intelligence" was distributed by the FSB Public Relations Center through news agencies in early May 1996. It was announced that a large-scale intelligence operation was stopped, during which an unprecedented number of employees of the Moscow MI6 residency - 14 people got in touch with the agent! A major diplomatic row erupted. As a result, four employees of the British and Russian embassies were expelled from Moscow and London “for activities incompatible with their diplomatic status.” Meanwhile, nine employees of the British embassy were declared persona non grata.

The arrest of Finkel, who passed information to the CIA on the nuclear submarine.

1995
Foreign intelligence officer Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Morozov. From 1988 to 1991, he worked in Italy, and then in Moscow, in a commercial firm that was in fact the “roof” of Russian counterintelligence. He probably appropriated some of the money from this company, after which in 1995 he decided to flee with his family to the United States. He first flew to Switzerland and offered his services to CIA agents there. It has not yet been revealed what he might have told the CIA, but his disappearance is said to have shocked Moscow. A criminal case was initiated against Morozov.

Foreign intelligence officer Myagkov, treason, Austria.

Antonov Vyacheslav Valerievich, born in 1962, Moscow, former senior lieutenant of Soviet intelligence.
He worked in the KGB of the USSR since 1990. In 1993 he went on a business trip to Finland. Having settled into the new environment, he decided, in addition to his main job in residency, to engage in private business.
In 1994, without the sanction of a resident, he opened a commercial firm. He registered a company for himself, his wife and a Finn companion. He took loans from the bank, but turned out to be a completely bankrupt businessman. He got into debt, creditors threatened to take him to court. Fearing publicity of his private activities and wanting to settle financial problems, he turned to British intelligence officers with a proposal to sell state secrets. The English accepted his terms and paid their debts for him. After a while, he and his wife disappeared. In September 1995, it became known that Antonov was living in London. During interrogations in the special services, he gave out secret information known to him about the work of Soviet intelligence, the composition of its residency in Helsinki, and agents known to him.

1994
Foreign intelligence officer Igor Makeev, Thailand, March 1994.

1993
Lieutenant Colonel of the GRU Space Intelligence Center Vladimir Tkachenko. Lieutenant Colonel Tkachenko, as well as former employees of the Central Intelligence Committee Volkov and Sporyshev, have been selling secret photographs taken by Russian satellites to Israeli intelligence since 1993. And they helped out about 300 thousand dollars. In 1995, they fell under the suspicion of the FSB and were soon arrested. It was possible to prove guilt only Tkachenko. He was sentenced to three years in prison. Tkachenko's lawyers later stated that, most likely, having convicted Tkachenko, the special services were covering for their agent, who supplied disinformation to MOSSAD.

Mikhailov was arrested for passing data on the T-82 tank to the CIA.

1992
In March 1992, GRU Colonel Stanislav Lunev, who worked in the United States "under the roof" of the APN, decided to "leave". During his five years in Washington, Lunev established contact with only one person, ostensibly a retired US Air Force colonel, but in fact a CIA career officer. On the eve of Lunev's departure for Moscow, this "assistant" convinced him to stay in the States. In 1998, he published in the United States the book Through the Eyes of the Enemy, co-authored with NSA expert Ira Winkler.
In January 2000, at a US congressional hearing in Los Angeles on Monday, former Soviet spy Stanislav Lunev testified that Russian intelligence had been creating secret weapon caches (probably even small nuclear devices) and communications facilities in California and other states. These actions were part of a plan to destabilize the US through sabotage.
According to Lunev, it was assumed that these caches, planted during the Cold War, and possibly later, could be used by the Russian military command to organize assassination attempts on American political leaders and carry out terrorist attacks on military and civilian targets, in the event of a war or intensification of political tensions between the two superpowers.
At the hearings in the Committee on Government Reform of the House of Representatives of the US Congress, Lunev acted as the main witness. During his testimony, he stood behind a protective barrier set up so that no one - except for the congressmen sitting on a dais - could see him. When asked why he decided to speak, Lunev said that he had cancer, so he had nothing to lose. Recall that Lunev testified just at the moment when the GRU was accused of organizing explosions in Moscow.

In 1992, GRU Lieutenant Colonel Vyacheslav Maksimovich Baranov, born in Minsk in 1949, was arrested. In 1985 he was sent to work in Bangladesh. In 1989, he was recruited by the CIA - he accepted the recruitment offer of the Americans on the terms of paying him a one-time remuneration of 25 thousand dollars, as well as 2 thousand dollars a month. Received the pseudonym "Tony". He told the CIA about the composition and structure of the GRU and about the GRU and PGU residents in Bangladesh. Then he returned to Moscow and, since 1990, sought information for the Americans on bacteriological preparations at the disposal of the GRU. Tried to leave the country on a fake passport to Vienna. In August 1992, he was arrested while passing through border control. During interrogation, he confessed. During the investigation, he said that all the secrets he had given out were out of date. In 1993 he was sentenced to 6 years in prison. Released early in 1999.

Colonel Viktor Oshchenko, foreign intelligence officer. In the 70s he worked in England, and since 1985 in France.
On July 24, 1992 Viktor Oshchenko, adviser to the Russian embassy in France, fled to the UK. At 10 pm Oshchenko with his wife and 14-year-old daughter were walking near the embassy. On Saturday and Sunday, the family planned to ride through the Loire Valley and admire the ancient castles in the west of France. Therefore, on Sunday, July 26, when the 19-year-old eldest daughter Oshchenko called the embassy in Paris from St. Petersburg, worried about the fate of the Volga, which her father had acquired shortly before the expected return home, his absence did not raise any questions. Colleagues waited for Oshchenko until Tuesday, after which they reported his disappearance to the police, and then to the French Foreign Ministry. And a week later, on August 5, French detectives got on the trail: a Renault with Russian diplomatic plates was parked at Orly airport in Paris. By this time, Oshchenko and his family were already in the UK and, according to the British Foreign Office, flatly refused to meet with the Russian consul.
On August 13, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service made an official statement that its former employee and adviser to the Russian embassy in France, Viktor Oshchenko, was in the UK. According to experts, circumstantial evidence suggests that Oshchenko was a double agent and engaged in industrial espionage in France in favor of Moscow and London.
Viktor Oshchenko, 52, career officer of the KGB and then the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, specialist in industrial espionage. Since 1985, he worked at the Soviet embassy in France, first as a secretary and then as an adviser. Dealt with domestic and economic policy of France. On August 8, 1992, he was supposed to resign due to the reduction of the staff of the embassy. According to some reports, he worked for MI6 for a long time.
On August 8, the British intelligence services arrested Michael and Pamela Smith, who were accused of “connections with the KGB” and industrial espionage against British Aerospace, which is engaged in secret aerospace projects. In addition, Oshchenko extradited to the British the former French physicist Francis Temperville, a former employee of the Commissariat for Atomic Energy (CEA), recruited by the KGB in 1988. They neighborly shared information with their French counterparts from the DST, who immediately arrested Temperville.

1991
Deputy Resident for Scientific and Technical Intelligence Colonel Vladimir Yakovlevich Konoplev, 1991, March 1992 Belgium.

Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Fomenko, employee of the foreign intelligence station, October 1991, Germany.

Foreign intelligence officer Major Mikhail Butkov. Worked in Norway. In 1991 he and his wife decided to stay in England. Most likely, Butkov was a very valuable agent - in England he was granted the status of a pensioner of the British special services and a pension of 14 thousand pounds. However, in 1996, the couple was arrested for fraud. Butkov received three years in prison, and his wife a year and a half.

Officer of the military counterintelligence of the Western Group of Forces Vladimir Aleksandrovich Lavrentyev. Since 1988 he has been working in Germany. In 1991 he was recruited by the German intelligence BND. In 1994 he was arrested. It has not yet been disclosed what kind of information he gave to the Germans. It is known that these were documents constituting a state secret. He was tried and sentenced to 10 years in prison.

1990
Colonel Victor P. Gundarev, a foreign intelligence officer, traitor, Greece 1986, fled to the West.

Sergei Illarionov, scientific and technical officer of the foreign intelligence residency. Italy, January 1991. In 1981 he began to work in Italy. Since 1990 - in the position of vice-consul. Then he began to cooperate with the CIA, and in 1991 he decided to hide in the United States. He told the CIA about 28 KGB agents in Italy. Illarionov received political asylum in the United States.

Foreign intelligence officer Igor Cherpinsky, Belgium, betrayal

1987
An employee of the legal Bonn residency of foreign intelligence, Lieutenant Colonel Gennady Varenik. In 1982, he began working in Bonn under the guise of a TASS correspondent. In 1987, he spent 7 thousand dollars and turned to the CIA with a proposal for cooperation. Gave the CIA information about three Soviet agents in the German government. In 1985 he was recalled to East Berlin and arrested. In 1987, Varennik was shot.

1985
Foreign counterintelligence officer Vitaly Sergeevich Yurchenko. While in Italy, in 1985 he made contact with the CIA in Rome. Was shipped to the USA. He provided data on the investigation of the case of Oleg Gordievsky, as well as on new technical means of Soviet intelligence, issued 12 KGB agents in Europe. Unexpectedly, in the same year, he fled from the Americans and appeared at the Soviet Embassy in Washington. He said that in Rome he was kidnapped, and in the USA, under the influence of psychotropic drugs, they pumped out information. In Moscow, they were very surprised and took Yurchenko to the Union. At home, he was awarded the badge “Honorary Chekist” and in 1991 he was solemnly retired. This story is still not completely clear. It is possible that Yurchenko was a double agent and played a major role in covering for the most valuable source of the KGB in the CIA, Ames. And for the sake of Ames, the KGB sacrificed a dozen of its agents in Europe.

Employee of the 8th Main Directorate of the KGB Lieutenant Viktor Makarov. He worked in the KGB encryption department. In 1982, through an intermediary, he tried to sell some documents on the “black market” in Moscow. The mediator was arrested, but Makarov was never found out. In 1985 he went to SIS. While the British were considering whether to believe Makarov, he was arrested. Since he did not manage to hand over any documents to the British, he was sentenced to 10 years. In 1992, Makarov was released under an amnesty and emigrated to England. There he tried for a long time to get a pension from the SIS, but could not. According to the latest data, he worked as a gardener and received an allowance. Makarov had a depressive psychosis, and he was repeatedly treated in mental hospitals.

1984
Deputy head of the department of the Moscow Department of the KGB, Major Sergei Vorontsov. Contacted CIA agents in Moscow in 1984, wanting to make money. He gave the Americans information about his management, received about 30 thousand dollars for his work. He was arrested in 1985 red-handed and agreed to play a double game. With his help, in 1985, an American resident in Moscow was detained, who was immediately expelled from the country. And Vorontsov was convicted and shot in 1986.

Employee of the apparatus of the Soviet military attaché in Hungary, Colonel Vladimir Vasiliev. In 1984, he contacted CIA agents in Hungary and began to cooperate (1984-1986) with American intelligence. The next year he was arrested and then shot.

1983
Major Sergei Mikhailovich Motorin, employee of the Washington foreign intelligence station, treason, America, 1983-1985.

1982
An employee of the illegal line of the legal residency of foreign intelligence, Major Vladimir Andreevich Kuzichkin. In 1977, he began working as an illegal immigrant in Tehran. In 1982, on the eve of the arrival of the commission from PGU, he suddenly did not find secret documents in his safe, got scared and decided to flee to the West. He was granted political asylum by the British. On a tip from Kuzichkin, the Tudeh party, which collaborated with the KGB, was crushed in Iran. Kuzichkin was sentenced to death in the USSR. In 1986, they tried to kill him. At the same time, Kuzichkin's wife, who remained in the USSR, received a death certificate from the KGB about her husband's death. But in 1988 Kuzichkin “resurrected”. He wrote petitions for clemency - to Gorbachev, people's deputies, and in 1991 - to Yeltsin. His petitions went unanswered. At the end of 1990, Kuzichkin wrote a book that did not become popular in the West.

An employee of the legal residency of foreign intelligence Anatoly Bogaty, a traitor, Morocco, 1982, fled to the United States.

Officer of the Washington Foreign Intelligence Station Lieutenant Colonel Valery Martynov, America, traitor, 1982-1985.

1980
Employee of the scientific and technical intelligence of foreign intelligence, Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Ippolitovich Vetrov. He began working for French intelligence on his own initiative in 1980. Vetrov handed over to the French over 4,000 documents marked “top secret”. In 1982, while drunk, Vetrov killed a man and sat down for 15 years. While in prison, he unexpectedly confessed to espionage. He was tried again, sentenced to death and carried out in 1985.

1978
Officer of the legal residency of military intelligence Captain Vladimir Bogdanovich Rezun (Suvorov). Since 1974 residency in Geneva. In 1978, together with his wife and young son, he disappeared from home. It soon became known that all this time Rezun worked for the SIS. Never hid behind ideological motives. Today he is known as the writer-historian Viktor Suvorov, the author of the sensational books “Icebreaker”, “Aquarium”, etc. He did not give out any special data.

1977
Illegal foreign intelligence Colonel Ludek Zemenek (“Douglas”), Czech, recruited, 1977, America, collaborated with the FBI until 1979.

Employee of the legal residency of foreign intelligence, Lieutenant Colonel Boris Nikolayevich Yuzhin (PSU), America 1977-1986.

1976
Encryptor and radio operator of the embassy, ​​Senior Lieutenant Anatoly Dmitrievich Semenov, defector, Republic of Niger, Africa 1976, America, returned in 1981.

Foreign intelligence officer Vladimir Piguzov, traitor, 1976, Indonesia, America 1986.

Colonel Sergei Ivanovich Bokhan, military intelligence officer. From 1976 he worked for the CIA. Surrendered KGB agent to the CIA, William Kampalais. In 1985, Ames again spoke about his work for the CIA. Bohan, who was on a business trip in Greece at the time, felt he was being followed and, with the help of the CIA, fled to the United States, where he still lives.

1974
Colonel of foreign intelligence Gordievsky Oleg Antonovich. He began to work against Soviet intelligence since 1974, being an employee of the Soviet foreign intelligence station in Denmark. Gave SIS information about the plans for terrorist attacks and the upcoming political campaign to accuse the United States of violating human rights. In 1980 he was recalled to Moscow. He was assigned to prepare documents on the history of PSU operations in England, the Scandinavian countries and the Australian-Asia region, which gave him the opportunity to work with the secret archives of PSU. During Gorbachev's visit to the UK in 1984, he personally supplied him with intelligence. Even earlier they were received by Margaret Thatcher. Ames issued him in 1985. While in Moscow, under the strictest supervision of the authorities that checked him, Gordievsky managed to escape during a morning run - in shorts and with a plastic bag in his hands. Lives in London.

KGB officer of the Armenian SSR Norayr Grigoryan, Armenia 1974-1975, sentence of 12 years.

Employee of the legal residency of foreign intelligence, Lieutenant Colonel Leonid Georgievich Poleshchuk, 1974, Nepal, Africa 1983-1985.

Military intelligence officer Major Anatoly Nikolayevich Filatov, America, 1974-1977/1978

Colonel Gennady Aleksandrovich Smetanin, military intelligence officer, Portugal-America, 1974 (or 1983)-1986.

1972
State security officer A. Hovhannisyan defector, Turkey, 1972, returned to the Union in 1973.

Military intelligence officer E. Sorokin, Vietnam, 1972, returned to the Union.

May 15, 2015, 06:53

Alex Lyuty (Yukhnovsky Alexander Ivanovich)

He served in the “branch of the Gestapo”, threw Soviet people into the pit of the mine, which became the largest mass grave in the world, and then got to high positions in Moscow ...

Alex Fierce committed especially many bloody atrocities in Kadievka (now the city of Stakhanov, Luhansk region). It seemed that he did everything to avoid responsibility for war crimes. But a couple of decades after the war, the exposure happened. And she did it in the capital of the USSR, surprisingly, a woman from Kadiev. And the documents of the investigation in the case of Alex Fierce were declassified only recently.

A native of Kadievka, Vera Kravets graduated from a Moscow university and then finally settled in the capital. Once on the street, she accidentally ran into an imposing middle-aged man and dropped a stack of books from her hands. The man apologized and helped the woman pick up the books that were scattered on the sidewalk.

For a moment they looked into each other's eyes. The man did not recognize Vera. But she immediately realized that this was the same Alex Lyuty, who, during the war in Stakhanov, beat and tortured her, a twelve-year-old girl, accusing her of having links with the partisans, and then, completely exhausted, threw her into the mine pit. Faith miraculously remained alive and even crawled to the surface.

Photo from the criminal case

Trying to keep her composure, Vera Kravets thanked the "stranger" and decided to quietly follow him. I saw that he went to the editorial office of the newspaper "Red Warrior". I asked the janitor, who was sweeping the garbage near the front door, who this man was. The janitor replied: "Respected by all, the editor-in-chief of the Krasny Warrior newspaper, Alexander Yuryevich Mironenko."

After that, Vera went to the KGB.

The investigator could not immediately believe what the woman was telling. Nothing matched the documents that Mironenko had. Alexander Yuryevich was at the front throughout the war. He reached the very lair of the fascist beast. He has many awards, including the Order of Glory, medals "For the victory over Germany", "For the capture of Berlin" and others. Mironenko served in the Soviet army until October 1951. After graduating from the regimental school, he was a squad leader and assistant platoon commander in a reconnaissance company, head of record keeping, and a staff clerk. In 1946, 21-year-old Mironenko joined the Komsomol, he was elected to the local bureau of the Komsomol. He wrote articles for newspapers, denouncing fascism and glorifying our valiant victorious warriors. Given the talents of Alexander, he was seconded to the newspaper "Soviet Army". In the editorial office, Mironenko worked in the international department, as he knew Ukrainian, Russian, Polish and German. After demobilization, Alexander and his wife came to Moscow and made a quick journalistic career here.

Having expressed his doubts to Vera that she was not mistaken, because many years had passed after the war, the investigator nevertheless decided to take up the verification of the data relating to Mironenko's biography.

The investigator made an inquiry regarding the circumstances of awarding Alexander Mironenko with the Order of Glory. A discouraging answer came from the archive: there is no Alexander Yuryevich Mironenko in the lists of those awarded the Order of Glory ...

When the Great Patriotic War began, Sasha Yukhnovsky was 16 years old. His father, a former officer in the Petliura army, worked as an agronomist in the Romensky district of the Sumy region. The elder Yukhnovsky hated the Soviet regime, and when the Germans captured Ukraine, he was incredibly happy about this. On the instructions of the invaders, he formed the local police, where he attached his son as a translator. Sasha immediately began to make progress in establishing the "new order" established by the Nazis. He was enlisted for all types of allowance, he was given a gun.

Soon, Alexander Yukhnovsky, for his special zeal in the fight against the enemies of the Reich, was transferred to the GFP, which was considered honorable by the police. Yukhnovsky ends up in Kadievka, Luhansk region. Here he excelled so much in torturing and tormenting local residents suspected of having links with partisans or underground fighters that even the most notorious thugs from the Gestapo were amazed. For this, Alexander Yukhnovsky was nicknamed Alex the Fierce, moreover, both the Germans and the residents of Kadievka at the same time, of course, without saying a word.

KGB investigators began to study the archives of GFP-721, where they found information about Yukhnovsky, who was remarkably similar to Mironenko. Enough data has survived to be horrified by what is listed there, and to find bloodthirsty traitors. The Germans recorded in detail in their reports to the command of the "branch of the Gestapo" how many people were arrested, interrogated, beaten, executed. The mine 4-4-bis "Kalinovka" of the Donetsk region also figured there, to the pit of which the executed and the living were brought from all over the considerable district, including from Kadievka.

There were numerous witnesses to the crimes of the Nazis and their accomplices, who often threw the living and the dead into the pit, driving crowds of people to the place of execution. Locksmith Avdeev said: “In May 1943, two German officers pulled a 10-12 year old girl out of a car and dragged her to the mine shaft. She resisted with all her might and shouted: “Oh, uncle, don’t shoot!” The screams went on for a long time. Then I heard a shot and the girl stopped screaming.” Another locksmith reported how two living children were thrown into the mine. The watchman saw how women with babies were brought to the pit. Mothers were killed, babies were thrown alive into the pit after them. Mining engineer Alexander Polozhentsev also flew into the pit alive. Falling, he grabbed the rope, swaying, moved into the wall niche, in which he hid until the dark night. Then he climbed up.

In such atrocities, Alex the Fierce always stood out before the German masters. Witness Khmil cannot forget: “Yukhnovsky beat the woman on the head and back with a rubber truncheon, and kicked her in the lower abdomen, dragged her by the hair. Approximately two hours later, I saw how Yukhnovsky, together with other employees of the GUF, dragged this woman from the interrogation room into the corridor, she could not walk or stand. There was blood running between her legs. I asked Sasha not to beat me, said that he was not guilty of anything, even knelt before him, but he was inexorable. The interpreter Sasha interrogated and beat me with passion, with initiative.”

Caustic soda was poured into the shaft to compact and compact human bodies. Before the retreat, the Germans filled up the mine shaft ...

After the liberation of Donbass, the mines that had been idle during the occupation began to be restored. First of all, of course, they removed the bodies of executed Soviet people. No one expected that such an incredibly huge number of people were buried in the Kalinovka mine. Of the 365 meters deep of the mine, 330 meters were littered with corpses. The width of the pit is 2.9 meters.

According to rough estimates, Kalinovka became the place of execution of 75 thousand people. Neither before nor since has there been such a mass grave anywhere on our planet. Only 150 people were identified.

Be that as it may, in the summer of 1944, the fate of Alex Lyuty took a sharp turn: in the Odessa region, he lagged behind the GFP-721 convoy and after some time appeared at the field recruiting office of the Red Army, calling himself Mironenko. And one can only speculate: did this happen due to military confusion or in pursuance of the orders of the owners?

Mironenko-Yukhnovsky served in the Soviet army from September 1944 to October 1951 - and served well. He was a squad leader, a platoon commander in a reconnaissance company, head of the office of a motorcycle battalion, then a clerk of the headquarters of the 191st Rifle and 8th Guards Mechanized Divisions.

He was awarded the medal "For Courage", medals for the capture of Koenigsberg, Warsaw, Berlin. As colleagues recalled, he was distinguished by considerable courage and composure. In 1948, Mironenko-Yukhnovsky was seconded to the disposal of the Political Directorate of the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (GSOVG). There he worked in the editorial office of the newspaper "Soviet Army", printed translations, articles, poems. Published in Ukrainian newspapers - for example, in Prykarpatskaya Pravda.

He also worked on the radio: Soviet and German. During his service in the Political Administration, he received numerous thanks, and, by a bitter twist of fate, for speeches and journalism that exposed fascism.

After demobilization, he moved to Moscow and got married. From that moment on, Yukhnovsky began to make a smooth and successful career, albeit not swift, but steadily rising to the top.

And everywhere he was noted with thanks, diplomas, encouragements, successfully promoted, became a member of the Union of Journalists of the USSR. Translated from German, Polish, Czech. In 1962, for example, his translation of the book by the Czechoslovak writer Radko Pytlik "Fighting Yaroslav Gashek" was published - and an excellent translation, it should be noted.

By the mid-70s, he, already an exemplary family man and father of an adult daughter, became the head of the editorial office of the publishing house of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The publishing house "Voenizdat" accepted for publication a book of his memoirs about the war, written, as reviewers noted, fascinatingly and with great knowledge of the matter, which, however, is not surprising, since Mironenko-Yukhnovsky was an actual participant in many events ...

The editors of the Red Warrior were shocked by the arrest of their editor-in-chief and especially by the fact that he was accused. I didn’t want to believe in such a thing, but I had to believe it, because Mironenko confessed to everything, although far, far from immediately. He denied for a long time, they say, joining the police, he was only an executor of someone else's will - first his father, then the Germans. He claimed that he did not take part in the executions. But the witnesses gave different facts. It was impossible to disprove them. Investigators carried out work in 44 settlements, where HFP-721 left its bloody traces. Yukhnovsky-Fierce-Mironenko was everywhere remembered with horror.

A trial was held, and a verdict was delivered that left no doubt.

Already in the 2000s, this case, being among the declassified ones, suddenly became famous in its own way. Suffice it to say that three books were dedicated to him: Felix Vladimirov's "The Price of Treason", Heinrich Hoffmann's "Gestapo Officer" and Andrei Medvedenko's "You Can't Not Come Back". It even formed the basis of as many as two films: one of the series of the documentary series "Nazi Hunters" and a film from the series "Investigation" on the NTV channel, called "Nicknamed" Fierce ".

Antonina Makarova (Tonka the machine gunner)

On August 11, 1979, the sentence was carried out to the executioner of the Lokotsky self-government - Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg, nicknamed "Tonka the machine gunner", the only woman in the world - the killer of 1,500 people.

Makarova, being a nurse in 1941, was surrounded and after a 3-month wandering through the Bryansk forests ended up in the Lokotsky district.

A 20-year-old girl became an executioner, every morning from a machine gun polished by the owner, shooting people - partisans, sympathizers, their families (children, teenagers, women, old people). After the execution, Tonya Makarova finished off the wounded and collected women's things she liked. And in the evening, having washed off the blood stains, dressed up, she went to the officers' club to find herself another friend for the night.

Makarova is the only female punisher shot in the USSR.

The first time Makarova was killed after drinking moonshine. She was caught on the street, ragged, dirty and homeless by local police. They warmed them up, gave them a drink, and, handing a machine gun in their hands, took them out into the yard. Completely drunk, Tonya did not really understand what was happening and did not resist. But when I saw 30 marks in my hand (good money), I was delighted and agreed to cooperate. Makarova was given a bed at the stud farm and told to go “to work” in the morning.

Tonya quickly got used to the “work”: “I did not know those whom I shoot. They didn't know me. Therefore, I was not ashamed in front of them. Sometimes you shoot, you come closer, and someone else twitches. Then again she shot in the head so that the person would not suffer. Sometimes a few prisoners had a piece of plywood hung on their chests with the inscription "Partisan". Some people sang something before they died. After the executions, I cleaned the machine gun in the guardroom or in the yard. There were plenty of cartridges ... "; “It seemed to me that the war would write everything off. I was just doing my job for which I was paid. It was necessary to shoot not only partisans, but also members of their families, women, teenagers. I tried not to think about it…”

At night, Makarova loved to walk around the former stable, converted by the police into a prison - after brutal interrogations, those sentenced to death were taken there and the girl Tonya spent hours peering into the faces of the people whom she was to take their lives in the morning.

Immediately after the war, Makarova happily escaped retaliation - at the moment when the Soviet troops were advancing, she discovered a venereal disease and the Germans ordered Tonya to be sent to their distant rear - to be treated (as a valuable shot?). When the Red Army entered Lokot, only a huge mass grave of 1,500 people remained from the “Tonka the Machine Gunner” (passport data was established for 200 dead - the death of these people formed the basis of the absentee charge of the punisher Antonina Makarova, born in 1921, presumably a resident of Moscow - nothing more was known about the executioner).

For more than thirty years, the KGB officers have been looking for the killer. All Antonina Makarovs born in the Soviet Union in 1921 were checked (there were 250 of them). But "Tonka the machine-gunner disappeared."

In 1976, a Moscow official by the name of Parfyonov processed documents for traveling abroad. Filling out the questionnaire, he listed the passport details of his brothers and sisters - 5 people. All were Parfenovs and only one - Antonina Makarovna Makarova, since 1945 Ginzburg (by her husband), living in Belarus, in the city of Lepel.

They became interested in Parfyonov's sister, Antonina Ginzburg, and for a year they were monitoring her, fearing in vain to slander ... a veteran of the Second World War! Receiving all the benefits due, regularly speaking at the invitation of schools and labor collectives, an exemplary wife and mother of two children! I had to take witnesses to Lepel for secret identification (including some of Tonka's fellow policemen serving their sentences and lovers).

When Makarova-Gunzburg was arrested, she told how she fled from a German hospital, realizing that the war was over - the Nazis were leaving, married a front-line soldier, straightened her veteran's documents and hid in a small, provincial Lepel. Tonka slept well, nothing tormented her: “What nonsense, that then remorse is tormented. That those you kill come at night in nightmares. I still haven't dreamed of one."

They shot 55-year-old Makarova-Ginzburg early in the morning, rejecting all petitions for pardon. What came as a complete surprise to her (!), She complained to the prison guards more than once: “They disgraced me in my old age, now after the verdict I will have to leave Lepel, otherwise every fool will poke a finger at me. I think they will give me three years probation. For what more? Then you need to somehow re-arrange life. And how much is your salary in the pre-trial detention center, girls? Maybe I can get a job with you - the work is familiar ... "!

There was about Makarova on Gossip in 2013.

Leonty Tisler

For an increase in pension in Estonia, a former policeman needs confirmation of his cooperation with the Nazis

In the regional department of the FSB in the Pskov region, sometimes amazing documents are stored. Among them is the correspondence with a resident of the former Estonian Republic, Leonty Andreevich Tisler. The first letter from this strange folder is dated October 5, 1991. In it, a resident of the city of Viljandi applied to the law enforcement agencies of the Pskov region with a request for rehabilitation.
“I was arrested on October 26, 1950,” Leonty Andreevich wrote, “in the village of Väläotsa, now the Estonian collective farm. The investigation was conducted in Pskov. In January 1951, a military tribunal sentenced me on the basis of Art. 58-1 "a" to 25 years in prison with disqualification. The crime scene was the village of Domkino, where mostly Estonians lived. I was accused of fighting against the partisans, but in fact we were protecting our property and livestock from the robbery of the so-called partisans. They set fire to the village, there was shooting, they killed 7 people (women). From September 1943 I lived in Estonia... From October 1944 to April 1948 I served in the Soviet Army as part of the Estonian Corps, participated in the battles in Courland until the end of the war. Veteran, certificate No. 509861 dated December 15, 1980. Followed by a signature and a number.

The regional prosecutor's office immediately got involved in the case. A special group of highly qualified lawyers, who still continue to review cases related to rehabilitation, also took up the Tisler case. A weighty volume with the number 2275, begun on October 22, 1950, was taken out into the world, on charges of Elmar Khindrikson (born 1911), Eduard Kollam (born 1919), Leonty Tisler (born 1924), Ewald Yuhkoma (born 1922) and Eric Oinas in treason against the Motherland. Decision on arrest, testimonies, interrogations of the accused, their photographs, fingerprints, investigative report. Everything is neatly filed and documented. Meticulous jurists learned from him that Leonty Andreevich, an eighteen-year-old guy, voluntarily (this was confirmed by his personal confession and numerous testimonies) joined the Estonian punitive detachment - EKA, received a rifle, ammunition. At first he carried out guard duty (he guarded the oil plant, the water pump), and then he took part in military operations against partisans. So, in the battle near the village of Zadora, two people's avengers were killed. And then there were punitive operations in the villages of Novaya Zhelcha, Stolp, Sikovitsy, Dubok, and a round-up in Novy Aksovo. By the way, during the last five were destroyed, as Leonty Andreevich will write later in his letter, "the so-called partisans." As for the attack on Domkino, the forced defense of their property and livestock, which Tisler wrote about, none of the defendants and witnesses even mentioned this in the case.

Unfortunately, Tisler did not explain in his letter why he, along with other punishers, when the front began to approach Strugi Krasny, leaving his rifles, disappeared into the deep German rear. On the territory of Estonia, in the end, he was found and detained. Having carefully considered all the materials, including testimonies, the prosecutor's office admitted that "citizen Tisler was convicted reasonably and is not subject to rehabilitation."

That may have ended the matter, if not for a new letter, which was sent to the archive of the FSB of the Russian Federation for the Pskov region on January 22, 1998. Here it is:
“I, Tisler Leonty Andreevich, was born on January 8, 1925 in the village of Domkino-1, Strugokrasnensky district, Leningrad region. I am turning to you with a question: do you have documents proving that I worked in the village of Domkino-1 as a headman from June 28, 1941 to August 30, 1943? I wrote about this to the St. Petersburg archive, from where I was informed in response on December 23, 1997 that there were no such documents there, and they sent me to the archive of the FSB department for the Pskov region. Please tell me what documents are in the archive ... "
And the state machine started working again. An archival certificate was sent to the city of Viljandi, where Tisler lives, which confirmed that “in Pskov, the FSB of Russia in the Pskov region has an archival criminal case against Tisler Leonty Andreevich, who was convicted by the military tribunal of the troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Pskov region on January 11, 1951 under Art. 58-1 "a" to 25 years in prison, which states that from June 1942 to August 1943 Tisler L.A. served as headman in the village of Domkino-1.
A year has passed, and again a letter arrives in Pskov from the restless Leonty Andreevich. He thanked the department for the assistance provided, but immediately complained that the archival certificate did not say anything about the fact that, while working as a headman, he received ... money.
“...Here this is not taken into account in the length of service, because supposedly the position was voluntary and free, where there was no monthly and annual salary, that is, a salary. I explain, - Tisler continued, - that no one would go for free two or three times a month to an area 50 km away one way. I received from the agricultural commandant's office 120... or 130 marks a month, I don't remember the exact figure. Therefore, my request to you will be this: ...confirm that I was paid for this work. Then I hope to get an increase in ... pension.
After such a frank confession, it becomes completely clear where Tisler's persistence comes from. What does he ultimately achieve?
In the early 1990s, when illegally repressed citizens were being rehabilitated en masse, Leonty Andreevich tried to demand forgiveness for his betrayal. But time has passed, the political situation has changed, and Tisler already considers it possible to turn to the archives again with a request to confirm this time his ... police experience (!!!), maybe he will be able to bargain for an increase in his pension - a makeweight for those thirty pieces of silver that he regularly received from the Nazis. That is why the former policeman immediately remembered the “honestly earned” occupation stamps, from which, by the way, he categorically denied during interrogations in 1950.

Now it is hardly possible to get an intelligible answer to the question: why, having felt the imminent decline of his police career in 1943, he threw down his rifle and fled from the EKA to the territory of Estonia, and when he was drafted into the ranks of the Soviet Army, hid that he served the Nazis. Yes, Tisler really took part in the hostilities and already in Soviet times, having served time for his betrayal, he enjoyed all the rights of a veteran of the Great Patriotic War! But times have changed, and he is already trying to get documentary evidence that, being an active accomplice of the Nazis, he received monetary allowances for his zeal. That is why Tisler again asked to send documents, where he asked to indicate that "he served in the police of the Strugokrasnensky district from October 1942 to August 1943, since he needed the document to present it to officials of state bodies." The answer prepared by the head of the unit V. A. Ivanov was laconic:
“Dear Leonty Andreevich! In response to your application, we inform you that the issuance of certificates and extracts from archival criminal cases, in accordance with Article 11 of the RSFSR Law “On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repressions”, is carried out if the persons involved in the case are rehabilitated, therefore it is not possible to fulfill your request ".

National legions: 14 Turkestan, 8 Azerbaijani, 7 North Caucasian, 8 Georgian, 8 Armenian, 7 Volga-Tatar battalions

Volga-Tatar Legion ("Idel-Ural")

The formal ideological basis of the legion was the fight against Bolshevism and the Jews, while the German side deliberately spread rumors about the possible creation of the Idel-Ural Republic.

Since the end of 1942, an underground organization has been operating in the legion, which set as its goal the internal ideological decomposition of the legion. The underground printed anti-fascist leaflets distributed among the legionnaires.

For participation in an underground organization on August 25, 1944, 11 Tatar legionnaires were guillotined in the Plötzensee military prison in Berlin.

The actions of the Tatar underground led to the fact that of all the national battalions, it was the Tatars who were the most unreliable for the Germans, and it was they who fought the least against the Soviet troops.

Cossack camp (Kosakenlager)

Military organization during the Great Patriotic War, which united the Cossacks in the Wehrmacht and the SS.
In October 1942, in Novocherkassk, occupied by German troops, with the permission of the German authorities, a Cossack gathering was held, at which the headquarters of the Don Cossacks was elected. The organization of Cossack formations as part of the Wehrmacht begins, both in the occupied territories and in the emigrant environment. The Cossacks took an active part in the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising in August 1944.

Warsaw, August 1944. Nazi Cossacks suppress the Polish uprising. In the center is Major Ivan Frolov along with other officers. The soldier on the right, judging by the stripes, belongs to the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) of General Vlasov.

In October 1942, in Novocherkassk, occupied by German troops, with the permission of the German authorities, a Cossack gathering was held, at which the headquarters of the Don Cossacks was elected. The organization of Cossack formations as part of the Wehrmacht begins, both in the occupied territories and in the emigrant environment.

Georgian Legion (Die Georgische Legion)

Connection of the Reichswehr, later the Wehrmacht. The legion existed from 1915 to 1917 and from 1941 to 1945.

At its first creation, it was staffed by volunteers from among the Georgians who were captured during the 1st World War. During the Second World War, the legion was replenished with volunteers from among the Soviet prisoners of war of Georgian nationality.
From the participation of Georgians and other Caucasians in other units, a special detachment for propaganda and sabotage "Bergman" - "Highlander" is known, which consisted of 300 Germans, 900 Caucasians and 130 Georgian emigrants, who constituted a special unit of the Abwehr "Tamara II", founded in Germany in March 1942.

The unit included agitators and consisted of 5 companies: 1st, 4th, 5th Georgian; 2nd North Caucasian; 3rd - Armenian.

Since August 1942, "Bergman" - "Highlander" acted in the Caucasian theater - carried out sabotage and agitation in the Soviet rear in the Grozny and Ischera directions, in the area of ​​​​Nalchik, Mozdok and Mineralnye Vody. During the period of fighting in the Caucasus, 4 rifle companies were formed from defectors and prisoners - Georgian, North Caucasian, Armenian and mixed, four cavalry squadrons - 3 North Caucasian and 1 Georgian.

Latvian SS Volunteer Legion

This formation was part of the SS troops, and was formed from two SS divisions: the 15th Grenadier and the 19th Grenadier. In 1942, the Latvian civil administration, in order to help the Wehrmacht, offered the German side to create on a volunteer basis armed forces with a total strength of 100 thousand people, with the condition that Latvia's independence be recognized after the end of the war. Hitler rejected this offer. In February 1943, after the defeat of the German troops near Stalingrad, the Nazi command decided to form the Latvian national units as part of the SS.

On March 28 in Riga, each legionnaire took an oath:
"In the name of God, I solemnly promise in the fight against the Bolsheviks unlimited obedience to the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Germany, Adolf Hitler, and for this promise, as a brave warrior, I am always ready to give my life."

As a result, in May 1943, on the basis of six Latvian police battalions (16th, 18th, 19th, 21st, 24th and 26th) operating as part of Army Group North, the Latvian SS Volunteer Brigade was organized as part of the 1st and 2nd Latvian volunteer regiments. The division was directly involved in punitive actions against Soviet citizens in the territories of the Leningrad and Novgorod regions. In 1943, parts of the division participated in punitive operations against Soviet partisans in the areas of the cities of Nevel, Opochka and Pskov (3 km from Pskov, they shot 560 people).
The servicemen of the Latvian SS divisions also participated in the brutal murders of captured Soviet soldiers, including women.
Capturing prisoners, the German scoundrels staged a bloody massacre over them. According to reports, the brutal massacre of wounded Soviet soldiers and officers was carried out by soldiers and officers of one of the battalions of the 43rd Infantry Regiment of the 19th Latvian SS Division. And so on in Poland, Belarus.

20th SS Grenadier Division (1st Estonian)

In accordance with the charter of the SS troops, recruitment was carried out on a voluntary basis, and those who wished to serve in this unit had to meet the requirements of the SS troops for health and ideological reasons. .It was allowed to accept the Baltic states to serve in the Wehrmacht and create from them special teams and volunteer battalions for anti-partisan struggle.

On October 1, 1942, the entire Estonian police force consisted of 10.4 thousand people, to which 591 Germans were seconded.
According to archival documents of the German command of that period, the 3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade, together with other units of the German army, carried out punitive operations "Heinrik" and "Fritz" to eliminate Soviet partisans in the Polotsk-Nevel-Idritsa-Sebezh region, which were carried out in October -December 1943.

Turkestan Legion

The formation of the Wehrmacht during the Second World War, which was part of the Eastern Legion and consisting of volunteer representatives of the Turkic peoples of the republics of the USSR and Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz, Uyghurs, Tatars, Kumyks, etc.). The Turkestan Legion was created on November 15, 1941 under the 444th Security Division in the form of the Legion, they were not homogeneous in ethnic composition - in addition to the natives of Turkestan, Azerbaijanis and representatives of the North Caucasian peoples also served in it. At the end of the war, the Turkestan Legion joined the Eastern Turkic SS unit (numbering - 8 thousand).

North Caucasian Legion of the Wehrmacht (Nordkaukasische Legion), later the 2nd Turkestan Legion.

Armenian Legion (Armenische Legion)

The formation of the Wehrmacht, which consisted of representatives of the Armenian people.
The military goal of this formation was the state independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union. Armenian legionnaires were part of 11 battalions, as well as other units. The total number of legionnaires reached 18 thousand people.

Retired Major General Vorobyov Vladimir Nikiforovich, veteran of the Great Patriotic War and military intelligence, chairman of the Military Scientific Society at the state cultural and leisure institution "Central House of Officers of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus" (until 2012) writes:

"Today, the deliberate and deliberate falsification of the results of the Second World War and the Second World War as a whole, the historical victories of the Soviet people and its Red Army has increased significantly. The goal is obvious - to take away the Great Victory from us, to consign to oblivion those atrocities and atrocities that were committed by the Nazis and their accomplices, traitors and traitors to their homeland: Vlasov, Bandera, Caucasian and Baltic punishers. Today their barbarism is justified by the "struggle for freedom", "national independence". It looks blasphemous when the unfinished SS men from the Galicia division are in law, receive additional pensions, and their families are exempted from paying for housing and communal services. The day of the liberation of Lviv - July 27 was declared "a day of mourning and enslavement by the Moscow regime." Alexander Nevsky Street was renamed Andriy Sheptytsky, Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, who in 1941 blessed the 14th SS Grenadier Division "Galicia" to fight the Red Army.

Today, the Baltic countries demand billions of dollars from Russia for "Soviet occupation". But have they really forgotten that the Soviet Union did not occupy them, but saved the honor of all three Baltic states from the inevitable fate of being part of the defeated Nazi coalition, gave them the honor to become part of the general system of the countries that defeated fascism. Lithuania in 1940 received back, previously selected by Poland, the Vilna region with the capital Vilnius. Forgotten! It is also forgotten that the Baltic countries since 1940. By 1991, to create their new infrastructure, they received from the Soviet Union (in today's prices) 220 billion dollars.

With the help of the Soviet Union, they created a unique high-tech production, built new power plants, incl. and nuclear, providing 62% of all energy consumed, ports and ferries (3 billion dollars), airfields (Siauliai - 1 billion dollars), created a new merchant fleet, built oil pipelines, completely gasified their countries. Forgotten! The events of January 1942, when traitors to the Motherland on June 3, 1944 burned to the ground the village of Pirgupis and also the village of Raseiniai, were forgotten. The village of Audrini in Latvia, where today the NATO air force base, suffered the same fate: 42 courtyards of the village, together with the inhabitants, were literally wiped off the face of the earth. The Rezekne police, led by a beast in the guise of a man Eichelis, already by July 20, 1942, managed to exterminate 5128 residents of Jewish nationality.

Latvian "fascist riflemen" from the SS troops annually on March 16 arrange a procession with a solemn march. A marble monument was erected to the executioner Echelis. For what? Former punishers, SS men from the 20th Estonian division and Estonian policemen, who became famous for the total extermination of Jews, thousands of Belarusians and Soviet partisans, every year on July 6 parade with banners around Tallinn, and celebrate the day of the liberation of their capital - September 22, 1944, like a day of mourning. Former SS Colonel Rebane, a granite monument was erected, to which children are brought to lay flowers. The monuments to our generals, liberators have long been destroyed, the graves of our brothers-in-arms patriots have been desecrated. In Latvia, in 2005, the vandals, unrestrained by impunity, already thrice (!) mocked the graves of the fallen soldiers of the Red Army.

Why, why do they desecrate the graves of the heroes-soldiers of the Red Army, destroy their marble slabs, kill them a second time? The West, the UN, the Security Council, Israel are silent, they are not taking any measures. Meanwhile, the Nuremberg Trials 11/20/1945-10/01/1946. for carrying out a conspiracy against Peace, humanity and the gravest war crimes, he sentenced Nazi war criminals not to be shot, but to be hanged. On December 12, 1946, the UN General Assembly upheld the validity of the sentence. Forgotten! Today in some countries of the CIS there is an exaltation, glorification of criminals, punishers and traitors. May 9 is a historical day, the day of the Great Victory is no longer celebrated - a working day, and even worse, a “day of mourning”.

The time has come to give a resolute rebuff to these deeds, not to praise, but to expose all those who, with weapons in their hands, became servants of the Nazis, committed atrocities, destroyed the elderly, women and children. The time has come to tell the truth about collaborators, enemy military, police units, traitors and traitors to the Motherland.

Betrayal and betrayal always and everywhere caused feelings of disgust and indignation, especially betrayal of the previously given oath, the military oath. These betrayals, the oath of crime, have no statute of limitations."

The order of the OKH on the creation of the legion was signed on August 15, 1942. At the beginning of 1943, in the "second wave" of the field battalions of the eastern legions, 3 Volga-Tatar troops (825, 826 and 827) were sent to the troops, and in the second half of 1943 - "third wave" - ​​4 Volga-Tatar (from 828th to 831st). At the end of 1943, the battalions were transferred to Southern France and placed in the city of Mand (Armenian, Azerbaijani and 829th Volga-Tatar battalions) . The 826th and 827th Volga-Tatar units were disarmed by the Germans due to the unwillingness of the soldiers to go into battle and numerous cases of desertion and were converted into road-building units.
Since the end of 1942, an underground organization has been operating in the legion, which set as its goal the internal ideological decomposition of the legion. The underground printed anti-fascist leaflets distributed among the legionnaires.

For participation in an underground organization on August 25, 1944, 11 Tatar legionnaires were guillotined in the Plötzensee military prison in Berlin: Gainan Kurmashev, Musa Jalil, Abdulla Alish, Fuat Saifulmulyukov, Fuat Bulatov, Garif Shabaev, Akhmet Simaev, Abdulla Battalov, Zinnat Khasanov, Akhat Atnashev and Salim Bukharov.

The actions of the Tatar underground led to the fact that of all the national battalions (14 Turkestan, 8 Azerbaijani, 7 North Caucasian, 8 Georgian, 8 Armenian, 7 Volga-Tatar battalions), it was the Tatars who were the most unreliable for the Germans, and it was they who fought the least against the Soviet troops

Cossack camp (Kosakenlager) - a military organization during the Great Patriotic War, which united the Cossacks as part of the Wehrmacht and the SS.
In October 1942, in Novocherkassk, occupied by German troops, with the permission of the German authorities, a Cossack gathering was held, at which the headquarters of the Don Cossacks was elected. The organization of Cossack formations as part of the Wehrmacht begins, both in the occupied territories and in the emigrant environment. The Cossacks took an active part in the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising in August 1944. In particular, Cossacks from the Cossack police battalion formed in 1943 in Warsaw (more than 1000 people), the escort guard hundred (250 people), the Cossack battalion of the 570th security regiment, the 5th Kuban regiment Cossack camp under the command of Colonel Bondarenko. One of the Cossack units, led by the cornet I. Anikin, was given the task of capturing the headquarters of the head of the Polish insurgent movement, General T. Bur-Komorovsky. The Cossacks captured about 5 thousand rebels. For their diligence, the German command awarded many of the Cossacks and officers with the Order of the Iron Cross.
By the decision of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 25, 1997, Krasnov P.N., Shkuro A.G., Sultan-Girey Klych, Krasnov S.N. and Domanov T.I. were recognized as justifiably convicted and not subject to rehabilitation.

Wehrmacht Cossack (1944)

Cossacks with Wehrmacht stripes.

Warsaw, August 1944. Nazi Cossacks suppress the Polish uprising. In the center is Major Ivan Frolov along with other officers. The soldier on the right, judging by the stripes, belongs to the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) of General Vlasov.

The uniform of the Cossacks was predominantly German.

Georgian Legion (Die Georgische Legion, cargo.) - Reichswehr unit, later Wehrmacht. The legion existed from 1915 to 1917 and from 1941 to 1945.

At its first creation, it was staffed by volunteers from among the Georgians who were captured during the 1st World War. During the Second World War, the legion was replenished with volunteers from among the Soviet prisoners of war of Georgian nationality.
From the participation of Georgians and other Caucasians in other units, a special detachment for propaganda and sabotage "Bergman" - "Highlander" is known, which consisted of 300 Germans, 900 Caucasians and 130 Georgian emigrants, who constituted a special unit of the Abwehr "Tamara II", founded in Germany in March 1942. Theodor Oberländer, a career intelligence officer and a major specialist in Eastern problems, became the first commander of the detachment. The unit included agitators and consisted of 5 companies: 1st, 4th, 5th Georgian; 2nd North Caucasian; 3rd - Armenian. Since August 1942, "Bergman" - "Highlander" acted in the Caucasian theater - carried out sabotage and agitation in the Soviet rear in the Grozny and Ischera directions, in the area of ​​​​Nalchik, Mozdok and Mineralnye Vody. During the period of fighting in the Caucasus, 4 rifle companies were formed from defectors and prisoners - Georgian, North Caucasian, Armenian and mixed, four cavalry squadrons - 3 North Caucasian and 1 Georgian.

Georgian unit of the Wehrmacht, 1943

Latvian SS Volunteer Legion.

This formation was part of the SS troops, and was formed from two SS divisions: the 15th Grenadier and the 19th Grenadier. In 1942, the Latvian civil administration, in order to help the Wehrmacht, offered the German side to create on a volunteer basis armed forces with a total strength of 100 thousand people, with the condition that Latvia's independence be recognized after the end of the war. Hitler rejected this offer. In February 1943, after the defeat of the German troops near Stalingrad, the Nazi command decided to form the Latvian national units as part of the SS. On March 28 in Riga, each legionnaire took the oath
In the name of God, I solemnly promise in the fight against the Bolsheviks unlimited obedience to the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Germany, Adolf Hitler, and for this promise, as a brave warrior, I am always ready to give my life. As a result, in May 1943, on the basis of six Latvian police battalions (16, 18, 19, 21, 24 and 26th), operating as part of Army Group North, the Latvian SS Volunteer Brigade was organized as part of the 1st and 2nd Latvian Volunteer Regiments. At the same time, volunteers of ten ages (born 1914-1924) were recruited for the 15th Latvian SS Volunteer Division, three regiments of which (3rd, 4th and 5th Latvian volunteers) were formed by mid-June. The division received direct participation in punitive actions against Soviet citizens in the territories of the Leningrad and Novgorod regions. In 1943, parts of the division participated in punitive operations against Soviet partisans in the areas of the cities of Nevel, Opochka and Pskov (3 km from Pskov, they shot 560 people).
The servicemen of the Latvian SS divisions also participated in the brutal murders of captured Soviet soldiers, including women.
Having captured the prisoners, the German scoundrels staged a bloody massacre over them. Private Karaulov N.K., junior sergeant Korsakov Ya.P. and guard lieutenant Bogdanov E.R., the Germans and traitors from the Latvian SS units gouged out their eyes and inflicted many stab wounds. Guard Lieutenants Kaganovich and Kosmin, they carved stars on their foreheads, twisted their legs and knocked out their teeth with boots. Medical instructor Sukhanova A.A. and three other nurses had their chests cut out, their legs and arms were twisted, and many stab wounds were inflicted. Soldiers Egorov F. E., Satybatynov, Antonenko A. N., Plotnikov P. and foreman Afanasiev were brutally tortured. None of the wounded, captured by the Germans and the Latvian fascists, escaped torture and painful abuse. According to reports, the brutal massacre of wounded Soviet soldiers and officers was carried out by soldiers and officers of one of the battalions of the 43rd Infantry Regiment of the 19th Latvian SS Division. And so on in Poland, Belarus.

Parade of Latvian legionnaires in honor of the founding day of the Republic of Latvia.

20th SS Grenadier Division (1st Estonian).
In accordance with the charter of the SS troops, recruitment was carried out on a voluntary basis, and those who wished to serve in this unit had to meet the requirements of the SS troops for health and ideological reasons. .It was allowed to accept the Baltic states to serve in the Wehrmacht and create from them special teams and volunteer battalions for anti-partisan struggle. In this regard, the commander of the 18th Army, Colonel-General von Küchler, 6 Estonian security detachments were formed from scattered Omakaitse detachments on a voluntary basis (with a contract for 1 year). At the end of the same year, all six units were reorganized into three eastern battalions and one eastern company. In the Estonian police battalions, staffed with national cadres, there was only one German observer officer. An indicator of the special confidence of the Germans in the Estonian police battalions was the fact that the military ranks of the Wehrmacht were introduced there. On October 1, 1942, the entire Estonian police force consisted of 10.4 thousand people, to which 591 Germans were seconded.
According to archival documents of the German command of that period, the 3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade, together with other units of the German army, carried out punitive operations "Heinrik" and "Fritz" to eliminate Soviet partisans in the Polotsk-Nevel-Idritsa-Sebezh region, which were carried out in October -December 1943.

Turkestan Legion - the formation of the Wehrmacht during the Second World War, which was part of the Eastern Legion and consisting of volunteer representatives of the Turkic peoples of the republics of the USSR and Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kirghiz, Uighurs, Tatars, Kumyks, etc.). Turkestan the legion was created on November 15, 1941 under the 444th security division in the form of the Turkestan regiment. The Turkestan regiment consisted of four companies. In the winter of 1941/42, he carried out security service in Northern Tavria. The order to create the Turkestan Legion was issued on December 17, 1941 (together with the Caucasian, Georgian and Armenian legions); Turkmens, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Karakalpaks and Tajiks were accepted into the legion. The legion was not homogeneous in ethnic composition - in addition to the natives of Turkestan, Azerbaijanis and representatives of the North Caucasian peoples also served in it. In September 1943, the division was sent to Slovenia, and then to Italy, where it carried out security service and fought partisans. At the end of the war, the Turkestan Legion joined the Eastern Turkic SS unit (numbering - 8 thousand).

North Caucasian Legion of the Wehrmacht (Nordkaukasische Legion), later the 2nd Turkestan Legion.

The formation of the legion began in September 1942 near Warsaw from Caucasian prisoners of war. The volunteers included representatives of such peoples as Chechens, Ingush, Kabardians, Balkars, Tabasarans and so on. Initially, the legion consisted of three battalions, commanded by Captain Gutman.

The North Caucasian Committee participated in the formation of the legion and the call for volunteers. His leadership included the Dagestani Akhmed-Nabi Agaev (Abwehr agent) and Sultan-Girey Klych (former general of the White Army, chairman of the Mountain Committee). The Committee published the newspaper "Gazavat" in Russian.

The legion included a total of eight battalions numbered 800, 802, 803, 831, 835, 836, 842 and 843. They served in Normandy, and in Holland, and in Italy. In 1945, the legion was included in the North Caucasian battle group of the Caucasian formation of the SS troops and fought against the Soviet troops until the end of the war. The soldiers of the legion who fell into Soviet captivity were sentenced by courts-martial to death for collaborating with the Nazi invaders.

The Armenian Legion (Armenische Legion) is a formation of the Wehrmacht, consisting of representatives of the Armenian people.
The military goal of this formation was the state independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union. Armenian legionnaires were part of 11 battalions, as well as other units. The total number of legionnaires reached 18 thousand people.

Armenian Legionnaires.