Waste oil heating is gaining popularity now and those who have access to waste oil are actively putting furnaces and boilers on the job. And those who do not have access, then they buy working off for a penny. (chapter )

But it's not about prices).

In this article I will tell you how quickly, in an hour or an hour and a half, to assemble a primitive "automation" for a waste oil boiler.

It is difficult to call this device an automatic device, it does not switch to different modes, but serves to adjust the fan speed by blowing air into the combustion chamber and the speed of the oil pump.

Below is a test circuit assembled on the table) All this was assembled in a couple of hours (taking into account a trip to car dealerships). And this is a temporary solution for maintaining the operation of the boiler, while the main automation is being developed by us.

I will describe a little how everything works and what it consists of

The main two units that need to be controlled are the oil pump drive (it is the motor from the auto window lifter) and the snail - the blower fan. We need to control the speed of the snail and the oil pump to increase / decrease the oil supply to the combustion chamber, and accordingly the air supply.

Required components:

• Air blowing snail (can be used from a VAZ stove)
• Oil pump drive and the oil pump itself (gear)
• 12V power supply
• Cooling fan for automation
• Oven speed switch (from VAZ) - 3 positions
• Resistor (impedance) with the same 3 positions
• Rheostat from a car (I don't know for sure, it seems to be for adjusting the backlight in the cabin)
• Wires
• Mom / Dad Clams
• A box for it all

The circuit is assembled

How it all works and is put together

The system has 3 modes revolutions (switch of revolutions of the stove): minimum, average and maximum.

Power from a 12 Volt unit goes to the mode switch, then to a resistor (resistance) with the same positions 1/2/3. From terminal 3 on the switch and on the resistor, the wires go to the inflation volute and to an additional resistor (rheostat). The inflation snail has 3 speeds, as I said, and the oil pump has the same 3 speeds. BUT power goes to the oil pump through a rheostat - pay attention to the photo - red wire to the snail and clamps.

Thus, for an oil pump, each of the 3 modes has the ability to additionally adjust the speed of rotation with a rheostat, which allows very precise metering of the supply of waste oil to the furnace.

In the video below, the diagram is in work, but for now, detailed photos

18 Ohm rheostat for smooth reduction of oil pump speed

Position switch 1/2/3 + terminal "+"

The insides of the switch. To fix it in the box, I had to disassemble the switch, drill holes in it and screw in the screws.

The wires from the switching position go to their own 1/2/3 terminals for resistance. The resistance heats up)))

Wiring diagram for switch, resistor and motor

44 - fan motor
45- additional resistor (serves to regulate the speed of the electric motor under the number 44)
46- position switch

Oil pump engine

After I ran the whole system for a couple of hours at the stand "on the table", I put everything together and it turned out neatly and beautifully.

To prevent the resistance from heating up to red, I cut a 12V fan into the box. Cools well

I began to take a steam bath about the buttons on the buttons. the automatics are temporary))) although the twists can be made of polymofrus. But the time was at that moment 3 o'clock in the morning, and I had to go in 4 hours, and during this time I had to get some sleep ... I decided to leave it as it is)

Here is this cauldron.

I tried to show how you can quickly assemble a device for adjusting the supply of oil and air to the combustion chamber of a waste oil boiler with your own hands.

I ask whoever is interested in this topic, unsubscribe in the comments, criticize, discuss and advise both me and everyone who is interested in the topic of heating during mining!

P.S .: at the moment, automation is being developed with temperature sensors, program control and different combustion and protection modes for boilers and heaters undergoing testing.

See about furnaces and boilers for development in the section

UPDATE 01/18/2016: A boiler with this automation has been operating continuously for 3 days at a car service. Everything is stable. Warms great. The most important thing is to rehearse the oil flow

Submersible pump automation

Having drilled a well for water in a summer cottage, they usually begin to equip it, because the water needs to be raised from the depth and fed into the house. But it is not enough just to bring it down, you need to assemble an automatic water supply system and set it up correctly. Its service life, as well as the resource of the deep pump, depends on the setting. Perhaps you did not know, but often a borehole pump fails due to unsettled automation.

All installations and settings are carried out by specialists from the drilling organization and you, as an ordinary summer resident, do not have to waste time on this. But if you are interested in knowing how the automation for a well with a submersible pump works, whether a hydraulic accumulator is needed, what are the reasons for system failures, and so on, then now we will tell you everything.

Automatic equipment for a pump with a hydraulic accumulator

The most common option for pump automation is with a hydraulic accumulator because it does not require large financial costs and completely solves the issue of water supply. A pressure storage tank is a container with a rubber membrane inside; this tank is placed in a caisson or in a house.
The automation scheme for a well with a hydraulic accumulator looks like this: the pump pumps water from the well into the hydraulic tank, thereby stretching the membrane until the pressure rises to a predetermined value, then the pressure switch opens the contacts and the pump turns off. Further, the water intake began, the pressure in the system begins to drop, but the pump is turned off. As soon as the pressure has dropped below a predetermined level, the pressure switch closes the contacts and the pump starts pumping water again.
And so on ad infinitum.

• You need a place for the accumulator tank.

Diaphragm tank 100 l or 50 l

The most popular volume of the hydraulic tank is 100 liters, but there are also more compact ones - 50 liters. Some summer residents refuse to install a 100-liter hydroaccumulator tank because 50 liters seems to be a sufficient volume for them. Let's find out the better a 100 liter membrane tank:

• Since there is a rubber membrane in the tank, which contains water, and behind the membrane there is air, the useful volume of the tank is maximum 70%.
• Of these 70%, the tank cannot give out all the water, because it needs to maintain the pressure in the system. It will allow the pressure to drop, for example, by 1 atm., And this can be about 30 liters.
• The larger the volume of the accumulator tank, the less often the submersible pump will turn on to add water, which means that your pump will last longer.

Automation for a pump without a hydraulic accumulator

You can build automation without a hydraulic accumulator, but for this you need a submersible pump with a frequency converter. In such cases, they still put a small tank of 5 liters so that the water flows immediately after opening the tap, because the pump has delays when it is turned on, even if only seconds.
A conventional submersible pump can be either turned on or off, while a pump with a frequency converter can adapt to the current water consumption mode and deliver more or. By opening the tap, the pump will turn on and will pump water, by opening 2 taps, it will pump harder, and so on, until it reaches its maximum capacity.
A striking example of such a pump is the Grundfos SQE, as well as three-phase pumps, for which you can buy a control unit with a frequency converter.

• There is no need to install a pressure accumulator tank.

• The price of a pump with a frequency converter is significantly higher.

Low well rate automation

Sometimes there are wells, the flow rate of which is not able to provide the house with water, and in order to get out of this situation, you need to install, somewhere in the basement, a large water tank. In this case, the automatic water supply system will work not by pressure, but by level.
The scheme of its operation looks like this: the borehole pump pumps water into the container, and in it the float, when the float rises to the set level, it will close the contacts, give a signal to the control unit, which will turn off the pump.
The same goes in the opposite direction: the water level has dropped to the set value, a signal is sent to the control unit and the deep pump turns on. It's simple.

The bottom and top electrodes can be used instead of the float. As soon as the water floods the upper electrode, it sends a signal to the control unit, which will turn off the submersible pump. The same goes in the opposite direction: the level has dropped below the second electrode, the control unit turns on the borehole pump.
The second pump will pump water from the tank into the system.

Well receiver

Probably the worst solution would be to use a container of water somewhere in the attic, in the form of a kind of receiver. It will stand at a height of 3 meters from the tap, and the water pressure will be 0.3 atm. No equipment will work, and you will not be able to use water normally. In order for the pressure to be in order, it is necessary to put the Rozhnovsky water tower at a height of 20-30 meters. Naturally, at a summer cottage in the Moscow region, this is unrealizable and there is no need for it.

Reasons for well automation failures

Automation must always be adjusted and monitored because the membrane pressure in the accumulator tank is released over time, through micro-slots, through anything, but the pressure will inevitably drop. Then, the frequent turning on of a submersible pump with a hydraulic accumulator or something else begins.
The drilling company prescribes a clause on the need for periodic maintenance of the system. But since it costs money, no one maintains anything, and they operate until problems appear or the pump burns out.
Due to system breakdown, the pump may not turn on at the right time. For example, all the water has managed to leave the tank, but the submersible pump has not even turned on yet, and then the water stopped flowing. Then the pump turns on and refills the tank, at this time everything works fine, until the water is completely drained from the tank again, and so on in a circle. That is why the water from the well comes in jerks. Another reason for water jerks is an incorrectly selected pump, the capacity of which is slightly higher than the flow rate of the well.
Also, after some time, the contacts on the pressure switch burn out due to constant switching and at one point it simply will not turn on. The problem is solved by replacing the pressure switch with the same new one.
If the automation is with a control unit, then there are many reasons and it is better not to go there without specialists from the service center.

• Automatic block
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Station diagrams
• Location

A special flange is used to fix the rubber bulb to the body. Its design has an inlet pipe. The internal structure of this tank is made in such a way that there is air between the membrane and the walls of the body. It must be under a certain pressure, which is pumped into the chamber using a car or bicycle pump. This air not only helps maintain the required pressure in the water supply system, but also counteracts the overstretching of the pear, into which water is pumped using a submersible pump from a well or well.

All accumulators can be divided into several types:

• units designed to work with cold water supply systems;
• devices for pipelines with hot water;
• expansion tanks for heating systems.

In our article, we will consider the connection diagram and the principle of operation of the hydraulic tank for cold water supply systems. This tank is designed in such a way as to accumulate the necessary volumes of water and ensure the supply of liquid to the water distribution points. Such equipment allows you to avoid water hammer and protect the borehole pump from frequent activation.

Principle of operation

The scheme of operation of the hydraulic tank after it is connected to the water supply system is as follows:

1. With the help of a submersible pump, water is pumped from a well or a well into a rubber tank bulb.
2. As water is pumped in, the air pressure in the chamber between the walls of the body and the rubber bulb increases due to the stretching of the membrane by the water. When it reaches the maximum set on the relay, the contacts open and the pump is turned off.
3. At the same time, you can continue to use water due to the fact that the membrane pushes it to the point with an open tap, household appliances or sanitary appliances. As the volume of liquid in the rubber bag decreases, its walls put less pressure on the air in the chamber and the pressure gradually decreases. When it reaches the minimum set on the relay, the contacts close, and the pump starts working again and pumping water from the well or well into the tank.
4. Then the cycle repeats.

Important: the frequency of launching downhole pumping equipment is directly related to the volume of the rubber bulb and the intensity of water consumption. That is, the volume of the tank must be selected taking into account the need for water of a particular family, so that the frequency of starting the pump unit does not increase, and this does not lead to its rapid wear.

Benefits of using a hydraulic tank

• Thanks to the large capacity of the tank, you always have a supply of water, even if for some reason the water disappears in the source.
• With the help of this equipment, you can maintain the required pressure in the water supply system, which will ensure you an even supply of liquid at all points of water distribution.
• The gib tank reliably protects the system from water hammer.
• The service life of the pumping equipment is increased due to more rare starts of the unit.
• Due to the injection of water into the pipeline, optimal conditions are provided for the operation of household appliances (washing machine and dishwasher).

Installation features

• borehole pump;
• relay;
• pipeline for supplying water from pumping equipment to the tank and from it to the points of water intake;
• check valve;
• shut-off valves;
• filtering device for coarse water purification;
• drainage into the sewerage system.

The connection diagram to a surface pump or pumping station looks much simpler, since a block installation of the relay is performed, that is, it is installed in combination with pumping equipment, there is also a built-in coarse filter and a check valve.

Hydraulic accumulator connection

When connecting the hydraulic tank to submersible pumping equipment, a check valve must be used, which does not allow water to drain back into the supply pipeline and source after turning off the pumping equipment. Otherwise, after turning off the pump, the air from the tank will squeeze water into the well.

The check valve is mounted on the pumping equipment before connecting all other elements of the water supply system. Further work is carried out in the following sequence:

1. First you need to properly install the submersible pump. To do this, you need to measure the depth of the well or well using a rope with a load. After that, on the wet spot on the rope, you can determine the immersion depth of the pumping equipment.

Important: the borehole pump should be lowered below the water table by no more than 30 cm.

1. After the pump is lowered into the well, the cable on which it is attached is securely fixed on the surface at the head of the hydraulic structure.
2. After that, the hose or pipeline coming from the pumping unit on the surface is fastened to the relay using a special fitting. This fitting must have five connectors.
3. After that, you need to connect the water supply system going to the house and the hydraulic tank to the connectors on the fitting. Also, it is necessary to connect a control device for the entire water supply system to one more connector.

Attention: all connections must be carefully sealed with tow, treated with sealant, or FUM tape.

1. The relay can now be configured.

Relay setting

For the effective and correct operation of the hydraulic tank and the entire water supply system, it is necessary to correctly configure the relay. Since this unit usually comes with factory settings, this is done in the following sequence:

1. If there is water in the system, it must be drained by opening the bottom tap.
2. Now you can open the cover on the relay and turn on the pump for pumping water.
3. At the moment of shutdown of the pumping equipment, it is necessary to detect the readings of the pressure gauge and record them.
4. After that, they open the faucet farthest in the system and wait for the pumping equipment to start again after a certain amount of water has flowed out. At this moment, the readings of the manometer are recorded and recorded. Now we find the difference by subtracting the smaller value from the larger number. It should be 1.4 bar. If your indicator is less, you need to tighten the nut mounted on the small spring. If the found number is greater, this nut must be loosened.
5. Moreover, if at the moment of water flowing out of the most distant tap, you did not like the pressure, then you need to tighten the nut on the large spring after disconnecting the unit from the network. To make the head less, on the contrary, you need to loosen the nut.
6. After completing the setup, the system is started up and tested for efficiency. The setting can be repeated several times until you are completely satisfied with how the water supply system works.

A selection of simple automatic amateur radio designs made by hand. It presents various automation schemes, such as touch switches, automatic control of various devices and objects, various timers and automatic devices, light switches and automatic relays.

IR remote control radio amateur designs- The infrared control device consists of two units - a transmitter and a receiver with a possible range of up to seven meters. The circuit is built using the PIC12F629 microcontroller

Controlling household appliances using a radio call... Now on sale there are a wide variety of low-power communication devices available without registration, such as VHF pocket radios, radio-controlled toys, and recently radio calls have also appeared. In general, the radio amateur design is very interesting in terms of the breadth of application. Consists of two blocks - the remote control button and the bell itself.

Remote control of four objects... The coding system allows you to control the alarm by reacting only to your own keypad, or to several different devices in the same room

Amateur radio remote load control circuits on the PIC12f629 microcontroller for four channels, there are two versions of firmware for the RC-5 or NEC standard

Power switch with remote control via telephone network designed to work in the public telephone network. It allows remotely, using a telephone line, to turn on and off electrical network appliances of low and medium power

At 220 V, the current flows through the resistor R1 and the rectifier diode, charges the capacitor, the relay is triggered. If the voltage is less than 180 V, the movable contact switches to 127 V

When we apply a voltage of 220 V, the current flows through the resistor R1, the rectifier diode VD1, charges the capacitor C1, and the relay is triggered. In this case, its contacts are in the position shown in the diagram. If the voltage is less than 180 V, the current through the relay coil is not enough to operate it, and the movable contact switches to contact 127 V. Set the switch by selecting the resistor R1. In this case, the relay contacts are disconnected from the transformer. The autotransformer set the mains voltage to about 180 V and select the resistor R1 so that the relay turns off.

The basis of the radio amateur device is a relaxation generator on a dinistor.This signaling device monitors not only the increase in the mains voltage, but also its decrease

For the manufacture of this device, a wire-wound variable resistor of the SP5-30 type or other suitable power with a resistance of about 1 kOhm is required.

When the button is pressed, a positive pulse is sent to the thyristor. It opens, and the KM1 magnetic starter turns on, which, with its contacts, turns on the load. The next time you press the button, the voltage from the charged capacitor is applied to the thyristor in reverse polarity, it closes and turns off the magnetic starter

A selection of radio amateur developments of humidity sensors, which are designed to turn on forced ventilation of a room with high air humidity, can be installed in the kitchen, bathroom, cellar, basement, garage

The design of the sensor with your own hands, which, when wet, begins to emit warning sounds. Moreover, it starts signaling only 10 seconds after it gets wet, there are two types of signaling: sound and light

The device of a touch switch, which can be easily and quickly assembled by hand, is considered. The touch switch can be used in various situations, for example, you can turn off the light of the luminaire at a specified time interval.

Very often in everyday life and in the household, it is required to automatically turn on or off the load at a certain time, for this I propose to consider two designs assembled on the basis of the IRF7309 transistor assembly, containing two field-effect switching transistors, one of which is with an n-type channel, and the other with a p-type ...

These transistors have a low channel resistance in the on-state, low leakage current in the off-state and are capable of switching currents up to 3 ... .4 A. Thanks to the small case, the device can be made small

Svetoautomatny schemes

The first automatic device is connected instead of the existing apartment lighting switch. With the help of the machine, the lighting turns on immediately, and the shutdown occurs only tens of seconds after trying to turn off the light. This makes it possible for. leaving the apartment does not end up in the dark to search for keys, to insert the key into the door lock. The second design automatic light is intended for automatic ignition and switching off of lighting in such rooms of an apartment as a bathroom or toilet room.

The considered schemes are used to automatically turn on street lighting at nightfall and automatically turn off at morning dawn. Some of them have original schematic and technical solutions.

The considered circuits of light switches represent a conventional light relay, which is triggered automatically with an increase in the level of natural or artificial lighting.

It is often necessary to maintain the temperature regime of a room. Previously, this required a rather huge circuit made on analog elements, we will consider one such for general development. Today everything is much simpler, if it is necessary to maintain the temperature in the range from -55 to + 125 ° C, then the programmable microcircuit thermometer and thermostat DS1821 can perfectly cope with this goal.

The main purpose of motion sensors is to automatically turn on or off a load or device in a certain time interval when moving biological objects appear in the sensor's sensitivity zone. Let's consider one of the main areas of application of these sensors in lighting control of objects and improving energy efficiency.

What is a capacitive relay? This is the most common electronic relay that is triggered when the capacitance changes between the sensor and the common wire. The sensitive element of many capacitive relays are high frequency generators of hundreds of kilohertz or more. If an additional capacitance is connected in parallel to the circuit of this generator, then either the frequency of the generator will change, or its oscillations stop altogether.

It is an electronic module that serves as an interface and allows for excellent electrical isolation between both low and high voltage circuits. The device includes powerful power switches based on triacs, thyristors or power transistors. Such relays are an excellent option for replacing classic electromagnetic relays, contactors and electromagnetic starters, as they provide a more reliable and safe switching method.

When making a homemade power supply, it became necessary to install a fan on a radiator, but the constant noise from it and energy costs forced me to think and offer a simple regulator circuit without using microcontrollers, but only on analog radio components.

An electronic fuse is a simple and effective way to protect various household and medical equipment from overcurrent. Electronic fuses are economical, simple and reliable and, moreover, have small dimensions and are most often made on the basis of field-effect transistors.

Overcurrent protection

Many obsolete household appliances are not grounded. Many people think that there is no need for it: the cases of the devices are well isolated from the network, and they usually work with them in dry rooms. But if a breakdown or insulation damage suddenly occurs, faulty household appliances will become a source of serious danger. And the fuses will not fulfill their function here: they will not burn out until there is a short circuit. To avoid electrical injuries in apartments and houses with electrical wiring without an RCD, an automatic current protection device will help you, which will disconnect electrical equipment from the network as soon as voltage appears on the case.

Due to the constant increase in the cost of electricity, legal ways to save it are becoming relevant. Electric lighting is rarely required in some rooms. But we often forget to turn off the light, and the light continues to burn, spending precious kilowatts.

The proposed voltage control device, the circuit of which can be assembled by hand, is built on the basis of the KR1006VI1 timer and the original sound effect, which is activated immediately as the voltage control tells about it.

These designs are used to automatically turn on outdoor lighting at nightfall and, conversely, automatically turn off lighting at dawn, which is especially important, especially in conditions of such expensive energy resources.

These mechanical transducers have been used for a long time to search for vibrations and various mechanical deformations. This design is a low cost option for general purpose solid state sensors. The circuit uses a standard piezoelectric element to search for mechanical shock or vibration

This is an extremely easy-to-repeat water leakage sensor, which, if there is a problem of liquid getting between the plates, will connect the relay coil, which switches on any load with its contacts, for example, an electromagnetic valve that blocks the water.

Sometimes it is required to find out how much water or other conductive liquid is left in a closed container. For example, in a metal barrel buried in the ground or raised to a height so that it is not possible to determine its contents. To solve this problem, I recommend assembling a circuit of a simple water level sensor. The device consists of just a few radio components: resistors, transistors and three LEDs.

It often happens when you leave home, suddenly remember, and then run to check if you have left any household appliances on. But some of them can not only significantly increase the electricity bill, but also create the likelihood of a fire. A simple power consumption indicator circuit will help to exclude such cases.

It happens very often. that there is absolutely no one to leave home flowers to. But for the electronics engineer, this is not a problem, he will easily bungle an automatic watering scheme for indoor plants without much difficulty.

A Hall sensor is a magnetoelectric device that uses the Hall effect. The principle itself was discovered in 1879, when a thin plate of gold was placed in a magnetic field with a current passed through it and the appearance of a transverse potential difference (Hall voltage) was seen.

A timely disconnected electronic device will save you from many problems. Therefore, more and more radio amateur designs operating with high powers are supplemented by alarm systems for overheating of powerful semiconductor devices. In this technical compilation, we will consider simple circuits of signaling devices installed on a radiator.

Quite often, situations arise when it is necessary for a device to continue to work stably even in the absence of the main power supply. I propose for repetition several simple options for schemes that allow switching the load from the standard power supply to the backup power supply in the event of possible power outages, this is especially true for rural areas.

To make this simple design of a pressure sensor with our own hands, we need the following amateur radio tools and materials: a soldering iron, glue, a knife, two pieces of one-sided printed circuit board, a piece of foam material or a thin layer of foam rubber sprinkled with graphite dust and wiring wires.

On the basis of a simple ceramic piezoelectric detector, a useful physical impact sensor can be assembled, which can be used in alarm systems on doors, windows and to detect various shocks and vibrations.

Touch button

The touch button is an excellent alternative to typical mechanical buttons, which never wear out or clog, practically does not break, resistant to aggressive liquids, does not require pushing force, and is also vandal resistant.

• 05.04.2019 12:21
• Parent Category: Projects
• Category: Automation
• Views: 645

Why do you need a transformer in a pulse converter of electrical energy? Part 1

Alexander Rusu, Odessa

There are a lot of circuits of impulse converters of electrical energy. Step-down, step-up, inverting, forward, flyback, with the output of the midpoint of the transformer (Push-Pull), half-bridge, bridge and even "cross-bridge" (two-transistor) - even an experienced specialist can easily get lost and "drown" in them, not to mention newbies. Moreover, they all solve the same problem - converting the voltage of one value into one or more voltages of another level. In addition, sometimes they also provide galvanic isolation - electrical isolation of input circuits from output circuits. But why are there so many schemes? Can't you think of one universal solution that can be used in all situations?

By themselves, cyclic timers can be used in a variety of automation devices, whether it is periodic switching on of fans to ventilate the room, turning on quartz lamps in the room for air disinfection, etc. All this continuous cycle with a certain ratio of time intervals work / pause can last for several days.

In this article, I want to consider the operation of two such automatic schemes for cyclic switching on of an electric motor in a “honey creaming” installation.

In short, why is this necessary? Honey undergoes crystallization over time, becomes solid, and in order for honey to reach the consumer in a less solid state, to be more plastic, it is subjected to a technological procedure called “creaming”. Honey is placed in a container, where the blades are mechanically mixed at a certain speed and cyclicity, for example: the blades spin for 15 minutes, stirring the honey, and then a 15 minute pause, and so on in an endless cycle. It is not difficult to assemble such an automation scheme on a microcontroller, but not for radio amateurs who have not yet mastered microcontrollers. To facilitate assembly for novice radio amateurs, I offer 2 options without the use of programmers and without microcontrollers.