As the city is called bitter now. Was there an older name

Guide to the city of Gorky, 1960 edition.

Publishing House "Gorkovskaya Pravda"

The city of Gorky, formerly Nizhny Novgorod, is a large industrial and cultural center. It has a long history rich in outstanding events.
From the moment of its foundation (1221) until the middle of the 16th century, Nizhny Novgorod was the eastern border fortress of Russia on the Volga.
At the beginning of the 17th century (in 1611), in Nizhny Novgorod, at the call of the great Russian patriot Kuzma Minin, a nationwide militia was created, which saved the country from the threat of foreign enslavement.
At the end of the last and the beginning of this century, the city was famous for the All-Russian Fair, which played an important role in the country's economy.
Since the second half of the 19th century, Nizhny Novgorod has been developing as a large industrial center. The Nizhny Novgorod proletariat was one of the vanguard detachments of the proletarian revolutionary movement in our country. It was led by the Nizhny Novgorod party organization, created with the active participation of the great Lenin. The workers of Nizhny Novgorod waged an intense struggle against the autocracy, capitalists and landowners, fought on the barricades in December 1905 and won victory during the days of the Great October Revolution.
During the civil war and foreign military intervention and during the Great Patriotic War, the city was one of the arsenals of the Soviet Army, forging weapons of victory over the enemies of the Land of the Soviets.
Nizhny Novgorod - Gorky is the birthplace of many outstanding revolutionaries, figures of Russian and Soviet science and culture. The great writer A.M. Gorky was born and worked here, whose name the city has been bearing since 1932. Y. M. Sverdlov was born in N. Novgorod and began his revolutionary activity. The natives of the city are the genius inventor I.P. Kulibin, the great mathematician N.I. Lobachevsky, the outstanding critic and revolutionary democrat N.A.Dobrolyubov, the composer M.A. Balakirev, the writers P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, V.I. Kostylev and many others.
In the city of Gorky, many ancient monuments of the 16th-18th centuries have been preserved. During the years of Soviet power, the city has changed, grown, rejuvenated. Nine-tenths of its territory - huge residential areas, dozens of enterprises - all this arose during the Soviet period on the site of wastelands, former suburban villages and hamlets. If, according to the 1926 census, 184.9 thousand people lived in N. Novgorod, Kanavino and Sormovo, then according to the 1959 census the population of Gorky was 942 thousand people.
On May 2, 1930, on the site of wastelands and swamps near the village of Monastyrki, a giant of the domestic automotive industry was founded - an automobile plant. Nowadays, a large residential area with dozens of well-maintained streets spreads around it.
The number of inhabitants of the region is almost twice the number of the population of the pre-revolutionary Nizhny Novgorod. The same changes took place in the Sormovo region, where the villages surrounding the Sormovo plant have dissolved and disappeared from the face of the earth. Large residential areas have been created and are being created in other areas of the city.
The Gorky industry provides the country with a wide variety of products. Compared with 1913, the output of large-scale industry increased 191 times. The leading sectors of the Gorky industry are the automotive industry, machine tool building, river shipbuilding, and machine building. In addition, the city has a number of large enterprises in the light and food industries.
In our country and far beyond its borders, comfortable cars "Chaika" and "Volga", trucks GAZ-51, GAZ-bZ, GAZ-62 and others produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant are widely known. On many waterways of the country, ships ply, manufactured at the oldest enterprise in the city - the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. The flagships of the Volga fleet - the diesel-electric ships "Lenin" and "Sovetsky Soyuz", were manufactured in Sormovo, and the production of high-speed multi-seat passenger hydrofoils was launched. In our country and abroad, milling machines, mill equipment, and many other products manufactured by the Gorky industry are well known. According to the seven-year plan, a significant technical re-equipment of the Gorky industry is planned and it will master the production of many new product samples.
The city of Gorky is a major transport center.
On the Volga and Oka rivers during the navigation period, dozens of ships with economic cargo and passengers are sent daily from the city. Gorky port is the largest river port in the Soviet Union in terms of cargo turnover. The Gorkovskaya railway, currently electrified, is one of the most significant railways in the country.
Urban transport is further developed. The total length of the city's tram lines is about 170 kilometers, and the length of bus routes is 400 kilometers. There are seven trolleybus routes and a large taxi fleet in the city. A lot of work is underway on asphalting streets, landscaping, street lighting is being converted to fluorescent lamps, gasification of the housing stock is being carried out on a large scale.
The city of Gorky is a large cultural center. It has ten higher educational institutions, a number of research institutes, 21 technical schools, more than 150 schools.
There are opera and drama theaters, a comedy theater, a theater for young spectators and a puppet theater in the city, there are two large Palaces of Culture, a cinema and concert hall, a philharmonic society, 45 cinemas and clubs, about 400 libraries, 6 museums, and a television center.
The population of the city is served by 54 hospitals, 54 outpatient clinics and polyclinics, which employ over 3,500 doctors.
According to the seven-year plan, further development of the city economy is planned. The city will build over three and a half million square meters of living space, which is almost three pre-revolutionary Nizhny Novgorod. New highway and railway bridges will be built across the Oka and Volga, and city embankments will be reconstructed. Major works are planned for further improvement of the city.
Fulfilling the decisions of the Party and the government, the working people of the city of Gorky are tirelessly working for the good of their great Motherland, making their worthy contribution to the implementation of the great task of the extensive construction of communism in our country.

1. Monument to V.I.Lenin in Sormovo


2. Zelensky Congress


3. Sormovo. Comintern street.


4. Revolution Square


5. Y. M. Sverdlov Street (now the historical name is returned - Bolshaya Pokrovskaya, now the street is pedestrian - hereinafter - my notes in italics)


6. Automobile plant. Sotsgorod.


7. New residential buildings on the Arzamas highway.


8. Entrance to the Kremlin.


9. The building of the Regional Council of Trade Unions.


10. Monument to the heroes of the 1905 revolution.




11. On the children's railway. A.M. Gorky.


12. Theater of Opera and Ballet. A. S. Pushkin


13. Drama Theater. A. M. Gorky


14. Central entrance to the new building of the University. N.I. Lobachevsky


15. Diesel-electric ship "Lenin". Built at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant (burned down during the winter renovation of 1986-1987, the hull was cut into metal in the backwater of the Memory of the Paris Commune in the mid-90s)


16. Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve


17. In one of the halls of the museum


18. Monument to A.M. Gorky


19. Household Museum of Childhood A. M. Gorky. ("Kashirin's House").


20. City Council building


21. car factory. On the assembly line of Volga cars


22. Car "Seagull"


23. Palace of Culture. V. I. Lenin


24. On the children's river shipping company


25. In the concert hall of the conservatory. M.I. Glinka.


26. Polytechnic Institute. A. A. Zhdanova


27. Institute of Water Transport Engineers (now the Volga State Academy of Water Transport)


28. Agricultural Institute


29. In the Kremlin.


30. Monument to V.P. Chkalov


31. Automobile plant. Concert cinema hall.


32. Monument to Ya. M. Sverdlov


33. In one of the city squares.


34. On a winter day.


35. Palace of Pioneers. V.P. Chkalov.


36. View of the bridge over the Oka (Kanavinsky bridge)


37. Continuous casting of steel at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant.


38. At the berths of the passenger pier.


39. In the workshop of a garment factory


40. At the entrance to the State Bank


41. Icebreaker on the Volga (in the photo - the icebreaker "Don" of project 16. Built in 1950, decommissioned, demolished in 2008 in the backwater Memory of the Paris Commune)


42. In the river port (motor ship project 576 "Sviyazhsk")


43. At the stadium "Torpedo"


44. At the skating rink of the Dynamo stadium


45. Gorkovskaya HPP (The hydroelectric power station itself is located in Gorodets and connects two cities - Zavolzhye and Gorodets, the photo shows the final stage of construction)


46. \u200b\u200bVolzhskaya embankment.


47. Hotel "Central"

Our motor ship, having made a turn in the roadstead, approaches the passenger landing stage.

We are in a city that is associated with so much dear to every Soviet person.

Here in 1868 was born Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov (M. Gorky), a great writer, the pride of Russian and world literature.

Lenin's brother Alexander and sister Anna were born in Gorky. Vladimir Ilyich's father, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, taught in the 60s at the Nizhny Novgorod men's gymnasium.

Vladimir Ilyich visited this city in 1893, 1894 and 1900, and Gorky residents sacredly preserve the houses where the great leader of the proletariat held underground meetings of the Nizhny Novgorod Social Democrats and where he spoke out against the populists.

In 1885, Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov, the first chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, was born in Gorky. His revolutionary activity began in Gorky.

The great Russian revolutionary-democrat Nikolai Aleksandrovich Dobrolyubov was born here and studied at the seminary.

Here is the birthplace of the great inventor Ivan Petrovich Kulibin.

In Nizhny Novgorod, the patriot Kozma Minin in 1611 addressed his fellow citizens with a fiery appeal - not to spare their lives or property, "mortgage their wives and children" to save the fatherland - and the people's army rose up to his call, driving the invaders away from the Russian land.

In the village of Boldino, Nizhny Novgorod province, Pushkin created "Little Tragedies" and "Belkin's Tales", finished "Eugene Onegin". In Nizhny, returning from exile, Shevchenko lived; Korolenko spent eleven years here, and these years were the heyday of his literary and social activities.

The development of the city in the post-revolutionary period is associated with the names of the leading figures of the Communist Party and the Soviet state. VM Molotov, LM Kaganovich, AI Mikoyan worked here. For ten years, A.A. Zhdanov was the permanent leader of the Gorky communists.

Gorky is the largest city in the Volga region. According to the 1939 census, it had 644 thousand inhabitants, but since then this number has increased significantly. The growth rate of Gorky's population already in the first five-year plan was twice as high as the growth rate of the population of New York in the years of its greatest development.

The territory of today's Gorky is ten times the territory of the pre-revolutionary Lower. The old enterprises of the city, including the Sormovsky plant, have long been reconstructed.

More than a hundred new factories and plants have been built in the city. Gorky became the center of one of the largest industrial regions, where mechanical engineering and a number of branches of the energy, metallurgical, chemical, timber, food, and light industries are especially developed.

By the beginning of the fifth five-year plan, the region's industry was producing more than twice as much output as in 1940, and 50 times more than in 1913. During the four years of the fifth five-year plan, the industry of the city of Gorky increased its output by another two-thirds.

For the fifth five-year plan in Gorky, about half a million square meters of living space is being commissioned. This is almost half of what was built in pre-revolutionary Nizhny Novgorod over the seven centuries of its existence.

Many new houses are being built in the city center and along its main thoroughfares. Three quarters of these houses are four to six stories high.

The length of tram, bus, trolleybus lines in Gorky has already reached 330 kilometers and continues to grow. The construction of a second bridge across the Oka is being planned, which will connect the upland part of the city with the Avtozavodsky district.

The green zone created around Gorky will encircle the city with a ring of park forests.

The history of the city of Nizhny Novgorod begins in 1221. Nizhny Novgorod was founded at the confluence of the great Russian rivers Volga and Oka by Prince Yuri (Georgy) Vsevolodovich in 1221 as a stronghold for the defense of the Russian borders from the Mordovians, Cheremis and Tatars. The city got the name "Nizhny" - perhaps because it was located in the "lower" lands relative to Novgorod the Great, possibly relative to the "old town" that already existed four versts up the Oka River, the mention of which remained until the beginning of the 17th century.

The location of the city determined its further destiny. After the end of the Tatar yoke, Nizhny Novgorod is constantly mentioned in Russian chronicles, strengthening itself as a major political and economic center of North-Eastern Russia, remaining the spiritual stronghold of Orthodoxy in the Volga region. At this time, he often served as an object of conflicts in the division of spheres of influence between the growing strengths of Moscow and Tver. There was a time when Nizhny was named the capital of a grand principality, which existed for more than half a century (1341-1392) and was not inferior to Moscow and Tver in an effort to dominate Russia. Seventeen times in the history of the city, enemies approached Nizhny and more than once ruined it, but the city was revived again and again.

After the “turmoil”, the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region, in relatively peaceful living conditions, received the opportunity to rapidly develop agriculture, industry, trade and culture. At this time, the Nizhny Novgorod region largely determined the level of commercial, industrial and artistic development of the entire country. The largest in the country Makaryevskaya fair takes shape and operates here, the Old Believer movement is born. In 1672, a metropolitanate was established in Nizhny Novgorod.

The rise of Nizhny Novgorod as an administrative center took place in the 18th century. From 1714 the city became a provincial town, and from 1779 to 1796 it became the center of the Nizhny Novgorod governorship, which at various times included the Vyatka, Kostroma, Penza provinces and the Alatyr province. The transformation of Nizhny Novgorod into the “capital” of a significant region of Russia had a beneficial effect on the development of all aspects of city life: industry, trade, education, medicine, culture, sciences and urban planning.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Nizhny Novgorod residents took an active part in the Patriotic War. The local militia took part in the overseas campaign of Russian troops until the complete victory over Napoleon and was disbanded only at the end of 1815.

The largest urban planning transformations of the city took place in the 30-40s of the 19th century.

Since the beginning of the 30s. In the 20th century, the city began to bear the name of the proletarian writer A.M. Gorky. After the revolution, a stage of active industrial growth of the city begins.

The Gorky Automobile Plant was built in 17 months and put into operation on January 1, 1932. The roads of the country were flooded with GAZ-AA trucks, cars GAZ-A, M-1. After the Great Patriotic War - GAZ-51, GAZ-63, GAZ-66, Pobeda, Volga.

After the Civil War, the Sormovo plant, founded in 1849 as a shipbuilding plant, significantly expanded production. In addition to steam locomotives, wagons, Sormovichi began to produce river and sea vessels, powerful diesel engines.

Today the city has returned to its historical name - Nizhny Novgorod.

Before telling exactly how ancient Nizhny Novgorod was called earlier, it is necessary to tell a little about the history of its origin.

Was there an older name

Nizhny Novgorod is one of the largest Russian cities with an ancient and rich history. Its emergence was facilitated primarily by military necessity. In the old days, Russian princes were constantly in conflict with the Volga Bulgaria. The location of the city (at the mouth of the Oka) was a convenient platform for gathering squads from Murom and Suzdal.

In 1220, after the victory over the Bulgars, Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich came up with the idea to establish a fortified outpost in this place.

For a long time, historians believed that the very name "Novgorod" testifies to the fact that even earlier there was another settlement at the mouth of the Oka. Various versions were published, according to which it was based on the remains of one of the Bulgar cities:

• Bryakhimov;
• Went away;
• Great city.

However, archaeological research carried out for many decades could not confirm these assumptions. On the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin and in its vicinity, there are no traces of more ancient buildings.

origin of name

Why was the city called "Lower"? This adjective appeared already in later annals. Its introduction into everyday life, as scientists believe, is due to the fact that:

• there was a need to distinguish it from Veliky and other Novgorods;
• the settlement was located in the lower reaches of the Oka.

After the founding of Nizhny Novgorod, active Russian expansion began in the region:

• already in 1226 several Erzyan (Mordovian) settlements were captured;
• in 1228 the Russians undertook a new campaign, which ended in nothing due to bad weather;
• a year later, the combined forces of several principalities attacked the patrimony of the Erzya ruler of Purgas, but retreated, meeting fierce resistance.

The latter, several months later, tried to take Nizhny Novgorod, but could not. And there were no more similar attacks.

The first fortifications were embankments with a wooden palisade. The location of the fortress guaranteed its invulnerability. Mount Chasovaya, on which the Kremlin was erected, on both sides overlooks the steep banks of the Oka and Volga, from the third it was protected by the deepest ravine.

At first, the city had only two stone buildings - temples, one of which stands to this day (the Archangel Cathedral). By themselves, such buildings are indisputable evidence of the special role of Nizhny Novgorod in the Vladimir-Suzdal lands. But its rapid flourishing was prevented by the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars.

Renaming

Nizhny Novgorod kept its name unchanged until the beginning of the 20th century.

In the 1920s, an active struggle against the "old-regime" toponyms took place in the USSR. In this way, the Soviet government tried to strengthen its dominant role and to eradicate from the new history of Russia the memory of its imperial past.

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