General information. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: capital, districts and cities

Salekhard, the capital of Yamal, was the final destination of the trip. Our ship arrived here at 12, the plane to Moscow - at five and a half. A total of three-and-a-half hours for a sightseeing tour of the city. The taxi driver was a little surprised at the request for an excursion - tourists are generally rare here, but in the end it turned out interesting. The city is small and there was enough time for an overview of it.

Salekhard was founded in 1595 by the Cossacks under the name of the Obdorsk fortress or prison. Obdorsk - translated from the dialects of the northern peoples means "Ob coast". The city is located exactly on the Arctic Circle and at that time was the northernmost fort in Russia. By the beginning of the 19th century, the fortress lost its defensive significance, and the fortifications were dismantled - Obdorsk became a small provincial village in the Berezovsky district. Both in tsarist and Soviet times, Obdorsk was a popular place of exile. In 1923, Obdorsk became the regional center of the new Ural region, and in 1930 the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug was formed, and Obdorsk became its capital. In 1933, the village was transformed into the regional settlement of Salekhard (translated from the Nenets - "Settlement on the Cape"), which in 1938 was given the status of a city. Thanks to the colossal oil and gas fields, today YaNAO is one of the most economically prosperous regions of our country. In addition to the oil and gas industry, reindeer breeding, traditional for the northern peoples, is developed in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - today's number of deer in the district reaches 700 thousand, and there are a lot of nomadic reindeer breeding farms.

It is interesting that, like Khanty-Mansiysk in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Salekhard is the capital, but not the largest and most industrialized city in the region. Salekhard, with a population of 50,000, occupies only the third place in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in terms of population, far behind the "oil and gas" Novy Urengoy and Noyabrsk (both there and there - more than 100 thousand people). A satellite of Salekhard is the village of Labytnangi, located on the opposite bank of the Ob. Labytnangi is the terminus of the Northern Railway line and a major transshipment port on the Ob. There is a ferry service between Salekhard and Labytnangi.

1. In the place on the cape where the first Russian settlement was founded 420 years ago, today the model of the Obdorsky prison has been recreated - as it was in those distant years.

6. Peter and Paul Cathedral - the first stone temple of Salekhard. It was built in 1894 and has survived to this day almost in its original form.

7. Modern Salekhard is about the same as most of the economically secure northern "oil and gas" cities. For the most part, new buildings, modern architecture, many cultural, sports and leisure facilities, and old houses have been renovated and given a general architectural look.

13. There is a mosque in Salekhard, one of the northernmost in Russia. Behind the mosque are the buildings of the Yamal multidisciplinary college.

14. National Library of YaNAO.

15. Modern urban development.

16. One of the unusual architectural objects of the city is the Fakel cable-stayed single-pylon bridge across the Shaitanka River, opened in 2004. There is a two-story restaurant on the pylon of the bridge.

17. "In the tales of ancient Yamal, in the songs of new generations - everywhere people honor deer with a word of gratitude!"

18. Not far from the cable-stayed bridge on the far bank of Shaitanka are the administrative buildings of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. This "government quarter" was built quite recently - the YaNAO administration moved here in 2009.

20. In the neighborhood, the construction of a new Cathedral of the Transfiguration is underway.

21. Salekhard is located exactly on the Arctic Circle. In the place where the road to the airport crosses latitude 66 °33`44``, a memorial sign has been erected. I wrote and thought, how many times have I been to and beyond the Arctic Circle? Now I will count - in 6 trips in the North and 1 time in the South in Antarctica.

22. Not far from the Arctic Circle sign, a monument to the 501st construction site was erected, which was laid by the prisoners of the transpolar railway from Salekhard to Igarka. In the forests and tundra far from Salekhard, the remains of prisoners' barracks, railway embankments and even old steam locomotives are still preserved. These places can be seen as part of a separate three-day trip. In the future, if I return to Salekhard, I will try to go there...

Meanwhile, the Transpolar Railway project is actually alive - albeit not in the same format as it was during the Gulag. In essence, part of this road from Plague and Vorkuta to Labytnang is operational; on the opposite bank along the route of the former 501st construction site, the current railway from Urengoy to Nadym was built, they are about to begin active work on the Northern Latitudinal Railway, which will connect Nadym and Salekhard approximately along the route of the former 501st construction site. AT last years the searchlights of the bridge across the Ob in Salekhard were activated again. Bold projects are being voiced for the construction of a road to the east from Urengoy to the banks of the Yenisei in the Igarka region, and even more daring projects - to Dudinka and Norilsk, in order to connect the Norilsk industrial region with the "Great Earth" by land. Will it ever be built? I think they will build it - not soon, not tomorrow, not in the foreseeable future, but I think that someday they will build it - because the direction is strategically promising, modern building technology have stepped far ahead in comparison with Stalin's times, and the presence of many still undeveloped deposits in these remote northern places is a very serious incentive for the development of transport infrastructure. Of course, this is not tomorrow and not in a year ... But maybe years later ...twenty, retired, happen to travel from Moscow to Norilsk by train? :)) It would be damn interesting! In the meantime, we peer into the distance to the broken rails and the lives of the 501st construction site ...

25. Then the road passes the airport and leads to the ferry crossings Salekhard - Labytnangi and Salekhard - Priobye. The first connects Salekhard with the opposite bank and the railway station, and the second - 630 kilometers along the Ob to the Ob, where the nearest main road, connected with the general road network of the country, goes to the river. On the high bank near the crossing, a huge mammoth was installed and a commemorative inscription was laid out in honor of the 420th anniversary of the city.

28. At the Salekhard - Labytnangi crossing it is very busy - ferries across the Ob go one after another.

Here the Ob, squeezed on both sides by mountains, narrows to two kilometers and turns to the east. For many years now, it has been planned to build a huge bridge in this alignment, which will connect Salekhard with the country's railway network and through which the latitudinal northern highway will pass. The issue of the Salekhard bridge has been hovering for many years, since the time of the 501st construction site, and with varying degrees of activity it pops up from time to time in various circles and instances. Recently, talks about the bridge have intensified again - in terms of some engineering solutions, for example, it is planned to use the experience of the Kerch bridge under construction now. But this is still a matter for the future.

33. And now on the banks of the Ob it is quiet and calm - in a wide stream the great Siberian river carries its waters to the Kara Sea among the harsh northern taiga and forest tundra. From here to the beginning of the river delta - a little more than a hundred kilometers, and to the mouth of the Ob in the area of ​​​​the Nadymsky bar - 280 kilometers. A year ago I had a chance to visit Altai, in the very upper reaches of the river, and now we are very close to its mouth...

The journey ends - after standing on the banks of the Ob at the crossing, we go to the airport, where the plane is already waiting for us to go home. It was great! Thanks Seryoga kitv for excellent company as always! And there are probably many other trips ahead, because there are so many interesting places in the world worth visiting! :))

Natural and economic resources

Yamal-Nenets autonomous region has become and will continue to be the main gas production base for Russia for a long time to come. The rates and volumes of hydrocarbon resource base development in the Okrug are the highest in Russia and the CIS countries. There are already more than 190 deposits, of which 19 are unique.

The main volume of gas production is carried out by the four largest enterprises of OAO Gazprom: 000 Urengoygazprom, 000 Yamburggazdobycha, 000 Nadymgazprom and 000 Noyabrskgazdobycha. These enterprises are commercially developing giant gas fields - Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye, Komsomolskoye.

The potential oil resources in the district are estimated at 8.2 billion tons. The main volume of oil production falls on two large joint-stock companies - OAO Noyabrskneftegaz, which is part of OAO Sibneft, and OAO Rosneft-Purneftegaz.

The prospects for expanding the raw material base of the district are not limited to the land area:

The water area (shelf) of the Kara Sea is considered as a direct continuation of the West Siberian oil and gas complex with the richest potential of resources. The base cities of gas and oil workers are Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, Gubkinsky, Muravlenko, which meet modern requirements for urban planning and life support for the population.

History reference

In the second half of the 1st millennium BC, the indigenous population led a sedentary lifestyle, engaged in hunting, fishing, and sea hunting.

The ethnogenesis of the Nenets is associated with the interaction of the natives and the Samoyeds who came from the south. In the second millennium of our era, the Nenets began to develop reindeer husbandry in the tundra zone. AT XI century, Russian industrialists and merchants (Novgorodians) began to penetrate this territory.

At the end of the 16th century, the territory was annexed to Russia.

The city of Salekhard, the center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, was founded in 1595 as a prison of Obdorsk on the right bank of the Ob, at the confluence of the Poluy River. The former name of the settlement - Obdorsk - came from the name of the Ob River and the word of the Komi language "dor" - a place near, near something. However, the Nenets have long called the city Salekhard, which means "a settlement on a cape."

In the 18th-18th centuries, the Selkups (hunters and fishermen) began to move to the Taz River from the Narym Territory, whose culture combined features of Khanty and Samoyed origin. In the 19th century, because of the Urals, a mass resettlement of the Komizyrians began in the Ob River basin.

In the 18th - early 20th centuries, the territory was part of the Berezovsky district of the Tobolsk province.

Soviet power was established in Obdorsk in April 1918. Until the end of 1921 on the The region was in the midst of a civil war.

In 1933, Salekhard received its current name.

In 1930, the Yamalo-Nenets national (since 1977 - autonomous) district was formed.

Since 1930 - the territory was part of the Obdorsky district of the Tobolsk district of the Ural region. Since 1944, the district was part of the Tyumen region, in 1993 - an independent subject of the Russian Federation, which is part of the Tyumen region.

Half a million people now live in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, of which about 30 thousand are representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North: Khanty, Nenets, Mansi, Selkups. The descendants of those who were brought in the 1930s to build the famous northern "Stalin's piece of iron" also live here. Near the administrative center of the district - Salekhard - there are still barracks that previously belonged to the 501st known construction site. But mainly among today's "Yamal residents" are those who came in the 70s at the call of the country and their hearts to implement grandiose projects for the industrial development of the natural resources of the district and Russia.

Authors: G. S. Samoilova (Nature: physical and geographical essay), N. F. Chistyakova (Nature: geological structure and minerals), M. D. Goryachko (Population), N. V. Fedorova (Historical essay: archeology ), M. D. Goryachko (Economy), A. N. Prokinova (Health), P. S. Pavlinov (Architecture and fine arts: architecture)Authors: G. S. Samoilova (Nature: physical and geographical essay), N. F. Chistyakova (Nature: geological structure and minerals), M. D. Goryachko (Population); >>

YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS OCIRCLE, subject Ros. Federation. Located in the northwest of the Asian part of Russia; partly beyond the Arctic Circle. Territorially included in Tyumen region. In the north, it is washed by the waters of the Karsky m., as part of the district - the islands of Bely, Oleniy, Shokalsky, etc. It is part of the Ural Federal District. Pl. 769.3 thousand km 2. Us. 534.1 thousand people (2016; 62.3 thousand people in 1959; 486.2 thousand people in 1989). Adm. center - Salekhard. Adm.-terr. division: 7 districts, 6 mountains. districts; 8 cities, 4 villages type.

Government departments

The system of state bodies. The authorities of the Autonomous Okrug are determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Charter (Basic Law) of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (1998). State power in the Autonomous Okrug is exercised by: The Legislative Assembly of the Autonomous Okrug is the legislative (representative) body of the state. authorities; Governor - the highest official of the Autonomous Okrug; The government is the highest executive body of the state. authorities of the Autonomous Okrug; other performers. state bodies. authorities formed in accordance with the law of the autonomous region. The Legislative Assembly consists of 22 deputies elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot by citizens of the Russian Federation with active suffrage: 11 deputies are elected from a single constituency in proportion to the number of votes cast for the lists of candidates for deputies nominated by electoral associations; 11 - for single-mandate constituencies formed on the territory of the autonomous okrug, on the basis of the majoritarian electoral system of relative majority. The term of office of deputies is 5 years. The governor is the highest official of the autonomous region and heads the government. The governor is elected by the deputies of the Legislative Assembly for 5 years (with the right of one re-election). He organizes the work of the government and presides over its meetings; approves the structure will perform. state bodies. authorities of the Autonomous Okrug; exercise other powers.

Nature

The coastline of the Kara m. is heavily indented. So. part of the territory of the district is made up of the Yamal, Tazovsky and Gydansky peninsulas, separated by the Gulf of Ob and the Gulf of Taz.

Relief

The district is located within West Siberian Plain and partly on Polar Urals. The lowlands dominate. up to 100 m in combination with areas of gently sloping hilly relief (height up to 200 m). The largest lowlands are Nizhneobskaya, Nadymskaya, Purskaya, Tazovskaya, Messoyakhskaya; uplands - Poluiskaya, Nenets, Pur-Tazovskaya, Srednetazovsky, Nizhneeniseyskaya (spurs). The lowlands are swampy, there are many permafrost landforms (thermokarst basins, heaving mounds, etc.). South border form Siberian Ridges. West of the river valley The Ob stretches Muzhinsky Uvals (height up to 290 m), passing into the foothills and middle mountains of the Polar Urals (height up to 1472 m, Mount Payer is the highest point of the district).

Geological structure and minerals

The flat part of Ya.-N. a. about. located within West Siberian platform(plates) and is confined to the intensely dissected Yamalo-Taz megasyneclise in the most subsided part of the Inner tectonic region. Megasyneclise includes deep depressions - Nadym-Taz, Ust-Yenisei, Yamalo-Gydan and Pursky Trench. On the folded Karelian-Baikal basement, reworked by intensive rifting in the Riphean-Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, Paleozoic carbonate deposits occur at the base of the Meso-Cenozoic terrigenous sedimentary cover. In the most submerged zone in the north-east. part of the plate, the total thickness of the weakly dislocated cover exceeds 10 km. A gas-oil sub-basin (part of West Siberian oil and gas province) with a rhythmic structure: large transgressive and regressive cycles are clearly distinguished in it. Main productive intervals of the cover are associated with deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Cenomanian - Turonian (mainly gas bearing), Aptian - Albian (oil and gas bearing) and Neocomian (condensate and oil bearing) of the Lower Cretaceous, Upper and Middle Jurassic (condensate and oil bearing).

The mountainous part of Ya.-N. a. about. represented by a folded structure east. slope of the Polar Urals (northern end of the Hercynian Ural folded system), in the structure of which dislocated sedimentary, volcanogenic-sedimentary and volcanogenic rocks decomp. degrees of metamorphism of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic age and non-metamorphosed rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age.

I.-N. a. about. ranks first in the Russian Federation in terms of reserves of natural combustible gas; 2nd place - in terms of oil reserves. From the beginning of the geological study of the territory of the district is open to St. 200 hydrocarbon deposits. Among the fields with gas reserves, there are 18 unique ones, up to 80% of explored reserves are concentrated in their depths: Urengoy field , Bovanenkovo ​​oil and gas condensate field , Yamburgskoye field , Zapolyarnoye field denie et al. 70 oil fields were discovered; 3 of them have unique reserves (Urengoyskoye, Russkoye and Vostochno-Messoyakhskoye). The Yamburgskoye, Pestsovoy, Bovanenkovskoye, Kharasaveyskoye and Zapolyarnoye fields contain large reserves of condensate. The Polar Urals is rich in various minerals: deposits of ores of manganese, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, cobalt, antimony, and rare metals (niobium, tantalum) have been discovered; phosphorites, barite, bauxites, etc. The Sosva-Salekhardsky brown coal basin is located on the territory of the district; in the Shchuchinsky and Baydaratsky zones, brown coal seams reach a thickness of 37 m. Huge reserves of fresh mineralization are contained in the bowels of the district. (iodine-bromine, etc.) and prom. water with a temperature of up to 200 ° C; there are deposits of natural buildings. materials (diorites, gabbro, clays, limestones, diatomites).

Climate

The district is located in the arctic, subarctic. and temperate zones. Sev. parts of the Yamal, Gydansky and Kara Islands are located in the Arctic. belt. The winter is long (more than 8 months), severe, the duration of stable frosts is 220 days. Wed January-February temperatures are -27 °C and below (absolute minimum -55 °C, Gyda). The height of the snow cover is 20–25 cm, the duration of occurrence is 240 days or more. Strong winds (up to 20–30 m/s) and snowstorms (more than 100 days) are typical. Fog is not uncommon in the west of Yamal and on the islands. Summer is short (about 50 days), cold. Wed July temperature 3.4–4.5 °C (max. 31 °C). Cloudy weather prevails with drizzling rain. Precipitation is less than 200 mm per year. To the center. and south. areas of the peninsulas (up to the Arctic Circle) the climate is subarctic. The winter is severe, the duration of stable frosts is 200–210 days. Wed January temperature from -22 (-24) °C in the west to -26 (-27) °C in the east (absolute minimum -57 °C, Tazovsky). The height of the snow cover is 35–50 cm, the duration of occurrence is 210–220 days. Summer is cool (65–68 days). Wed July temperature 8–13 °C (absolute maximum 28 °C, Marre-Sale). Precipitation 250–280 mm per year (predominantly in the 2nd half of summer). Vegetac. period up to 44 days. In the south parts of the district the climate is continental, the degree of its continentality increases towards the east. The winter is cold, the duration of stable frosts is 180–190 days. Wed January temperatures from -23 °C in the west to -26 °C in the east (absolute minimum -61 °C, Tarko-Sale). The height of the snow cover is from 60–70 cm in the mountains to 80 cm in the east (the basin of the Taz River), the duration of occurrence is 200 days. Avalanches are dangerous in the mountains. Wed July temperature 14–16 °C (absolute maximum 34 °C, Tolka). Precipitation up to 500 mm per year (mainly in August). Vegetac. a period of 110–115 days. All in. regions, continuous permafrost (thickness 300–400 m) is widespread, in the south - discontinuous; under the river beds - thawed soils.

Inland waters

All 50 thousand rivers of the district belong to the Kara Sea basin. Ch. rivers - Ob (with tributaries Kunovat, Poluy, Sonya, Voykar, Sob), Nadym, Pur, Taz. The rivers are fed by snow, partly by rain. A long winter low water is replaced by a high flood. Freeze lasts 7–8 months. In the spring, traffic jams in the lower reaches are typical. All rivers have wide floodplains, meandering channels, channels and branches. Small rivers freeze to the bottom. There are 300 thousand lakes in the district (thermokarst, floodplain, peat, coastal lagoon, glacial, etc.), the largest of them are Shuryshkarsky Sor, Neito, Yarato. So. areas are occupied by swamps.

Soils, flora and fauna

2/3 of the area of ​​the district is occupied by tundra. In the extreme north of the Yamal and Gydansky peninsulas and on the islands, arctic is widespread. tundra with arctotundra soils. Polygonal lichen, small grass tundras with single flowering plants (polar poppy, saxifrage, etc.) are combined with fragmentary miners. low-lying (polygonal-hypnum) swamps and bare spots of soil. On marine terraces in depressions, grass-sedge coastal meadows (tampas) are formed on marsh soils. To the center. In parts of the peninsulas, shrub-moss-lichen (typical) tundras are common on tundra-gley soils in combination with sedge-cotton grass lowland bogs on peat-gley and marsh-frozen soils. South tundra - shrub (dwarf birch and willow) on tundra illuvial-humus soils with an abundance of bogs (tussock, ridge-hollow) on peat-bog soils. All types of tundra are used for reindeer pastures.

In a narrow strip of the forest-tundra zone, sparse areas with Siberian larch (sometimes with an admixture of spruce) are combined with moss-shrub tundra and swamps. Subzone sowing. the taiga is represented by sparse larch forests with an admixture of spruce, cedar, and pine on illuvial-humus podzols. Podzolized gley soils have formed in the southeast, where there is a significant proportion of dark coniferous forests. Large-hilly peatlands are developed. In the Ural part, spruce forests are replaced in the low mountains by spruce-larch sparse forests and crooked forests, above which dwarf-moss-lichen tundras are widespread along the slopes of the middle mountains, turning into stony tundras and bald mountains with migratory snowfields.

The fauna is diverse, there are 300 species of vertebrates, 200 species of birds, 40 species of fish. Lemming, arctic fox, reindeer, tundra partridge, snowy owl, etc. are found in the tundra. Beluga whales and killer whales swim in the Ob Bay. Polar bears and walruses are common on the islands. All in. the taiga is inhabited by sable, squirrel, hazel grouse, capercaillie, bear, wolf, fox, elk, marten, etc. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish, they account for 70% of the world stock of whitefish (muksun, pizhyan, etc.); a significant proportion of sturgeon and salmon, a lot of pike, burbot, ide, perch, etc.

State and environmental protection

Ecological the situation was sharply worsened by the development of oil and gas fields and emissions of pollutants by fuel and energy enterprises. complex (especially in the Purovsky, Nadymsky, Tazovsky, Krasnoselkupsky and Yamal regions). The total volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is 716.2 thousand tons, including from stationary sources - 632.2 thousand tons, from road transport - 84.0 thousand tons (2015). Over the past 5 years, emissions have decreased by 23%. Water intake from natural water sources 236 million m3, discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies 23 million m3 (2015). 60% of surface and 13.2% of underground water sources do not meet hygienic requirements. norms. In rivers near large cities (Urengoy, Salekhard, etc.), MPCs of pollutants are exceeded dozens of times; areas - hundreds of times. Great damage has been done to reindeer pastures, especially on the Yamal Peninsula, their degradation due to overgrazing is observed, the number of deer has decreased (up to 600 thousand heads). To preserve and increase fish stocks on the river. Sob released a large number of juvenile muksun and peled.

Protected natural areas occupy 10.9% of the area of ​​the district, among them - Verkhnetazovsky Reserve , Gydan Reserve, 7 regional reserves, 3 federal reserves, 1 natural park, 1 natural monument.

Population

B. h. of the population of Ya.-N. a. about. are Russians (61.7%) and Ukrainians (9.7%). The Nenets (5.9%), Khanty (1.9%), Komi (1%), Selkup (0.4%), as well as Tatars, Bashkirs, Azerbaijanis and others live.

Demographic the situation is better compared to the average for the Russian Federation due to a younger age structure and a relatively low mortality rate, as well as economic. factors (dynamically developing gas producing region). In 1990–93, due to migration. outflow, the population decreased by about 25 thousand people, then began to increase again (by more than 75 thousand people in 1993–2015); in 2015 there was a slight decrease (about 5 thousand people). natural growth of 11.3 per 1000 inhabitants. (2015; 5th place in the Russian Federation): birth rate 16.6 per 1000 inhabitants. (10th place), mortality 5.3 per 1000 inhabitants. (3rd place); infant mortality 7.3 per 1000 live births. Migratz. the mobility of the population is high, intensive inflow and outflow are observed (Ya.-N. AO is an attractive region for labor migrants, but the natural and climatic conditions for permanent residence are extremely unfavorable). Since 2012, migration has been observed. population decline (223 per 10 thousand inhabitants, 2015). The proportion of women is 49.9%. In the age structure, the proportion of the population younger than working age (under 16) is 23.8% (in the Russian Federation 18.0%), older than working age is 10.0% (in the Russian Federation 24.6%). Wed life expectancy is 71.7 years (men - 66.9, women - 76.4). Wed population density is extremely low - 0.7 people / km 2; accommodation of the population is in the main. focal character. So. part of the settlements in the Nadym-Purovsky, Novourengoysky and Noyabrsky districts is associated with enterprises in the oil and gas industry; in app. part of the district an important role of trade and transport-distribute. node is played by Salekhard. Share of mountains us. 83.7% (2016), the largest cities (thousand people): Novy Urengoy (111.2) and Noyabrsk (106.6), where about half of the citizens of the district live.

Religion

On the territory of Ya.-N. a. about. registered: 27 Orthodox organizations belonging to the Salekhard diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church (formed in 2011 by separation from the Tobolsk-Tyumen diocese); 17 Muslim organizations, including the Regional Spiritual Administration of Muslims Ya.-N. a. about.; 19 Protestant organizations dec. denominations [Baptists (8), Pentecostals (5), Evangelical Christians (4), Evangelical Christians (2)].

Historical outline

MVK them. I. S. Shemanovsky (1, 2), Shuryshkar Museum Complex (3) archaeological finds on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: 1 - a ceramic vessel from the settlement of Gorny Samotnel I. Eneolithic; 2 - horn figurine of an owl from the Ust-Poluy sanctuary. one...

To the oldest archeological The monuments of the region (perhaps, about 20 thousand years ago) include Upper Paleolithic stone tools. appearance found on the banks of the river. Voikar. The Mesolithic is represented by five sites in the taiga zone, their multicomponent nature is noted; one of the hunting pits has radiocarbon calibrated dates in the range of 7500–6350 BC. e. Due to permafrost, a number of monuments of this and later times have preserved products and remains of structures made of organic materials. materials. The Neolithic is known in the east of the region; complexes of hunting pits, stone mines, settlements of fishermen and hunters, united in the Etta cultural type, were studied.

The Eneolithic of the Lower Ob region (3rd millennium BC) is represented by three economic and cultural types: settlements of settled fishermen on the Ob (Mountain Samotnel I and others); seasonal parking on small rivers (Yasunskaya culture), parking of hunters south. tundra (Yorkuta type of monuments). The Bronze Age has been studied in the main. in the east of the region - in the upper reaches of the river. Pyakupur and the river basin. The pelvis where the imposition on the local basis is fixed Ymyyakhtakh culture. At the settlement of the early Bronze Age Vary-Khadyta II (south of the Yamal Peninsula), several. fragments of copper-bronze items, ceramics with zoomorphic moldings, etc.

The complexes of the early Iron Age are concentrated in the zones of sowing. taiga and forest-tundra; they, like later ones, are close to the taiga cultures and types of monuments common to the south (see Historical outline in Art. Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug); stands out Ust-Polui culture. From the 1st century BC e. reindeer breeding becomes an important factor in development, which ensured the growth of population mobility, the possibility of communications with the south and west; with the introduction of draft reindeer husbandry (not earlier than the Middle Ages), the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas were developed. The richness and safety of the finds is distinguished by the early medieval complex Zeleny Yar (Priuralsky district) with a bronze casting workshop, burial grounds (including those with mummified human remains). Wed-century. complexes are considered within the framework of the Ob-Irtysh cultural and historical. community, osn. whose monuments are located to the south.

The interaction of different Ugric and Samoyedic groups led to the formation of Samoyeds (Nenets) and Ostyaks (Khanty). The centers of the Ugric "principalities" are connected with Nadymsky (see in the article Nadym), Voykarsky, Poluysky and other "towns" Obdorsk land late medieval and modern times.

The active penetration of Russians into the Obdorsk land began in the last quarter. 15th c. During the campaign, the Russian troops 1499-1500 was founded Ostrozhek Obdorsky (soon abandoned). The Obdorsk principality retained its independence virtually until the end. 16th century, although the name "Obdorsky and Kondinsky" was included in the title of led. princes of Moscow in 1514 or 1516. In 1595, in response to the siege by the Ostyaks and Samoyeds of the city of Berezov, a military operation was undertaken. Russian expedition. troops under command. book. P. I. Gorchakov and the head of A. V. Khrushchov, which led to the submission of the Obdorsky Prince-va. On the site of its capital in the same year (according to other versions, in 1596) a Russian was founded. the fortress of Poluisky Nosovy Gorodok (Nosovy Obdor; later Obdorsky Ostrog, Obdorsk, from the 19th century, the village of Obdorskoye). Around the same time, the Obdorskaya volost arose as part of the Berezovsky district. Despite this, up to the 1st quarter. 19th century Russian authorities did not seriously intervene in the internal. the structure of the Ostyaks and Samoyeds, the princely Ostyak dynasty was also preserved, whose representative Taisha converted to Orthodoxy in 1714 with the name Alexei (his descendants were called the princes Taishins). The Ostyaks and Samoyeds of Yamal regularly raised their weapons. speeches against the Russians. authorities (1600, 1607, 1644, 1649, 1662–63, 1678). In 1601 on the banks of the river. Taz was founded by the city of Mangazeya, which became the center of a vast county, which included east. and southeast. lands of modern I.-N. a. about. In 1672 the center of the Mangazeya district. was moved to the city of Novaya Mangazeya (later Turukhansk; now the village of Staroturukhansk in the Krasnoyarsk Territory).

The territory of modern I.-N. a. about. was part of the Siberian (1708–82) and Tobolsk (1782–1804) provinces, then most of it was part of the Tobolsk (1804–1920) and Tyumen (1920–23) provinces, and the east. (Gydan Peninsula, etc.) and southeast. the districts were part of the Tomsk (1804–22) and Yenisei (1822–1925; eastern districts until 1923) provinces. In 1717 and 1726, Metropolitan of Tobolsk and Siberia Philotheus (Leshchinsky) made missions to the Obdorsk volost and baptized part of the local population. An important role in the development of the region was played by the introduction of the Charter on the management of foreigners 1822. In 1825, the Obdorskaya Fair was founded, which reached its peak by the end. 19th century In 1825-29 and 1832-1841 there were performances by the Nenets under the leadership of Vauli Piettomin (Vavlo Nenyanga). In 1832-33 and 1854 - early. 1920s the Obdorskaya Spiritual Mission (founded in 1828) was in operation. In 1865–1918, the Obdorsk Ostyak and Obdorsk Samoyed foreigners acted to control the local population. councils. In the 19th century on the lands of the Ob basin there was a mass resettlement of the Komi-Zyryans because of the Urals. In 1923, the main part of the region is included in Ural region, and southeast. districts - in Siberian region(1925–30), West Siberian Territory (1930–34) and Krasnoyarsk Territory (1934–44).

Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 10, 1930 formed the Yamal (Nenets) nat. district centered in Obdorskoye (Obdorsk; since 1933 a working village of Salekhard, since 1938 a city). Originally divided into 4 districts. It was part of the Ural region. (1930–34), Ob-Irtysh region (1934), Omsk region. (1934–44), since 1944 Tyumen region. Since 1934, the name Yamalo-Nenets nat. district, which was officially fixed in 1940. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 10.8.1944 in the Yamalo-Nenets nat. The district was transferred to 4 village councils of the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In the 1940s-50s. Salekhard was a support base for the distribution of prisoners who were under the jurisdiction of the Ob Department of Correctional Labor Camps, 501st and 503rd Ch. directorates of the camps of the railroad. construction, engaged in the construction of the Transpolar Highway (Chum - Salekhard - Igarka; 501st building). Traffic is open on the railway. lines Chum - Labytnangi (1955, permanent since 1958), Stary Nadym - Pangody and Pangody - Yagelnaya (Novy Urengoy) (both 1970s), Surgut - Novy Urengoy (1985), Novy Urengoy - Yamburg (1989, working) . From the beginning 1960s The district is developing as the largest gas production region in the USSR (since 1991 in the Russian Federation), approx. 10 large deposits, including Tazovskoye (1962), Urengoyskoye (the largest in the world; 1966), Medvezhye (1967), and others, on the territory of Ya.-N. a. about. the largest gas pipelines begin, including Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod (1983) and Yamal - Europe (2006). The development of the gas industry fundamentally changed the face of J.-N. a. o., Nadym (1972), Labytnangi (1975), Novy Urengoy (1980), Noyabrsk (1982), Muravlenko (1990), Gubkinsky (1996), Tarko-Sale (2004) received the status of cities. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1977 (confirmed by the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 and the Law of the RSFSR of November 20, 1980 "On Autonomous Okrugs") Yamalo-Nenets nat. The Okrug was renamed the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

10/18/1990 People's Council deputies Ya.-N. a. about. 21st convocation adopted the Declaration on the state. sovereignty of the Yamalo-Nenets Republic within the RSFSR, but this transformation was not consolidated in Russian. legislation. According to the Federal Treaty (1992) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), it became independent. subject within the Russian Federation, territorially remaining part of the Tyumen region. On April 10, 1997, an agreement was concluded on the delimitation of the powers of the Tyumen region. with the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and Ya.-N. a. about. Since 2000 it has been part of the Ural Federal District.

economy

I.-N. a. about. included in the West Siberian economic. district, is a resource region of the Russian Federation. The share of the region in dew. GDP 2.7%. The volume of prom. production is approximately 1000 times greater than the volume of agricultural products. products (2015). The district accounts for approx. 80% grew. volume of natural gas production, approx. 75% gas condensate, St. 4% oil, approx. 1.5% of production is building. non-metallic materials.

The structure of GRP by types of economic. activities (%, 2014): mining 50.2, construction 14.8, wholesale and retail trade, decomp. household services 10.5, transport and communications 8.7, real estate operations, rent and services 6.4, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 2.1, state. management and support of the military. security, compulsory social security 2.1, other activities 5.2. The ratio of enterprises by form of ownership (by the number of organizations, %, 2015): private 79.7, municipal 8.6, companies. and religious organizations (associations) 5.0, state. 3.9, other forms of ownership 2.8.

Economically active us. 316.0 thousand people, of which approx. 95%. The structure of employment by types of economic. activities (%, 2015): construction 19.8, mining 19.1, transport and communications 13.6, real estate operations 7.8, education 6.9, wholesale and retail trade, decomp. household services 6.1, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 5.8, healthcare and social services 4.5, manufacturing 3.8, etc. communal, social and personal services 2.5, etc. activities 10.1. The unemployment rate is 3.6%. Cash income per capita us. 66.9 thousand rubles per month (219.4% of the average for the Russian Federation, 2nd place; 2015); 7.5% of us. has an income below the subsistence level.

Industry

The volume of prom. products 1696.4 billion rubles. (2015); of these, 79.7% are mining, 17.4% are manufacturing industries, 2.9% are the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. Sectoral structure of manufacturing industries (%): production of petroleum products, chemical. industry 94.4, mechanical engineering 4.6, other industries 1.0.

Electricity production 7.1 billion kWh (2015). Large power plants: Urengoyskaya GRES (Novy Urengoy; installed capacity of more than 500 MW), Noyabrskaya steam-gas power plant (more than 122 MW). There is no unified power supply system; in a number of municipalities (including in Salekhard) there are isolation units. electric power systems; in small settlements - diesel power plants.

I.-N. a. about. ranks first in the Russian Federation in the production of natural gas (507.7 billion m 3, 2015) and gas condensate (24.1 million tons); they also produce oil (20.7 million tons). In the district, St. 200 deposits of hydrocarbon raw materials, of which approx. 1/3 is located in prom. development. Main fields under development: Zapolyarnoye, Urengoyskoye (both gas condensate and oil), Bovanenkovskoye, Yamburgskoye, Yuzhno-Russkoye, Beregovoye, Yurkharovskoye (all oil and gas condensate), Ety-Purovskoye, Nakhodkinskoye (both oil and gas), Medvezhye (gas). Getting ready for prom. development (ser. 2017) South-Tambeyskoye gas condensate and Kharasaveyskoye (Kharasoveyskoye) oil and gas condensate fields. Leading companies: subsidiaries of Gazprom (approx. 75% of gas production in the district, as well as approx. 50% of gas condensate), NOVATEK (approx. 40% of gas condensate), Rosneft, etc.

The processing of hydrocarbon raw materials (the main products are raw materials for the petrochemical and chemical industries, including a wide fraction of light hydrocarbons) is carried out at the gas processing plants of the SiburTyumenGaz company: Gubkinsky (Gubkinsky), Vyngapurovsky and Muravlenkovsky (both in the Purovsky district), the Purovsky gas condensate processing plant of the NOVATEK company (Tarko-Sale). The Novy Urengoy plant of the Gazprom company operates to prepare gas condensate for transportation. A plant for the production of liquefied natural gas (on the basis of the Yuzhno-Tambeyskoye field; the Yamal-LNG project) is under construction (ser. 2017), Novourengoy gas chemical plant. complex.

Chrome ores are mined in small volumes (the Central deposit, developed by the Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Plant), in the village. mountains type Harp Priuralsky district - will enrich. factory. Main specialization in mechanical engineering. enterprises - service maintenance of the oil and gas complex. Works approx. 100 mining enterprises. construction raw materials (including subdivisions of the Gazprom company). In the food and flavor industry, the production of fish (the Yamal Product company in Salekhard) and meat (the Yamal Deer enterprise, the village of Yar-Sale; semi-finished products from venison) products is distinguished.

Main prom. centers: Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, Gubkinsky.

Foreign trade turnover is 1389.0 million USD (2015), including exports of 669.0 million USD. St. 98% of the export value is fuel and energy products. complex. Imports are dominated by engineering products (over 95%).

Agriculture

The cost of agricultural products 1.6 billion rubles. (2015), livestock accounts for St. 90%. S.-x. lands make up only 0.3% of the territory of Ya.-N. a. about. Potatoes and vegetables are grown (Table 1). Main animal husbandry specializes in reindeer breeding (more than 600 thousand heads - about half of the Russian deer population; 2015), cattle, pigs, sheep and goats are also bred in small quantities (tables 2, 3). Cellular animal husbandry. Fur trade. Fishing (the main commercial species are nelma, muksun, broad whitefish, peled, etc.). Almost the entire land area (St. 99%) belongs to the lands of agricultural - x. organizations. OK. 90% milk, St. 45% of livestock and poultry for slaughter, approx. 40% vegetables, approx. 30% of potatoes are produced in the village - x. organizations; OK. 70% potatoes, approx. 60% vegetables, St. 50% of livestock and poultry for slaughter, approx. 10% of milk - in households (2015). There are slaughter complexes for processing venison (in the settlements of Seyakha, Antipayut, Nyda, as well as in the Yamal and Ural regions), approx. 20 fishing enterprises (including Gydaagro, Tazagrorybprom, Novoportovsky and Salemalsky fish factories, Aksarkovsky fishing enterprise), as well as Verkhne-Purovsky State Farm (Purovsky district; sable breeding; reindeer breeding; production of fur - fur products, including souvenirs), "Sovkhoz Baidaratsky" (Priuralsky district; breeding of arctic foxes, foxes; reindeer breeding; production of dairy products, etc.), firm "Nyda-resource" (Nadym; processing of meat, wild berries and mushrooms). Construction of greenhouse complexes is underway in Salekhard and Gubkinsky (mid-2017).

Table 1. Main types of crop production, thousand tons

Table 2. Livestock, thousand heads

	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015
Cattle	6,8	4,1	2,1	1,1	1,0	1,0
Pigs	12,5	12,3	8,8	1,6	2,2	1,1
Sheep and goats	0,3	0,4	0,1	0,1	0,1	0,1

Table 3. Main types of livestock products

Services sector

In addition to trade, operations with real estate, state. management and support of the military. security, financial and other services, the development of tourism (cultural, educational, ethnographic, event, extreme, sports, ecological) is of great importance. I.-N. a. about. has a high tourist-recreational. potential: a number of indigenous people live here. peoples of the North, who have preserved traditions. types of farms. activities (main arr. in the Yamal and Ural regions, near Salekhard - the natural and ethnographic complex "Yamal patrimony of Prince Taishin"), are held nat. holidays (including Reindeer Herder Day); tourism developed. routes (including "In the footsteps of mammoths" in the Yamal region; rafting on the mountain rivers of the Polar Urals, climbing the mountain peaks of the Kharpsko-Raiz zone in the Ural region), on the territory of the district - a number of specially protected natural areas, including those of federal significance.

Transport

The length of public railways is 481 km (2015). On the territory of the district are sections of the railway. lines Chum - Labytnangi, Tyumen - Novy Urengoy (both carry out passenger traffic), lines Novy Urengoy - Yamburg, Novy Urengoy - Nadym-Pristan, Obskaya - Bovanenkovo ​​- Karskaya (all are focused on the transportation of goods). Length of paved roads approx. 2.2 thousand km (2015); length of winter roads approx. 1.4 thousand km. Automobile transport is used by Ch. arr. for cargo and passenger transportation over short distances. River navigation (navigation approx. 9 weeks per year) in the main. along the rivers Ob, Nadym, Pur and Taz; main river ports: Salekhard, Nadym, Urengoy, there are a number of marinas. Main sea ports (navigation 3–4 months a year): Yamburg, Tambey, Cape Kamenny, Novy Port. The sea is active. loading terminal "Gate of the Arctic" (oil export from the Novoportovoye field). As part of the implementation of the Yamal-LNG project, the construction (mid-2017) of the Sabetta port infrastructure is being completed. Air transport - main. type of communication within the district. Airports in Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, Salekhard, pos. Sabetta (since 2015; international), as well as in district centers. A number of pipelines pass through the territory of the district, including the gas pipeline Bovanenkovo ​​- Ukhta - Torzhok; oil pipeline Zapolyarye - Purpe; product pipeline Purovsky gas condensate processing plant - Tobolsk-Neftekhim.

healthcare

In Ya.-N. a. about. per 10 thousand inhabitants accounts for: doctors 41.9, persons cf. honey. personnel 119.4; hospital beds 84.4 (2014). General morbidity per 1 thousand inhabitants. is 2096.8 cases (2014). Diseases of the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems predominate. The incidence of tuberculosis was 50.2 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants. (2014). Main causes of death: diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, accidents, injuries, poisoning.

Education. Scientific and cultural institutions

Educational institutions are managed by the Department of Education. Main the regulatory document is the Law on Education (2013, edition 2016). The education system includes preschool education, primary, secondary, prof.-technical. and higher education. There are (2016, data from Yamalstat): 194 preschool institutions (over 46 thousand pupils), 130 general educational institutions. educational institutions (about 69.7 thousand students). A feature of the education system Ya.-N. a. about. is the presence of a large number of boarding schools in rural areas [in 2016 - 24 (over 9 thousand students)]. There are 8 organizations of prof.-tech. education (over 5 thousand students), 12 branches of universities (about 2.6 thousand students). Ch. scientific institutions, universities, libraries and museums are located in Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, Salekhard.

Mass media

Leading periodicals. publications: newspapers (Salekhard) Krasny Sever (published since 1931, in Russian; 2 times a week, circulation 8.5 thousand copies), Nyaryana Ngerm (since 1931, since 1991 independent. edition, in the Nenets language, weekly, 1.5 thousand copies). Television and radio broadcasts are carried out by the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company "Yamal", the district state. television and radio broadcasting company "Yamal-Region" (1998). Information agency - Sever-press.

Architecture and fine arts

The oldest monuments of art in Ya.-N. a. about. - ornaments. ceramics (from the Neolithic), ceramics were found at the settlement of the early Bronze Age Vary-Khadyta II. vessels with zoomorphic moldings. On a number of archaeological monuments in permafrost preserved products and structures from organic. materials. During the excavations of the settlement at the confluence of the river. Poluy in the Ob (the territory of Salekhard) Ust-Polui cultures s received a unique collection of wood, birch bark, bone, horn, bronze and other items, decorated with rich ornaments, including sculptural, carved, engraved images of people, animals, birds (late 1st millennium BC - beginning of the 1st millennium AD, stored in Kunstkamera, Yamalo-Nenets District Museum and Exhibition Complex), the remains of trees were studied. buildings. The collection from the excavations of the early medieval Zeleny Yar complex includes the remains of fur clothing (from hats to shoes), a leather belt with rich metalwork. headset, anthropo- and zoomorphic plastic, jewelry, including imported with niello, grain, gilding, imported metal. and local ceramics. dishes, including those with ornaments, etc. The art and architecture of the local population of the developed Middle Ages and the New Age are presented in the main. finds in the "towns", including Poluysky, Voykarsky, Nadymsky (see in the article Nadym). Earth dwellings, round and rectangular in plan, were built with hipped trees. roofs, with pillars around the center. outbreak (sites near Salekhard and near Cape Tiutey-Sale on the Yamal Peninsula, beginning of the 2nd millennium).

From con. 16th century Russian construction was underway. prisons (Obdorsky, 1595 or 1596, now Salekhard; Mangazeya, 1607; all not preserved) with log trees. houses and fortifications, rebuilt in the 17th century. (Obdorsky jail also in 1730-31). From con. 16th century trees were erected. churches (Trinity Cathedral in Mangazeya, 17th century, not preserved). From the 18th century brick buildings were also built. One of the oldest surviving buildings - c. Apostles Peter and Paul in Russian-Byzantine style in Salekhard (1886–94, German architect G. Zinck).

Since the 1930s the city of Salekhard (master plan 1950) and the villages of Yar-Sale, Muzhi, Nyda, Krasnoselkup, Tazovsky, Tarko-Sale (since 2004 - a city), Urengoy were improved. Since the 1970s new cities with high-rise buildings were built: Nadym (1972), Labytnangi (1975), Novy Urengoy (1980), Noyabrsk (1982), Muravlenko (1990), Gubkinsky (1996).

In the 1990s–2010s new temples were erected: c. St. Nicholas in Nadym (1992–98), c. Archangel Michael in Noyabrsk (1997–2005), c. St. Nicholas in Tarko-Sale (2003–05), Epiphany Cathedral in Novy Urengoy (2007–15), c. Christmas in the village Pangody (2009–11), Transfiguration Cathedral in Salekhard (2012–17). Among the trees. churches: Nativity of Christ in the village. Khanymei (2004), in honor of the icon of the Mother of God "Inexhaustible Chalice" in the village. Purpe (2005–07), St. Nicholas on about. White (2013). In 1994–2006, the Obdorsky Ostrog Museum was built in Salekhard (a copy of the 17th-century prison; with a church in honor of the icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow”, 2006–07). The building of the government of J.-N. a. about. in Salekhard (2009), new bridges.

From the beginning 20th century worked Nenets artist, writer and researcher T. Vylka (student of V. V. Pereplyotchikov and A. E. Arkhipov). From 1950–60s. the artist and wood carver G. A. Puiko, the master of applied arts V. A. Sablina worked. In the 1970s–90s. artists V. M. Samburov, L. A. Lar, M. V. Kanev, R. K. Bekshenev, masters of arts and crafts G. E. Khartaganov, A. M. Kudelin, L. K. Agicheva , A. M. Syazi, N. M. Taligina, I. L. Khudi, V. F. Yadne.

In Nar. The creativity of the Nenets and Selkups developed carving on bone, wood and horn, fur appliqué, making products from birch bark (with a pattern in the form of zigzags, “deer horns” and “pike teeth”). Women's clothing is decorated with a strip of rhythmic geometric. pattern sewn from pieces of deer fur. Bone foreheads of deer are covered with an engraved "eye" ornament. Among the Selkups, on the leather clothes of shamans, there are contour images of people, animals and birds. Manufactured metal. jewelry (earrings, rings, pendants, etc.).

Music

The basis of music culture - the traditions of Russians, Ukrainians, Nenets, Tatars, Khanty, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Komi, Selkups and other peoples. Cultural and educational work among the local population since 1932 was carried out by the Yamal district “House of the Nenets” (founded in 1925 under the name “House of the National Men”, since 1930 “House of the Native”) in Obdorsk (since 1933 Salekhard). In 1947, nat. music collectives, including the Komi choir. In 1949, the "House of the Nenets" was renamed into the District House of Culture of the Peoples of the North, in 1987 - into the District Center of the National. cultures (since 1986 in a modern building with two concert halls); reorganized in 1992, became the largest cultural center of the district (contributes to the preservation of national musical folklore, holds various festivals, performances, concerts, etc.). Since 1990 Prof. ensemble of national songs "Syoyotei Yamal" (founded in 1969 at the Salekhard Pedagogical School as a national song and dance ensemble; since 1987 in the status of a folk, since 2014 governor); his repertoire includes songs of the Nenets, Komi, Selkups, Khanty in authentic and adapted versions. In Salekhard, the state also works. Cultural and business center with a concert hall (founded in 2006, opened in 2008), in Noyabrsk - a branch of the Tyumen state. philharmonic.

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

1. Territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, administrative structure

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a subject of the Russian Federation. According to the Charter of the Tyumen region, it is also part of the Tyumen region, being an equal subject of the Russian Federation. It is part of the Ural Federal District.

Territory of the Autonomous Okrug. In terms of area, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ranks 6th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The administrative center of the district is the city of Salekhard. The Autonomous Okrug includes 13 municipalities.

Urban districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug:

-city ​​district of Salekhard;

-urban district of Gubkinsky;

-city ​​district of Labytnangi;

-urban district Muravlenko;

-city ​​district Novy Urengoy;

-urban district of Noyabrsk.

Districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug:

-Krasnoselkupsky district;

-Nadymsky district;

-Priuralsky district;

-Purovsky district;

-Tazovsky district;

-Shuryshkarsky district;

-Yamal region.

2. Economic and geographical position of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located in the center of the Far North of Russia. More than half of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle.

The northern border of the Autonomous Okrug is washed by the waters of the Kara Sea (provides fishing). In the west along the Ural ridge Yamal-Nenets District it borders on the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic, in the south - on the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, in the east - on the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Assessing the position of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, one can single out positive and negative aspects:

-There is access to the sea;

-provision with electric power resources;

-YNAO is the leader of the Russian gas industry.

-Remoteness of territories;

-the density of transport routes is extremely low, the use of sea transport is limited due to difficult natural and climatic conditions;

-agriculture is poorly developed;

-low population density;

-tourism is practically not developed.

3. Natural conditions and resources

The climate of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is harsh, sharply continental. The territory of the district is located mainly in three climatic zones: arctic, subarctic and the zone of the northern (taiga) zone of the West Siberian lowland. The relief of the district is represented by two parts: mountainous and flat.

Huge reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials make it possible to call the district the world's largest oil and gas resource base. The district contains approximately 78% of Russian gas reserves (in terms of proven reserves and production of which the district ranks first in the Russian Federation) and 18% of oil reserves (in terms of proven reserves of liquid hydrocarbons, the YaNAO ranks second after the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug).

The water resources of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are rich and varied. Water resources are represented by the rivers Ob, Pur, Taz, Nadym. The largest river is the Ob. The main water management and transport functions are performed by the Ob River. On the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug there are huge reserves of artesian and thermal waters.

The reserves of chromium, iron, tin, lead of noble and non-ferrous metals, and other minerals are mainly concentrated in the western part of the district, in the mountains of the Polar Urals.

In the forest-tundra and northern taiga, the soils are gley-podzolic, gley weakly podzolic, and illuvial-humus podzolic. The vegetation cover of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a pronounced latitudinal zonality. In total, five landscape zones are distinguished: arctic, moss-lichen tundra, shrub tundra, forest tundra, and northern taiga.

Animal world The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is rich and diverse.

38 species of mammals, 255 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles, 4 species of amphibians and 40 species of fish live in the tundra, forest-tundra, taiga and mountain-Ural natural-geographic zones.

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to the areas of extreme habitation, since natural conditions are unfavorable for economic activity and people's lives.

4. Population, labor resources

The population of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug amounted to 539.6 thousand people, which is 0.4% lower than the level of the corresponding date of the previous year. It ranks 71st in terms of population among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The decline in population was due to migration loss. Population density - 0.70 people / km 2(2014), more than 10 times lower than the average for Russia. The proportion of the urban population, as in many other northern regions, is high - 84.7%.

The ethnic composition of the population is heterogeneous: Russians make up 61.7%, Ukrainians 9.7%, Tatars 5.6%, Nenets 5.9% according to the 2010 census.

The demographic situation was characterized by a decrease in the number of births by 0.9% compared to 2012, per 1000 population - 16.4 births. The natural increase per 1,000 population in 2013 was 11.3 people. The birth rate in Yamal, according to long-term data, is higher than the national average, and the death rate is lower. Natural growth is observed in all cities and districts of the district.

The Okrug has a high share of the population of working age - 71.8%, the share of the population younger than working age is also higher than the Russian average - 22.7%, and the share of the population older than working age - 5.5% is noticeably lower than the national average. The unemployment rate in 2013 was 3.2% - the lowest in the Urals Federal District. Quite intensive migration processes are observed in the Autonomous Okrug. Migration decline in population in 2013 is 7 times higher than in 2012.

It should be noted that the migration of the population in the Autonomous Okrug occurs mainly within the Russian Federation (in 2013, 74.9% of the total number of arrivals arrived in the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, 83.6% of the total number of those who left). The main reasons for the arrival of migrants to the territory of the Autonomous Okrug are personal, family circumstances and job search. Labor activity in the Autonomous Okrug is attractive, first of all, for labor migrants from neighboring countries.

5. Characteristics of the economy

Level of development, structure of the economy

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is an industrial resource-producing region. In its structure, industry accounts for 53.5%, agriculture - 0.1%, construction - 15.1%, transport - 5.8%, trade and commercial activities for the sale of goods and services - 4%. Main industries: oil and gas, fish. The economy of the district is highly specialized.

YNAO ranks 8th among all subjects of the Russian Federation in terms of gross regional product, 5th in terms of industrial production and 4th in terms of investment. The gross regional product of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is growing by an average of 14.5% per year. In terms of per capita GRP, it ranks second after the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The main source of investment in the country as a whole is attracted funds, in the district this figure is on average 15-20% higher than the national average. To increase the investment attractiveness, the industrial and social infrastructure is being actively developed.

Development and placement of industries of market specialization

Market branches of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of specialization are:

-Oil and gas industry;

-agro-industrial complex.

The Yamalo-Nenets Okrug is the backbone of Russia's fuel economy. Yamal produces 91% of all natural gas country (a fifth of its world production) and more than 14% of Russian oil and gas condensate. In total, the district produces more than 54% of Russia's primary energy resources. On the territory of the district, work is underway at the Urengoy gas field, the Nakhodka gas field, the Yuzhno-Russkoye oil and gas field, the Ety-Purovskoye oil field, and the Yamburg oil and gas condensate field.

Due to natural and climatic conditions, the agro-industrial complex of the Autonomous Okrug is focused on traditional industries: reindeer herding, fishing, hunting, processing of fur raw materials. Gross agricultural production is 57.9% (deer meat, fish). The sectoral structure is dominated by livestock products - 90.9%. Reindeer pastures account for 64% of the land. The Autonomous Okrug has the largest herd of reindeer in Russia and in the world. Reindeer breeding is one of the highly promising agricultural sectors in the region. The traditional types of agricultural activity include fishing (fishing objects - whitefish, whitefish, nelma, sturgeon). In fact, Yamal produces half of the Russian whitefish catch. Further development of reindeer breeding is associated with the improvement of the cycle of non-waste production, and the fishing industry - with an increase in the volume of catch and processing.

Characteristics of industries complementing the economic complex

The industry complementing the economic complex is the electric power industry. Over 80% of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District's needs in the electric power industry are covered by own production. Nadymsky and Purovsky districts, the cities of Noyabrsk, Muravlenko, Gubkinsky and Novy Urengoy are connected to the system of centralized power supply from energy sources and electrical networks. In total, 672 power plants with a total capacity of 1.4 million kW operate on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Level of development and location of industrial and social infrastructure

The region is characterized by the presence of hard-to-reach and sparsely populated areas, a complex transport scheme, underdevelopment of land transport along with spatial extent. The density of transport routes is extremely low: the density of railways. ways common use- 7 km per 10 thousand km 2, paved roads - 1.3 km per 1 thousand km 2. Operating length of railway tracks - 496 km, the length of paved roads - 960 km.

Air transport forms the basis of inter-municipal and inter-settlement transport communications in the district, and during the thaw period it is the only way to deliver people and goods to most remote and hard-to-reach settlements. Airports are located in a number of cities (Salekhard, Noyabrsk, Novy Urengoy, Nadym, Tarko-Sale). In summer, a significant role in the transportation of passengers and the delivery of goods is played by water transport. Developed network of pipelines. Gas pipelines connect YNAO with European Russia and foreign countries. The largest of them is "Shine of the North".

Medical care for the population of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is provided in 34 healthcare institutions. There are 237 healthcare institutions in YNAO. Provision of hospital beds - 115.8 per 10 thousand people. There are 48.8 doctors per 10 thousand inhabitants, 135.6 people. middle medical staff.

184 institutions operate in the Autonomous Okrug preschool education, 141 comprehensive schools. Vocational education is underdeveloped. System vocational education Autonomous Okrug is represented by 5 institutions of primary vocational education, 6 institutions of secondary vocational education. The Okrug has one university - the West Siberian Humanitarian Institute in Nadym, 25 branches of institutions of higher professional education.

Provision of housing below the national average - 17.3 m 2per person, while the proportion of dilapidated and dilapidated housing is three times higher. The electricity tariff is 1204 rubles. / Gcal. The tariff for cold water is on average 45 rubles per cubic meter, for hot water 55 rubles per cubic meter. The price on the primary housing market in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is 42,000 rubles per square meter. meter.

The budget of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a pronounced social orientation: more than 80% of the expenditure part is directed to solve the social problems of the population. Housing construction is developing powerfully in the district, modern schools, hospitals, and sports facilities are being built.

6. Territorial structure of the economy

In Novy Urengoy, the creation of a gas chemical cluster and the construction of the Khimpark Yamal-Polymer enterprise began. At the initiative of specialists from the Yamal Okrug Technopark, next to the gas chemical complex, it is planned to build the Yamal-Polymer Chempark enterprise, which will produce various goods from polyethylene. Planned commissioning of the Novy Urengoy gas chemical complex - early 2015.

In the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, oil and gas and agro-industrial complexes have been developed.

The oil industry is concentrated in the north of the district; southern territories - gas chemical complex.

7. Internal differences and cities, attractions

In the Autonomous Okrug, there is a fairly high (3rd place), in comparison with other regions, the average level wages. The average salary in YaNAO in 2013 was 52,400 rubles. Most high level wages are noted in the areas of oil and gas production, the lowest - in rural areas of the Autonomous Okrug. The poverty rate is the lowest among the regions. In terms of per capita GRP, it ranks second after the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Major cities: Novy Urengoy - the largest city of YNAO, population - 116.5 thousand people.

Noyabrsk - 108 thousand people

Nadym - 46.8 thousand people

Salekhard - 46.6 thousand people

There are no agglomerations.

Tourism in YNAO is practically not developed. The most promising direction of tourism is considered natural and ethnographic. The created tourist complexes make it possible to get acquainted with the life of the indigenous population of the tundra, with their way of life and traditions, however, the demand for such services from the non-Yamal population is small.

Sightseeing: Stele "66 parallel" (Arctic Circle), Gydan Reserve, Ust-Poluy archaeological site.

8. Economic ties

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug maintained relations in 2013 with trading partners from 36 countries: Great Britain, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Denmark, Poland.

In 2013, the foreign trade turnover decreased by 10.3% compared to 2012. The total volume of trade with non-CIS countries (98.8% of the total foreign trade turnover), with the CIS countries - 1.2%.

The volume of exports - 1972.1 million US dollars, in 2013 decreased by 9.8% compared to 2012.

The volume of imports - 251.8 million US dollars, in 2013 decreased by 0.4% compared to 2012.

.United Kingdom (33.1%)

Netherlands (29.1%)

.Republic of Korea (12.1%)

.Mineral fuel

.Oil and products of their distillation

USA (15.9%)

China (14.7%)

Ukraine (13.0%)

.Machinery, equipment and vehicles

.Metals and products from them.

9. Problems, development prospects

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug today is a stable, dynamically developing region, where a solid foundation has been laid for further social and economic development. economic development allowing you to make ambitious plans for the future.

The development strategy developed by the Government of the Autonomous Okrug until 2020 links the development of the fuel and energy complex with the formation of new branches of the regional economy necessary for modern life. One of the global long-term projects is the development of gas reserves of the Kara Sea peninsula and shelf. 11 gas-bearing and 15 oil and gas condensate fields have been discovered here. Another major undertaking is the creation in the territory of the Polar Urals of a new center of the mining industry, which provides the metallurgy of neighboring regions with raw materials.

Together with the Siberian Scientific Analytical Center and RAO Russian Railways, the Okrug Administration is currently working on the development of a network of railways and highways and telecommunications systems. They should connect the Arctic Yamal with the large industrial centers of the Urals.

Social problems are a highly specialized, resource-based economy, the high cost of living in adverse conditions, and the low life expectancy of the indigenous peoples of the North.

The priority goals of the socio-economic development of the Autonomous Okrug in the medium term are:

increase in the resource base of minerals;

creation of gas and oil refineries and enterprises;

development of the mining industry;

environmental safety and efficient nature management;

development of small and medium business;

development of the affordable housing market and an increase in the pace of housing construction, a decrease in the volume of dilapidated and dilapidated housing;

maintaining and improving social support for the population; - increasing employment and reducing unemployment;

More than thirty social programs are being implemented in the region.

population resource county industry

List of sources

1.Bank of cities. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">2. Website of the Government of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Geography [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Subjects of the Russian Federation. YaNAO [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Website of the Government of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Geography [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Wikipedia. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Access mode: #"justify">. World of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Website of the Government of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Economics [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Portal Compatriots [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Portal InterEnergo [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://ieport.ru (Date of access: 17.04.14)

Yamal. Arctic. Center of Western Siberia. An outpost of Russia in the harsh Arctic… The inner content of these words, as if in a lens, was focused in itself by the capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The modern and beautiful city of Salekhard, which has a 500-year history, is steadily heading into the future.

Salekhard - the capital of Yamal

According to archaeologists, in the place where the capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is now located, people built settlements over two thousand years ago.

Subsequently, not far from the mouth of the Poluy River, which flows into the Ob, during the development of the Arctic, the Cossacks built the Obdorsky prison, which gradually turned into a fortress city - one of many in northern Siberia.

In 1595, Obdorsk was formed on the site of the prison, which two centuries later became the volost center of the Tobolsk province.

The inhabitants hunted and fished and were engaged in trade: there were one and a half hundred trading shops for 30 houses. At the beginning of winter, the Obdorsk winter fair was held here, where furs, mammoth ivory, fish and bird feathers were exchanged for flour, cloth, tobacco and alcohol, which were brought here by hundreds of merchants.

In 1933, when Obdorsk became the capital of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, it was renamed Salekhard, which in Nenets means “Village (in the Nenets language - “village”) on a cape (in the Nenets language - “hard”)”.

Geographical position

Geographic coordinates of Salekhard: 66 degrees and 32 minutes north latitude, 66 degrees and 37 minutes east longitude.

Many well-known enterprises and companies operate in the capital of the YaNAO:

• River port;
• fish cannery;
• bakery;
• motor transport enterprise;
• railway and air transport companies;
• representative offices of gold mining, gas and oil companies, including Gazprom and Lukoil - Western Siberia.

The administration of Salekhard also solves the issues of social and economic development of the city.

In 2009, an administrative complex was built on the banks of the Shaitanka River specifically to accommodate the administration.

Population of Salekhard

The Russian population began to appear in Obdorsk at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1897, 500 people lived here, who were engaged in fur hunting, fishing and trade.

At the end of the 20th century, when the mass development of the Yamal lands began, the population of the capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug began to grow rapidly. Today, Salekhard has a population of 45 thousand people.

People come here to work on gas and oil rigs. Scientists, teachers, doctors are coming. Not only a good "northern" salary, but also the romance of the Arctic Circle attracts many to Salekhard. The population of indigenous origin is the Khanty and Nenets, or Samoyeds. These are surprisingly laconic and modest people with a traditional way of life, original culture, interesting customs, rituals, and beliefs.

Many tribes continue to live in the tundra and, like their ancestors, are engaged in fishing, hunting, reindeer herding, and believe in spirits. They wander from pasture to pasture with thousands of herds of deer.

They live in tents built, like many centuries ago, from long poles and deer skins. Boys from the age of four know how to handle a lasso and manage sleds, girls can make fire in a plague and sew national clothes.

The architectural appearance of the city

The ancient city of Salekhard has changed a lot since the time of the Obdorsky prison. Today it has a modern architectural appearance. Intensive housing construction and the construction of new social infrastructure buildings are underway. Old houses after repair were given a look corresponding to the general architectural style. Multi-storey buildings look multi-colored palette against the backdrop of a cloudy day or white snow. They are painted in juicy, bright, picturesque colors: cherry and blue roofs, green, blue, orange, yellow walls - the color scheme fills the harsh northern city with special warmth, creates comfort.

Many architectural objects are unusual. One of the memorable structures is the Fakel cable-stayed bridge with a single pylon. Here is a restaurant, right above the water surface of the Shaitanka River.

The capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug peacefully treats any religions. This is evidenced by the fact that Orthodox churches and a mosque coexist on the territory of the city, which is closer than all other mosques in Russia to the Arctic Circle.

Next to it is the construction of the Cathedral of the Transfiguration.

The first stone church in Salekhard is the Peter and Paul Cathedral, built in 1894. Snow-white walls, light blue towers, golden domes with crosses - under the low polar sky against the backdrop of the endless tundra and the river, the building seems airy, looking up.

The sculptural world of Salekhard

The sculptural world of Salekhard is unusual. There are a large number of monuments dedicated to animals that embody the sacred spirits of the indigenous people of Yamal:

• Near the ferry there is a 10-meter mammoth. More than 40 extinct mammoths have been found in the north of Siberia, among them are the Yamal mammoths Masha and Lyuba.
• On the embankment of the Shaitanka River there is a six-meter monument to the reindeer - the main wealth of the tundra, a symbol of goodness and immortality.
• The bypass road is crowned with a sculptural composition dedicated to the Siberian Cranes - white Siberian cranes, the sacred bird of the indigenous peoples of the North, which brings happiness to everyone who sees it.
• Near the cinema "Polaris" perched a small sculpture - immortalized in of stainless steel dragonfly.
• In the center of the waiting room at the Salekhard airport, tundra swans seem to be trying to take off - a symbol of returning to their native lands.
• Near the building of the Arktika hotel, a she-bear with a bear cub, carved from granite, represents a 10-ton composition "Constellation".
• At the airport, two bears froze on snow-covered ice floes. They support the "Coat of arms of Yamal in the crown" shield. This is a vivid image of the connection between people and nature in the Arctic.
• The entrance to Salekhard is marked by a stele of the same name depicting the inhabitants of the water, heavenly and terrestrial spaces of the Arctic coast: gulls, walruses and bears reflect the natural world of Yamal.

"Tundra, you call me from a distance..."

The capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a special world.

In winter, these are hundreds of snowflakes fluttering in the light of lanterns. Snow crunching underfoot. The flashes of the northern lights are admirable, the flickering of the multi-colored canvas is mesmerizing. The radiant whiteness of the snow dazzles the eyes, on the even white blanket the sun's rays scatter sparks...

In autumn, the tundra stirs the soul, bright, saturated with a short northern summer. It is filled with a subtle bird whistle, a barely perceptible bitter smell of wormwood and the taste of lingonberries, sweet and sour with a slight aftertaste of bitterness...

Purple thickets of willow-tea. Dwarf birches and touching Christmas trees. Blue-blue lakes and rivulets scattered across the tundra. A leaden sky with low heavy clouds, as if pressed down to the ground. The steel-colored expanse of the river ...

The air is transparent and crystal clear - it is impossible to breathe. The nature of the North is majestic and laconic.

For everyone who is going to Yamal for the first time, a few brief tips may come in handy:

• Aerosols and other mosquito repellents and maximally closed clothing - protection against rampant mosquitoes and annoying midges.
• Waterproof shoes are the best shoes for the swampy tundra.
• The tundra hospitably opens its arms to everyone, and you need to treat it in such a way as not to injure it with your presence. Since ancient times, the traditional footwear of the northern peoples has been made in such a way as not to damage the soil cover, not to harm the northern nature, which generously endows everyone: reindeer with reindeer moss, people with mushrooms and berries, and sometimes it takes centuries to restore strength and natural wealth.

Salekhard, Russia, Arctic Circle - a world where nature is strict and majestic, and people are open and hospitable.