Sprinkler fire extinguishing systems. The principle of operation of a sprinkler fire extinguishing system: schemes, design Sprinkler automatic fire extinguishing system

This article provides information on the principles of operation, advantages and disadvantages, differences, as well as how to use automatic fire extinguishing systems in sprinkler and deluge systems.

Sprinkler system characteristics

The principle of operation of a sprinkler fire extinguishing system is based on the operation of an automatic sprinkler with a built-in thermal lock. Upon reaching the threshold value of the critical temperature, the thermal lock, which is a thin-walled glass flask filled with a temperature-sensitive substance, collapses and gives access to the fire-extinguishing agent, which is under pressure in the pipeline network.

Historical reference: The first mentions of automatic fire extinguishing sprinkler systems were noted in the 19th century. A copper piping system, which contained water, was installed at the spinning factories of Birmingham. Solid corks made of wax filled with chalk and sawdust were used as heat locks. Under the influence of the high temperature, the wax melted, and the room was flooded with water. Naturally, the effectiveness of such systems is quite low, since the wax softened when the fire was already raging in the room, and the temperature was very high.

The procedure for the operation of the sprinkler system of automatic fire extinguishing

After the destruction of the thermal lock on one of the sprinklers, the following actions take place:

1. The control system reacts to a pressure drop in the pipeline and activates the jockey pump, which maintains the required level of extinguishing agent. The device turns off after the automatic activation of the central fire pump supplying the extinguishing agent from the tank;
2. A message about activation is sent to the central dispatching control panel of the fire protection;
3. The fire warning system is activated: siren, flashing beacons, voice warnings;
4. The ventilation system is turned off and the air ducts are blocked by special dampers;
5. The smoke exhaust system is activated;
6. If necessary and available, standby fire pumps are started.

IMPORTANT! The sprinkler system of automatic fire extinguishing is designed to eliminate fires in the place of their occurrence on local areas. In an adjacent room, where the temperature does not reach a critical value, the thermal lock will not collapse and triggering will not occur.

Advantages and disadvantages

The sprinkler-based fire extinguishing system has undeniable advantages:

• Relative ease of installation, low cost of installation and maintenance;
• Fast and effective elimination of the fire source;
• Possibility of installation in any room;
• Installation and configuration of the system is carried out promptly, does not require changing the layout of the premises and cardinal destruction of partitions and supporting structures of the building;
• If there are suspended or stretch ceilings in the room, the pipelines will not be visible and the aesthetic appearance will not be affected.

Disadvantages:

• The use of a large amount of water for effective extinguishing of a fire can cause damage to the property in the room as much as the fire;
• Sprinkler sprinklers are disposable devices that must be replaced after triggering and before re-bringing the system to readiness;
• The system may not be activated even after a smoke alarm is triggered, since the critical temperature in the room is the key indicator. The solution to this problem is the use of special sprinklers with a forced activation system, which leads to the need to lay an additional cable to each sprinkler.
• Cannot be used at subzero temperatures indoors. According to the standards, the minimum temperature in the building where the sprinkler system is installed should not fall below + 5 ° C.

Device

1. A sprinkler with a top-mounted outlet (UHV) cannot be installed in rooms with suspended ceilings;
2. Sprinkler with a bottom outlet - START;
3. Pressure level sensor in the pipeline;
4. Mounting elements of the pipeline - detachable couplings;
5. Direct-flow control unit;
6. Air control unit based on the SKD valve;
7. Liquid level sensor in the tank;
8. Sprinkler control device;
9. Single-disc rotary check valve;
10. Pumping equipment control cabinet;
11. Automatic system for maintaining pressure in pipelines;
12. Tank with water or other liquid extinguishing agent;
13. The pump is the main one;
14. The pump is back-up;
15. Drainage pump - located in a controlled room to remove water;
16. Drainage pit;
17. The jockey pump is used to fill the water feeder;
18. Compressor.

Sprinkler varieties

The main part of the automatic fire extinguishing sprinkler system on which the effectiveness of eliminating the fire source and the reliability of operation depends is the sprinkler sprinkler. A capsule with a thermosensitive liquid has a strictly defined critical response temperature, an operating range within 57 ° C ... 343 ° C. Which operating threshold for each specific model can be easily determined by the color of the thermal lock:

IMPORTANT! The response time of low-temperature locks 57 ° С and 68 ° С should not exceed 5 minutes from the moment the room reaches the appropriate critical temperature. The optimal time is 2-3 minutes. For high-temperature thermal locks, the permissible response period is up to 10 minutes.

The following sprinkler models have been developed to meet specific firefighting needs:

Positioning - the shape of the spray outlet for installing the device downward (EHV) or upward (UHF);

Directional jet - device with a reflector. Used to create a curtain of water, extinguish a specific localized meta or installation (for example);

Fine-dispersed flow - a device with a special nozzle for spraying water. Recommended for use in rooms where the use of large quantities of water can damage material values;

Early and / or forced actuation devices are used in rooms with high ceilings, where the critical temperature threshold can be reached for a long time.

Installation features

For the installation of the pipeline system, only metal pipes with an anti-corrosion coating are used. Fastening is carried out with clamps with a pitch of not more than 1.5 m. The connection of individual pipes can be carried out by welding or crimping using fittings and a special crimping pneumatic tool. The use of soldering even with the use of refractory solder is not allowed .

It is advisable to install a reservoir with a fire extinguishing agent and a pumping group in the basement of the house, and drain the drain pipes there. Place the control device in the room where all the controllers of the smart home system are concentrated.

IMPORTANT! To extinguish a fire in the control room, it is recommended to use autonomous modules of powder or gas fire extinguishing.

Features and differences of deluge systems

Unlike sprinkler systems, deluge automatic fire extinguishing installations are equipped with sprinklers that do not have thermal locks. Accordingly, the pipeline is not filled with a fire extinguishing agent, and the start of the fire extinguishing process occurs after the opening of the shut-off valve, which blocks access to the central reservoir. Fire extinguishing is activated manually or after a fire alarm. In smart home systems, automatic fire extinguishing deluge systems are directly connected to the fire alarm control system. The process of extinguishing a fire can begin immediately after the detection of the source of fire or after confirmation of the command from the central control panel or remotely from the telephone.

Actuation and operating principle

1. Detection of a fire source is carried out, combustion or temperature) of the fire alarm system, after which the alarm signal is transmitted to the security console, mobile communication and control device to the owner of the house and to the central controller of the fire extinguishing system;
2. The signal is checked against the threshold values ​​stored in the controller's memory. In some systems with addressable detectors, it is possible to set different values ​​for different rooms of the house, depending on their purpose:
   1. for the kitchen, they limit the level of smoke,
   2. bathroom temperature level, etc. such customization is important to reduce the likelihood of false positives;
3. When the fire extinguishing system is activated, the pumping station is turned on and several shut-off valves are unlocked:
   1. From a propellant gas cylinder;
   2. From the pipeline network;
4. The extinguishing agent is directed into the pipeline from an autonomous local reservoir or water supply system through a damper tank;
5. Water sprayed over the fire zone can be saturated with fire-extinguishing chemical additives, which significantly increase the efficiency of fire extinguishing.

IMPORTANT! One of the main differences from a sprinkler installation is that water is sprayed over the entire area of ​​the fire extinguishing system installation.

Main technical characteristics and advantages

Automatic deluge fire extinguishing systems have the following advantages:

• A quick reaction to the occurrence of a fire source, which can be determined by several parameters:
  • Flame detector or infrared heat sensor signal. Usually, for residential premises in the smart home system, triggering is provided when the boundary temperature reaches 65-75 ° C or its abrupt, sharp increase by 15-20 ° C.
  • For kitchens, it is advisable to use several methods of detecting fire (temperature, smoke, the presence of an open flame) in aggregate;
• Pumps of a standard installation can generate a liquid pressure of 100-600 m 3 / h, which ensures almost instant filling of even branched pipelines and a short response time of the system to fire detection;
• The system is capable of monitoring large rooms or buildings with complex layouts;
• The deluge installation does not require reconstruction, replacement of elements or additional adjustment after triggering. After restoring the position of the shut-off valves to the closed position and filling the tank with a fire extinguishing agent, the installation is ready for reactivation;
• The main advantage is the possibility of using foam or gas as a fire extinguishing agent, which leads to minimization of material losses from exposure to water.

Installation and calculation rules

According to the current regulations, deluge automatic fire extinguishing installations for residential premises must comply with the following parameters:

• A separate drencher should control an area of ​​no more than 9m 2;
• The distance between the nozzles is less than 3 m, from the wall is not less than 1.5 m;
• The volume of fire extinguishing agent based on water is not less than 0.5 l / sec per 1 m 2 of the room;
• The speed of water supply in the distribution lines is not less than 10 m / s, and in the pipelines supplying the sprayers at least 3 m / s;
• It is advisable to install shut-off nozzles with a directed jet in doorways to block the spread of fire;
• To create water curtains, drenchers with a socket divider and a hole diameter of 10, 12, 16 mm are used, and for extinguishing 12 mm in rooms, paddle drenchers.

The main element of this system is a sprinkler - a spraying device that uses water under high pressure. It is built into the piping system and, as a rule, is located on the ceiling in those rooms that need to be protected from the danger of fire. The system is monitored and controlled by means of numerous sensors that respond to both signs of smoke and an abnormal rise in temperature.

In the event of a fire hazard, signals about it are sent from sensors to the control unit, which starts the sprinkler operation. But its shut-off element can only be destroyed by the action of high temperature. In standby mode, the inlet of the sprinkler sprinkler is closed with a special shut-off valve. These gates can be destroyed not everywhere, but only in those installations that have been exposed to high temperatures, which allows the system to be used to extinguish local fires without flooding those rooms where the temperature is normal. At first glance, this, of course, is very convenient, but in some, the response speed of the sprinkler may differ significantly from the speed of fire propagation, which is one of the most significant disadvantages of such a system.

The efficiency of a sprinkler system is quite comparable to how a powder fire extinguishing system works.

Lack of sprinkler fire extinguishing system

The advantages of a sprinkler fire extinguishing system include the low cost of equipment, installation and operation. But there are complaints about her work regarding the inertia of the actuation. At a low level of ceilings (up to 5-7 m) and a significant primary increase in temperature, sprinklers are triggered promptly. However, in rooms with high ceilings and a fire, the first stage of which is low-temperature smoldering, characterized by insignificant heat release, sprinklers simply do not work on time, allowing the process to develop to a significant increase in temperature, accompanied by significant destruction.

Today, on the market of fire safety systems, there are other devices that use the deluge method in their work, in which the fire extinguishing mixture is immediately sprayed over a large area, obviously larger than the area of ​​the starting fire. As a result, systems operating on this principle are characterized by quick response and high efficiency, guaranteeing the elimination of fire hazards in the bud. But the disadvantages of deluge systems include the fact that the damage from their work, at times, is comparable to the damage caused by fire.

SNIPs, which regulate the norms and rules for the design of fire extinguishing systems, do not establish specific technical requirements for the design and principle of operation of such installations. Therefore, some manufacturers of sprinkler fire safety systems are working towards reducing their thermal inertia, while others are trying to find a compromise solution between sprinkler and deluge fire extinguishing installations, combining the advantages of each of them.

Modern sprinkler fire extinguishing systems

To reduce the cost and facilitate installation, plastic pipes are used in modern sprinkler systems, and to increase efficiency - controlled fire extinguishing systems, in which optimal functioning algorithms are implemented based on the analysis of the nature of the fire and its development. The operation of such systems is still based on the use of sprinkler irrigation installations, but equipped with the possibility of forced start-up.

To increase efficiency in modern sprinkler fire extinguishing systems, it is advisable to be able to remove the shut-off valve with prolongation of the forced start until the moment when it is necessary.

An initiating device for a controlled launch can have various design and technical implementations, but its main purpose is to provide local heating of the shut-off valve to activate the irrigation sprinkler system. Among the technical solutions that have already found their embodiment in the new generation sprinkler systems, one can name electric heating contact elements: filaments and resistors, gas generators and photographic devices with high heat release.

On the market of the latest fire extinguishing systems, characterized by high reliability and efficiency, which can be installed not only in public places and industrial buildings, but also in apartments or private houses, there are developments of both domestic and foreign companies. In their proposed sprinkler systems for controlled start-up, electric resistors or gas-generating devices are used, which play the role of initiators of the sprinkler operation.

Water is the most common extinguishing agent. It is affordable, harmless, efficient and cost effective. Fire extinguishing with water is used at large facilities: in hotels, shopping and entertainment complexes, sports facilities, parking lots, etc.

Water fire extinguishing has a lot of disadvantages and limitations in its use, but the advantages of this liquid clearly outweigh them.

Description of water fire extinguishing systems

Most often, two types of water extinguishing complexes are used to fight fire:

1. Sprinkler. They are a network of pipelines constantly filled with water. Sprinklers (sprinklers) are located at the ends of the pipes.

The piping is usually hidden under a roof or false ceiling. The principle of operation of a sprinkler fire extinguishing system is simple: the sprinklers are equipped with plastic nozzles (thermal locks), which melt under the influence of high temperatures, opening the outlet for water.

Water is supplied in the form of fine droplets, which promotes the formation of water mist and minimizes the harmful effects of water on equipment and material values.

1. Deluge. Structurally, such a system is similar to a sprinkler system: it includes a set of pipelines and nozzles - drenchers. Such installations are used in rooms with increased fire and explosion hazard.

The deluge sprayer is not closed with a plastic cap, but always open. The water supply starts after a signal from a fire alarm or from a sprinkler fire extinguishing system.

With the help of a deluge fire extinguishing complex, you can create a water curtain and cut off part of the burning building from the rest of the premises.

From the foregoing, it is clear that the main difference between a sprinkler fire extinguishing system and a deluge one is the absence of a heat flask on the sprinklers of the latter.

Advantages and disadvantages of water-based fire extinguishing systems

For a better understanding of which system is best to install in each specific case, it is necessary to understand the pros and cons of sprinkler and deluge fire extinguishing installations.

The advantages of sprinkler systems:

• ease and speed of installation, simplicity and low cost of equipment;
• high efficiency in the fight against fire;
• pipelines are perfectly hidden under suspended or suspended ceilings, without spoiling the appearance of the room.

Cons of sprinkler fire extinguishing systems:

• damage to property and equipment due to the use of water;
• the requirement for constant replacement of thermal locks after the complex is triggered;
• a conventional sprinkler system does not respond to high smoke levels in the room, so the fire may not be extinguished in time (devices only respond to high temperatures);
• impossibility of using the system at temperatures below + 5 ° С.

Automatic deluge fire extinguishing installations have the following advantages:

• instant filling of pipelines with liquid;
• the ability to protect spacious rooms with complex layouts;
• no need to replace sprinklers after each use of the system;
• the ability to use foam or gas as a fire extinguishing agent.

Among the disadvantages of deluge fire extinguishing systems, two can be distinguished: too large a water consumption and a high flow rate, which entails material losses for the restoration of the premises.

A fire is a natural disaster that causes great harm and often takes the lives of many people. To prevent it, a sprinkler fire extinguishing system is installed. The first such systems appeared at the end of the 19th century and worked on the principle of breaking temperature-sensitive locks. Due to its imperfection, the installation worked already during a strong fire, and sometimes false activity was observed.

• Show all

  Work principles

  In modern designs, automatic fire extinguishing is installed; its detectors can detect fires even before the formation of a fire. But the principle of operation of the sprinkler fire extinguishing system remains unchanged. Water constantly flows through pipes under high pressure. In their holes there is a lock made of low-melting material, which melts under the influence of high temperature, as a result of which liquid is sprayed.

  Each system, regardless of its type, has a built-in sprinkler equipped with a heat seal-lock. Under the influence of a certain temperature, the substance begins to melt in the flask, which eventually collapses and depressurizes the pipeline. After that, the system works according to the algorithm:

  

  Fire extinguishing sprinkler system test

  The sprinkler is designed to eliminate local fire sources. In rooms where the temperature has not reached a critical point, the lock will not collapse and water will not spray. In modern designs, several devices are combined - a fire alarm, which gives an alert when a fire is detected and ensures the evacuation of personnel, a control system that activates smoke protection, and pumps that maintain pressure in a quiet mode and during extinguishing fires.

  

  Scope of application

  According to the decree "On fire-fighting regime" and some production documentation, the installation of sprinkler fire extinguishing should be carried out at some structures. Among them are:

  

  PUMPING STATION FOR SPLINKLER FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM ...

  

  Advantages and disadvantages

  Before purchasing and installing equipment, you must familiarize yourself with its technical characteristics and features. The sprinkler system is installed by many businesses because of its benefits. These include:

  • low cost;
  • efficiency;
  • the possibility of installation in any room;
  • quick installation.

  
  

  The structure itself, its installation and maintenance will not require large financial costs. The system quickly copes with fires, eliminating their local foci. The equipment can be installed in a room of any shape and size. During installation, there is no need to change the layout of the building, disturb the supporting structures or partitions.

  There are also several disadvantages:

  • temperature restrictions;
  • possible losses from the use of large amounts of water;
  • the need to replace devices after using them;
  • system activation time may be delayed.

  Distribution and supply pipes filled with water are used in a room with a temperature above 5 degrees. With a negative indicator, it is allowed to fill only the supply structures with liquid. Water escaping from equipment during operation can cause significant damage to property in the building.

  Sprinklers are considered disposable devices, as they must be replaced after the first activation, otherwise the system will not be able to return to standby mode. If the room is heavily smoky, then the structure will not work, because it only reacts to high temperatures.

  

  System structure

  

  Supply pipelines are connected to the system from both sides. One of them is filled with water, the second - with liquid and air. There are two types of sprinklers on the pipelines - SVV, directed upward with a socket, and SVN, turned down. On one pipe there is a water supply control sensor, on the second there are split couplings.

  The system control units are attached below: a water-filled direct-flow and an air one with a SKD valve. A sensor is located near the tank with the extinguishing liquid, which controls the water level in the tank. At the center is the device by which the entire system is controlled and monitored. And also there are several more elements in the design:

  • non-return rotary valve;
  • control cabinet for automatic maintenance of water supply;
  • automatic sensor for maintaining pressure in pipes;
  • container with water;
  • main, standby and discharge pumps;
  • compressor and drainage pit.

  The main operating element responsible for the efficiency of the entire system is the sprinkler. All activity depends on a capsule with a temperature-sensitive content, which responds to an indicator in the range of 57-340 degrees. Different spray models contain parts that fire at a specific point. They differ in the color of the liquid they contain:

  • orange - from 57 degrees;
  • red - from 68;
  • yellow - from 79;
  • green - from 93;
  • blue - from 141;
  • purple - from 182.

  
  

  The first two types are considered low temperature. These sprinklers are triggered within five minutes of identifying a fire. The activity of the following begins in 10-15 minutes. Sprinkler designs are divided according to several criteria - the direction of the jet, position and speed of action.

  An impressive test of the fire extinguishing system

  Parts can be positioned with a rosette up and down, the water flows at a certain angle, which increases the spray area. The system creates a liquid curtain or thin stream designed to extinguish fires in rooms with property that could be damaged by water. Increased performance is necessary to identify the focus in the early stages. Such models are installed in buildings with high ceilings (up to 20 m).

  Requirements and standards

  The requirements for the equipment are set out in the norms for the installation of a sprinkler fire extinguishing system. Chief among these is the fluid flow rate early in a disaster. The fire should not intensify and spread to other rooms, therefore, during the installation of the equipment, make sure that it complies with all GOSTs, SNiP standards and the requirements of the Ministry of Emergencies. It is necessary to purchase only a high-quality system, which must be confirmed by certificates and technical data sheets.

  According to the standards, the activation time of the heat flask depends on the temperature regime. The higher the indicator, the faster the sprinkler should work. Above 79 degrees, the maximum time should not exceed five minutes. The distance between the irrigation heads is determined in accordance with the norms of SNiP. During installation, take into account possible malfunctions of some parts of the unit. To avoid damage, install an additional pump, a water tank and a power source.

  

  Among the disadvantages, the possibility of inertial actuation is distinguished. The system will not function effectively if electrical appliances are on fire.

  Items in the room can deteriorate when exposed to water. In such buildings, a structure with air-filled pipelines is installed.

  In standby mode, the system is filled not with water, but with compressed air. If the fire sensor is triggered, a special valve opens, oxygen is released, and water is poured into the pipes under pressure. It gets into a burning area with a sprinkler. For water-filled systems, sprinklers are mounted with rosettes up and down, as well as in a horizontal position. In models of another type, it is possible to install sprinklers only vertically. The disadvantages of the system are not serious excuses for refusing to purchase such systems.

  Installation of a sprinkler structure

  For the installation of a sprinkler fire extinguishing system, pipelines covered with a zinc sheath from the outside and from the inside are used. It is also possible to use suture products. They are attached to the ceiling using rubber bands, observing a step of 1.5 m. The pipes are connected to each other with a welding machine or pressed with special fittings, electric and pneumatic tools. After preparing these elements, sprinklers are attached according to the model and design of the system.

  In a separate room - basement or utility room - distribution units and a container for extinguishing liquid are installed. The control element is also mounted there, but its duplicate is displayed on the security console. Since the pipelines for water sprinkler fire extinguishing are under strong pressure, all seams and joints of parts must be as tight as possible. Otherwise, the system will leak and damage.

  Constructions of irrigation fire extinguishing are convenient to use in large premises of industrial and entertainment type - warehouses, workshops, restaurants and theaters. With proper installation, you can achieve the maximum efficiency of the system, while you need to make minimal physical efforts, and the financial costs will be negligible.

Sprinkler automatic fire extinguishing systems (ASPT) are a main line and piping, containing a fire extinguishing agent under pressure or filled with fire extinguishing agent when a fire is detected.

A branched network is created in the protected area, and at the spraying sites, special fire-reacting self-operating water sprinklers, which open the OTV outlet, are screwed in.

How does a sprinkler system work

The essence of the sprinkler-type ASPT is to release a fire-extinguishing composition to the fire site. The system is continuously ready to supply OTV. The pressure in the pipes is constant, created by a pump jockey. The water outlet is activated by a sprinkler - a sprayer with a thermal lock.

The sprinkler system works and extinguishes in stages:

1. When a fire breaks out, the temperature rises.
2. The sprinkler thermal lock collapses (the bulb breaks or the seal melts), exposing the water hole.
3. OTV leaves through the sprinkler, first by gravity.
4. The control unit detects a decrease in pressure (MPa) - sends a signal to the control unit.
5. The jockey pump maintains its head for a short time. Next, the main pumping station is turned on.

To activate the sprinkler fire extinguishing system and the main pumps, the response of two sensors is required in series:

1. Thermal - in the sprinkler.
2. Hydraulic / air- in the control unit between the distribution with spray heads with liquid or air, and the source of OTV, closed by a spring valve.

The options are:

	How does it work
Water filled	suitable for heated rooms from + 5 ° C, as the water freezes; the main line is already with a fire extinguishing agent; there is a connection to the central supply or to a tank with OTV.
Water-air ("dry")	For unheated (below + 5 ° C) and heated objects: compressed air in the pipes; after sprinkler response: bleeding occurs; the pressure drops; valves open; the barrier disappears, the extinguishing composition fills the pipes, exits through the sprinklers. Sprinklers are mounted only vertically with the rosettes down or horizontally.
Combined ASPT	the water is drained for the winter, but the equipment is ready for operation, since it also has a "dry" part; the supply line with water, and the supply and distribution parts are filled with air depending on the season.

Areas of use

Sprinkler type fire extinguishing systems are used on:

1. data storage objects;
2. underground parking lots, overground - above 1 floor;
3. structures with a facade from 30 m. For hazard categories D, D, the height does not matter;
4. single-storey buildings made of metal elements with a combustible insulation. For public buildings of this type, the area is more than 800 m², for administrative and household buildings - from 1200 m²;
5. trade enterprises with a ground part from 2500 m², with a basement (basement) - from 200 m². Exceptions: the sale of non-combustible goods (metals, glass, porcelain, food);
6. buildings selling flammable materials. Exception: retail in packages up to 20 liters;
7. exhibition hangars, halls, galleries from 1000 m²;
8. objects for mass recreation from 800 seats;
9. warehouses with racks from 5.5 m.

You can even use a network with sprinklers in an apartment or in other rooms. But the equipment extinguishes only class A fires, less often B (special foam). For other fires, objects under voltage, ASPT, carbon dioxide are used. Consider that water can damage materials.

An automatic watering system is typical for extinguishing:

• watercraft - there is unlimited access to the OTV;
• foam and sprinkler devices are used for hazardous areas with fuels and lubricants, fuel, polymers, rubber (production, workshops, warehouses);
• open, technological openings: water curtains on arches, atriums, construction sites;
• fire compartments in large rooms.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of ASPT sprinkler type:

1. there are no restrictions on the size of the premises, the number of personnel. OTV safe;
2. no need to refuel;
3. profitability - water is cheap;
4. does not require room sealing;
5. the highway is modified for the features (shape) of the object;
6. convenient for centralized water supply - the extinguishing composition constantly circulates in the pipes at the place of fire, any volumes are available, the spraying time is unlimited;
7. easy replacement of sprinklers, a wide range of spray nozzles (spray, dust, point-to-point irrigation);
8. full automation, autonomy;
9. independence from power supply in the fire site;
10. coverage of large areas;
11. durability (from 10 years).

Cons of sprinkler ASPT:

1. inertia (time from the moment of triggering). The thermal lock is destroyed for a long time - up to 300 or 600 seconds;
2. only react to temperature;
3. the risk of false positives, and the process is difficult to stop;
4. the complexity of design, installation: comply with extensive airbags;
5. limited by fire classes A, B (foam), types of extinguishing compounds (water, foam);
6. in the absence of centralized water supply - the need for tanks for OTV, additional pumps;
7. thermal locks make it impossible to use sprinklers, where the air heats up unevenly, unexpectedly;
8. water freezes - the unit does not operate at negative temperatures, except for the "dry" version or with warm water supply;
9. Sprinklers must be replaced after activation.

Sprinkler and deluge systems: differences

Both options have inertia, but with a temperature-sensitive shut-off device, it is greater. For equipment with open spray nozzles, the waiting period for the release of the extinguishing mixture depends only on the delivery of water through the pipeline.

The difference between a sprinkler system and:

Equipment
Sprinkler	Deluge
Closed sprinkler, autonomous, self-sufficient, self-activating.	Simple sprayer. Open, no heat constipation, does not affect activation.
Only the head that reacts to fire is opened, irrigating the strictly protected area, without flooding the rest of the space. Replacement of thermal locks after operation is required.	All sprinklers are involved, filling the entire room, but do not require replacement.
An incentive circuit is not needed: the sprinkler is itself one (detector plus incentive). Can be used without additional sensors.	Requires alarm, sensors and remote control activation.

Sprinkler fire extinguishing device

ASPT can include two options: "dry" and water-filled with switching as needed.

Water-filled part:

1. water supply, source with dispenser;
2. fire tank with overflow, test pipeline;
3. a pump with a suction hose, next to it is a water control unit (sprinkler valve);
4. non-return valve to shut off or ensure a constant head.

Water-air part:

1. a source;
2. air control unit (dry valve);
3. reservoir pump;
4. compressor;
5. reservoir (pneumatic tank, water feeder).

Common elements:

1. line with sprinkler nozzles;
2. flexible eyeliner;
3. cabinets, control units;
4. fire detectors.

Additional elements of ASPT:

1. shut-off valves;
2. standby, evacuation pumps;
3. drainage pits;
4. OTV control sensors;
5. for foamed extinguishing composition:
   • foam sprinkler;
   • storage tanks with level control device;
   • foam generators;
   • dispenser.

A sprinkler fire extinguishing system in large rooms can have several sections (zones), individual alarm valves, compressed air supply devices to increase pressure.

Sprinkler control unit

The type of control unit determines the operating mode, the layout option. The task of the mechanism is to signal the remote control or control unit to turn on the pump. Activation depends on the node and whether the supply of extinguishing composition will be turned on.

Water-filled node

The inside of the "wet" valve is filled with high pressure fluid. The options are:

1. angular;
2. straight-through.

The essence of the work: the thermal seal is destroyed, the sprinkler head opens, the pressure changes. The pressure drop is transferred to the water in the unit chamber and to the compensator - the mechanism is activated, sends a message to the control unit.

• Plus: no need for additional signal valves.
• Minus: the possibility of false self-starts due to water hammer, irrigation malfunctions, water can freeze. To reduce the risk, there is a decelerating camera (the time is set from 0 to 16 sec.). If the movement of liquid in the sprinkler ASPT is caused by an extraneous cause, then the water is released into the sewer.

Air unit

The control unit can be filled with compressed oxygen or nitrogen instead of liquid. The second name is the sprinkler diaphragm air valve.

Differential principle is used, balance:

1. The air pressure from the side of the line with sprinklers and from part of the water flow to the valve creates a balance.
2. When the sprinkler is opened, depressurization occurs - the pressure drops, the equilibrium is disturbed, the constipation moves away, the extinguishing agent enters the pipes.

The air unit is more susceptible to false alarms, but there is no freezing.

Air control and launcher

The principle of operation of the KPUU supplemented by monitoring the integrity of the equipment circuits (change in MPa, breaks, breakdowns), which completely eliminates false alarms.

Varieties of inclusion:

1. preliminary action- after the response of fire detectors or sprinklers;
2. pre-firing with start-up control- only after the sensor signal;
3. with double control of the start of the installation- activation from fire detectors and when starting at least one sprinkler sprayer.

Air control and launch units are installed at facilities with a risk of mechanical damage to pipes, sprinklers: industrial, military, petrochemical enterprises, freezing compartments.

Types of sprinkler sprinklers

Sprinkler - ASPT sprayer made of light alloys with a landing thread, a shut-off segment (flask, soldering plate) at the outlet opening at a certain temperature.

Work algorithm:

1. the critical temperature is reached;
2. device head:
   • soldered - less common, since melting plates are unreliable;
   • the thermosensitive liquid expands, the filling flask of the sprinkler cracks;
3. the lock breaks;
4. the hole opens - the contained water is sprayed.

Response temperature from + 57 to + 182 ° С. Inertia is the main disadvantage of the sprayer: up to 300 sec. for low-temperature products (+57, + 68 ° С) and for high-temperature products - up to 600 sec. The mechanism is disposable. After activation, replace with a new one. The service life of the sprinkler in standby mode is 10 years.

Flasks, depending on the value for the beginning of a chemical reaction, have a different color of the liquid.

The ASPT decorative sprinkler socket also has a working function: it provides the required spraying, direction: a curtain of fine water dust, large drops, jets. On average, the sprinkler covers a radius of 2 m.

What the sprinkler consists of:

1. locking screws;
2. socket;
3. shut-off flask;
4. disc-type spring or rubber (less often, as it melts and deforms);
5. threaded body.

Positional

Position-type sprinklers have several modifications of the outlet orientation for different options for spraying OTV into the focus:

1. universal - fixed in any direction;
2. concave - vertical installation;
3. flat - with the sprinkling part up;
4. for horizontal fixation.

Corner

The jet is simulated: the device with a miniature outlet visor allows you to select the desired angle for effective spraying. By choosing the correct setting, the most effective water curtain is created, irrigating materials and equipment in the fire.

Finely dispersed

Fine spray sprinklers with mesh calibrator cap create a dense OTV curtain. Water consumption is reduced, at the same time efficiency is increased, a fire-blocking screen is created by a cloud of fine suspension of a fire-extinguishing agent.

Reduced moisture damage to treated surfaces. Often used for Class A fires.

Fast acting

The accelerated action sprinklers are designed with elements that provide less inertia. The long delay between the occurrence of fire and the rupture of the lock on the sprinkler is eliminated.

Fire extinguishing compositions

The second name of sprinkler systems is water fire extinguishing installations, since water-based compositions are used.

The maximum way to modify the OTV is to create foam. Foam systems have a separate tank with a foam generator, special calibrators.

Foam expands the range of extinguishing fire classes. The mixture has various chemical additives (fluorine). The foam is less damaging to materials.

Requirements for the state of fire extinguishing agents

The extinguishing agents must be free of impurities leading to pipe corrosion. The same formulations are used as for conventional aqueous or.

Installation of a sprinkler extinguishing system: standards and requirements

Project development, installation and maintenance are carried out by licensed enterprises. Consider ceiling heights, radius and spray patterns, ventilation characteristics. The option of in-depth installation of sprinklers for a decorative look is possible.

Installation process basics:

1. pipes:
   • suture;
   • galvanized outside and inside;
   • ceiling mount. Used metal sprinkler hanging clamps, pitch 1.5 m;
   • connections: welding, pressure testing with fittings, installation couplings;
2. the arrangement of sprinklers must comply with the instructions: with a radius of spread of drops of 2 m, the distance between the heads is about 4 m;
3. wiring, batteries, tanks, pumps are placed in a separate room (extension, basement). There is also a connection to the water supply;
4. the security console is installed separately (duplicate control circuit).
5. the system must have a pressure of up to 1 MPa.

Sprinkler system maintenance

1. The installation of the sprinkler system is completed with a test - a simulated fire with the replacement of sprinklers with deluge sprinklers.
2. MOT includes an inspection for leaks, corrosion. If defects are found, thermal locks and other elements are replaced with a liquid drain. A forced start and restart is performed.
3. Guaranteed service life - 10 years, full check with test, overhaul, repeated hydraulic calculation - every 3 years.
4. Operating temperatures from -50 to + 50˚С (for water-filled ones - from +5 ˚С) or recommended by the manufacturer.
5. Maintenance of the system after triggering consists in returning the equipment to working condition: replacing thermal locks, bringing control units to standby mode.