Suppression of the Tver uprising by Kalita. The uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver (1327). The ruin of the Tver principality
The Tver uprising took place many centuries ago. However, the memory of him has survived to this day. Many historians still argue about the outcome, goals and consequences of the uprising. The mutiny has been widely described in various chronicles and stories. The suppression of the rebellion became the basis for the creation of a new hierarchy in Russia. From now on, Moscow became the new political center. It was also possible to observe the leveling of cultural differences in the isolated lands in the south of Russia.
Prerequisites
The Tver uprising of 1327 was the result of the discontent of the population of Russia with the oppression of the Mongol yoke. In a little less than 100 years, the first hordes of invaders set foot on Russian soil. Before that, the Mongols conquered many peoples and finally decided to invade Europe. The Mongols themselves were relatively small people and led a nomadic lifestyle. Therefore, the bulk of their troops were soldiers from other nations and tribes. With the conquest of modern Siberia, the Tatar khans began to play a huge role in the hierarchy of the empire.
In the 1230s, preparations began for a campaign against Russia. The Mongols have chosen an extremely successful time for themselves. By the beginning of the 13th century, the state was completely disunited. The feudal estates - the principalities - pursued an independent policy, often at enmity with each other. Therefore, the Mongol hordes decided to launch a systematic invasion. At first, several detachments were sent, the main purpose of which was to obtain information about life in Europe, features of the terrain, troops, and the political situation. In 1235, the Mongols gathered at a gathering of Chingizids and decided to advance. A year later, countless hordes stood at the borders of Russia in the steppes, awaiting orders. In the fall, the invasion began.
Fall of Russia
The Russian princes were never able to consolidate to repel the enemy. Moreover, many wanted to take advantage of their neighbor's disaster in order to consolidate power in the region. As a result, the principalities were left face to face with the many times superior enemy. In the early years, southern Russia was almost completely devastated. And over the next five, all major cities fell. The militia and trained squads fought a fierce battle in every fortress, but in the end they were all defeated. Russia fell into dependence on the Golden Horde.
From that time on, every prince was obliged to receive a label for reign from the Horde. At the same time, the Mongols participated in almost all civil strife and important political events. Russian cities were obliged to pay tribute. At the same time, the principalities retained some independence. And even in these conditions, tough rivalry continued. The main cultural and political centers were Moscow and Tver. The Tver uprising played a decisive role in the relationship between these principalities.
New prince
The Tver uprising is often associated with Prince Alexander Mikhailovich. In 1236 he receives from the Mongols. Alexander lived in Tver, in his palace. However, the next autumn Chol-Khan arrived in the city, who decided to establish himself here.
He drove the Grand Duke out of the palace and settled in it himself. The Tatars, who were far from civilization, immediately caused a wave of indignation among the local residents. Tatar officers enjoyed privileges and behaved arrogantly. Without demand, they appropriated other people's property and committed other atrocities. At the same time, a conflict arose on religious grounds. The chronicles have brought stories of the oppression of Christians and atrocities to this day.
The local population loved Prince Alexander Mikhailovich and often turned to him for help. People offered to raise a revolt against the Tatars and expel them from the principality. However, the prince himself understood the futility of such a decision. A huge army would inevitably come to the aid of the Horde, and the Tver uprising would be brutally suppressed.
Popular discontent
In the summer, rumors began to spread about Chol Khan's plans to usurp power in the principality and convert all Russians to Islam. Moreover, people said that all this should happen on the great feast of the Assumption, which added drama. These rumors may have been untrue, but they were a natural reaction to the oppression of Christians. It was they who catalyzed hatred among the people, thanks to which the Tver uprising of 1327 took place. The prince initially tried to persuade the people to wait. Historians are still arguing about his role in these events. Some believe that it was he who started the organized rebellion, while others - that he only later joined him. In favor of the latter, the prudence of the prince speaks, who understood that resistance without the support of other principalities would lead to even greater troubles.
The beginning of the uprising
By the end of the summer, rebellious sentiments were growing among the people. Rebellion could have taken place from day to day. it was August 15th.
The Tatars from the personal guard of Chol Khan decided to appropriate the horse of the local priest. The people stood up for him, and a skirmish began. Deacon Dudko, apparently, also enjoyed the personal respect of the townspeople. And the insult to a church person angered the Russian people even more. As a result, the retinue was killed. The whole city learned about the riots. Popular anger spilled into the streets. Tverichi rushed to smash the Tatars and other Horde people. Prince Alexander could theoretically suppress the revolt on his own, but he did not do this and joined the people.
Anger of the people
Tatars were beaten everywhere. The merchants were also destroyed. This confirms precisely the national character of the uprising, and not only religious or anti-government. The Tatars began to flee en masse to the princely palace, where Chol Khan himself hid. By evening, the people besieged the palace and set it on fire. The khan himself and all his retinue were burned alive. By morning, not a single living Horde remained in Tver. This is how the Tver Uprising (1327) took place. The prince understood that it was not enough just to destroy the Tatars. Therefore, I began preparations for the departure from Tver.
Moscow
After a short time, all of Russia learned that the Tver uprising (1327) had taken place. The Moscow prince Kalita saw a benefit in this. For a long time he had been in a rivalry with Tver for supremacy.
Therefore, I decided to strike and change the distribution of influence in my favor. In a short time, he gathered an army. He allocated fifty thousand people and his subjects to help him. The march to the south began. After a short time, the united Moscow and Tatar troops invaded the principality. The punitive squad acted very cruelly. Villages and cities burned, peasants were killed. Many were taken prisoner. Almost all settlements were devastated.
Alexander Mikhailovich understood that under no circumstances would he be able to withstand such an army. Therefore, trying to somehow alleviate the fate of the Tver people, he fled with his retinue from the city. After a while, he reached Novgorod. However, the Horde and Muscovites overtook him there as well. The prince of Novgorod gave a great ransom and gifts so that his domain would not suffer the same fate. And Alexander fled to Pskov. Ivan Kalita demanded the extradition of the rebel. Acting on the orders of Moscow announced that he was excommunicating the Pskovites from the church. The inhabitants themselves were very fond of the prince. Ambassadors arrived in the city and offered Alexander to surrender. He was willing to sacrifice himself for the peace of mind of others. However, the Pskovites said they were ready to fight and die with Alexander, if need be.
Flight to Lithuania
Realizing the danger of the situation and knowing what fate will befall Pskov in the event of an invasion, Alexander Mikhailovich still does not linger here either. He goes to Lithuania. After long wanderings, he nevertheless concludes a truce with Khan Uzbek and returns to Tver. But Ivan Kalita does not like this. The Moscow prince had already spread his influence over many lands and saw a new threat in Tver. Alexandra was very fond of the people. He often reproached other princes and boyars for inaction, offering to raise a general revolt against the khan for the Christian land. Although he did not have a huge army, the word of Alexander Mikhailovich was very authoritative.
However, after a series of conspiracies and intrigues, the Tatars again grab him. A month later, Prince Alexander Mikhailovich was sentenced to death. He met his fate with enviable dignity and, as the chronicles say, "with his head held high, he went to meet his murderers."
Many years after his death, the church canonize the prince and declare him a holy martyr for the faith.
Tver uprising of 1327: meaning
The uprising in Tver was one of the first revolts against the Horde. It exposed the obvious problems of Russia and gave an understanding of the political situation. Competing with each other, the Orthodox princes were not able to unite in the face of a common enemy. The popular character of the uprising is also very important. During these difficult years, Russian identity and Christian brotherhood were forged. The example of the Tver people will inspire people to many subsequent uprisings. And only after dozens of years Russia will finally throw off the yoke of the Horde and free itself from oppression.
The Tver uprising is extremely important in terms of the distribution of the influence of individual principalities. It was at this moment that Moscow, thanks to the efforts of Kalita, became the most powerful city and spread its influence far beyond the borders of its land. These were the first prerequisites for the creation of the Moscow kingdom, which can be considered the first example of Russian statehood in the form in which it exists today.
Tver uprising (1327): results
Despite all the disasters, the participation of Muscovites in the suppression of the uprising allowed to bring considerable peace to the Russian land. Also, the Horde were henceforth more circumspect and no longer allowed themselves to the former atrocities.
The Tver uprising of 1327 was reflected in many folk songs and legends. There are also records about him in various chronicles. The bloody events were described by the famous writer in his novel "The Great Table".
The most detailed account of the events of 1327 is contained in the Tver collection and the Rogozhsky chronicler.
Shchelkanovschina
Fedorchukov's army
After the death of Alexander Vasilyevich in or 1332, Nizhniy and Gorodets returned to the great reign for about a decade, and Ivan Kalita became the sole ruler of North-Eastern Russia. The policy of centralization, relying on the Khan, led to the rapid rise of Moscow at the expense of Tver. From now on, the Tver reign posed no real threat to Moscow. The main rivalry was with the princes of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod.
Fedorchukov's army is the last case when the khan by force achieved the removal of the grand duke he disliked. After the success of the joint Horde-Moscow actions to suppress the anti-Horde rebellion, the policy of the Moscow-Tatar union led to a weakening of the internecine struggle and brought a certain calm to Russia. The presence of the Moscow rulers on the grand-ducal table was interrupted only during the early years of Dmitry Donskoy (1360-63) by his future father-in-law Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky.
In literature
- An ancient Russian folk song about Shchelkan Dudentievich has survived, quite accurately conveying the events of those years.
- Dmitry Balashov describes the Tver uprising in the novel The Great Table.
see also
- Smolensk uprising (1340) - another anti-Horde uprising, jointly suppressed by Muscovites and Tatars.
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Notes (edit)
Literature
- Karamzin N.M. ... - SPb. : A type. N. Grech, 1816-1829.
An excerpt characterizing the Tver uprising
Natasha, without moving or breathing, gazed with shining heads from her ambush. "What will happen now"? she thought.- Sonya! I don't need the whole world! You are everything for me, - said Nikolai. - I'll prove it to you.
“I don’t like it when you say that.”
- Well, I won't, well, forgive me, Sonya! He pulled her to him and kissed her.
"Oh, how good!" thought Natasha, and when Sonya and Nikolai left the room, she followed them and called Boris to her.
“Boris, come here,” she said with a significant and sly look. - I need to tell you one thing. Here, here, - she said, and led him to the flower room to the place between the tubs where she was hidden. Boris, smiling, followed her.
- What is this one thing? - he asked.
She was embarrassed, looked around her and, seeing her doll thrown on the barrel, took it in her hands.
“Kiss the doll,” she said.
Boris looked attentively, affectionately into her lively face and did not answer.
- You do not want? Well, come here, ”she said, and went deeper into the flowers and threw the doll. - Closer, closer! She whispered. She caught the officer's cuffs with her hands, and her reddened face showed solemnity and fear.
- Do you want to kiss me? She whispered, barely audible, looking at him from under her brows, smiling and almost crying with excitement.
Boris blushed.
- How funny you are! - he said, bending over to her, blushing even more, but doing nothing and waiting.
She suddenly jumped onto the tub, so that she stood taller than him, embraced him with both arms, so that her thin bare arms bent above his neck and, throwing her hair back with a movement of her head, kissed him on the very lips.
She slipped between the pots to the other side of the flowers and, bowing her head, stopped.
“Natasha,” he said, “you know that I love you, but ...
- Are you in love with me? Natasha interrupted him.
- Yes, in love, but please, we will not do what now ... Four more years ... Then I will ask for your hand.
Natasha thought about it.
“Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen ...” she said, counting on her thin fingers. - Good! Is it over?
And a smile of joy and reassurance lit up her lively face.
- It's over! - said Boris.
- Forever? - said the girl. - Until your death?
And, taking his arm, with a happy face, she quietly walked beside him into the sofa.
The Countess was so tired of the visits that she did not order anyone else to be received, and the doorman was only ordered to invite everyone who would still come with congratulations to eat. The Countess wanted to talk face to face with her childhood friend, Princess Anna Mikhailovna, whom she had not seen well since her arrival from St. Petersburg. Anna Mikhailovna, with her tear-stained and pleasant face, moved closer to the Countess's chair.
“I will be completely frank with you,” said Anna Mikhailovna. - There are too few of us, old friends! That is why I value your friendship so much.
Anna Mikhailovna looked at Vera and stopped. The Countess shook hands with her friend.
“Vera,” said the Countess, addressing her eldest daughter, who was obviously unloved. - How do you have no idea about anything? Don't you feel like you're superfluous here? Go to your sisters, or ...
The beautiful Vera smiled contemptuously, apparently not feeling the slightest insult.
“If you had told me a long time ago, mamma, I would have left at once,” she said, and went to her room.
But as she passed the sofa room, she noticed that two couples were symmetrically sitting in it at the two windows. She stopped and smiled disdainfully. Sonya was sitting close by Nicholas, who copied her poems, for the first time composed by him. Boris and Natasha were sitting at the other window and were silent when Vera entered. Sonya and Natasha glanced at Vera with guilty and happy faces.
It was fun and touching to look at these girls in love, but their sight, obviously, did not arouse a pleasant feeling in Vera.
“How many times have I asked you,” she said, “not to take my things, you have your own room.
She took an inkwell from Nikolai.
“Now, now,” he said, wetting his pen.
“You know how to do everything at the wrong time,” Vera said. - They ran into the living room, so everyone was ashamed of you.
Despite the fact, or precisely because what she said was completely fair, no one answered her, and all four only exchanged glances. She hesitated in the room, inkwell in hand.
- And what secrets can there be between Natasha and Boris and between you in your years - all are nonsense!
- Well, what is it to you, Vera? - Natasha said in a quiet voice.
She, apparently, was to everyone even more than always, on this day, kind and affectionate.
“It's very stupid,” Vera said, “I'm ashamed of you. What are the secrets? ...
- Everyone has their own secrets. Berg and I don't touch you, ”Natasha said, getting excited.
“I don't think you touch it,” Vera said, “because there can never be anything bad in my actions. But I'll tell my mother how you treat Boris.
“Natalya Ilinishna treats me very well,” said Boris. “I can't complain,” he said.
- Leave it, Boris, you are such a diplomat (the word diplomat was in great use among children in the special meaning that they attached to this word); even boring, ”Natasha said in an offended, trembling voice. - Why is she sticking to me? You will never understand this, ”she said, turning to Vera,“ because you have never loved anyone; you have no heart, you are only madame de Genlis [Madame Janlis] (this nickname, considered very offensive, was given to Vera by Nikolai), and your first pleasure is to make trouble for others. You flirt with Berg as much as you want, ”she said soon.
- Yes, I surely will not run in front of the guests after the young man ...
- Well, I got my way, - Nikolay intervened, - she said all the troubles, upset everyone. Let's go to the nursery.
All four, like a frightened flock of birds, got up and left the room.
“They told me trouble, but I’m nothing to anyone,” Vera said.
- Madame de Genlis! Madame de Genlis! - said laughing voices from behind the door.
The beautiful Vera, who had such an annoying, unpleasant effect on everyone, smiled and, apparently unaffected by what was said to her, went to the mirror and straightened her scarf and hair. Looking at her beautiful face, she apparently became even colder and calmer.
The conversation continued in the drawing-room.
- Ah! chere, - said the Countess, - and in my life tout n "est pas rose. Can't I see that du train, que nous allons, [not all roses. - with our way of life,] our state will not last long! And all this is a club, and its kindness. In the village we live, do we rest? Theaters, hunting and God knows what. But what to say about me! Well, how did you arrange this? I often wonder at you, Annette, how is it You, at your age, ride in a carriage alone, to Moscow, to Petersburg, to all the ministers, to all the nobility, you know how to get along with everyone, I am surprised! Well, how did it work? Well, I can’t do any of this.
The uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver (1327)
The uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver (1327)
The Tver uprising of 1327 is the first major uprising of the Russian people against the Mongol-Tatar yoke. It was very harshly suppressed by the Golden Horde, however, it led to an actual redistribution of forces to the side of Moscow, drawing a line under a quarter century of rivalry between Tver and Moscow for supremacy in the lands of North-Eastern Russia. We can find the most detailed description of these events in the Rogozh and Tver collection of chronicles.
In the fall of 1236, Alexander Mikhailovich (prince of Tver) received from the Mongol Khan Uzbek a label to reign in Vladimir. About a year later, Shevkal (Shchelkan), who is Uzbek's cousin, arrives in Tver. He settles in the princely palace, expelling Alexander from there and begins persecution, robbery and beating of the Christian people. Also in the city there is a rumor that Shchelkan has a plan to kill all the princes and rule Tver personally, converting the Russian residents of the city to Islam, which was supposed to happen on the Assumption. As the chronicle tells us, the assembled residents came to Alexander with a request for reprisals against the Mongols, but he persuaded them to endure.
But on August 15, an uprising suddenly breaks out, which began with the fact that the Tatars from Shchelkan's retinue tried to take away the mare of Deacon Dudko. Outraged residents stood up for the deacon, after which they began to beat the Tatars throughout the city. Cholkhan, along with his retinue, was burned in the palace. The people killed all the Tatars who were in Tver, including the so-called "Bessermen" who are Horde merchants. Some of the chronicles are presented as the instigator of this uprising, but historians refute this. However, the prince did not interfere with the unrest.
Ivan Kalita (Moscow prince), a longtime rival of the Tver principality for the grand-ducal throne, quickly took advantage of the uprising in Tver to assert his own supremacy in the Russian land. He goes to the Horde and volunteers to help the Mongols fully restore power over Russia. At the same time, in case of success, the khan undertakes to make Kalita a great prince and give him fifty thousand warriors headed by five temniks. The forces of Alexander Suzdalsky joined such a horde-Moscow army, and the people used to call this campaign "Fedorchukova Ratya".
The prince of Tver fled to Novgorod, and then Pskov. Novgorod was able to buy off Kalita.
Shchelkanovschina
Fedorchukov's army
After the death of Alexander Vasilyevich in or 1332, Nizhniy and Gorodets returned to the great reign for about a decade, and Ivan Kalita became the sole ruler of North-Eastern Russia. The policy of centralization, relying on the Khan, led to the rapid rise of Moscow at the expense of Tver. From now on, the Tver reign posed no real threat to Moscow. The main rivalry was with the princes of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod.
Fedorchukov's army is the last case when the khan by force achieved the removal of the grand duke he disliked. After the success of the joint Horde-Moscow actions to suppress the anti-Horde rebellion, the policy of the Moscow-Tatar union led to a weakening of the internecine struggle and brought a certain calm to Russia. The presence of the Moscow rulers on the grand-ducal table was interrupted only during the early years of Dmitry Donskoy (1360-63) by his future father-in-law Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky.
In literature
- An ancient Russian folk song about Shchelkan Dudentievich has survived, quite accurately conveying the events of those years.
- Dmitry Balashov describes the Tver uprising in the novel The Great Table.
see also
- Smolensk uprising (1340) - another anti-Horde uprising, jointly suppressed by Muscovites and Tatars
Notes (edit)
Categories:
- 1327 year
- Uprising in Russia
- History of Tver
- Tver principality
- Battles of the Golden Horde
- Battles of the Moscow principality
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See what "Tver uprising" is in other dictionaries:
TVER GRAND PRINCIPALITY, a grand duchy in North-Eastern Russia (see NORTH EASTERN RUSSIA) 13-15 centuries; occupied the territory along the upper course of the Volga River and its tributaries. The capital of the Tver principality was Tver (1246 1485). In the territory… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Feudal state of North-Eastern Russia 13-15 centuries. It occupied the territory along the upper course of the river. Volga and its tributaries. Center of Tver Tver (1246 1485). In T. k. Were the cities of Kashin, Ksnyatin, Zubtsov, Staritsa, Holm, Mikulin, Dorogobuzh. V… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The anti-Horde uprising in Tver in 1327 was the first large-scale uprising of the Russians against the Horde rule. The defeated principality of Tver finally lost the opportunity to take the position of the leader and unifier of the Russian lands.
In the first half of the 14th century, the struggle for supremacy among the principalities of northeastern Rus entered an acute phase. Particularly tense was the confrontation between Tver and Moscow for a label for the great reign.
In 1326, Alexander Mikhailovich of Tverskoy, the son and brother of the Tver princes Mikhail Saint and Dmitry the Terrible Ochi, killed at the headquarters of the khan, became the Grand Duke.
By this time, Ivan I Kalita ruled in Moscow, preferring, as they would now say, political and economic methods in the struggle for power.
Horde embassy
Less than a year later, when Alexander held the Tver Grand-Ducal table, Chol-Khan (otherwise called Cholkhan, Shelkan, Shevkan, Shchelkan), a cousin of Uzbek Khan (Azbyak), who rules in the Horde, came to Russia. His mission, apparently, was to collect tribute and demonstrate the complete power of the Mongols over Russian subjects.
Upon arrival, the Horde Baskak forcibly ousted Alexander and his family from the ancestral tower and settled in it himself. The prince was forced to obey, he understood that resistance would lead to dire consequences for the entire Tver principality. Moreover, it was necessary to show external honors and demonstrate humility.
Like Cholkhan, his members of the viceroy's retinue acted everywhere, oppressing the noble and ordinary Tverites.
Background and causes of the mutiny
The inhabitants of the principality of Tverskoy still well remembered the invasions of nevruyeva rati, Kavgadyya and Tayanchar. But 
Cholkhan Dyudentievich surpassed all of them in terms of harshness and outrage.
The reason for the dissatisfaction of the townspeople is not one: the widespread ruin of households, extremely arrogant behavior, robbery, persecution, violence, abuse, demonstrative behavior of the conqueror in the conquered principality heated the situation to the limit.
Alexander himself showed an example of humility and urged the people to be patient, which made the vigilantes and part of the determined population dissatisfied. The conflicts and skirmishes between the Tverites and the outrageous Horde took on a mass character in a short time.
Discontent was fueled by rumors about the planned murder of Alexander and his relatives by the Baskak, the seizure of the Tver throne by Cholkhan himself, and the forced introduction of Mohammedanism. The supposed date was even named - August 15, the Christian feast of the Assumption of the Virgin.
Historians believe that such a development of events in Tver would be unlikely, but such rumors characterize the state of mind on the eve of alarming events.
The "explosion" occurred spontaneously in the early morning of August 15, 1327 for an insignificant reason. Khans 
henchmen habitually tried to take the mare away from the local deacon Dudko. Dudko resisted and called for help.
The people's veche quickly gathered, the leaders appeared and led the crowd against the oppressors. Destroyed all the Horde in a row. The first victim was Cholkhan himself, who burned down together with the tower, where he tried to hide and fight back.
Among some modern historians, there is an opinion that the Tverites switched from words to deeds, if not on direct instructions, then with the tacit consent of Alexander Mikhailovich. This is indirectly evidenced by the annals (not Tver).
The mutiny in Tver against Cholkhan was gaining momentum with lightning speed. Not only noble Mongols from the inner circle of the Horde nobleman were killed, but also ordinary members of the embassy, as well as all the Tatars and merchants of the "desermen" who constantly lived in the city. By chance, only the shepherds survived, who brought the horses to the watering hole in time and managed to escape.
Suppression of the uprising
The fleeing Mongols quickly reached Moscow. Prince Ivan, a recognized master of political intrigue, correctly assessed the precarious and dangerous position of the Tver ruler and his principality and acted energetically.
The march of the united forces
At the headquarters of the Horde, they were seriously concerned and alarmed, the Mongols suspected other Russian princes of disobedience and rebellion. Uzbek could not forgive the murder of the Baskak and was preparing revenge on the disobedient. However, Russia was not yet ready to throw off the yoke, the disunited princes were afraid of retribution for the "suicidal" indignation of the Tver people.
When Prince Kalita offered Uzbek his help in suppressing the uprising in exchange for a shortcut to the great reign, he easily received the support of 50 thousand soldiers under the command of five temniks and the governor Fedorchuk.
The Moscow squad, reinforced by the Tatar cavalry, moved forward to suppress the Tver uprising. The forces of the Suzdal prince Alexander Vasilyevich joined the army. They acted decisively and cruelly. The united Russian-Mongolian army marched with sword and fire through the Tver towns and villages. The capital was destroyed and burned.
So who suppressed the first uprising against the Mongol-Tatar invaders in Tver?
Important! The popular indignation was harshly suppressed by the Moscow prince Ivan Danilovich, the Suzdal prince Alexander Vasilyevich and the fifty thousand army of Uzbek Khan under the command of the governor Fedorchuk.
Alexander Tverskoy hastily left the ruined principality. Veliky Novgorod did not accept the fugitive prince, and he paid off two thousand hryvnias from the Fedorchuk army that was pursuing him.
A refuge was found in the Novgorod suburb - Pskov.
The persecutors came close to the city and demanded the extradition of the fugitive, Metropolitan Theognost excommunicated Alexander and all the Pskovites from the church. The prince chose not to endanger the city that had sheltered him and moved to Lithuania.
The Tver table was taken by his brother Konstantin Kashinsky, who recognized the supremacy of Moscow and submitted to the will of Ivan Kalita.
Note! In total, Alexander spent almost 10 years in exile.
Results and consequences of the uprising in Tver
Despite the spontaneity and transience of the revolt, the results of the Tver uprising of 1327 had far-reaching consequences.
Results of the popular uprising
The result of the Tver uprising, which broke out in the summer of 1327, is destructive for the Great Tver principality, which for a long quarter of a century claimed the role of the unifier of the Russian lands:
- cities and villages were destroyed and ruined;
- many inhabitants were killed or taken into slavery, the land was depopulated;
- the reign passed to the less ambitious Constantine and Vasily Kashinsky;
- the influence of Tver on the Russian principalities has been lost;
- the grand-ducal label from the hands of Uzbek is received by Prince Ivan Kalita, and then by his descendants.
On the other hand, after the uprising, the Horde khans assessed the danger of growing resistance and their own risks. From that time on, the Baskaks stopped raiding in order to collect an unbearable tribute for the population.
The one who suppressed the riot - Ivan Kalita - received the right to collect the tax, deliver it to the Horde. From that time on, he negotiated with the Horde on behalf of all Russian principalities.
Consequences
The uprising of 1327 undermined the power of the Tver principality, gave impetus to the redistribution of political forces in northeastern Russia.
After the suppression of the anti-Horde uprising in the Tver principality, the center of political, economic and cultural life shifted to the possession of Ivan Kalita, although immediately after the pacification of Tver, in 1328, the great reign was divided between Suzdal and Moscow:
- Novgorod the Great and Kostroma were transferred under the control of the Moscow prince;
- Alexander Suzdalsky got Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir and Gorodets.
This division gave Uzbek freedom of maneuver.
After the end of many years of rivalry with Tver, Ivan Moskovsky received a weaker opponent in the person of Alexander Suzdalsky. With the death of the Suzdal ruler, the grand-ducal table was finally assigned to Moscow, but hereditary, patrimonial, became only under Dmitry Donskoy.
Thanks to the ability to single-handedly set the size of tax collections and to dispose of the general treasury, the Moscow principality quickly grew stronger. His increased economic power and support of the ruling khan made it possible to dictate new rules, annex first small and then large appanage holdings, and conduct an independent foreign policy. These are the consequences of the unsuccessful uprising in Tver in 1327.
Gradually subjugating other Russian principalities, Ivan Kalita preferred economic methods. Strengthening the central government helped to reduce civil strife. Under the conditions of peace, the principalities recovered from the ruin, grew stronger, and gradually accumulated wealth.
They got an opportunity for the development of urban culture, architecture, handicrafts, temple building, icon painting, book-making, and military affairs. The Rusichi were gaining spiritual strength for a decisive struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
The uprising that took place in Tver in 1327 was the first sign of the liberation movement, which was finally formed in the next half century.
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Conclusion
The uprising in Tver against the Horde Baskak Cholkhan was provoked by the extremely cruel behavior of the governor himself and his retinue. A spontaneous and fleeting rebellion was brutally suppressed, Tver lost the great reign, the right to rule the Russian lands and collect tribute passed to Ivan Kalita.
The forcible removal of the Russian ruler by the Fedorchuk army was the last case of a forceful change of the prince during the years of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The Moscow principality became the center of the unification of Rus and the formation of a single national state.
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