The varieties of the rafter system of the bone roof. Overview of the existing scheme of the rafted two-tie roof Slim system of a two-tie roof with different slopes

The bartal roof is used for various wooden houses. You can even assemble the design, since it is simple, unlike a four-tie or attic. Main building materials for mounting are boards and beams from a bar or logs. After reading the article to the end, readers learn what basic elements has a frame of a double roof, and how to assemble it with their own hands and make the calculation of the section and the length of the beams. About.

The slingful system of the two-tie roof for the construction of the house from the bar consists of: a rafter foot, Maurylalat, Filkings, Skate, Podkov, Stacks and Cranes. In order to assemble with your own hands, you need to represent the design completely. Read more about each element Talk below.

Mauerlat.

Mauerlat is the main carrier part of the row roof frame design. It consists of a bar located around the perimeter of the house, on the carrier walls. The construction of the house from the glued timber or other type of sawn timber is mounted using binding and metal brackets.

Through Mauerlat, the load from the whole range of the system goes to the bearing walls of the house. The size of Mauerlat for a wooden house is 100x100 mm or 150x150 mm. Use the conifer breed wood for this node. Before laying a timber is treated with an antiseptic and waterproof with a bitumen tape.

Stropile foot

The main outline of the future roof is assembled from the rafter feet. For the frame of the roof of the wooden house, the material uses the cross section 50x150 or 100x150 mm. Stacked rafting legs in the form of a triangle. The entire system is kept on the rafter feet, and depends on the quality of the material, whether the roof of the wind and snow loads will withstand.

The weight of the entire roof structure through the legs is transmitted to Mauerlat. The rafting legs are mounted in a step of 60-120 cm, depending on the severity and fastening of the future roof. What it is harder, the more often the step of mounting the legs of the rafter system.

Konk

Konk is a connecting beam of two rafter parts of the skate at the top. It is mounted strictly horizontally on the foot connection.

For a wooden duplex roof as a skate, a timber segment is used 100x100 mm. It is pre-treated with an antiseptic.

Fall

The mare is an element that plays the role of a sink of a roof. This part is fixed to the rafter foot if its length is not enough to form a minimum of 200 mm. If it is enough for a rafter foot, you can not mount the fel.

For installation, smaller boards and cross-sectiones are used than legs. The mare makes the mounting of the frame easier, since the beams for the legs are no longer needed. If the roof is going to do it yourself, then experts recommend choosing this option.

Sill

This is a bar, which is located on the inner carrier srubes horizontally. There is a major load from the racks of the rafting system, and it transmits it to the bearing wall.

Installation uses material in 100x100-150x150 mm.

Stands

Streams are attached vertically from the skate to the inner bearing wall. For their manufacture, the material is used by a cross section of 100x100-150x150 mm after calculations. In the rafter system, they play the role of the redistribution of the load from the skate to the bearing wall.

Tightening

Tightening, connected to the skeleton legs have a triangle shape. This is a fastener in the system. It is due to the tightening the legs do not scatter in different directions under the pressure of the design and roof.

Scrollish

The scrolls consist of pieces of plates of mounted at an angle. With the help of subposses, the load from the rafting legs is redistributed to the carrier walls. In the connection with tightening pods form farms. The farm consists of several ducts and one tightening. Use farms to transfer the load if the spans are too large.

Okeekhet

Device of roof crates

Make a crate of boards or not thick bars. In the rafter system, the doomle is attached perpendicular to the legs to them. With the help of the crate of the load from the roofing structure (roofing, insulation, vapor polypoletor -), is exactly distributed across all the rafting legs. Another feature of the crate is the connection of the rafter feet between themselves into a single system. Not even cutting board will suit the crate. But you must first consider the bark from it.

If the roof is rolled, such as bituminous, then instead of boards, plywood sheets are used as a crate. So the substrate under the roof acquires a rigid and smooth surface, which is easily rolling the same rubberoid.

All listed parts of the frame of the two-tie design before assembly dried and treated with antiseptic impregnations, you can do it with your own hands. Otherwise, the solo system quickly sweeps.

What happens the rafting system for a two-tie roof

The contraction of rafters for a duplex roof for the construction of a house from a profiled timber can be used soaked or hanging.

Hanging design

This system has a design based on the side cutting walls of the church. But at the same time, the rafters negatively interact with the walls, cutting them. To avoid this in the frame of a two-tie roof of the leg, tightened with special tightening. Tightening and legs form a triangular mount that has rigid ribs, and the design is not deformed over time.

In the rafter design, the role of trap can play the beam overlap. So the design can be used as an attic. For greater strength on top of the rafter, the tightening is also installed at least 50 cm from the roof of the roof.

You need to make such a design if there is no more than 10 cm between the carrier walls of the cutting walls, if this span is more and between it there is a carrier wall, which divides it in half, then a hanging system can be mounted

Crowing structures

The sublocking system of the rafter is installed on a log house with any span. Its feature in the supporting beam, which is placed in the middle in the span of the walls. It is advisable to use this design at a distance between carrier walls of more than 10 m.

If there is a carrier column between the main carriding walls, then the attic version of the rafters can be used. At the same time, the rafters will be attached to the column, and there are additional rafters between the columns. But to make it without certain skills difficult.

How to calculate the roof rafters

Before you start making the roof frame with your own hands, you need to calculate the length and thickness of the beams.

Calculation of the section of beams

The cross section of rafting beams is directly related to their length and fastening step. To determine the ratio of these indicators there are special calculators with which it is not difficult to make calculation and GOST.

Calculation The ratio of the length and cross section of the beams in the form of a table:

Length of the rafter beam, m	The cross section of the material used, mm		Step of a rafter foot, m
Length of the rafter beam, m	Bar or board	Log	Step of a rafter foot, m
From 1-3.	80x100, 90x100, 90x160	100, 150, 160	1 – 1,35
From 3-4	80x160, 80x180, 90x180	160, 180	1,40 – 1,70
From 4-5	80x200, 100x200	200	1,40 – 1,75
From 5-5.8.	100x200	200	1,10 – 1,40
From 5.9-6.5	120x220	240	1,10 – 1,40

Judging by the numbers, if the length of the rafter is large, then the distance between them decreases, and the cross section increases. If you take the rafters of a smaller cross section and do not produce the desired calculation, then over the years the roof will see.

Paid beams - legs after the calculation is made, you need one length and mount each pair stands on a straight line.

Differences of the Double Roof

The main stages of the construction of the roof frame with their own hands consist of:

Mount Mauerlat.
Installation of rafter foot
Montage Skid.
Bunch of foot
Okeekhet

How do the installation of the roof professionals can be viewed on the provided video:

On the video you can see the ready-made frame from the bar and its description, each node clearly. Readers will find on the video of Mauerlat, rafter legs, their mount, etc.

Mount Mauerlat.

In wooden houses, you can not mount additionally Maurylalat. His role will play the top log or bar. But if the roof design should be higher, then the boring of the bar must be performed.

The laying of timber starts from its insulation, for this wall, the walls are dried with a double layer of rubberoid. The timber is processed and stacked. In the corners it is connected with her own hands using metal brackets and films in half the cross section.

Maurylalat places strictly parallel to the opposite wall so that the rafter legs are subsequently the same.

More about how to mount rafters to Mauerlat, you can see on the video below:

The video clearly shows how the fastening of the legs should look like - beams to Brusa from professionals.

Installation of rafter foot

For the accurate location of the rafter feet on Maulelat, a pencil and meter mark are made. But before this, it is necessary to make a scheme or calculation of their location.

The preparation of rafter legs start with cut from the bottom side to 1/3 in the width of the cut. They will rely on Maurylalat. From what material the case will depend on the option of their fastening.

From what an angle to fasten the beams - the legs will depend on the tilt of the future roof. You need to do it not very gentle and cool. It is better to make calculation according to the region's indicators. If the wind loads are large on the territory of living, the angle cannot be greater than 20 ° C. With high rainfall norms, the slope is made on 35-40 ° C. So snow and precipitation will not accumulate, and the roof will become self-cleaning.

In the upper part, the rafter legs are associated with a skate using iron brackets into a single design.

Lunch of rafter feet at hanging design

Beams - legs collect each other before they are edited. Connecting elements can serve bolts or nuts with iron plates. After graduating from the collection of triangular mounts with rapid legs, install starting from two extreme. Then set two follows. Fix the framework must be temporary dashed. At the end of the installation they are cleaned.

After complete installation of the legs, fasteners are attached. From their length will depend on the size of the outlet of the future roof. For a wooden house, this distance is taken maximum to prevent water from entering the walls.

Installation of rafters from a sleeve structure

With this installation, the rafter begin to mount from the ice to which two supports are installed. On top of the supports mounted a skating timber. Additional stiffness of the design gives bodies.

Sprinkle legs are fixed to the skate bruis. If at the same time take the length of the rafter legs a little more and to focus their disk saw after twisting, then the work will be more productive.

Installation of crates

After the installation of the rafter foot is finished starting to fix the crate. At the same time, they begin spout from the skate, where two massive wide boards are assembled.

Mount the crate is needed along the entire length of the duplex roof in a step under a certain roof.

When the rafter system is fully assembled, sewing sinks and roofs. After that, they laid the roofing material and insulate the design. About how to make the insulation of the roof, we talked here.

As you can see from the article to perform work with your own hands, it is not difficult, but representing how the design of the two-tie roof looks easy to make a plan and calculation for your log. And the material that will be used when installing, it is desirable to choose the best and high-quality.

The two-tight roof occupies the average position between single and multi-sighted levels of complexity and convenience of operation. Reliable protection of the house from the rain, wind and snow, a wide variety of forms and simple installation - these factors made a row roof most popular in our country. Its assembly can be carried out both by professional craftsmen and beginner builders. The design is used in the erection of capital structures and for small architectural forms - arbors, baths and tourist houses in camping.

Device and basic elements of a double roof

The two-tie is the roof consisting of two planes of the rectangular shape located above the walls of the building and connected at an angle from above.

The popularity of the two-sheet roof is due to the simplicity of its manufacture

The sropling system is the supporting structure of the roof, the purpose of which is to:

hold the outer and inner roof covering;
uniform distribution of load on bearing walls;
forming a roof frame required to align the plane of the skate.

To understand and successfully apply in practice the principles of a two-sheet roof device, consider in more detail the basic elements of its design. In any case, the knowledge of the accepted professional terminology will help when choosing and calculating materials.

Maurylalat. The reference beam installed on the wall. It is made of timber and brica coniferous wood. The purpose of Mauerlat consists in a uniform distribution of the roof weight on the carrier wall. The dimensions of the cross section of the bar are determined in accordance with the general dimensions of the roof, as a rule, it is from 10 to 25 cm in cross section. The mount is carried out by anchor bolts, metal threaded rods, brackets or wire. Between the Mauerlat and the surface of the wall, waterproofing material is stacked to prevent the contact of the hygroscopic stone and wood. Make Maurylalat can be made of solid array, crosslocked boards or glue timber.
For mounting Maurolalat to the wall, you can use anchors, threaded studs, brackets or wire
Stropil farms. The assembly of the rafter can be carried out both on Earth and directly on the roof. The farm is a triangle with specified sizes. Collect it from a boards or a bar with a thickness of 50 mm and a width of 150 mm. It is important to comply with technological tolerances when installing farms, since it is precisely the end configuration of the plane of the rods. The error of 1 cm at a distance of 0.6 m is considered unacceptable: the roof will be wavy, and the fit of the roofing material is uneven. The installation step rafters varies from 0.6 to 1.2 m.
The assembly of rafting farms can be done both on Earth and directly on the roof
Sill. This item is applied in the weed structures. As well as Mauerlat, it is installed on the support (inner) wall and serves to distribute the load from the racks under the skate run. The dimensions of the Lenz do not differ from the dimensions of Maurolalat, but there are exceptions (depending on the thickness of the wall).
In the design of the two-tie roof, the litter is located on the middle support of the house
Racks. Element serving to compensate for vertical loads. Racks connect skate and horizontal runs with ice and carriage beams. The thickness of the bar is selected depending on the overall roof construction. Fasten it with nails, screws and metal brackets.
Racks prevent the deflection of the rafted under load
Rigel (tightening). Strengthen the rigidity of the triangular construction of the rafter and bind the rapid logs between themselves into a single frame.
Rigel connects rafter lags and enhances the strength of the farm design
The horse (or the ski run) is the top horizontal part of the roof, located at the intersection of two planes of the skates. The run is a solid massive beam connecting the rods along the entire length.
All the upper points of the rafter farms are connected by a skate timber.
Overhang. A part of the roof that protrudes for Maurylalat is 40-50 cm. Designed to protect walls from wetting. Under the skes, the drainage gutter is installed.
Svet performs protective functions, closing the walls from dampness
Grub. The outer part of the design that is laid on top of the rafter. It is performed from wooden rails or (in the case of soft roof) plywood, chipboard or OSB plates. The function of the doomle lies not only in fixing the roofing material, but also in strengthening the rigidity of the frame as a whole. Edged or unedged bored boards impregnated with antibacterial compositions are used. The thickness of the root varies from 22 to 30 mm.
Before installing roofing on the rafter, a lamb is installed
Fakes. An additional element that is used in cases where the rafting lags have an insufficient length for organizing a full-fledged sweep. For extension, rafters use boards or a bar of the same or slightly smaller size. Fix them with nails and screws.
Fakes can be attached to rafters with bolts or nail bolts
Substropical legs (sores). The struts performing the role of the binder between the beams and rapid legs. Move from places from boards and timber. In the country construction, the rhe is used with a small diameter (up to 14 mm) with stool flat ends.
The main function of subcording legs (pylon) is to increase the rigidity of the rafter system

Video: Stages of construction of a rafter design

Options for the device of the rafter system

Depending on the location of the bearing walls of the building, one of the possible types of the rafter system is chosen:

coherent;
hanging.

Slopils

The rolling system of fastening assumes the presence of an additional supporting wall of the house to which the weight of the roof is transferred. To do this, skidding runs and litter, connected by vertical racks. This type of construction enhancement is simple and effective, but it interferes with the arrangement of the attic space under the residential zone. Useful area decreases and additional trim costs arise. A good solution to the problem in this case becomes a samantic (which is a continuation of the wall and erected before the start of the formation of the roofing system), the frontone, which takes on the weight of the roof design. In addition, the inconvenience of the ultimate technology includes the need for long elements. Transport and install runs, the length of which is more than 6 m, without lifting technology is extremely problematic. There are four types of weed structures.

Furgent rafters. There are three types of assembling such a design:
- with a hard fastening to Mauerlat (the skate run connects to the riding rafted with a sliding fastening with an additional fixation of metal straps);
  Strong fixation rafters to Mauerlat provide metal brackets
- with a slider mount to Mauerlat (the floating connection is duplicated by a flexible plate, the tops of the rafter are attached to the run or together in pairs);
  The slider mount is provided by a flexible plate installed in the top of the rafter farms.
- with a rigid fastening of the rafter feet and the ridge of the roof in a single whole (with the help of additional boards).
  In this embodiment, all elements of a rafter farm are binding to a hard triangle
Speed \u200b\u200brafters. Fastening the rafter feet to Mauerlat is rigid, but a horizontal run is added between the rapid legs. This design is an intermediate between the roller design and hanging. It is used in cases where the bearing wall is quite powerful and is able to withstand the expanding pressure from the roof. Sometimes a reinforced concrete belt is installed throughout the perimeter of the roof.
Speaker rafters transmit driving loads from the roof to Maurylalat, so they apply only in cases where sufficient wall strength can be ensured
Rafters with pins. The sink performs the function of an additional support, it is often referred to as the third rafter foot or a substropyle foot. It is installed at an angle of 45-50 o and does not allow to sign the main rafters. Using the pylon, it is possible to overlap spills with long distances (up to 15 m). The main thing in assembly is the accuracy in cutting the corners of the subposter in accordance with the sling of the rafter foot. Other calculations are not required. The tack is nailed to the bearing elements on both sides.
Rafters with pins allow you to overlap the flights of long length
Rafters on subcreen beams. Along the length of the roof, an extra beam is stacked, on which racks supporting rafters are based on. The same function is performed by liter and other walls of the house. If there are no runs, a separate rack is installed under each rafter foot. The tightening is installed below the run, thus eliminates the spacer. With the help of kits installed at the bottom, compensate for the weight of the weight of the rapid part of the rafter. Additional boards, connected, fix the position of the bout.
To strengthen the design of the rafter in the circuit with a substropile beam, additional elements are used: tightening, riglels, bout and strip

Hanging rafal

Hanging diagram is applied in the absence of medium support. The rigidity of the roof is enhanced by installing bundles and riggers between adjacent rapid farms. Often this is the only way to arrange the roof, especially in cases with small overlap.

One of the essential advantages of this type of construction is the high strength and rigidity of the frame.When the suspension of the rafter system disappears the need to fix Maurylalat.

Hanging systems, as well as the urban, are divided into 5 species, each of which is three-shirt.

Triangular three-stroke arch. The least costly option of the roof device. It is a triangle with a limited degree of load. There are two options for fastening rafters to the tight - orthogonal windshield and a bundle with the help of lamellar mounting elements.
Rafters and tightening are fastened by the method of wrinkle or with the help of hard plates of wood or metal
Three-walled arch with raised tightening. It is used in the device of attic rooms that are planned under the attic. The transverse tightening is installed in the top of the rafter farm. Mount to Mauerlat - slider. For good operation of the system, a long release of rafted over the walls of the walls is recommended. To compensate for the possible tightening, suspensions are used (one or more - by circumstances). If the tightening length is large, it is possible to splicing two brusons with a clamp.
Floating mounting to Mauerlat removes tension from rafters, and the place of installation of the tightening determines the height of the attic room
Triangular arch with grandmother and pan. In the case when the rafters have a very large length, additional pumps are applied to strengthen them. They reduce the likelihood of a deflection under the action of external loads and transfer the weight of the roof to the lower tightening. In addition, to the skate run, they suspend a grandmother, which supports the horse, and therefore contributes to an increase in the rigidity of the whole structure.
The triangular arch with the grandmother and the pink applies with a very long length of the rafted, when you need to unload the ski knot and increase the rigidity of the entire system
Treated Arch, enhanced by suspension or grandmother. This type of rafter design is used for roofs with large (more than 6 m) spans. Its essence is that the weight of the tightening is transferred to the ski run. They are connected by pendants, whose ends are clamped into the clamps. The pendant from the wooden bar is called a grandmother, and iron-heavy. With the help of bolts of the clamp, you can adjust the degree of tension, which is especially relevant in the case of a tightening.
Pendants and grandmothers prevent tightening deflection, and the degree of tension of the fastener can be adjusted
Triangular arch with Rigel. With high spacer loads at the top of the triangle, a rigle is added. He, in contrast to the tightening, compensates compression voltage. Rigel fastening does not allow a hinge compound with rafters. The tight is installed at the base of the structure.
Horizontal rigle is installed to compensate for the spacer loads at the top of the rafter farm

Video: Mounting rafters for garage and bath

From what depends the height of the ridge of a bone roof

As noted above, the horse is the upper horizontal part of the roof formed by the crossing of the skates. Determining the height of the skate is one of the key tasks when designing the roof. The incorrect solution will attract a number of problems related to further operation.

Climatic conditions of the region. These include the average annual level of precipitation, wind load and the height of the snow cover. Each factor introduces its own adjustments when choosing a roof height. So, protracted snow drifts and abundant rains suggest the rods of the skates more than 45 o, while the precipitates go with the roof rather quickly, not having time to cause damage. In the steppe zones, where stable winds dominate, it is customary to build the roofs of the roof, with a slope slope of not more than 10-12 o. Here, the roof with a low-scope design will last longer and will more effectively save heat in the house.
The presence or absence of an attic room in the house design. Since the bartal roofs are of two types - with an attic or without it, when choosing an angle of inclination, you need to take into account the further stages of operation. One of the most common embodiments of the attic room is attic. To do this, use a special design of a two-tie roof, which is called broken and expands the useful area of \u200b\u200battic. The variant without a attic is more often used in the construction of garages, warehouse hangars and such structures.
The roof without an attic overlap increases the size of the room, but has large heat loss
View of the roofing material. Knowledge of the properties of the outer coating affects the optimal choice of slope and the height of the skate. Here are some basic rules:

It is necessary to take into account the fact that raising the skate is accompanied by additional financial expenses. For example, a construct with a bias of 40-45 degrees will cost 1.5-2 times more expensive than the roof with rods of 10-12 degrees. With a further increase in the angle of inclination, the cost increases in geometric progression.

The importance of correctly determining the height of the roof ridge in each particular situation is difficult to overestimate. She did not remain without the attention of regulatory building documents.

Collection of Rules and Tables Snip 01/23/0199 and SP 20.13330.2011 Details reflect the requirements for the construction of roofs in various climatic zones.

There are also regulated the minimum sizes of instepical attic (residential attic). Not only the convenience of the room for human life, but also fireproof norms is taken into account. The sizes of the attic should not be less than the required minimum for the prevention and maintenance of the roof - 1.5 m in height and 1.2 m in length. It is allowed to narrow the passes in complex compound structures by 35-40 cm.

There are two ways to determine the height of the skate:

Graphic in which the accurate drawing is used on a specified scale.
Mathematical - with the help of geometric formulas, expressing the dependence of the height of the skate on the length of the roof and angle of inclination.

The third one can be called an automatic method of calculating using online calculators, which are replenishing the Internet today. But with all respects for modern computer technologies, it is necessary to make a report in the fact that in case of an error or inaccuracy of the calculations, no one will suffer responsibility for in vain spent money.

Therefore, it is better to still perform calculations yourself. Geometric calculations are made according to the formula H \u003d L ∙ Tg A, where H is the height of the skate, L is half the length of the span, and the TG A is the tilt of the slope angle, whose value can be taken from reference tables.

To determine the height of the skate you need to know the size of the base and the tangent of the angle of inclination

Table: Tangent values \u200b\u200bof different angles for calculating a two-sheet roof

Types of two-sheet roofs

Above, we looked at the variants of the double roofs from the point of view of the internal structure of the structure. Now we will analyze their external structure.

Roof with different angles of slope

The roofs with different slopes are called asymmetric. More often they are used in small architectural forms, but there are cases and capital buildings with such roofing. The bottom line is that the building covers the roofs with different skate lengths. The number of skates does not change - they are also two, but the perception of the building as a whole is significantly changing. The construction becomes unusual, in its own stylish, acquires uniqueness and attracts people's eyes.

The elongated roof slide can be used to organize an additional functional annex, such as a garage

Despite additional difficulties in the construction of such a roof, the popularity of the design does not decrease. On the contrary, developers seek to give homes unusual, original forms. To do this, they use various architectural techniques, including roofs with different skit lengths.

Roof with a hearing window

Hearing windows bring a unique flavor to the exterior of the building and are very useful in a practical sense. With their help, the problem of illumination of the attic is solved, as well as natural ventilation without attracting additional technical means. Installing auditory windows is a difficult, requiring knowledge and skills. Initially, the hearing window was considered a glazed opening in the front of the roof, but today the range has expanded, the windows mounted into the rocks are also attributed to this category. In appearance, the auditory windows are divided into:

mansard;
single one;
two-screw;
arched;
walm;
french flat;
with side walls in the house plane;
without side walls in the house plane;
with side walls not in the plane of the house.

Each type of auditory window is installed in its technology.

Of all the listed categories, only mansard windows can be installed both at the time of the roof and after construction. The rest are constructed simultaneously with the assembly of the rafter design. This is due to the need to organically embed a window in the support system, which should withstand climatic loads and not cause leakage or roof breaks.

The auditory window should fit into the overall support system of rafters and withstand all the loads acting on the roof

Installation of auditory windows is performed in accordance with the regulatory documents SNIP 11-26 and SNiP 21-01.

They negate the conditions under which you can install a hearing window:

the valid slope slope is at least 35 o;
the maximum permissible size of the window with drop-down sash - 1.2x0.8 m;
the hearing window on the roof with a holm construction and a rectangular facade cannot be in the same plane with the walls of the structure;
for outdoor windows, a tile can be used, copper, leaf steel.

You can install an auditory window yourself or contacting professionals. But in any case, it is necessary to comply with the general construction rules developed by the profile organizations.

Roofs with "cuckoo"

"Cuckoo" is a built-in design in the form of a protruding window or balcony. The appearance of such a structure is beneficial from the surrounding houses, and the indoor planns of the attic is transformed and becomes more interesting. In addition to the aesthetic advantages, "Cuckoo" increases the useful volume and area of \u200b\u200bthe residential floor, increases the level of natural lighting. The window located on the south side of the roof contributes to the penetration of the attic of direct sunlight. Improve the ventilation of the room.

The design of "Cuckoo" creates an original appearance and increases the area of \u200b\u200billumination of the attic, but requires a thorough calculation to preserve the roof bearing

But there is a "cuckoo" and shortcomings, mostly financially:

increases the complexity of installation work;
increases the overall estimate of the construction of the roof;
there is a need to use the services of qualified designers and builders.

The illiterate installation of the remote window (or balcony) on a two-tie roof may cause damage to the roof and the formation of leaks.

Rough with big swells

The roof, far-leaving the house, is called the roof chalet. The technology is borrowed from Europe - from the mountain alpine regions of France and Switzerland.

One of the features of the roof of the "chalet" type is the increased size of the roofing sinks

Distinctive features are considered the first floor, isolated from stone, and the second floor, fully made of wood with a volumetric canopy bone roof and large deposits. The originality of the exterior is combined with the practicality, due to the formation of a large area around the house, protected from snow and rain. Such a solution reliably protects the walls of the house from wetting, increases sound insulation indoors. The facade side is often equipped with windows and balconies of full length. Despite the impressive dimensions, the roof is practically not driving the building. If the removal of the roof exceeds 3 m, its edge additionally rests on columns or walls. There are numerous projects in which the rafters smoothly descend to the earth itself. Next to the structure, an additional insulated area is formed, which is used for utility purposes, as a car parking, etc.

Traditionally, the roofs are covered with a shingle, but for our latitudes it is a very expensive material (oak, split on tiled plates). Therefore, today for such roofs use modern natural and synthetic materials, including:

straw or reed;
flexible or ceramic tile;
composite stylized roof;
dranco or gear from larch.

Shifted roofs

The avant-garde direction in architecture includes roofs designed according to the principle of asymmetry. The horse is shifted from the central axis of the building, due to which the roof sometimes acquires the most fantastic outlines.

Despite the bizarre form, the roofs with a displaced center regularly perform their functions.

Formally such a drawing can be considered one of the varieties of roofs with different angles of slopes. In practice, this technique is used in cases where the internal support walls are not in the middle of the building. The displacement is due to the desire of the designer to open the rafter design as a reliable way and reduce the costs of gaining a hanging span.

Choosing roofing materials

Of all possible options for roofing coat, the most common materials are artificial materials. The table below presents the comparative characteristics of the main coatings presented in the construction market.

Table: properties of roofing materials

Name of material	The angle of slope	Fireproof level	Noise insulating properties	Specific weight, kg / m 2	Service life	Price	The level of complexity of the assembly	The complexity of repair and replacement	Disadvantages of material
Professor	12-90 O.	Tall		5,7–9,4	30–35	Low			Noise, corrosion exposure, large waste on the roof of complex shape
Asbicated slate	12-60 O.	Tall	Average (but higher than the metal types of roofing)	10–15	25–30	Low	Middle	Light, replacement of a damaged plot	The presence of asbestos harmful to humans. Fragility covered with moss.
Ondulin	15-90 O.	Low	High	6–6,5	35–50	Low	Easy installation that does not require high qualifications	Light, replacement of a damaged plot	Color is guaranteed for 5 years, low decorative properties.
Ceramic tile	15-60 O.	Tall	Good	40–100	up to 100.	Very high		Light, replacement of a damaged plot	The only drawback is the fragility of the material on the break
Cement-sand tile	15-60 O.	Tall	Good	18–30	up to 100.	High	Complex, requires qualifications	Light, replacement of a damaged plot	Not
Metal tile.	from 14 O.	Tall	Low (especially with illiterate assembly)	3,5–5	40–50	Low	Easy installation that does not require high qualifications	Light, replacement of a damaged plot	Large overrun of material when installing a complex roof. Sounded corrosion.
Soft (bituminous) tile	from 15 O.	Tall	Good	3–4	30–40	Average	Easy installation that does not require high qualifications	Light, replacement of a damaged plot	The composition contains bitumen, carcinogenic substance.

In addition, under the construction of roofs, such non-standard types of coatings, as straw, reed or jammed, are sometimes used. But this phenomenon is rather possible to call the exception from the rules and tribute to ancient traditions, these materials do not have a mass application.

Laying the roof from the root requires large and painstaking labor and is more likely to exotic options.

Projects of houses with a double roof

Most developers, choosing a ready-made project of a house or cottage, pay attention to the functional features of the structure and the shape of the roof. And it is no coincidence. The cost of the roof can be up to 30% of the total estimates. But the budget can be noticeably reduced, if you change the shape and choose inexpensive roofing materials. In this regard, the two-sheet roof has an explicit advantage over the rest. And so today it is the most sought-after. Here is not a complete list of advantages of a two-sheet coating at home:

any construction, including complex multi-level buildings, can be covered with a roof with two slopes (without prejudice to the appearance and internal comfort);
the installation of the roof will cost much cheaper due to the ease of installation and availability of materials (without prejudice strength and reliability);
when coating with metal tile, the amount of waste will be minimal (for example, in the hollow roof, waste can be up to 30%).

Architectural and construction organizations have a huge number of finished projects, and for small money we are finalized by customers.

Photo Gallery: Ready-made options for houses of houses with a double roof

One-storey house of economy class, covered with a two-tie roof, refers to the most inexpensive and most popular option for country housing
Mansard windows partially replace artificial lighting on the attic floor
In a two-story house you can make a low horse and a small attic room
High bartal roof allows you to organize full-fledged residential areas on the attic floor

Individual design (including independent) is mainly carried out to build houses with double roofs and improved layout, such as:

single-storey residential buildings with increased dimensional sizes;
dersighted houses with lug-earth and without;
two-storey houses with attic and mansard rooms.

Deciding with the necessary accommodation parameters and financial capabilities, you can independently or with the help of specialists to create your own project of your dream home.

Double roof for gazebo

The wonderful invention of our ancestors is a gazebo. Relaxation outside the city, family celebrations, meeting guests in the country area and picnics are just a brief listing of those functions that are associated with a gazebo. It is possible that that is why such a structure is present in almost every country site. One of the main components of the arbor is the roof.

The two-sheet roof reliably protects the gazebo from the rain, dust and fallen leaves and gives it a kind of fairy tale

Arbors are built with various types of roofs, but the most popular are precisely twin.

Photo Gallery: Arbors with Double Roofs

The bartal roof of the summer gazebos reliably tightens the visitors to camping from rain or direct sunlight
Skating offset is used to install additional supports for rafters that will not interfere with the input and output.
Built in the gazebo oven turns it into a small summer cafe
Arbors can be applied in parks and recreation areas to cover visitors from snow, rain or heat

The principles of the construction of the roof above the gazebo are largely identical to the fact that they are used in the construction of residential buildings. The difference lies only in the support device: the roof is not on the walls, but on columns or vertically installed bars.

Types of duplex roofs for arbors are identical in design with roofs of ordinary houses

Construction of the arbor can serve as a good experience before the construction of a large double roof with its own.

Assembling a single-table roof, of course, faster and easier. But giving preference to the classic duplex roof, the building owner simultaneously acquires a more durable coating and an attic room, which over time can be turned into a residential attic. The initial costs with interest will pay off, and the house will acquire a distinctive and at the same time an attractive appearance.

Properly designed and assembled according to the technology, the roof serve as a barrier that prevents penetration into the house of cold air and moisture. Outside the naked look, we see only a small part of the design - roofing. But the roof frame, which is the most important component, performs the main reference functions and assumes the effects of wind and snow loads.

So that it is not deformed into the result of operation, it is necessary to correctly calculate the amount of cross section of its elements and determine the distance between them, taking into account the weight of the roofing material, slope and climatic conditions. In this article we will tell that it represents the rafter system of the duplex roof of the house, from which it consists, as is designed and going to do it.

The rafter system for a dupping roof of the house is a system of interconnected support elements, which in the aggregate constitute the framework frame.

It is made of wood or metal in accordance with the calculation of loads that will affect them during operation. The rafting roof frame performs the following functions:

Gives roofing the necessary slope. The traditional shape in the form of an equilateral rectangle of the two-tie roof gives precisely the rafter frame forms a slope between the base of the roof and its skate. Located at an angle, the surface allows snow and water freely to slip from the skate.
Distributes the load from the weight of the roofing cake. The weight of the roofing pie taking into account the snow load can reach up to 500 kg / m2, so the two-screw roof is subjected to intensive load especially in winter. The rafters of the bartal roof evenly distribute the weight that fall on them, and then transmit the load on the bearing walls and the foundation of the house.
Serves as the basis for fastening thermal insulation and roofing material. The rafting roof frame serves as a peculiar skeleton of the design, around which its "body" is built. The thermal insulation should be installed between the rafter feet, and the roofing coating is recorded on the crate, which protects against moisture penetration.

Please note that the design of the rafter system of the two-tie roof is quite complex for design and assembly, especially if the wizard lacks experience. After all, that it can be able to withstand intensive loads, it is necessary to correctly calculate the cross section of the rafted and step rafters, given the slope and the length of the skate, the roofing material used, and also make the drawing by which the assembly will be performed.

Types of rafter systems

The rafting systems differ in many factors, their composition depends on the characteristics of the planning of a wooden or brick house, the total weight of the roofing pie, the material from which the frame is made, as well as the type of roofing coating.

An important characteristic of the structure is their bearing ability, which determines which weight they can withstand without deformation. According to characteristic features, the following types of rafter systems distinguish:

Cover

The rafter frame of the sound type is called the frame, which rafters have 2 points of the support. The upper end of the leg is based on the skoth run, installed on the vertical racks, fixed on the interior wall. And the bottom end it is installed on Maurylalat.

The assembly of the rafter system of the utility type on a two-bundle roof is possible only if at least 1 carrier partition or capital column is located inside the house. Such a design is often called faithful, because the second point of the support rafters compensates for the operating load on the walls of the house, which is involved in the suspension scheme of the frame installation.

Slinged sloping legs with a load only on bending, which can be eliminated by various colts. The rolling rafter system allows you to block houses wide up to 14 meters.

Hanging

The hanging rafter system is characterized by the fact that its rafters are based on the lower end on the Mauerlate timber installed on the outer bearing walls. The upper end of the rafter feet of such a design does not relieve anything, but as if hanging in the air, because of which there are 2 types of load: on bending and on driving.

The operating load of such a scheme for the location of the elements on the outer walls is so large that it comes with the help of numerous riggers and strings, at the expense of which the rainstream of the rafter pairs takes place.

The device of the bone roof with hanging rafters consists of triangular farms, the rigid form of which is not subjected to loads. It is believed that the complexity of the tricky scheme is much higher.

The sropling system of the two-tie roof is easily mounted, if it is possible to correctly calculate the step of the rafter, that is, the distance between the rafters and the magnitude of their cross section.

Combined

Combining the best from the same system, recognized as the most reliable. Apply it in cases where inside the room as a support inside the house uses not walls, but columns. Then the hanging and sprinkled rafters can be alternating to increase the design due to additional elements, without increasing the flow rate of building materials.

Important! A sliding rafting roof is another type of frame, which is characterized by the fact that the rafter legs are installed on Maurylalat not using a rigid fastening, but using a moving support. The sliding mount allows the roof to change within the stock of the stroke dimensions during the shrinkage of the wooden house.

Design

The device of the rafter system of the two-tie roof of any of the listed species is a set of auxiliary and reference elements. They distribute uniformly weight of roofing pie, as well as compensate for the sawing and bending loads arising between them.

The cross section, length and step of the rafter are determined using an engineering calculation that takes into account the weight of roofing pie, climatic conditions in the construction region, as well as the bias of the design. The composition of the rafter frame of the two-tie roof usually includes the following items:

Mauerlat.. Mauerlat bar Install on the outer walls of the house on which roofing rifles are based on. It serves to mitigate the pressure on the supports and the uniform distribution of the load on the weight of the roofing cake. It is made of a solid timber with a cross section of 150x150 mm or 200h200 mm and is attached to the upper wall belt using anchor bolts or long metal spills.
Sill. This is an analogue of Mauerlat, only it is installed on the inner bearing walls, and it is necessary to set the vertical resistant for mounting the skate run.
Stropile legs. This term denotes the framework elements that are made of boards with a cross section of 150-40 mm and are installed at an angle to the base of the roof, forming an angle of inclination of the skate. What a distance between rafters, their length and thickness is determined by calculation that take into account the total loads with which they are subjected during operation.
Tightening. The tightening is called beams that have horizontally and bind the legs of one rafter pair among themselves to reduce the operating load on the outer walls of the design. Rigel is a tightening mounted under the skener of the design.
Stands. The rack is called a vertical bar, exposed on the healer to support the skate run. Determine how much the distance should be between the racks simply, because it repeats the step of the rafter.
Scrollish. Diagonally arranged backups that support the rafter feet in the middle or at the bottom, preventing their deflection, is called pins.

Note that it is possible to determine how to position the elements of the rafter system can only calculate the time and permanent loads with which they will be subject to operation. Calculating the total weight of roofing pie helps to determine the right distance between the rafters, calculate their length and the necessary thickness.

The calculation of the rafter system of the two-sheet roof is to be built on the fact that in the front size it has the shape of an equilateral triangle, calculating the sides of which can be easily using simple trigonometric formulas.

These uncomplicated calculations help determine the optimal distance between the rafters, their thickness and length. The design calculation is performed in the following sequence:

Determine the design and bias of the roof. There are various ways to choose the type and evidence of the roofing design. This parameter depends on the climatic conditions and operational characteristics of the selected roofing material.
Determine the total load on the design. For this, constant loads (roofing weight, its weight frame, thermal insulation and overlapping) with temporary loads (snow load, wind load), are multiplied by a correction coefficient, taking into account the slope slope, and then add 10-15% to this figure so that The frame has a certain margin of safety.
Calculate the length of the rafter feet. For this, the Pythagora theorem is used, because the rafter farm is an equilateral triangle. It turns out that the square of the length of the rafting leg is equal to the sum of the blood height squares and half the downstream length. Knowing how to calculate the length of the rafter, you can calculate the height of the skate.
Determine the cross section of the elements. The optimal cross section of the elements is chosen according to the tables in accordance with the length of the rafter legs and distances between them. What these indicators are more, the thicker should be raftered.

Remember that before calculating rafters on the roof, you need to decide on the basic parameters of the structure. In particular, it is necessary to know exactly the height of the skate and the bias of the roof, as well as the dimensions of the overlapping room. The result of the calculation of the roof elements should be a detailed scheme of the rafter system, reflecting their dimensions and angles between them.

Calculate the angle of inclination

The angle of inclination is not selected depending on the aesthetic preferences, but focusing on weather conditions, taking into account the roofing material. The coolest skates of 40-45 degrees are constructed in areas with a large number of snow cover, and more germinated 10-20 degrees in places with a strong gusty wind.

Take into account that the coolest slope, the higher the consumption of materials, the longer the cost of the roof. Be sure to take into account the requirements of the material:

Tile, slate require a slope of at least 22 degrees, otherwise, precipitation sediments are sediated between the elements.
The metal tile is placed at an angle of at least 14 degrees, as it suffers greatly with wind gusts, it can deform or fly away.
The soft roof allows an angle of inclination to 5-10 degrees, making it possible to cover it the slopes of any geometry.
Ondulin is considered one of the most reliable materials and can be used even for the roof with a slope of less than 6 degrees.
Proflists can not be laid at an angle of less than 15 degrees, however, the slopes even with a valid bias are desirable to handle the sealant for better waterproofing.

Build technology

Before assessing the roof frame, it is necessary to calculate the parameters of its elements based on the calculation of the total load on the design, as well as create a detailed drawing, reflecting its results.

Having a frame scheme in front of them, the installation of a rapid system of a two-tie roof is much easier. The design of the construction assembly implies the following sequence:

First on the upper belt of the outer walls, which will be laid down by Maurylalat, and on the inner partitions, if the system is a sleeve, is mounted. These elements should be firmly fixed using anchor bolts or studs.
Then fasten the rafter. They are fixed with the help of nails to Mauerlat, as well as join with a metal lining. It is worth recalling that in the rafters made drank under the Mauerlant timber, and not vice versa. First, the installation of the rafter, located with the edge, to set the level by which the other pairs will be aligned.
After installation, the rafter should be put the auxiliary support elements that will support them - crackers, tightening, contractions. In order to continue to fix the rigleel, its end is made with a protrusion half of the thickness of the bar and hand it over to the rafter, fixing nails in several places.
On top of the rafting legs, they drive the crate to which the roofing material is fixed. The material and the shaft step are chosen in accordance with the characteristics of the roofing material and the roof slope.

Remember that a competently designed and qualitatively collected rafting system is the key to the strength, reliability and durability of the two-tie roof. Therefore, do not neglect the help of professional roofers and designers when creating a roofing design for your home.

Video instruction

Housing construction today is so diverse that sometimes the erected structures acquire a completely quirky fantastic look. In particular, architects love to experiment with the roof, which is done and transparent, and in the form of foliage trees or flower, and a skateboard platform - in general, their fantasy is completely limitless. But we are somehow closer to simpler options, such as a two-tie roof. About what it is, and from which the sropling system of the two-tie roof is - let's talk in this article.

It is this kind of design that is most popular in the construction of residential buildings, since it is created with a sufficient attic space that does not require additional insulation. In addition, the duct roof is not as complicated in the installation, such as a four-page, and also does not require huge investments for its installation.

The double roof is a construction consisting of two rectangular planes that are connected in the upper part with each other, and in the lower parts - with the walls of the house. The end part of this building is usually built from the same materials as the walls of the building, sometimes the entrance to the attic is built here.

Recently, it became very popular to build an extra room on an attic space, often used as a summer guest hall. The installation of a rapid system of a double roof and the subsequent insulation of the received room allows you to create a full room, live in which you can both in summer and in winter.

All pluses of two-tie structures

The main components of the rafter roof are Maurylalat and rafting legs, besides, to make the design of durable and reliable help various pumps, racks, riglels, stops and crates. The drawing of the two-sheet roof also includes a layer of insulation, vapor insulation, waterproofing and directly roof. Thanks to all these elements, the double roof has a number of benefits:

simplicity of technical execution;
low probability of leakage, as the design is solid;
high economy, because its construction is consumed a relatively small amount of materials;
the possibility of arrangement in the attic of a full-fledged residential zone;
simplicity of repair in case of defects;
high strength and wear resistance.

The angle of inclination is an important component of a durable roof.

The magnitude of the angle of inclination is determined depending on the weather conditions of the region of residence, on the features of building materials and from architectural requirements.

For example, in areas where the loss of a large amount of precipitation is a normal phenomenon, the roof is always performed at a large angle. This is necessary so that on its surface, snow masses have accumulated as little as possible, capable of bringing the construction. In the regions with the strongest winds, the gentle roofs are most often built, since the wind pressure on such structures is significantly reduced.

In whatever climatic zone there was no dwelling, the rafter system of the bone roof cannot be built at an angle of less than 5 degrees!

Recommendations for the calculation of the area of \u200b\u200ba two-sheet roof

Calculation of the roof area - picture

It is not so difficult to carry out the calculation, as it may seem at first glance, but this painstaking process requires ambitiousness - all data must be renovated at least three times. Agree, no one wants to spend money on completely unnecessary building materials.

In some cases, the measurement of the roof area can be complicated by some "obstacles", for example, the presence of an attic or an unusual form of a roof - here without the help of a specialist, it is hardly possible to do. We will consider the calculation of the area on the classic version of the roof with two slopes:

First, determine the length of each slope, it is equal to the distance between the lower edge of the skate and the extreme point of the eaves;
Consider all the elements of the roof: Parapets, Sves, firewall walls and other structures that create an additional volume;
We are determined with the type of roofing material for which we will calculate the area;

It should be borne in mind that in the case when the roof is covered with a roll or tiled view of the materials, the length of each slope will become less somewhere 0.7 m.

Elements such as ventilation mines, windows and chimney pipes, do not take into account;
When, taking into account all the details, the area of \u200b\u200beach slope is counted, we calculate the slopes: the elements of the rods multiply on the cosine of the angle of the roof, and the calculation of the area is carried out only on Sves.

For the greatest convenience of calculating and obtaining the right data, it is best to calculate the area of \u200b\u200beach element separately, and then fold the figures obtained.

The roof area is calculated, it was determined with the roof - it remained only in detail in all elements of the design, such as rafters, Mauerlat, side / skate runs, saws and discharge, as well as diagonal bonds, after which it is possible to calculate the specific type of the solo system.

Hanging and swelling rafters

Of course, such a structure, as a rapid system of a two-tie roof with her own hands, in the minds of many it seems like something very complex and time consuming. But if you carefully consider the construction of such a design and study the necessary material in advance - the question will remain only in the "number of hands", which you will need for the construction process.

Let's start with such a component of the roof like hanging rafters. These bars have only two points of support - walls, so the main loads acting on them are bending and compression. The weight of the roof, as well as the effect of snow and wind, through hanging rafters is transmitted to the walls so that this pressure is compensated, the rafters are connected by a tightening of metal or wood. It is possible to have it at any height, but what it is higher, the stronger and stronger it should be.

Slot rafters are bars that have an intermediate backup, resting on the inner wall of the house. The main impact on this design is bending. The carrying structure of the roof is performed only from the ulissive supports when the distance between them is not more than 6.5 m.

The same roofing may consist of climbing and hanging rafters at the same time: where there is an intermediate support - the withdrawal rafters are erected, and where there is no hanging.

Maurylalat and runs

The lower part of the rafted in homes built from the bar relies on the upper crown, and in the buildings from brick or foam concrete - on a special bar called Mauerlat. For its laying along the inside of the carrier wall, the waterproofing material is placed on which Maurylalat lies. The length of the bar may be equal to the length of the wall of the building, and can be driven under the size of each rafter foot - so even more economical.

The ski run is a bar to which the tops of the rafter are fixed. That is - it is the lip of the roof. Its length depends on the length of the roof, so it is used for its construction as a solid array and several logs.

The side runs are needed for an additional support of the rafted, their emphasis is also done in the frontal buildings. The ends of such runs are sometimes produced beyond the limits of the frontones, thus, the unloading consoles are obtained, as a result - the roof pressure on the central part of the run is significantly reduced.

If the roof of the building is erected from heavy materials, for example, from natural tile, then the side runs are made in the form of a rocker, for this logs are a little pose and bend.

A little more about important roof elements

Diagonal overlaps - picture

Additional diagonal overlaps are called disclosures, with the help of which the solid system of the two-tie roof is strengthened, and the characteristics of opposition to the wind are incremented. The upper part of the columbs rests on the frontaths, and the bottom - to the central overlap.

The saws are necessary to reduce the load on the rafting legs, the installation at an angle of 45 degrees and above can significantly reduce the wind loads and the pressure of the snow masses on the roof, therefore, in the northern regions of the country, such roof elements are simply indispensable.

If the roof consists of a row of different areas, then the angle of their inclination will not be equal. Consequently, for the greatest strength of such a design in the "fracture" places, vertical racks are erected, which are based on sidebars. Most often, such structures are built for indoors.

In areas that differ in constant strong wind, the rafter systems are mandatoryly strengthen with diagonal bonds representing boards whose thickness from 25 to 50 mm. The lower edge of the boards is fixed to the heel of the rafter, and the top - by the middle of the opposite rafters.

Correct calculation of materials for the solo system of the two-tie roof

You should not be afraid to independently produce all the necessary calculations, because the dimensions of the two-tie roof, especially if it has the shape of an equilibried triangle, any person can calculate without deep mathematical knowledge.

So, consider the calculation of the solo system of the two-tie roof on a specific example. The house for which you want to build a similar structure has a width (W IR) 4M, a length of 6m, and the angle of inclination of the rafted (y) should be 120 degrees. The roof will be erected from the metal tile, the distance between the rafters is scheduled for 1 meter.

First, we find the height of the central support (C):

C \u003d 0.5? Sh ir / tgy / 2 \u003d 0,5? 4 / 1.73 \u003d 1,2m

The length of the rafter foot (DS) is calculated by the following formula:

DS \u003d 0.5? E IR / SINY / 2 + 0.5 \u003d 2.8M

0.5 In this formula, the allowance for the roof visor, it must be taken into account in obligatory!

Roof Area (PC) \u003d D? DS? 2 \u003d 33.6 m 2

It turns out that this is the number of sheets of metal tiles you will need for a roof.

The distance between each label of the crate (RP) can be conditionally taking for 35 cm, it means:

Length of the crate \u003d DS / RP? D? 2 \u003d 96 route meters

With the length of the house in 6m and the distance between the rafters in 1m, we will need 7 rafter legs, which means the number of timber for them and for Mauerlat is not less than:

Length of timber \u003d (2? DS + S IR + C) \u003d 75,5 P.M.

The required number of other materials is calculated in the same way. When all the calculations are made and the desired volume of building materials purchased - proceed to the direct construction of a two-sheet roof.

We build a two-screw roof with your own hands

So, now we come close to this moment as the installation of a solid-tie lines. This process begins with the construction of beam overlaps.

The options for their installation are only two:

If the indoor of the attic is not planned to be used as a housing, then boards are suitable for overlappings? 150 mm.
For the arrangement of the attic already required a ram with dimensions 150? 150 mm, and each of them stacked precisely on the bearing walls of the building. Only so you can create a truly reliable and durable attic structure, only the cost of its construction will be an order of magnitude more expensive than the construction of an ordinary attic. But the residential area of \u200b\u200bthe house will increase significantly - decide that it is more important for you and consider everything to the smallest detail.

Overlapping beams are stacked throughout the width of the building, leaving 500-600mm on the protrusion from the bearing walls - it will protect the wall from water flowing from the roof rods. All over the perimeter of the house on the beams, the board is placed, which will become the basis for the racks of the walls of the second floor - attic.

For the construction of all elements of the roof, the following fasteners are used:

screws,
nails
self-tapping screw
dowel
wire,
metal squares.

As soon as the racks are installed, you can start the arrangement of the rafter.

Such a sropling system of the two-tie roof with her own hands is the simplest in technical performance. Why? First, because it is not necessary to calculate the device rafters depending on the material and the arrangement of the insulation.

And secondly, the dimensions of the section will not be needed either.

The easiest way to "tighten" the two-screw roof of the correct triangular shape is, because all its components will have identical dimensions.

In addition, this system has a few undeniable advantages:

the cross section of rafters and Bruusyev has a high reserve for carrying ability;
this form is very reliable, since the load on the design is distributed evenly, and the risk of strain legs is disappear;
the triangular rafter system is an independent structure, so when problems occur in other elements of the building, it remains intact;
the beam, laid with a small protrusion, also performs the function of the frame for the entire weight of the roof - and this is an additional reliability of the whole building as a whole.

Slinge system of mansardes

It will only be about one-level attic, since it is quite possible to build it yourself. The construction of more complex designs is recommended to be entrusted to experienced specialists, as it is easy to make a mistake in the calculations without their help, and the result will be deplorable.

A board is put on the beam, from which the lower part is scolded - it is done for the fact that there were no gaps between beams and rafters.

On the board (100 mm) you need to put the beam, delay the line on the site of their docking. Then, on this line, the board must be cut down, as a result of which the bevelled board should be turned out to be tightly to all overlap beams.

Again, on this line we produce cut and so on. The execution of these actions will provide a dense and accurate fixing of the upper part of the rafter system, to the installation of which can be started. With the help of the lining, fix each row of rafted above (on the skate), in conclusion, the resulting strapping with a special riglel, which will perform the role of overlapping for the ceiling.

From how strong the rafters are fixed between themselves, the rigidity of the construction was directly dependent. It is best to use special metal overlays - so you can achieve the greatest strength of the roof.

When all rows of rafters are fixed, you can start checking the correctness of the creation of the frontones - they must be located strictly at right angles. The construction plumb is useful here - the thing is indispensable for such situations.

When the correctness of the design does not cause any doubt, you can begin the capital consolidation of all parts between themselves, the soft wire, nails or brackets will help.

Now you need to pull the twine at the top point of the frontal, it will be more convenient to install middle rafters at a single level.

To eliminate the possibility of providing a rafter system, it is necessary to strengthen the average rafters with special pins.

The installation of the subposses usually does not cause any difficulties: the lower part of them is fixed to the attitude of the attic, and the upper one - by the middle of the rafter, where you need to cut the groove the required depth. To secure the design, you need to choose nails from 200 mm.

That's all - the rapid system of the two-tie roof is ready! It remains only to build a crate and cover the roof of the roof, but it is completely different technologies that the conversation will go in the next article.

The row roof is the best option for an inexperienced builder, which can be made with your own hands. It is easy to perform, but at the same time reliable and can carry significant loads both wind and precipitation. She, of course, is not very beautiful, but it looks quite organic on the baths.

To do everything consciously, it is necessary to figure out the structure of the duplex roof and the purpose of all its elements. Let's start in order.

Mauerlat.

This is a big bar, fixed on the bearing walls around the perimeter of the building. It is on this element that accounts for most of the load from the roof. And it was Mauerlat that transmits it to carrier walls.

For this element, brus of a square section of 100 * 100 mm or 150 * 150 mm are used. They are connected with walls with stovered studs. If the bath is wooden, then Mauerlat usually serves the upper crown. For all other types of walls, the belt made of reinforced concrete is made in which the studs are embedded. Then the timing of the selected section is "put on" on the hairpins and attracts nuts. Sometimes it is further fastened with long pins.

Since the thickness of the walls is often larger than the width of Mauerlat, it can be laid with bricks from the outside. This will make the system more reliable. Only wood needs to wrap two layers of rubberoid - to protect against moisture and rotting.

Stropyl feet and horse

Konk is a horizontal wooden bar located at the top of the roof point and connecting two slides. On him and the Mauerlat relieves rafting legs or rafters. Since there is a fairly large load on the horse, it needs to do a lot of cross section and choose solid rocks.

The height of the roof of the roof is determined based on the downhone roof and width of the building. The block angle of the roof is a value that depends on climatic factors: if there are many snow in the winter, then you need to make the rods with coolest. With them the snow will go well. If the region is strong wind, the high roof will experience strong loads and it can damage it.

For medium conditions optimal roofing angle of about 35 ° -45 °. They will not be very littered with wind, and the snow will not be very stripped. In addition, with this angle, you can choose any type of roofing: and any of the tiles, soft roof, slate, metal tile.

Even remember, the higher the horse raised (steeper rods), the greater the roof area. And this will lead to the fact that the cost of buying roofing materials and the volume of work will be large.

Knowing the angle of the slope and the width of your bath, you can calculate the height of the roof ridge. For this, the width of the building should be divided into two (if the horse is in the middle, and not shifted in one or the other side) and multiply by the tangent of the angle of the slope (the first formula in the figure). In order not to look for the necessary coefficient in mathematical tables, it is discharged and is reduced to a simple table.

Roofing angle	5	10	15	20	25	30	35	40	45	50	55	60
TG A (Calculation of the height of the skate)	0,08	0,17	0,26	0,36	0,47	0,59	0,76	0,86	1	1,22	1,45	1,78
SIN A (Calculation of the length of the rafted)	0,09	0,17	0,26	0,34	0,42	0,5	0,57	0,64	0,71	0,77	0,82	0,87

Half of the width of the house multiplied by this coefficient. Get the height of the skate for your bath. For example, the width of the bath is 4 meters, an angle is selected 35 °. We consider: 4 m / 2 * 0.76 \u003d 1.52 m - the height of the skate from the overlap.

Now about rafting legs. They are made from bars of pine or ate, and better - larch. Section 50 * 150 mm or 50 * 100 mm. Choosing a thickness of bars depends:

The length of the rafting leg is also calculated by the mathematical formula: the height of the skate is divided into the sine of the angle of inclination (the second formula in the figure). Sinuses of the angles of inclination are also in the table. Find the desired value and consider. For example, for the end of 1.52 m and an angle of tilt 35 °, the rafters will be needed 1.52 m / 0.57 \u003d 2.67 m.

Svet Roof and Film

But the roof does not end exactly over the bearing wall. It continues beyond the limits of the walls of about 40 cm. This protrusion is called the rod of the roof. This is done so that water flows further from the foundation, did not wash it. Therefore, the rafting legs take longer. If their lengths are not enough, they are frozen by boards, which are called "lumps".

To organize the ovel roofing to the rafters add boards - Film

Types of rafter systems

The rafter systems are with hanging or coherent rapid legs. Hanging are based only on the outer walls of the building (at Mauerlat or the Upper Crown). In order to increase the reliability of the system, so as not to spill the walls, they are connected by the tighters (called the jumper or riglel). This type of rafter system is suitable for buildings of a small width (less than 10 m) and in cases where there is no bearing wall that comes in the middle.

Two types of rafter systems - with hanging and sprinkling rafters

The second type of system - with urban rafters. They rest on the ski bar and Mauerlat, but the load with the roof is distributed also on the middle carrier wall, through the vertical bars - the runs that are installed with the same step as rafters and rest on the lower tightening.

Setting the rafted two-tie roof with your own hands

For most of the bath, the system is made with hanging rapid legs - dimensions allow it to do. In this case, less consumption of sawn timber and less time is required for its arrangement. Most of the work can be transferred to Earth.

Make one triangle from rafters for all rules and sizes. Try it, and then make the right amount of accurate copies. Finished rafters with tightening and riglels, bonded and extinted, raise the roof. There are set strictly vertically in the marked places and secured to Mauerlat and the skate.

An example of how you can make a double roof with hanging rafters, smored in the video.

With the length of the roof slope of more than 4.5 meters to increase the reliability of the system, vertical racks are installed, which in one end support the rainstream leg, and the second rests in the beam of overlapping. This is done regardless of the type of installation of the rafted: both on the hanging, and on the urban. There are also the slopes that make the design even more rigid.

In any case, the rafter will need to be attached to the skate bruse, as well as to Mauerlat. The figure below shows the mounting options for the skate.

It will also be necessary to attach rafters to Mauerlat. How can this be done - see the photo below.

Cutting device

The manufacture of a duct roof ends with the device of the crate under the roofing material. For this, a waterproofing film or membrane is rolled along the outside. Fill it in a horizontal direction. Start from below, moving up. The second and all subsequent rows are laid with an allen at least 15-20 cm. Fix with small nails or braces from the stack.

After installing the rafter system, the film or the waterproofing membrane is fixed on it, and on top of the crate

There are two ways - with or without counter-crate. The counterclaim is stuffed along the rafters, and the bars are already on top. So there is an air gap between waterproofing and roofing material. This option is better from one point of view that such a roof will dry better and faster. And it is very important for baths.

Without a counterbalable, the bars are stuffed immediately over waterproofing. The clearance here is also, but it is less, therefore, the ventilation will be worse. But this option is acceptable: less consumption of materials and work too.

After the manufacture of the crate, it remains only to fix the selected roofing material.

RESULTS

Now you know how to make a double roof with your own hands. Of all types, this is the easiest option that can manufacture and non-specialist.