Inter-storey overlapping on wooden beams: calculation for collectible loads and permissible deflection. Wooden overlaps and ways of evacuation of buildings in the capital capacity group "Ordinary rolls from boards

Hello. The article will be discussed about a draft floor in a tree house. We study material for work, ways of mounting the rough floor and stages of work. Let's start with the preparatory work that cannot be ignored and which affect the quality and durability of the draft floor.

The draft floor and its device are relevant in the construction of all types of wooden houses, including frame houses, houses from the bar, houses from the sip panels, log houses.

Barface device in a tree house - Preparatory work

The design and the design of the floor of the floor in the house should be thought out at the design stage, and it is necessary to start preparing for the device at the construction stage of the foundation at home.

The draft floor begins with the proper arrangement of the underground. In the underground you need to make ventilation holes. Under the faning holes in the formwork of the foundation, layers from asbestos pipes are made or holes in the finished foundation are drilled.

The underground should be well ventilated. If the house stands on the cheese of the soil, then in the basement you need to make waterproofing. Waterproofing is made from a concrete screed with the shelter with its rolled waterproofers. Waterproofing materials are placed in two layers. Honey layers stacked insulation. The top layer of the insulation is laid across the lower layer.

All material for the device of the draft floor should be treated with special compositions from wood beetles, fungus and mold. Lags, floor beams, crowns are processed from all sides. Black floor boards are processed from the back side.

The processing is made in two receptions with a break of 4-5 hours. Insects use a 3% solution of sodium siliconfluoride or fluoride. If the beetles are already an accurate wood, then it is treated with chlorophos.

Draft

Let us dwell on the material in detail for the draft floor.

The design of the draft floor includes:

• Overlapping beams;
• Lags of the floor;
• Black floor board.

Beams overlaps

Overlapping beams are made from a bar of normal humidity with dimensions:

• 150 × 100 mm;
• 200 × 100 mm;
• 200 × 150 mm.

Lugi is put on the small side of the bar. Distance between beams 600 mm.

Pole lagows

Floor lags are made from a bruus of 200 × 100 × 6000. Lags on the edge of 100 mm are stacked. On the edge of 200 mm, the cranial bar is nailed for styling the draft board. It serves to lay heat insulation (2 layers) and waterproofing.

Chernovo blackboard

For a roughing device, a black shoe board is 100 × 25 × 6000. Weight boards of normal humidity (18%) 12 kg.

class \u003d "Eliadunit"\u003e

Cranial bar

One of the ways of laying a draft floor is the laying of the board on the cranial bar. He is nailed to the side of the lags and the blackboard is stacked on it. For the cranial bar, a timber is used in size:

• 50 × 50 × 3000 mm;
• 50 × 40 × 3000 mm.

Now about the device of the draft floor

Chernob's device

There are three ways of styling the draft floor.

1. The blackboard is inserted into the lagged groove in advance;
2. The blacks board is laid on the Bashchet (ledge on top of the lags);
3. The blacks board is stacked on the barn bromotor, which is called the skull.

The grooves and the brackets are cut into the lag specially. It is sometimes difficult and consumed. That is why the most popular method of laying the draft floor on the cranial bar.

Black floor laying technology on cranial bar

• We put the lags of the floor (after 600 mm). Lags are aligned with water or laser level. Lags are stacked on a narrow edge;
• A cranial bar is fastened to a wide edge of the lag. The cranial bar is attached to the bottom of the lag;
• The black board is laid on the cranial bar. Fix the board with nails;
• The underlined board is placed insulation and waterproofing. Rather, on the contrary, first waterproofing, then heatel in 2 layers.
• If system is planned

2.1.4. For the manufacture of shields, refused cutting boards are used. Reviews must be cleaned of the crust.

2.1.5. Each flooring board must be connected to the transverse plate with two nails through the lining. Nails break through the fibers of wood overcrow.

2.1.6. Cross slats and lining shields are not allowed. It is allowed to manufacture shields in two stages and the docking of the flooring of the flooring along the axis of the transverse slats or between the transverse planets using a liner with a length of 200 mm, as indicated by Dam.2. The junctions of adjacent boards should be located a rotary. The distance between the joints is at least 450 mm.

Damn. Shield elements mounting scheme

Shield elements mounting scheme

1 - flooring board; 2 - transverse strips; 3 - lining; 4 - Construction nails K2,5x50 according to GOST 4028; 5 - Construction nails K3,5x90 according to GOST 4028; 6 - Overlay

2.1.7. Shields must be rectangular, having smooth side edges and clean edges of the end sides.

Deviations of the shape of the shields should not exceed mm / m:

From straightness ......................................... 4

- from perpendicularity .................................... 2

- from flatness ............................................... . four

2.1.8. The gap between the floorboards should not exceed 8 mm.

2.1.9. Limit deviations from nominal sizes between transverse straps should not exceed 10 mm.

2.1.10. The strength of the shields determined by the value of the destructive short-term load should be at least 1500 H (150 kgf).

2.1.11. Wood moisture shields should not be more than 22%.

2.1.12. Shields should be protected from biodiversity by impregnating with aqueous solutions of bioprotective drugs in accordance with the requirements of GOST 20022.6.

2.2. Marking

2.2.1. Each pack should be applied to the indelible paint stamp or the tag is enshrined, where it should be indicated:

Name and address of the manufacturer;

Party number;

Types of shields and their number;

Type of antiseptic and processing method;

Designation of this Standard.

2.3. Packaging

2.3.1. Shields must be packaged in packs according to the scheme specified on the drawback. Putures should be associated at least two places with wire according to GOST 3282 or other dressing material, providing density and safety of packs during loading, transportation and unloading. Each pack should be packed in the same type of panels. The package of packs should not exceed 80 kg with manual loading, with a mechanized - 300 kg.

Damn.3. Packing Shield Packaging Scheme

Packing Shield Packaging Scheme

Package height (no more than 1.2 m); - Putchka length

3. Acceptance

3.1. Shields shipped by consumers should be adopted by the manufacturer's technical control department.

3.2. Shields take parties. The parties consider the number of shields, designed by one quality document.

When accepting shields in the composition of the sets of wooden products for homes, the volume of the batch is established by coordination of the manufacturer with the consumer.

3.3. The consumer has the right to select selective control of compliance with the quality of shields to the requirements of this standard.

3.4. In selective control from the batch of shields by the method of random selection, they choose for a visual inspection and measurements of 4% of the shields, but not less than 5 pcs.

3.5. If, when checking selected shields, the discrepancy will be set to at least one of them the requirements of this standard will be repeated, for which the double number of shields take from the party, but not less than 10 pcs. If at least one shield, which does not satisfy the requirements of this Standard, will be re-inspected, then the entire acceptance party is not subject to.

4. Monitoring methods

4.1. Selected shields check the piece.

4.2. The wood of wood and the presence of vices of wood and processing is determined visually, and their dimensions - according to GOST 2140.

4.3. The quality of impregnation of shields is determined in accordance with the requirements of GOST 20022.9 *.
_______________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation, the document does not work. GOST 20022.6-93 is valid. - Note database manufacturer.

4.4. The dimensions and deviations of the shape of the shields are determined with an error of up to 1 mM metal measuring rules according to GOST 427, with metallic measuring tapes according to GOST 7502, calibration rules with a length of at least 1000 mm according to GOST 8026, calibration plates according to GOST 10905, calibrational coals with a length of one of the parties not less than 500 mm according to GOST 3749, on TU 2-034-225.

4.5. Deviations from perpendicularity of shields are determined by a dense application of one side of the coated to the end or the side edge of the shield. The deviation of the other side of the coal from the shield is measured by a metal ruler.

4.6. Deviations from straightness of the edges of the shields are determined using the calibration ruler or the rail, tested along the plane and not flexing under its own weight. A ruler or rack is applied by an edge to the edge of the shield anywhere and the dipstick or metal ruler measure the gap between the line (rail) and the edge.

4.7. Wood moisture shields are determined according to GOST 16588.

4.8. From the number of proven and satisfying the requirements of this standard of shields in terms of indicators specified in paragraphs.4.2-4.7, two shields for tested for strength are selected.

4.9. The strength of the shield is tested by testing a short-term concentrated static load of 1500 N. Tests carried out when exposed to a load: one of the transverse slats; Two longitudinal boards.

The load should be applied through wooden strips, as indicated on the drawback. The size of the gasket: on the transverse bar - 75x75 mm, on the floor boards - 75x175 mm.

The overlap shield should be tested in the working position. The device for testing the shield must match the design of its support during operation. After the test load application, the shield is kept under this load at least 5 s.

Shield, withstanding without signs of destruction, test load, consider the satisfying requirements of this standard.

Chert.4. Shield load application diagram

Shield load application diagram

Note. The shield supports are conditionally replaced by arrows.

5. Transportation and storage

5.1. Putting shields are allowed to transport all types in accordance with the requirements of GOST 21650.

5.2. During rail transportation, placement and fastening of packs of shields should be made in accordance with the technical conditions of loading and fastening of goods approved by the Ministry of Communications. Transport markings - according to GOST 14192.

5.3. When storing, the shields must be sorted by types and are laid horizontally in packets high no more than 2.5 m. Under the lower row of the package should be laid wooden strips with a thickness of at least 70 mm.

5.4. When storing and transporting shields should be protected from moisture and mechanical damage.

6. Manufacturer's guarantees

6.1. The manufacturer guarantees the compliance of the shields with the requirements of this Standard when the consumer complies with the conditions for transporting and storing products.

The warranty period for storing shields - 12 months from the date of manufacture.

Appendix (Reference). Overlapping designs

ATTACHMENT
Reference

1 - shield of overlap; 2 - overlap beam; 3 - Chernoy Barlok

Electronic document text
prepared Codex JSC and drilled by:
official edition
Wooden details and products
from wood for construction.
Part 2. Gate, details and products,
shields of floors and coatings, beams
cleansing, Parquet Products, Designs
glued, Fiberboard and CSP plates: Sat. Gostov. -
M.: IPK Publishing standards, 2002

The cranial bar is a material that is fixed on the side face of a wooden beam, as a result of which the overlap shields are based on it. It is used both in civil and residential buildings, while it is important to observe the cranial and wooden timber to be in the same plane.

For attaching bars, nails of a certain diameter are used. At the same time, they must be scored at a certain distance and in the center of Brousa.

The cranial bars are a kind of carrying structure, to which all sorts of finishing materials are subsequently attached, for example, the lattice of the walls, or the lattice used to lay the tiled roof. It is also possible to use the wooden fence in the framework. The price of this material varies from 15,000 for 1M 3.

Bruus production

In most cases, the timber is made of pine, with the help of a special machine it is processed from all sides. The most common sizes of the cranial bar - 40x50 mm.

Its production is carried out by two main ways:

1. Standard cutting method - production is carried out from the wood of conventional moisture;
2. Dry planed method - involves the manufacture of a timber bar having a humidity of 8-10%. It is first dried with a special drying chamber, where all the bacteria can die.

Important!
Before applying the bar, it is necessary to treat bioprotective agent - it is capable of significantly increase its operational period.

Calculator

A simple calculator for calculating the required number of timber looks like this:

Still length

M.

Width of walls

M.

Height of wall

M.

Section of bar

150x150 mm. 180x180 mm. 200х200 mm.

Length of Bruus

5 m. 6 m. 7 m. 8 m. 9 m. 10 m. 11 m. 12 m.

Floor floor

The cranial bar is quite widely used in the process of the "draft" floor. Bruks are attached to the lags of the floor and subsequently they serve as a support for him. This is the easiest and fastest way.

Main elements

The base overlap or floor consist of the following items:

1. Beams - runs, which are based on the basement, or on the bustling crown (in the fires);
2. Lags - laid across the beam runs;
3. "Black" floor (roll);
4. Failure - insulation;
5. Clean floor.

The main carrier element of the overlap is the runs, it is they provide the desired stiffness of the structure.

Floor lags - beams with cranial bars

Important!
The overlap must withstand the load of about 200 kgf on 1 m 2 surfaces (in addition to its own mass, which is approximately 60 kgf per 1 m 2).
Under this condition, the construction is allowed.

Device flooring

1. For applying a thickness of 5-8 cm, if a large thickness is required, then the dual products are taken, but the use of a solid timber, or a log, protested at least one kant is allowed;
2. 4x4 cm cranial bars are fixed on the bottom of the beam-run. This is done in order to support the rank, which will later be laid;
3. If the log is protested for use as a beam, it is desirable to immediately outstret the cranial profile;
4. The beams ranks were embedded in a bustling crown or are laid on the basecloth, their horizontal (using a hydraulic level) and flatness (using a cord stretched to extreme runs or long rail) are checked. As a result, the upper edges of all beams should be in the same plane (horizontal);
5. Now on top of the cranial bars need to be installed. As a row, a hill or a board will fit perfectly;

1. Then, parchment is as follows, and its edges must be bent vertically, so that it can be confused without any problems;
2. If the runs are quite thick, the floorboards are allowed to be resolved directly on them, after the insulation device and the top layer of parchment;
3. If the runs are more than 1.2 m from each other, then the beams are stacked by lags (50x80 or 50x100 mm) in approximately 0.6-1.2 meters increments. In this case, the lags will act as a support for boards Pure floor.

Filing laying

Instructions for laying:

1. The wall across the lag nails an extreme board. After that, 6-8 boards are stacked, pressed (rally) along the board length in 2-3 places. Thus, the maximum adjoining boards to each other is ensured. Next, with the help of nails, the board are nailed into each lag, and the spin is cleaned. Then the operation must be repeated;
2. Different techniques exist for routing the design. The simplest - with the help of construction brackets. These devices are driven into lags, after which there are two wedges between the extreme board and the brackets (gasket and working wedge are performed from birch);
3. Instead of wedges, you can drink the board to the brackets, and the spin to carry out the vertical lever. Significantly more convenient special wedge compounds or tees.

In addition, there are tensioning devices that are used for mass construction. Unlike wedges, they are much more efficient (it takes less time on the spin). A jackt (non-hydraulic) is perfectly suitable as a squeezing mechanism.

Installation of the attic overlap

The device of the attic overlap is carried out like basement:

1. In the crown of a church at the required height, the beam bikes are embedded. In the case of a frame design, they rest on the horizontally located board (width - 100 mm, thickness - 50 mm), embedded in the vertical racks flush;
   
2. After that, the ceiling is beaten below the cranial bars. On top of the lags, the floor is carried out by the floor of the second floor or attic. If the use of an attic overlap is not provided, then, as a rule, the floor does not fill.

RESULTS

Summing up, it should be noted that at present the majority of people in the construction of country houses does not use a brick, and wood, especially popular wooden buildings from a bar. The video in this article will help to consider the technology of laying tile bars in more detail.

There are two options for the arrangement of wooden floor floors: on beams and lags. The choice of this or that way of performing work depends on the individual characteristics of the premises and preferences of its owners. Among the advantages of the sexes performed on the beams should be noted the high level of their strength and low cost of performing work. How to build floors on wooden beams, consider further.

Floor construction on wooden beams: Execution of calculations

The use of wooden beams, compared to reinforced concrete, is primarily characterized by more affordable cost and ease of work. In addition, the floor has almost the same strength characteristics. The use of wooden structures helps reduce the total weight of the house and its load on the base of the foundation.

Among the advantages of the floor beams in a wooden house, we note:

• high resistance and stiffness before loads;
• low weight, compared to concrete beams;
• affordable cost;
• the possibility of self-installation, without specialized technical equipment.

For the arrangement of sex on wooden beams, specialized equipment will not need, since several people have enough balls. The main carrying element of the design is a wooden beam. It has the shape of a wooden bar, the height of which ranges from ten to thirty centimeters, and the thickness from seven to twenty centimeters. The optimal stack of laying beams ranges from 65-100 cm. To determine the cross section of the bar, consider the individual features of the room, the load and weight of the building, the length of the span and other important factors. Replace the bar will help those interconnected wooden boards installed on the edge. The use of a sewn log will become the most economical option for the floor overlap.

In order to determine the detection of the beam section, installed in a particular house, it is necessary first of all to determine the level of the load that affects it. To determine the total load, the weight of the overlap is taken into account, the load from people and elements of the fittings that will be installed on it. The total value of the total load is four hundred kilograms per meter square. In a ratio with this value, the section and the size of the beam is determined by the table:

If the length of the span is about 4 m, then with a 65 cm installation step, the presence of a bar is required, the size of 10x20 cm. Please note that the length of the bar must be 15 cm more from each side to ensure its installation in the wall. That is, to determine the length of the bar follows 400 cm to add 30 cm to add 4.3 m.

The correct execution of the calculation of wooden beams allows you to choose the optimal size of the materials, with which it will be possible to properly distribute the load in the building.

Laying wooden beams is performed in parallel to each other direction. At the same time, the interval between the beams should be maintained by almost all areas, the exception will be chimney pipes and other design elements of the overlap. The interval for laying beams in the house made of wood is about one meter. If the house is made according to the framework technology, then this distance is reduced to 50 cm. If this value increases, in relation to the design features of the building, then an additional element is installed between the beams, which improves their bearing abilities.

In the event that there is no place for attaching the beam on the site approximate to the staircase, it is necessary to equip an additional design in the form of a wooden brigade. It will be the place to install the beams. At the same time, the beams can be installed directly on the rigleel or in it. In order for the beams easier withstanding the loads assigned to them, such requirements should be followed:

• the optimal value of the height of the beam will be at least one twenty-fourth part of its length;
• in the width, the beam should be the minimum of half of its height;
• if the beam is installed in the attic, then a wide width of one third of its heights.

With this ratio, it is possible to choose the optimal version of the beams to arrange overlapping. If the installation of beams is carried out in a plot from the fasteners, then the size of the beams should increase slightly. In order to reduce the thickness of the beam, in the event that the overlap is rather long, the support pillars are installed between them.

If the installation of beams is carried out in economic buildings, garages, cabins or other non-residential premises, the level of average load decreases and ranges from 100 to 300 kg per square meter. At the same time, the cross section of beams should also be reduced.

If the specified size of the beams could not be found, then there is an option for their independent facilities using conventional boards. At the same time, they are stacked by a chess order, connecting with the help of nails.

With the further construction of the stove and chimney in the house, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the distance between it and the beam should not be less than thirty centimeters.

Floor overlapping on wooden beams: beam mounting features

Fixing wooden beams is carried out directly on the wall. If the overlapping is placed in the attic, then the beams are installed on the last crown of the wall made of timber or logs.

In the wall, you should equip a hole, comparable to the beam in size. Behind the installation should be chopped by packles. If there are too thin beams, they are installed in the wall by 10-15 cm. In this case, a method of special wrist is used. A variant of the beam fastening is possible with a compound called a swallow tail.

This option is suitable for homes, which is also made of timber. For fixing the beams in a house made of wood, a trapezoidal compound is used, and the clamp is installed for additional strength. In this case, the rigle and the beam will be on the same level. The easiest way to install the ceiling beams is the installation of cranial bars and fixing on them beams. In this case, the size of the bars will be about 5x5 cm.

If the house is made of shield, then a hole in the form of a socket should be equipped to lay the beam in the wall. Each of the ends of the beams are installed in the openings. At the same time, each beam socket must be at the same level. The optimal depth of the nest at the same time is about 15-20 cm, and the width between the beam and the wall is about 1 cm. Each of the ends, which is installed in the socket is replaced using a pacle. Next follows the processing process with an antiseptic solution. Thus, it will be possible to extend the life of its operation and protect the coating from mold and fungus.

Possible option to fix the pacle with steel anchors. One end of the anchor is installed in the nest, and the second is fixed on the beam with screws, while the length of the beam is calculated in such a way that it does not enter the wall and is the value of a different overlap length.

If the house is made of brick, then the installation of wooden beams will also need a nest construction. They are supporting elements to hold beams. Try to build nests as soon as possible in terms of level. In order to install beams on the same level, it will be necessary to level the bottom of the nests using a concrete solution. After the concrete solution is completely dry, the rubberoid or only can be installed on its surface, which ensures the protection of the wood from moisture.

In this case, the size of the nest is 6-10 cm more than the thickness of the beam. The gap between the wall and the beam made of wood should be about three centimeters. The nest depth is about 20-25 cm, the beam is installed in the inside of only 15 cm. Plots of wooden beams that are placed in the socket should be missed using a hot bitumen.

Next, they are wrapped up with rubberoid or pergamin in two layers. After that, the rest of the beam is covered with antiseptic properties. After laying the beams in the nest, the pouring should be poured using a concrete solution, as a placeholder for which rubbed is used. Alignment of beams is carried out on the same level with the wall.

Floor overlap on wooden beams: features of the floor

The dough part of the overlap is the ceiling on the par. There are several ways to lay down the flooring. Most often, cruise bars are installed on the beam, the cross section of which is 4x4 or 5x5 cm. The installation of cranial bars is carried out in such a way that they are on the same level with the beam. Further, the wooden boards in the form of wooden boards are laid on the surface of the bars, the thickness of which ranges from 10 to 20 cm. In this case, there should be no gaps between the boards. Replace the boards will help a finished shield from a tree or ordinary plywood. In order to equip a smooth ceiling on the lower floor, plasterboard sheets or pyana are installed on top of the row.

With the help of another way of installing the commission, it is possible to significantly increase the ceiling area, if it is not large enough. Brucks are installed on a wooden beam, a cross section of 4x4 cm. On them is laid down, while its installation is carried out perpendicular to beams. Next, the mounting of the binder in the form of boards, the thickness of which is the same as in previously installed bars.

In addition, a timber, the thickness of which ranges from 6 cm is also used for the manufacture of rolling, the thickness of the cranial bars are installed, the cross section of which is 4x4 or 5x5 cm. Next follows the process of laying timber, while they are connected by the fourth method using a carved . The thickness of the bar depends on the height of the beams, they must be placed on the same level. In this case, the bar performs the function and russum and binder. In addition, to replace the skull bars will help the manufacture of a fastener groove inside the beam. In some cases, the lower part of the beam remains open and untreated. This method is relevant when used in country style.

Flooring device on wooden beams: work technology

Next follows the process of floor arrangement on wooden beams. For a start on each of the beams, the bars are installed, in the ratio of which the surface of the flooring is formed. This stage involves the implementation of the floor fit and the construction of the draft coating. Therefore, in the work it is allowed to use not an acute board, however, it must be covered with protective materials and impregnations.

Next should work on waterproofing flooring. The most optimal option is the use of a clay sandy solution, which has a consistency of putty. Another option for performing waterproofing works is the use of rubberoid. With it, it is possible to provide high-quality waterproofing that does not occupy a lot of space. After that, the process of ensuring the heat insulation. The most popular materials for these work is the use of:

• slag, falling asleep between bars;
• mineral wool;
• foam;
• unemployed;
• sawdust or clay.

The most popular heaters for the floor on wooden beams is mineral wool. It has high thermal insulation abilities, has a long service life, resistant to rodents and rather antiseptic.

Mineral wool is installed in such a way as to fit tightly to the floor surface. After that, vaporizolation is installed, since this material is unstable to the effects of moisture, which can get on it through the wooden floor.

Further actions are associated with the arrangement of the finishing flooring. A variant of its immediate installation on the beams is possible, but it is best to pre-establish a system of lag. Thus, firstly, under the flooring, additional space and ventilation will be equipped, secondly, the noise level published by wooden floors will significantly decrease.

In addition, it is possible a variant of the facilities of the wooden floor of the floating type. The warm floor of the wooden beams is distinguished by the presence of rigid fixation to the surface of the walls. In addition, it has excellent sound insulation characteristics and a low level of the screens. As an finishing finishing material for the arrangement of concrete floor on wooden beams, a planed floorboard, chipboard, laminate, parquet board or linoleum are used.

Wooden overlaps (Fig. 1) In most cases, consist of beams, gender, interbal filling and finishing layer of the ceiling. Sound or thermal insulation is provided by a flooring, which is called rolling.

Beams most often are wooden bars of rectangular section. For the steps, it is advisable to apply wooden shields. In order to save wood, the boarding races can be replaced by rivers from ribbed or hollow plaster or light concrete blocks. Such elements are somewhat heavier than wooden spans, but they are non-carriage and do not rot.
To ensure better sound insulation from the air transfer of sound by the steam, the rindweight lubricant with a thickness of 20-30 mm is made, on top of which slag poured or dry squeezed sand with a thickness of 6-8 cm. Flood from the porous material absorbs a portion of the sound waves.
The design of the wooden overlap includes flooring flooring made of planed tipped boards attached by nails to lags, from plates or boards, which are stacked across the beams after 500-700 mm.

Wooden beams overlaps

Carriage elements of the beam overlaps are wooden beams of rectangular section 140-240 mm high and a thickness of 50-160 mm, laid through 0.6; 0.8; 1 m. The cross section of the wooden beams of overlappings depends on the load, binder (rolling) with a backfill, and the board, the flooring on lags as directly by lags (Table 1.).

Table 1. Minimal section of wooden beams of rectangular sections

Width span M.	Distance between beams, m
	0,5				1
	1,5 (150)	2,5 (250)	3,5 (350)	4,5 (450)	1,5 (150)	2,5 (250)	3,5 (350)
2,0	5 x 8.	5 x 10	5 x 11.	5 x 12. (10 x 10)	10 x 10	10 x 10	10 x 11.
2,5	5 x 10	5 x 12. (10 x 10)	5 x 13 (10 x 11)	5 x 15 (10 x 12)	10 x 10	10 x 12.	10 x 13
3,0	5 x 12. (10 x 10)	5 x 14. (10 x 11)	5 x 16 (10 x 13)	5 x 18. (10 x 14)	10 x 12.	10 x 14.	10 x 15
3,5	5 x 14. (10 x 11)	5 x 16 (10 x 13)	5 x 18. (10 x 15)	10 x 16	10 x 14.	10 x 16	10 x 18. (15 x 16)
4,0	5 x 16 (10 x 13)	5 x 18. (10 x 15)	10 x 17. (15 x 15)	10 x 18. (15 x 16)	10 x 16	10 x 19.	10 x 21. (15 x 19)
4,5	5 x 18. (10 x 14)	10 x 17. (15 x 15)	10 x 19. (15 x 17)	10 x 20 (15 x 18)	10 x 18.	10 x 21.	10 x 23. (15 x 21)
5,0	10 x 16	10 x 19. (15 x 16)	10 x 21. (15 x 18)	10 x 23. (15 x 20)	10 x 20	10 x 23.	10 x 26. (15 x 23)

The use of hardwood of the tree as the beams of overlap is not allowed, as they work well on bending. Therefore, coniferous wood, purified from the crust and antiseptic, mandatory, are used as a material for the manufacture of wooden beams of overlapping. Most often, the ends of the beams are set in specially left for this purpose of the nest in brick walls directly during the masonry process ( fig. 2 a. or fig. 2 b.), either in line in the upper crown of log, block and frame-shield walls.

The length of the support ends of the beam should be at least 15 cm. The laying of the beam leads the "lighthouse" in the way - at first install extreme beams, and then intermediate. The correctness of the position of the extreme beams is checked by the level or waterpaste, and the intermediate - rail and pattern. The beams are aligned, lattice under their ends, fromy trimming of boards of different thickness. Planted chips or pose the ends of the beams are not recommended.
Wooden beams of overlappings are as a rule, according to a short cross section of the span as parallel to each other and with the same distance between them. The ends of beams, based on the outer walls, are cut off at an angle of 60 degrees., Antiseptic, burn or wrap in two layers of roofing or rubberoid. When entering wooden beams in the nest of brick walls, we recommend the ends of the beams to handle bitumen and dry to reduce the likelihood of rotting from moisture. The ends of the beams are definitely left open. The spatial niches in the sealing of wooden beams of floors fill around the beam with an efficient insulation (mineral wool, foam). With the thickness of brick walls up to 2 bricks, the gaps between the ends of the beams and the brick wall are poured with cement mortar. You can also, as an option, insulate the ends of the beams with wooden boxes, pre-squeeze them. In thick walls (2.5 bricks and more), the ends of the beams are not covered, leaving ventilation purges. It protects the ends of the beams from moisture condensation. Diffusion of moisture in a wooden beam is shown in Fig. 3.

When describing the beams on the inner walls under their ends, two layers of roofing or rubberoid are put.
Each third beam close in the outer wall is fixed by anchor. Anchors are attached to beams from the sides or below and close in brickwork.
With the absence of a suitable cross section, it is possible to use incomplete and set on the rib boards, with a common cross section, compared with the whole beam, should not decrease.

In addition, instead of broken beams, you can use the logs of the appropriate diameter, trimmed from three sides, which is more economical (round forest is much cheaper than lumber), but in this case the logs must be supplemented in a dry room for at least one year, like a log cabin.
To enhance the carrying capacity of the overlap can be used cross diagram of the installation of power beams. When applying such a scheme, the overlap relies on all walls of the building along the contour. The hubs of the beam intersections are tightened by clamps or wire cleans. The cross circuit of the ceiling is extremely rare, as it is much easier to reduce the step of carrier beams and make an ordinary overlap, but a smaller amount of sawn timber is consumed for the manufacture of cross-overlapping than traditional, with the same carrier ability of overlaps.
The design differences of overlaps are observed when they are insulation (Fig. 1.). The intergenerational overlap does not be insulated, an attic (with a cold attic) - insulate with the device of the lower vapor insulating layer, and the oversight - insulate with the device of the upper vaporizolation layer.

Row

The next stage in the construction of overlaps is the rank of ranks. For its attachment to the beams, cranial bars are nailed by a cross section of 5 x 5 cm, directly on which the boards of the rollover are placed. (Figure 4.)

The plate plates are tightly customized to each other, removing all the slots between the individual boards. Strive for the lower surface of the row was in the same plane with overlap beams. To do this, you need to choose a quarter (fold) in the boards. For the construction of the commission, it is not necessary to use full-fledged boards, they can be replaced with hORNE. The binder from the boards with a thickness of 20-25 mm is fixed with nails clogged at an angle. As we have noted, instead of chalkboats, it is possible to use fibrolite, gypsum slaves and other light concrete plates, which increases the fire resistance of overlaps. The laid rolling is covered with a layer of roofing or runneroid and fall asleep or lay insulation: as in the walls, it is possible to use mineral wool, sawdust, slag. With the insulation of overlaps, bulk insulation is not tampering, and their backfill is carried out at the height of the beams. The appearance of the insulation and its thickness is determined from the calculated outer air temperature, applying the data of table 2.

Table 2. The thickness of the hinting of the attic overlap depending on the outdoor temperature

Material	Volumetric weight, kg / m³	Backfill thickness (mm) when outdoor air temperature, ° С
		-15	-20	-25
Wood sawdusts	250	50	50	60
Wood chips	300	60	70	80
Aglopeorit	800	100	120	140
Boiler slag	1000	130	160	190

Lastly, the upper facet of beams stood in the Toler or Ruberoid, and the lags are imposed on top. Note that lags are not a mandatory overlap element. Lagas lag is economically justified if the beams have a rare location.

We also draw your attention to what elements of overlaps will be superfluous when constructing basement and attic floors:
- there is no binder in the base overlap
- in the attic cessation there is no lag and clean floor

The base overlap can be constructed in such a way that there will be unnecessary by the overall and insulation (of course, without prejudice to operational qualities), but in this case the rubberoid gasket will be required throughout the floor area, and the backstage will be gravel or the ramble crushed stone (Fig. 5.)

Chimney device (chimney)

In places of contact of wooden floors with smoke channels, it is satisfied with the cut (Fig. 6.)

The distance from the edge of the chimney to the nearest wooden structure is made at least 380 mm. The openings of the overlaps in the passage of flue pipes are cut by non-aggravated materials. In places of overlaps in flue pipes, it is satisfied with the cutting - thickening of the pipe walls. Within cutting the thickness of the walls of the chimney increases to 1 brick, that is, up to 25 cm. But in this case, the ceiling beams should not touch the brickwork pipe and defend from a hot surface at least 35 cm. This distance can be reduced to 30 cm by laying between the cutting and beam moistened in the clay felt solution or asbestos cardboard with a thickness of 3 mm. The end of the shortened beam, located opposite the cutting, is based on a beam suspended on the clamps (Fig. 7.) to two neighboring beams.

Economy overlap

The overlap consisting of wooden shields with one-sided and double-sided trim, which is perceived with the frame of the shields with a frame of shields. The carrier function of the casing can only be performed if it is firmly connected to the ribs of the shield frame boards. Firmly connected with each other Rybra and the casing have a high bearing capacity.

A chipboard and building plywood showed themselves as a clash. Suitable for this and the board, but they, however, in view of the large number of equally oriented seams, do not help increase the carrier ability to overlap.

Hypus fiber or drywall plates cannot be considered as an additional bearing elements. Load materials such as cement-friendly and joinery plates are not capable of carrying. In addition, they are much more expensive than chipboard and plywood. In fig. 8 depicts several options for the ceiling device.

Fig. eight. .

Methods for calculating wooden floors

Previously, the carrying ability of overlapping masters-builders was determined, guided by their experience. It is often imposed of them, especially when the buildings of a complex configuration, which led to the collapse of buildings.
Nowadays, computational techniques have come to help builders, providing high accuracy of calculation together with achievements in the field of materials science. In fig. 9 As an example, the results of calculating the floors shown in Fig. eight .

It can be seen that despite the smaller thickness of the bars in the frame (almost 40%), the shields can overlap approximately the same spills like wooden beams. The maximum allowable width of the room and the width of the span in our case is about 6 m.

For single and two-prophetic structures, with exceeding the calculated values \u200b\u200bfor overlapping, additional supports are required, which significantly increases the cost of the structure.
For one-puck overlap, where the shields lie on the supports only by the ends of the ribbiness, the width of the span, which is slightly more widths in the light of the room, should not exceed about 5 m. For two-propelled overlap, the allowable width of the span and, accordingly, the premises increases to 6m.

In many projects offered by various firms, the depth of the house is determined by two-propelled overlap. The width between the longitudinal walls of the house usually ranges from 9 ... 12 m, and in its middle put a carriage wall. When calculating the ceiling designs, it is primarily determined by its own weight. In the option, probably in fig. nine , it is adopted equal to 100 kg / sq. M., as often happens. Additional load (weight of the inhabitants of the house and furnishings of the interior) take equal to 275 kg / sq. M.. There are also light partitions installed on overlap without static calculations. Such a load could be created, for example, in a situation, if on the area of \u200b\u200boverlapping in 20 sq.m. Place at the same time 73 people. On this simple example, it is clear that the regulatory indicators are focused on the unconditional safety of the inhabitants of the house. When calculating wooden structures, a triple margin of strength is usually provided, eliminating the likelihood of their collapse. In other words, in the room with a total area of \u200b\u200b20 sq.m., i.e., with dimensions of 5.90 x 3.40 m (see the permissible width of the overlap, indicated in Fig. 9) could be placed 220 people, which, of course, Just unreal. However, this example suggests that the estimated carrier's ability of the overlap is so high that the fireplace, shelves can be safely installed at this overlap, the bed with a water mattress, aquarium and much more.

Restriction of deflection under the regulatory load

However, even under the regulatory load, the overlapping begins, which can be felt even when walking on it. In order to avoid these unpleasant feelings of the overlap deflection must be no more than 1/300. This means that with a width of a span of 6 m, the overlap can be fed under the normative load (even if there is only an exceptional case) no more than 2 cm.

The overlap, of course, can carry a load of no more that loaded walls, jumpers and supports allow. In this regard, the developer who does not have the relevant special knowledge, which intends to place heavy structures or items at the overlap, should be applied for advice to a specialist in static calculations of the stability of building structures.
The overlap gives the building an additional rigidity. Wind loads affecting the building through the roof, on the frontones and the outer walls, are transmitted through the overlap to the entire building of the building. To compensate for these loads, strengthen the upper cover of the overlap. When laying separate beams overlap the plates of the plating (as a rule, from the chipboard), they are placed with a mutual displacement of the seams and attached to beams. When using ready-made overlap elements, which is accepted in the construction of prefabricated houses, they are firmly connected to each other, and at the edges - with carrier support (walls, partitions).
If the size of the building according to any of the facades exceeds 12.5 m, additional bearing partitions are needed, which give it the required rigidity. These walls must be again connected to the overlap.

In contrast to the thermal insulation of an interhesive overlap, which has a secondary value, its sound insulation pays special attention. Designs with good strength, unfortunately, do not always meet the requirements of protection against noise. Designers working in the construction of prefabricated houses, have to solve a controversial problem: the creation of statically reliable compounds on the one hand, and on the other, both at the same time "soft" disconnected structures that provide optimal sound insulation.
The beams with rolled and filling with a clay or slag (Fig. 10 A, b) no longer meet the requirements of any work technology, nor with respect to sound insulation and a number of other problems.

The new standards have forced to ensure the requirements for improving protection against impact noise even to the detriment of the bearing ability of structures. To jointly resolve the problem of sound insulation, specialists from the construction of prefabricated houses and production of gypsum and insulating plates sat down in one table. As a result, new designs were created, which soon turned on norms (Fig. 11).

Fig. eleven. Options for overlappings for current standards with the weakening of air noise to 52 ... 65 dB and drums - up to 7 ... 17 DB: 1 - piping chipboard; 2 - wooden beams; 3 - plasterboard plates; 4 - fibrous insulation stove; 5 - fibrous insulating mat or stove; 6 - dry sand; 7 - a handbreaker, in which the distance between the rails along the axes is 400 mm and the fastening of spring brackets; 7a - wood plates; 8 - compounds with self-reserves or glue; 9 - sound-absorbing floor covering; 10 - lags with a cross section of 40x60 mm; 11 - Plasterboard plates with a thickness of 12 - 18 mm or a chipboard thick 10 ... 16 mm; 12 - concrete plates laid on cold bitumen; 13 - Sheathing from tipped boards.

For the first time, the conversation came about the use of so-called spring brackets separating beams and lower overlap. (Fig. 12)

Practice has shown that this novion has led to a decrease in noise levels by about 14 dB - a result that takes attention. To improve sound insulation, inside the overlaps of such a design, you need to place weights, such as sand, concrete slabs of various shapes and other materials that reduce the transmission of high frequency sounds.
The shortcomings of sanding with sand consist in the probability of its waking up through the seams and holes in the following rooms. But this can be prevented, for example, laying film or special mats. These mats consist of two films cooked between which is sand.
Instead of sand, you can use slabs based on a cement binder. The lack of these decisions is that such fillers are heavy, which requires more durable beams to the detriment of the economy of structures.
Make the overlap with open (that is, not covered bottom) with wooden beams, which would ensure reliable protection against noise, is unlikely possible. New scientific research of positive results, unfortunately, did not give. So the question of the perfection of the designs of designs is waiting for its solution.

Cleaning against climatic influences

In a special protection against climatic influences, wooden designs of the outer wall, a flat roof, overlapping an attic (technical) floor or attic with inclined walls with a good roof do not need. Protection of the same wood overlap wood is important only in "wet" rooms (as a rule, in the zone of the shower, bathrooms, laundries and baths). In ventilation, the overlap does not need it, therefore should not be taken into account.
For all the structures presented in the articles of non-ventilated overlaps, including for open beams, wood protection with paint coatings or other finishes is quite sufficient. Special chemicals are not needed here.

Fire-prevention sewn overlaps

Special requirements for building materials and structures are presented by fire protection rates. All materials are divided into combustible and non-combustible. Constructions from various materials in their properties are distinguished by the possibility of delaying the fire for some time (half sweep) and completely preventing the spread of fire (fire resistant). These characteristics are fixed in the building standards.
In housing construction, in particular, in buildings, where the upper overlap floor is located more than 7 m from the level of land, the design of the intergenerational overlap must have at least flame retardant properties (the duration of the fire resistance is at least 30 minutes in experimental conditions). For the manufacture of wooden structures, the use of solid wood and other wood materials of ordinary sizes and density is allowed. However, in public buildings, wood is treated with solutions giving it fire resistance. Naturally, non-combustible materials, in particular, gypsum and drywall plates can be used.
Typical examples of floors of wooden boards with fire-prevention isolation are shown in Fig. 12.

When designing overlaps on open wooden beams (Fig. 13), it is necessary to take into account the fact that these beams are exposed to fire not only from the bottom, but also from the side.
When determining the parameters of the resistance of solid wood structures (for example, coniferous), the speed of its burnout is taken equal to 0.8 mm / min.
When calculating overlabes on open wooden beams, a height of 24 cm with a width of the span of 5.80 or 5.85 M, the width of the beams increase to 120 mm and more, so that, taking into account fire resistance, you need to select them with a cross section 11x24 cm.
Based on the above, we can conclude that there are still enough questions regarding the reliability of sound insulation and fire safety of overlappings and there are still enough questions and in the coming years they have to solve the joint efforts of scientists, designers, manufacturers of building materials, designers and builders.

Increase the beams of blocking beams

The carrying ability of the beams of overlapping, if necessary, can be enhanced. The increase in the cross section of the beams by mounting overlays from thick boards to them, the ends of which, like beams, should lie on the supports - one of the most common ways to solve this problem.

Fig. fourteen. .

You can use the steel channels of the P-shaped profile, attaching them to the beam on the side of the bolts. The advantage of this method is that the beams of overlapping will be enough to reveal ("dense") for fastening only on the one hand.
But perhaps the most simple, however, requiring serious labor costs, there will be an increase in overlapping the laying of additional beams (between available), overlapping the span from support to support.
In most old houses, the cross section of the floor beams is sufficient (and even with a reserve) and they are laid with a small step, which indicates a good construction.
The state of beams and overlap must be checked anyway. Beams damaged by pests and moisture, which means that weakened should be strengthened.
With a long-term exposure of moisture due to leaks in the zone of the soles, damage to the headings of the beams on the supports is not excluded. In this case, the damaged part of the beam is better to remove to healthy wood, and the remaining part to increase and lengthen the overlays of sufficiently thick boards providing the required strength.

Clean flooring and stitching are elements of interolation overlap, but refer to the category of finishing works. Therefore, we will behave about the conversation in the next article.