Principle of work of scuba. Sports of cointer equipment and swimming rules under water. Adjusting the adjustment pressure of the gearbox

Before starting to engage in filming under the Doy, it is absolutely necessary to master the theory and practical exercises on the technique of underwater sports. After the aqualang, mask, flippers and the breathing tube will become so habitual and natural that they stop feeling, you can also be taken for the underwater cinema.

Submarine suitability

Speaking of underwater swimming, immediately should be distinguished by swimming and diving with a breathing tube from sailing with aqualung. The first case is simpler and accessible, but in the second case, the operator, turning into amphibious person, gets the best possibilities for shooting.

Anyone man with healthy ears and heart is suitable for scuba diving. Sometimes a quick mastering of this art prevent two circumstances: some water-based, as well as some people occurring difficulty breathing through the mouth (with sweeters breathing only mouth). These obstacles can be overcome (and the first very easy) practical exercises in swimming with a mask and a breathing tube. Wearing glass mask gives a person in water confidence, as it makes it possible to see the bottom and all surrounding items. Since the mask also performs the role of the float, the newcomer is quite surprised by the fact that it is not sinking even when he does not make the slightest movement, and it gives him a sense of confidence and security (Fig. 16).

Difficult breathing through the mouth (which is quite rare) is explained. Pure nervous state caused by fear suffocate, because breathing in this case is not entirely free. Approximately the same thing is most and in gas mask. Several training with the breathing tube must dispel fear. After that, the swimmer will feel good in water during immersion and breathe normally through the scuba mouthpiece. In domestic diving practice, another name of the respiratory mouthpiece is common - a ruined. This name occurred because the rubber mouthpiece is inserted into the mouth and is held with teeth and lips.

Respiratory tube, mask, flippers

The breathing tube provides breathing when swimming, when the swimmer's face is under water. Moving with the help of flops, it has the opportunity to overlook the items in the water through the glass mask. If necessary, the swimmer dives for a pause between inhale and exhale.

The simplest respiratory tube consists of two parts: an aluminum, plastic or rubber (elastic) curved tube and a ruined, that is, the elastic mouthpiece, articulated with the lower end of the tube to hold it in the teeth.

Typically, the length of the tube does not exceed 450 mm with an internal diameter of 15-22 mm and has a volume of 100-200 cm3. The weight of the tube ranges from 80 to 300 g (Fig. 17).

Fig. 17. Blipped respiratory tube: 1 - tube; 2 - Front flap of the spoon; 3 - throat; 4 - "Snaps" to keep the thugs to the thug; 5 - lips; 6 - teeth; 7 - Language

The tube device is so simple that it is easy to do it yourself.

The simplest tube is preferred by experienced divers, everyone else and is the main sports type of respiratory tubes.

More complex designs are respiratory tubes with automatic ball valves of ball or float type, which do not give water to enter the tube (Fig. 18). The action of automatic valves is that a lightweight cylindrical ball, or float, pops up and closes access to water inside the tube. Such tubes are applied by newbies that do not yet have the skill of using a more convenient simple tube.

There are breathing tubes in combination with a mask. The principle of their device is the same as the tubes with an automatic valve, but when using a breath is made with a nose, as the mouth is outside the mask. Such tubes are less convenient, and we do not recommend them for underwater cointers.

The value of respiratory tubes in underwater sports is difficult to overestimate. In addition to simplicity and ease of use, they make it possible to establish their own respiratory regime at various loads, acquire a conditional reflex in the closing of the respiratory tract when entering the water tube.

The breathing tube must necessarily be behind the belt and by an aqualant. It may not need to be needed at ten, fifteen or even twenty dives, and at twenty-first immersion, the breathing tube will save him life.

Under water, swimmer with aqualung feels calm and confident. But, rising to the surface, he is not someone else, as a swimmer, loaded with heavy gear. If he pops up from his base (boat or coast), using the entire air stock in the cylinders, and if there is an easy excitement to the sea, the position may be threatening. In this case, the diver begins to get tired quickly, especially since due to equipment it is not so free in water as an ordinary swimmer. Therefore, it is forced instead of scuba to use a breathing tube, which is sufficiently towers over the water. Then the swimmer does not threaten the danger to choke, and he quietly returns to his base, without fear of what will come out of his strength.

Therefore, one of the basic rules of scuba diving with aqualant is the mandatory presence of a respiratory tube, regardless of whether you are going to immerse yourself on a large or small depth, close or far from the shore.

The second very essential affiliation of the swimmer is a mask (Fig. 19). It serves to protect the eyes from the surrounding water and this most ensures the swimmer's ability to see in transparent water. The separation device of respiratory and vision means is a reliable security guarantee. If the mask falls or filled with water, the swimmer will continue to breathe normally through the mouthpiece. It can or float up, clinging the nose (if the mask slept or crashed glass, which in practice it has not yet happened), or if the mask is in place, but filled with water, calmly remove water.

The mask device is simple: it consists of an observation oval or round glass, a rubber base, a metal teddy rim and the occipital strap, or a heap, which is fixed in the top of the face.

The usual mask has a window from a flat unbreakable glass that changes the view of the distance and increases the size of the items. This is due to a higher refractive index of water (1.33) compared with air. Therefore, under water, the bottom usually seems closer than in fact. In fact, such an increase in items does not matter much, since you cease to notice this after the first attempt to swim in the mask.

An increase in objects is felt only when a familiar subject falls in sight (for example, a bottle, bank).

To have a normal image under water, in a number of countries use a special corrective mask with two windows, each of which is inserted by convex and concave lenses (Fig. 20). Lenses eliminate the distortion of the shape, distance and increase the field of view. A corrective mask makes it possible to see objects under water in full size, but in the air it gives and distortes objects. Therefore, this distortion should be taken into account when entering and out of water.

The mask allows you to dive with any depth and swim over the surface. This explains its versatility and widespread among athletes. Mask, like a breathing tube, easy to make yourself.

The third necessary for scuba diving element are flippers. They serve to increase the speed of swimming and maneuverability under water. In addition, the flippers are extremely saved by the strength of the swimmer.

At this time, there are several dozens of lastics, but they all have in principle one device and one destination. However, the degree of elasticity of gentlemen is the main criterion for assessing their quality and allows all the flippers to divide into three types: elastic, normal and rigid.

The practice is established that the efficiency of the useful effect of elastic pods is significantly inferior to normal and all the more rigid. Normal flippers are used well with long swimming and high distances, as the swimmer's forces are more profitable.

Hard flops of athletes are preferred when swimming pa short distances with maximum speed, as well as if necessary, increase maneuverability.

In this case, the athlete forces are most fully spent in a short time.

Well-chosen flippers facilitate swimmers maneuvering in water, increase the speed of movement, free the hands for the production of filming.

Aqualang.

The wonderful quality of scuba is that it allows a person to float under water at various depths and for any positions without any additional adjustment. The device automatically adjusts the amount of air supplied depending on the depth of dive. Thanks to the scuba, the man under water, as it is acquires the second lungs, specially adapted for breathing in water, and does not feel anything connected.

The body is released from the need to be only in a vertical position, as it happens on Earth. At your request, a person can dive deep into or float to the surface.

Having such an affordable and relatively safe equipment available for development and relatively safe equipment, we can talk about widespread using it at underwater filming.

A feature of this apparatus is that it is not filled with oxygen, but compressed air. Inqualanga uses an open respiratory system: the air exhaled by man, without lingering anywhere, it turns out (Fig. 21).

Thus, in the lungs of a person all the time comes from cylinders of fresh air. The use of compressed air completely eliminates the possibility of oxygen starvation, soralic of carbon dioxide or oxygen poisoning. The advantage of scuba to other diving devices is simplicity in device and operation, as well as willingness to immediate action? Immediately after opening the valves of cylinders.

How is the aqualang?

The main, parts of it are: a pulmonary machine, steel cylinders for storing compressed to 150-200 ATM air, two corrugated rubber hoses, a throat and a system of belts for fastening the device on the body.

Pulmonary automaton - the main and most responsible part of the apparatus. His task is to reduce the air pressure located in cylinders, to the pressure of the outer, environment and submit it to the human lightly and in the required quantity. The pulmonary automatic is driven by a light person, due to which its work is automatically consistent with the respiratory rhythm: the air is fed into the lungs only during the inhalation, and during the exhalation the feed stops. The pulmonary automaton connects to the cylinders and with a ruined by two corrugated hoses, one of which is used when inhaling, and the other - when exhaling.

The most common domestic aqualung is "submariner-1" (the factory brand AVM-1), produced by the factory "Respirator" of the Mosoblsovnarhoz (Fig. 22).

Fig. 22. General view of scuba "Submaror-1"

In this apparatus, air, compressed to 150 atm, is stored in two cylinders bonded in the cassette with two clamps. The capacity of each cylinder is 7 liters. Thus, the total air stock with full pressure is about 2100 liters.

Two-stage pulmonary automaton joins the cylinders.

The device is mounted on the back of the diver with the help of a set of belts - two shoulder, waist and lower, which, when equipped, are connected to each other with one, easily unfastened buckle. The set of equipment to the device includes a mask and a cargo belt.

The cargo belt is a belt with an easily unfastened buckle, to which lead cargo is attached. The amount of cargo may be different (the kit includes 14 cargo weighing 0.5 kg each) and is selected with such a calculation so that the athlete is in a state of neutral (zero) buoyancy or slowly immersed. Usually loads have to be used only when swimming in the hydrocombosis.

The weight of "submariner-1" with filled cylinders is 23.5 kg, and under water - 3.5 kg, i.e. the device pulls the swimmer to the bottom. To avoid this, you can attach a piece of foam, rubber soccer chamber or another piece of water. In the modernized "submarine-1" (factory brand AVM-1M), this disadvantage is eliminated, and foam in factory execution is attached to the cylinders.

The allowable immersion depth inqualanga is 40 m. Delivered deeper * not recommended to avoid possible violation of life functions known as "nitrogen intoxication". For the same reason not recommended? Immerse yourself several times a day and spend more than two cylinders per day.

It is known that the amount of consumable air varies depending on the pressure of the medium: as it is immersed for every 10 m, it increases approximately 1 atm. Therefore, the duration of scuba diving depends on the depth of dive.

On the surface or at a depth of 1 m, the average duration of water under water in the ukvaling "Submaror-1" is almost about 70 minutes, at a depth of 5 m - 50 minutes, 10 m - 30 minutes, 20 m - 20 minutes and finally , at a depth of 40 m - about 3-10 minutes.

These time standards should not be understood literally, as they are depending on the following two factors:
1) on the amount of air absorbed in respiration, which is not the same for various people; Many underwater swimmers after some training are taught to regulate their breathing and show the wonders of savings using to the end each cubic centimeter of air;

2) on the number of muscular movements during scuba diving; A fixed or slow moving diver consumes less air than one who actively behaves in water or performs hard work.

The schematic diagram of the scuba station "Submaror-1" is shown in Fig. 23. It consists of two systems: high and low pressure.

The high-pressure system includes cylinders, connecting airways, minimum pressure index 17 and pressure gauge 16. Low pressure system starts from the pulp of the pulmonary machine 7 and ends with a thread through which breathing is performed.

When inhaling through a ruined in the chamber of the pulmonary machine, there is a vacuum. The difference between the outer pressure and pressure in the chamber of the pulmonary machine makes the membrane 1 bend down. At the same time, the membrane turns the lever 2 clockwise relative to the axis 5. The lever 2 rotates the lever 4 relative to the axis 5 counterclockwise. The lever 4 when moving presses screwed into it 6 per valve stem 7 with a rubber pillow. The valve 7 departs from the saddle of the pulmonary automaton, and the air, passing out of the chamber of the gearbox into the chamber of the pulmonary automaton, it throttles to the external pressure and in the breathable hose enters the respiratory organs of a person.

After the inspiration is complete, the vacuum in the chamber of the pulmonary automaton stops and the furniture 1 ceases to put pressure on the levers 2 and 4. The valve 7 under the force of the spring 8 and air pressure under the valve will block the hole of the sludge of the pulmonary machine. The pressure in the subable cavity will become equal to outer pressure, and the access of air from the gearbox to the pulmonary machine will stop.

Exhaust is carried out through the hose, which ends with a petal valve. The air, passing through the slit of the petal, rushes into the above-handed space of the pulmonary machine and then, through the holes in its lid, goes into the water, rising in the form of bubbles to the surface.

Simultaneously with the work of the pulmonary machine, the gearbox comes into operation.

Fig. 23. Scuba scheme "Submaror-1"

Through the open valve, the compressed air from the cylinders enters the high-pressure pipeline system under the gearbox 9 valve, lifts it and follows the gearbox chamber. In this case, the pressure in the gearbox chamber increases. As soon as it reaches a value of 5-7 atm (the so-called installation pressure), the membrane 14 begged up, carries the thrust over himself and turns the knitted lever 11 clockwise around the axis 12. At the same time, one shoulder compresses the spring 10, and another presses Through the pusher 13 on the gearbox valve 9 and presses it to the saddle, thereby terminating the air flow into the gearbox.

This cycle is repeated in accordance with the respiratory rhythm.

In the gearbox chamber, and therefore, the valve of the pulmonary automaton is automatically maintained over with respect to the outer air pressure within 5-7 atm.

To prevent an increase in air pressure in the gearbox chamber over the installation, a safety valve 25 is provided, which produces an excess pressure outward. The safety valve comes into operation when the hermetic fit of the gearbox 9 valve is impaired to the saddle, which can happen both during operation and during the storage of the machine.

Simultaneously with the flow of compressed air under the gearbox valve 9, it also comes to a pressure gauge 16 and a minimum pressure pointer 77, which serves as a scuba prevention of an aqualant about the need to go to the surface. Under water, it is possible to control the air pressure in the cylinders on the pressure gauge (in transparent water) or the tack of the rod of the minimum pressure pointer (in muddy water). If the air pressure in the cylinders decreased to 30 atm and the stem 18 of the pointer under the action of the spring will take an extended position with a characteristic click, the scoop is obliged to reach the surface, since the air in the cylinders remains for several minutes of the apparatus. To bring the minimum pressure pointer to the operating state 17, you must click until the button to the button of the stem 18 and only after that open the valves of cylinders.

In addition to the specified method for notifying an aqualant about the need to rise to the surface there are sound indicators of minimum pressure. Such a pointer in the form of a whistle was applied in Ukraine "Ukraine" by the workshop of mining and rescue equipment in Lugansk. This unit is also based on the principle of pulmonary automatic action with an open respiratory system. The stock of a compressed to 200 ATM air in the Ukrainian Aqualing is contained in two cylinders with a capacity of 4l each and is thus 1600 liters.

The scheme of scuba "Ukraine" is shown in Fig. 24. In one block with a pulmonary machine, a minimum pressure pointer is combined. Its work is as follows. When inhaling, the compressed air from the cylinders enters the chamber of the pulmonary machine and at the same time under the diaphragm 1 of the minimum pressure pointer. Spring 2 is in a compressed position, and the rod 3 takes the maximum height by holding the connecting tube 4 on the platoon.

Fig. 24. Scheme of scuba "Ukraine"

As the air is consumed, the pressure in the cylinders, and therefore, the diaphragm 1 decreases. At the same time, the rod 3 under the influence of spring 2 is lowered down and at a pressure in the cylinders 35-40 ATM frees the tube 4, which connects the outlet of the pulmonary machine with the whistle 5.

In this position, each inhalation of an aqualantly will be accompanied by a sound signal - it means that it is time to go to the surface.

Charge anqualangu air

Charging the device by air can be carried out either directly from the high pressure compressor (150-200 ATM) equipped with a filter, or from transport (40 liter) cylinders, pre-pumped through the filter. Since a special compressor has not yet been created for underwater sports, in practice, a field charging carbon dioxide (ROM) is used to charge the scuba cylinders (ROM). This is a relatively cumbersome compressor installation of a portable type with a high-pressure compressor AK-150 (Fig. 25). Such a compressor installation can be charged with aircraft-1, with two cylinders with a capacity of 7 liters each to 150 atm for 50-60 minutes.

Transport cylinders are advisable to charge with compressed air from high pressure compressors greater performance. For this purpose, AKS-2 or AKS-8 compressor stations can be used, which are towed by a cargo vehicle on a special two-axis trailer.

Charging the cylinders of scuba air from the transport cylinders is made according to the scheme shown in Fig. 26. At the same time, three transport cylinders are usually used in order to fully use the air contained in them.

Air transportation cylinders up to 150 atmospheres are connected with spiral tubes to the oxygen pump of the KN type, which, in turn, is connected to the filter, in this case window-1.

After the scheme is mounted and verified, you need to open the valves on the cylinders of the device, the first transport cylinder, the compressor star and the output star of the filter. At the same time, the air located in a transport cylinder under pressure of 150 atm, passing through the compressor, goes through a refrigerator coil refrigerator to a moisture separator, then into the adsorber and ceramics filter. After a ceramics filter, the air through the output star enters the filter cylinders of the device until the pressure leveling throughout the system. At the onset of this moment you need to follow the pressure gauge on the compressor star and the filter star. The cessation of the hissing of bypass air is also a sign that the pressure in the cylinders of the device has become the same with pressure in the transport cylinders and will be below 150 atm. Increased air pressure in scuba rates up to 150 atm is produced by an oxygen compressor of the type KN or the installation of the ROM.

It should be noted that using the KN type compressor, you can increase the pressure of no more than twice in comparison with the pressure remaining in the transport cylinder.

If from the first transport cylinder failed to bring the pressure in the aqualant to 150 atm, you should go to the second transport cylinder, and then on the third one. At the same time, transport cylinders with greater pressure are used last. After the pressure in the transportation cylinders will decrease so much that it does not make sense to produce further pumping from them, you need to replace them with full. By the end of the charging, scubalang cylinders are somewhat heated, but after some time they cool, as a result of which the pressure in them decreases by about 10%.

Subsequently, the need to be made to recharge the cylinders of the device to the total pressure of 150 atm.

For cleaning air from mechanical impurities, water and oil on the compressor installation, an oil separator is provided. It is a steel cylinder with a drain-crane.

The principle of operation of the oil separator lies in the following: air, entering the oil separator balloon, changes its direction, as a result of which particles of oil are other particles contained in the air, settled to the bottom of the cylinder and as accumulations are removed through the crane. Purified air comes out across the opposite fitting.

In addition to such a filter, a filter with activated carbon is needed for air purification from foreign gases.

It should be remembered that scuba cylinders should be filled with absolutely clean air, i.e., free from all sorts of impurities (carbon monoxide, vapors of lubricating oils, their oxidation products, bad smelling substances, etc.).

The most dangerous is the maintenance of carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide), which is in large quantities in the composition of the exhaust gases of engines leading to the motion of the compressor. The content in the air even a minor amount of carbon monoxide may be the cause of swimmer poisoning. Therefore, the quality of air should have particularly serious attention.

To clean air from impurities, a portable winder window-1 is used, designed for purification and drying from moisture of oxygen (Fig. 27).

To do this, alumina (dryer) in the adsorber filter is replaced with conventional activated carbon, which is used in gas masks. Installation of Windows-1 has dimensions of 480x x 500 × 240 mm and consists of a moisture separator, an adsorber, a ceramics filter and an output star.

It is intended for the release of air from drip moisture. It works in the same principle as the oil separator of the ROM.

The adsorber serves to purify air from gases and is a small cylinder, 4 filled with activated carbon.

The ceramics filter serves to clean the air from the dust of activated carbon. The body is made in the form of a glass, which inserts a ceramics cylinder.

The winder window-1 reliably cleans the air from harmful impurities, except carbon monoxide gas.

Some athletes are successfully used by a homemade filter (Fig. 28).

Fig. 28. Scheme and size homemade

filter: 1 - activated carbon; 2 - adsorber; 3 - Mesh.

Auxiliary gear

Manual depthsometer is required when immersed on a greater depth or in cases where the place of immersion is completely unfamiliar. It is very important that the depthine meter had a division of over 40 m. If divisions end with 40 m, in this case it is unclear whether you plunged on 40 m or significantly deeper.

There are two types of depthines: mechanical and pneumatic. The mechanical depth gradder on the device is similar to the usual pressure gauge and is based on the principle of water pressure in the curved tube of the device associated with the pressure gauge arrow.

The pneumatic depthine meter is based on the principle of elasticity and disadvantage of water. Water, entering a narrow channel (capillary) of the depthomer, compresses the air in proportion to the depth of the dive in it. The border of air and water is well released on a black scale scale and shows the depth in meters.

The watch is required by the swimmer, since the subjective sensations of time under water differ from the usual - the time under water goes faster. In addition, the clock help determine the time of stay under water and time to lifting on the surface. In addition to specially manufactured underwater clocks for scuba diving, use ordinary wristwatches enclosed in a sealed case.

The knife is not an instrument of protection, since, according to the veterans of underwater sports, no maritime creature attacks a person, but just in case it must have. The knife is needed, for example, in order to quickly trim the intimidated signal end, a cable or a fishing network in which the swimmer can please, as well as for many other unforeseen accidents under water.

The knife can be floating. Such a knife is comfortable for a diver with a mask, which in case of a lost can be easily found on the surface of the water. But for a swimmer with aqualung, it is absolutely unprofitable, since when a knife is popped up to the surface, you need to follow it and then dive again. And for the diver, such frequent pressure shifts are harmful.

The hydrocombuse is used to protect the body of the swimmer from the impact of its ancient medium, mainly from low temperatures. In the southern seas in the midst of the summer, you can briefly dive without a protective suit even 40 m.

But at the depth of 20 m, the cold is being transferred quite difficult, especially thin people. And despite the fact that protective clothing to a certain extent constraints the movement of an athlete, it significantly lengthens the season of staying under water in the southern water bodies and provides immersion in the northern reservoirs at a water temperature + b ... + 8 °. For this, a set of warm (woolen) underwear, fur socks, wool cap and gloves usually put on the hydrocombyison.

The basic requirements for protective clothing are: reliable body insulation from water cooling; Freedom of action under water, legs and bodies; convenience in dressing and undressing; the absence of coarse joints, fasteners, buttons and other parts that can cause bodybasses when moving under water; Low weight and volume.

The athlete must have heat shielding clothes, strictly corresponding to its growth. It is impossible to wear wetsuits, shy movements, or too spacious, as the air will be delayed in their folds, which makes it difficult to depth.

Proper fit of the costume determines the success of the immersion.

Known costumes made of spongy rubber and put on a naked body. Although they are not waterproof, water in a suit does not fall or falls in small quantities.

Some costumes consist of two items; Others have the kind of overalls with long or short sleeves and pants with zipper. Such suits easily wear yourself, without help.

Good waterproof suits made of fine rubber (Fig. 29), under which warm underwear put on. The costume can consist of a shirt and pants connecting on the waist, or to be an alponstant jumpsuit with an elastic gate through which you have to get into the suit. Such impermeable costumes are a very good protective agent, but they are sensitive to pressure and can be unpleasant to squeeze the swimmer at a depth.

Means of movement under water

Underwater aquaplan (underwater plane) is a light board with a width of 60-70 cm and a length of 20-25 cm with a handle for which the athlete is kept while in a horizontal position. Underwater aquaplan is towed by a boat (Fig. 30).

Underwater aquaplan is at the same time the steering of depth and direction. Starting with the minimum speed of the boat movement and ending 4-5 km / h, the swimmer when driving on aquaplane can develop force, dexterity and orientation under water. Configuring a film camera on aquaplane and withdrawing the control knob, the underwater swimmer will be able to shoot a surveillance.

Underwater sleighs are used to tow the scuba dna with a film equipment on the bottom having a smooth relief. In order to avoid sharp concussions, the sleigh must be sufficiently massive.

Underwater bike (Aquaped) serves to move the athlete under water. It is a convenient sports apparatus and has buoyancy close to zero. Two rowing screws with a diameter of about 500 mm, rotating in different directions, or one screw with a diameter of 700 mm is driven by the rotation of the pedal. In fig. 31 is one of these devices.

Underwater scooter among other means of movement under water got the greatest distribution. In appearance, it resembles a small torpedo with one or two rowing screws, driven by the electric motor. The power source is batteries. Rowing screws can be both in the feed and in the nose of the scooter with a corresponding change in the direction of rotation. The swimmer holds behind the frame in the fodder and turning his body and in the particular legs with the flippers gives the desired direction of movement. Scooter can carry a film equipment, as well as underwater illuminators.

In this sense, the underwater scooter of the design of the film operator A. F. Leontovich (Fig. 32 and 33). The scooter has a length of 235 cm, a diameter of 40 cm and a weight of 150 kg. Its underwater speed is from 2 to 6 km / h. The power of the electric motor is 800 W. The power source is the dual unit of SEC-45 silver-zinc batteries, which provides a total capacity of 90 A-h. The tightness of the case at the side of the rowing shaft is provided with gland seals. The design used typical ball bearings. The speed switch has five positions and is removed as a lever on a common handle. Case material - steel. Scooter has a negative buoyancy about 200-300g. To ensure emergency floods, the safety cargo serves as separated by the handle.

On the scooter, one of the following equipment can be fixed: a) searchlight for search engine or for highlighting when shooting a movie camera from another scooter; b) Kinokamera "Convas-automatic" with 60 cassettes; c) Container with batteries and two lighting lamps with making their inclusion on a common control knob. In the nose of the scooter can be strengthened with a flat mirror for shooting "Drive".

Abroad are known several modifications of the scooter, called the name of his designer (Rebikova Kinotorbed - Fig. 34), and a series of structures of large scooters capable of carrying several swimmers on themselves.

Underwater vehicle (Aquacheb) - ultra-shaped sports submarine with waterproof housing. The crew is in underwater sports equipment. The underwater car allows you to move at a speed of up to 3-5 km / h with a pedal actuator IDO 7 km / h with an electric motor. All control of this device is placed on the steering wheel. The required stability and buoyancy of the underwater vehicle are achieved using a solid ballast. From the counter-resistance of the water, the head of the swimmer is protected by a folding plexiglass shield (Fig. 35).

Floating base - so called another design by the operator F. A. Leontovich, which he created together with the Brigade of Designers, led by Engineer D. M. Brylin.

In appearance, the floating base resembles a dual boat - catamaran (Fig. 36) and consists of two streamlined aluminum pontoons, between which there is a cargo platform. To ensure non-optimability, the pontoons are separated on hermetic compartments.

Floating base dimensions: length 5 m, width 3 m, pontoon height 65 cm, sediment 25 cm. The total weight of the base is 150 kg, the load capacity of about 2 tons. Motor Moscow is suspended. Playing base has a ladder to descend the scuba diversion, as well as a suspended underwater platform, which takes pictures. For lifting and lowering a film package, a special lifting boom is equipped with a base.

Basic Rules for Swimming Underwater

The possibilities of the film operator under water are largely determined by its equipment.

With a breathing tube, in a mask and las, the swimmer can shoot down, moving along the surface of the water.

The film operator, equipped with aqualing, can be under water and swim in any direction. By supplying yourself for stability by cargo, it can move on the soil.

How to wear gear? Mask glasses slightly wipe from the inside. Then slip the mask in the water and wear. The flippers must be pre-mixed so that they easily put on their feet. If you do in the hydrocomby, the inner cavity of the last should be moched with soapy water. Soap water also will also help when tensioning on the hands of tight rubber cuffs of hydroevabases.

Hydrocomby to wear slowly, trying to avoid the formation of wrinkles and air cavities.

Scuba on the back should be fixed tightly, without provisions, belts must be well tightened. The presence of a lower (breeding) belt during swimming is necessary, as it securely holds the device from distortion.

Descent into water. For descent to water, it is best to have a convenient portable staircase (ladder), which could be used both from the pier and from the boat. However, it is often necessary to do without a staircase.

In any case, jump into the water is unsafe, since when you hit the water, the cylinders can shift, and the diver risks getting a punch with a pulmonary automatic machine. In addition, during a sharp entry into water can be shifted from the face of the mask.

When you descend from an open boat, sit on the back of your back to the water, tilt your head to the bent knees (i.e., bent the "cutter") and smoothly overturn back, holding the mask with my hands. This fast and safe immersion method is checked in many underwater expeditions. Immersing with the pier or from the sheer coast, you should act differently. Sit face to the water, coarse legs, and then turn around, transfer your weight on both hands and how smoothly go to the water.

Before descending into the water, do not forget to take a ruined in your mouth. Many newbies forget to do it. If you went into the water, forgetting about the ruining, do not be afraid. Launching on the surface, remove water from corrugated tubes, vigorously blowing air into a ruined.

No matter how much swimmers will accompany you in water, someone must remain on the shore or in the boat as an insult. He should give you an underwater film device or illuminator.

Equipment Take only after you are in the water, make sure that you are fine and the scuba works fine. Before starting systematic dives, the group follows all scablands to distribute for each submarine swimmer in order to proper adjustment, care and knowledge of the characteristics of each device.

If the movie camera has removable planes - wings and under water will have to move at a high speed on the tug (behind the underwater aquaplane or towers, behind the fishing trawl, etc.), then the wings should be removed in advance, since with the slightest coal of the movie phone they will create Large hydrodynamic resistance, the force of which the device will turn out of the hands. To work at high speed (up to 6 km / h), cinemaquarters enclosed in streamlined spherical boxes, fortified on the towing prior to the start of the filming.

The towing of an aqualantly in conventional equipment at a speed of over 6 km / hour is not recommended, since the increased resistance of the aquatic environment deprives the ability to produce any underwater film control, pulls out the ruining of the mouth, squeezes the corrugated breathing tubes or simply breaks the swimmer from the aquaplan or trawl.

Movement under water. For movement under water it is not necessary to be a good swimmer. Mask, flippers and especially scuba give an extraordinary feeling of safety in the water, and a person feels like fish. To move, sufficiently slow movement with the knoll style.

Floating with a mask on the surface and breathing through the tube, you should carefully observe what is happening in the water. As soon as something interesting will appear in the field of view, you need to dial the speed, at the same time quickly and very deeply breathing, so that the blood saturation occurred by oxygen. Then during one of the exhalations, which should not be done to the end (it is necessary to leave some air in the lungs, so that when you fall-out, blow water in the tube), you need to dive head down, continuing to work your legs. At the same time, you need to try to make soft movements and scatter water as little as possible.

Training can be brought to the depth of diving to 7-8 m. Sleep deeper without scabeling should not be.

When swimming with the aqualung of movement should also be slow. Do not forget that you inhale and exhale through the same small hole in the throat. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid a sharp transition to rapid breathing, for it can lead to suffocation. Moreover, it is necessary to train - remain under water stationary for the possible large periods of time, which is necessary to improve the conditions of the filming.

It is desirable that the film chamber in water has zero buoyancy. In this case, it will be fairly easy to manage it. However, small deviations in one or the other side do not matter.

For filming under water, it is best to look for places with a stony bottom, as they are most expressive and the water in them is more transparent.

When you examine the stentest ship or a close underwater cave, constantly remember the availability of corrugated respiratory tubes that are behind your head. With a sharp contact with sharp protruding details, they can be damaged.

Before entering any narrow passage, it must be carefully examined. Such surveys should be done at least together.

Out of water. First, pass on the board of the boat or in the hands standing on the track of a comrade kinocamera. Then, having previously removed due to the belt and passing the breathing tube, remove the aqualang, holding the thief in the mouth. The flippers do not need to remove, they make it easier to exit water. The mask is removed last.

Many novice divers who decided to acquire their own equipment are wondering how to choose aqualang. Today, specialized shops are offered wide for diving, designed for both novice divers and divers with experience. To decide which equipment to buy, you should understand what is happening between them.

What is the aqualang

Scuba consists of the following components:

• balloon. Usually one or two containers filled with respiratory mixture are used. One container accommodates from 7 to 18 liters of compressed air;
• regulator. As a rule, consists of two parts - gearbox and a light machine. In one aqualant may be contained from one to several gearboxes;
• floating compressor. This is a special inflatable vest, thanks to which the diver can adjust the depth of dive.

Types of aqualang

Three types of scubales are used that differ in each other by the principle of breathing.

Open scheme

It is fairly inexpensive, easy and not having large gabarites. This type of breathing works only on the flow of the breathing mixture. The recycled air is thrown into the environment and is not mixed with air in cylinders. This avoids oxygen fasting or poisoning with carbon dioxide. It has simplicity of design and is safe to use. However, there is one significant disadvantage: models with an open respiratory circuit are not intended due to a high flow of respiratory mixture at a depth.

Closed scheme

The principle of operation of this type of scuba is that the recycled air exhaled by the diverman passes cleaning from carbon dioxide, is saturated with oxygen and again becomes suitable for breathing. Such a system has a lot of advantages:

• a small mass and dimensions of equipment;
• the possibility of immersion on deep water;
• large duration;
• the ability to remain unnoticed.

However, the real type of equipment is designed for a high level of preparation and not suitable for beginners. The disadvantages include a significant cost.

Semi-closed scheme

The principle of operation of such a system is a hybrid of open and closed respiratory schemes. That is, a portion of the processed air is again enriched with oxygen and becomes accessible to breathing, and excess is thrown into the environment. At the same time, different gas cocktails for breathing are used for different immersion depths.

Reserve source of breathing

Many divers as a backup cylinder prefer to use mini-scuba. The mini-models are a compact system designed for breathing under water at a small depth. The mini-aqualang system includes a small air capacitance and a reducer with a ruined. The volume of air depends.

Choice of Ballon

When choosing cylinders for diving, you need to pay attention to their specific characteristics.

Material

As a rule, tanks for respiratory mixtures are made of steel or aluminum. Steel have increased strength, but are subject to corrosion, which cannot be said about aluminum. However, most prefer to acquire precisely cylinders from steel, since with proper operation they are able to serve not one year.

Number and volume

What the number of cylinders acquire is a matter of personal preferences. There is no difference that use: one cylinder with a volume of 14 liters or two cylinders of 7 liters. Volume should be increased if immersion is planned requiring a large respiratory reserve.

Many professional divers prefer not to acquire cylinders, and instead they buy their own compressor. Having your compressor, the cylinders can simply take rent and refuel them on their own. Acquire a new compressor or used - the matter of personal preferences and financial capabilities, since the compressor is quite expensive. The newcomers acquire their own compressor is recommended only if the diving is planned to be seriously and for a long time.

For beginners who do not know how to choose aqualang, it is recommended to contact specialized stores, where consultants will give all the necessary professional recommendations. It is not worth saving on the gear, since high-quality hiddenness will serve no one year.

The main task of the underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) is to ensure a balanced air supply to light diver under such pressure, which is equal to the environment. Scuba consists of three main parts:

1. Cylinders. High-strength steel containers in which air under high pressure is injected. Recently, aluminum alloy cylinders are used. Pressure in the cylinder - 200 - 300 atm.
2. Pressure regulator. It is a reducer of a high pressure transformation in a cylinder into low, under which the air is supplied to the breathing mask.
3. Auxiliary equipment: mask, connecting hoses, belts for fastening and cargo system.
4. Floating compensator. It is a rubber container into which the air is rolled down depending on the depth of the dive.

Most often refilled with pure dehydrated air. Various breathing mixtures composed of oxygen, nitrogen and helium are also used. They are especially necessary with a great depth of dive. Special compressor is used to refill cylinders. It compresses the air to the necessary pressure, and also cleans it from particles of water and lubricating oil. The purity of the breathing mixture is the most important condition for safe diving. Multistage filters with adsorbents and separators are used. Cylinders are recommended to be stored refilled, since then foreign substances and water are eliminated, which greatly increases the corrosion of the inner surface.

The pressure regulator is the most important knot for diving. Now enjoy combined models. They simultaneously perform several functions:

• Reduced air pressure to the required value, which depends on the depth of dive.
• Control over the pressure in the cylinder (pressure gauge is installed on the case).
• Fastening respiratory hoses on a mask. The placement of the exhaust valve.

Single-stage is installed on the valves of cylinders on the back. When looking face down (and this is one of the main plotes of the diver), it is located 20 - 30 centimeters above the lungs, which makes breathing difficult. Therefore, now began to use a two-step system. The second stage assembly is called a pulmonary machine, and the first is a pressure reducer. The two-stage system is characterized by good functionality and is particularly often used in diving clubs, as it provides comfort.

The gearbox of the regulator is placed as close as possible to the cylinder for safety, since the compound is performed by a high pressure main. Sometimes two gearboxes are used, separate on each balloon. Pressure in the highway from the gearbox to the pulmonary machine - 10 - 15 atm. The pulmonary machine is hanging on the mask. In particularly responsible cases, a duplicate respiratory system is used. Then the contours from both cylinders are made completely separate and independent of each other.

Huge importance for safe immersion has subjective control over air flow. The main device that is used for this is a pressure gauge. Now they do according to the analog scheme. It has simplicity and reliability. Digital devices are not yet common, but it is easier to count the remaining dive time. The pressure gauge directly controls the pressure in the cylinder and connects with it a flexible high pressure main.

All major parts of the diving apparatus are connected to a single system using various rubber hoses. Belts provide fixation of the device on the back. Floating compensator has a vest with air filled with air. Thanks to the compensator as immersing in an increasingly dense medium of water, the buoyancy of the diver remains unchanged.

Scabellets help people dive into the water at great depth. Having behind the scuba, the divers are freely moving under water, they do not need to take with them hoses in which air from the ship is served.

Air reserves in the aqualing are stored in two or more steel cylinders, and the air in them is compressed. With the help of a special valve, the respiratory mixture in small quantities is produced from the cylinder into the tube connected to the inner. Such a diver sticks his teeth. Since the nose of an aqualant is clamped by special protrusions in the underwater mask, he breathes through the mouth.

Scuba is fastened to a person with special soft straps and a belt, heavy, as if anchor. By the way, such a belt helps an aqualantly under water. Thanks to modern aqualangas, a person under water moves as easily and freely like fish. On the legs of the diver - large flippers that he enlarges water, thereby freeing up his hands. Therefore, the diver can grab a submarine camera or underwater gun with him. In shallow waters, scuba divers are immersed by more than half an hour.

But even putting the most modern suit for scuba diving, scubalasts will not be able to dive into a depth of more than 100 meters. At such a depth, water presses on items with such a force that everything seems to be ten times heavier than on its surface. Therefore, the air in the cylinders of scuba is beginning to spend ten times faster.

Even equipping scuba huge cylinders, the diver cannot be labored at such a depth of more than two minutes.

Unfortunately, the scuba dwells lies and other dangers. Scuba cylinders for four fifths are filled with nitrogen and one-fifth oxygen, that is, oxygen with nitrogen is in the same proportion that in ordinary air. Oxygen is vital to a person. As for nitrogen, it is simply excreted from the body. But under high pressure, part of nitrogen begins to dissolve in the blood and absorb the muscle tissue.

When scablast rises to the surface, nitrogen should get out of its blood and muscle tissue. If it does not quickly go through the lungs, then nitrogen is stood, turning into tiny bubbles in the human body. Such bubbles pinch the nerve endings and clog blood vessels, causing an air embolism in humans, a disease accompanied by very strong pains. Air embolism can end with a fatal or leave a person with riot of life.

That is why scuba wchens should be closed from a depth of 80-100 meters very slowly, with frequent stops.

This article is not an attempt to neglect well-known facts, and creating another, similar to each other articles.

The task is to form an unambiguous and transparent understanding of the device and the principles of work, one of the main elements of equipment for diving.

Personally, I have for a long time, it was exactly an approximate understanding of the basics of the regulator for diving, and this is not correct.

Knowledge of the general principles of construction and the basis of work will allow you to easily approach the choice of this element of equipment for diving.

When we say "" - we mean that this is part of autonomous light-shaped equipment.
In order to have no confusion, it is worth saying that there is an easy-to-wear equipment of two types - using closed and open respiratory schemes.

The breathing apparatus with a closed diagram is called rebarrizer.

The breathing apparatus with an open circuit is called scuba.

The word "aqualang" itself - does not carry the semantic load, and it appeared, thanks to Jacques-Ivu Koto, and Emile Ghanaan, who called this name a company (Aqualung, Aqua Lung), which began to massively produce this part of autonomous light-shaping equipment.

Over time, this name has become the usual commonly used in Europe and Asia. In our country, underwater hunting With aqualing is prohibited.

Scuba consists of two main parts cylinders – with a compressed breathing mixture and gearboxlowing high pressure in the cylinder, to the values \u200b\u200brequired for inhalation.

The balloon can be made, made of steel, aluminum alloys, titanium, carbon fiber, etc., as a result, weight difference, durability, cost. The main requirement is to withstand high pressure. Conditionally, the equipment is divided into equipment with a possible pressure to 230 atm., And 300 atm.

When immersed, on the swimmer, the water pressure begins to act, increasingly, as depth. In order to do inhale, it is necessary to overcome this power.

The forces of the muscle of the chest is not enough for the breath, even at the metering depth. Therefore, inhaled air must be supplied under pressure compensating for water pressure.

The more depth, the greater the pressure of the air supplied. At the same time, breathing should remain as natural and comfortable. This work performs a diving regulator.

When immersing significant depths, and as a result, under the action of greater external pressure, it causes complex physiological changes in the human body. The consequence of attempts to avoid the negative effects of this impact, the use of various gas mixtures as a respiratory mixture, which required constructive changes in the regulator.

The tasks of this article include consideration of only the general principles of work.

The transformation of air pressure to the pressure necessary for the inhalation occurs in two stages. The first, the main stage of lowering provides a gearbox - part of the diving regulator installed directly to the valve of the cylinder.

The second stage of pressure drops and the automation of the respiratory process performs the "respiratory machine" - part in the diver mouth and connected to the air hose reducer.

Reducer or first stage, can be two types, piston and membrane.

Most of the regulators used use a membrane circuit. To understand the principles of work, in my opinion, it will be enough to consider it only.

The easiest way to understand how it works, you can watching this animation:

Here are the stages of the work of a balanced first stage of the regulator.

When the pressure with the hose reaches a certain pressure, the gearbox valve, overlaps the air supply from the cylinder.

The system begins to be equilibrium. The pressure in the hose, in this case, manages the opening - the closing of the valve.

COC Only Diver does breathe and pressure drops, the valve opens and is served a new air portion.

When the inhalation phase ends, the pressure in the hose increases the first stage valve for diving closes.